The Logical Thread and Systematic Characteristics of Xi Jinping’s Economic Thought

Xi Jinping’s economic thought is the theoretical guidance for socialist economic construction with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, and it is the summation, refinement, and innovative development of the laws of socialist economic construction. The publication of the first volume of *Selected Works of Xi Jinping on Economics* (hereinafter referred to as the *Selected Works*) is an important milestone in the systematic construction of the economic theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This systematic construction is mainly reflected in the analytical methods for economic issues of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the latest judgments on the laws and trends of the development of China’s social productive forces, profound expositions on reforming and perfecting socialist relations of production, and theoretical explanations of China’s economic development path. Studying and understanding the *Selected Works* requires adhering to historical materialism and a systematic perspective, and viewing the epochal value and practical guiding significance of this major theoretical achievement from a scientific standpoint.

习近平经济思想是新时代中国特色社会主义经济建设的理论指引，是社会主义经济建设规律的总结提炼与创新发展。《习近平经济文选》第一卷(以下简称《文选》)的出版，是中国特色社会主义经济理论体系化建构的一个重要标志。这种体系化建构，主要体现在关于中国特色社会主义经济问题的分析方法、关于中国社会生产力发展规律与趋势的最新论断、关于改革与完善社会主义生产关系的深刻论述、关于中国经济发展道路的理论阐释等方面。学习和理解《文选》，需要坚持唯物史观和系统观念，从科学的角度来看待这一重大理论成果的时代价值与现实指导意义。

I. Analytical Methods for Economic Issues of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

一、中国特色社会主义经济问题的分析方法

Promoting the development and innovation of the economic theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics has an important goal: to refine practical experience into theory and elevate theoretical development achievements into a scholarly scientific system. Theoretical innovation is formed on the basis of practice, but new theories always possess qualities that transcend the limitations of practical experience. In summarizing the historical experience of economic development to reveal laws, and proceeding from laws to understand economic development trends, the decisive factor is mastering and applying scientific methods for analyzing economic issues.

推动中国特色社会主义经济理论的发展与创新，一个重要目标就是要将实践中的经验提炼成理论，将理论发展成果升华为学理化的科学体系。理论创新是在实践基础上形成的，但新的理论又总是具有超越于实践经验限定的特质。在经济发展历史经验的总结中揭示规律，从规律出发认识经济发展趋势，在其中起决定性作用的是掌握和运用分析经济问题的科学方法。

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “Studying the basic principles and methodology of Marxist political economy helps us master scientific economic analysis methods, understand the process of economic movement, grasp the laws of social and economic development, improve our ability to manage the socialist market economy, and better answer the theoretical and practical questions of China’s economic development.” Proceeding from the basic principles of Marxist political economy and mastering scientific economic analysis methods is a distinctive quality of the *Selected Works*. This scientific analytical method is mainly reflected in the following aspects.

习近平总书记指出，“学习马克思主义政治经济学基本原理和方法论，有利于我们掌握科学的经济分析方法，认识经济运动过程，把握社会经济发展规律，提高驾驭社会主义市场经济能力，更好回答我国经济发展的理论与实践问题”。从马克思主义政治经济学基本原理出发，掌握科学的经济分析方法，是《文选》的一个鲜明品格。这一科学的分析方法，主要体现在以下几个方面。

1. Scientifically Grasping the Socialist Nature of China’s Development

１.科学把握中国发展的社会主义性质

Understanding any economic form requires not only understanding its content but also “understanding its historical nature.” The *Selected Works* adheres to this Marxist analytical method, revealing and emphasizing the historical nature of contemporary Chinese society from multiple aspects.

对任何经济形式的理解，不仅需要了解其内容，还需要“了解它们的历史性质”。《文选》坚持了这一马克思主义的分析方法，对中国当代社会的历史性质进行了多方面的揭示和强调。

The entry of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the New Era is a unity of change and constancy. Economic development exhibits new characteristics, but the fundamental nature of economic development has not changed. The dominant position of socialist public ownership determines the institutional foundation of China’s economic development. The establishment of the socialist system not only laid the historical premise for China’s economic construction but also laid the foundational conditions for the establishment and development of the socialist market economy. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “We develop a market economy under the general premise of the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the socialist system. At no time should we forget the modifier ‘socialist.’”

中国特色社会主义进入新时代，是变与不变的统一，经济发展呈现新的特点，但经济发展的基础性质没有改变。社会主义公有制主体地位，决定了中国经济发展的制度基础。社会主义制度的确立，不仅为中国经济建设奠定了历史性前提，更为社会主义市场经济的确立和发展奠定了基础性条件。习近平总书记指出：“我们是在中国共产党领导和社会主义制度的大前提下发展市场经济，什么时候都不能忘了‘社会主义’这个定语。”

The socialist nature of our country determines the dominant position of the public sector of the economy and the inevitability of implementing the principle of distribution according to work as the main principle, and it determines that economic system reform must adhere to the socialist direction. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes, “Reform is not about

我国的社会主义性质，决定了公有制经济的主体地位和贯彻按劳分配为主要原则的必然性，决定了经济体制改革要坚持社会主义方向。习近平总书记强调，“改革不是改旗易帜。我多次讲，我们的改革是有方向、有原则的”。改革的方向性，保证了社会主义市场经济的内在优势能够得到充分发挥；改革的原则性，使中国经济发展能够始终坚持党的领导，真正贯彻以人民为中心的发展思想。

The socialist nature of China’s development implies not only a profound transformation in the structure of supply but also affects the ultimate realization of the objectives of social production. Since reform and opening up, changes in the structure of supply in Chinese society have, on the whole, adapted to the growth of the people’s material and cultural needs. The extent to which social production meets the people’s living needs has not only continuously increased in aggregate terms but has also steadily risen in terms of hierarchical structure, thereby reflecting the epochal development of the objectives of socialist production. Under the conditions of the New Era, China has advanced supply-side structural reform, with the focus on improving supply capacity to adapt to the people’s ever-upgrading living needs, providing more and better material and cultural products that satisfy individual demands, and creating a more livable and harmonious ecological environment for the people to live and work in peace and contentment. The purpose of advancing supply-side structural reform is to realize the objectives of socialist production better and faster. By promptly incorporating individualized material needs, cultural needs, and holistic ecological environmental needs into the category of the people’s needs for a better life, China has expanded the connotation of the objectives of socialist production amid the dynamic evolution of economic development, thereby further clarifying the direction and prospects for the development of socialist productive forces. Thus, in its application of economic categories, the *Selected Works* [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Correctly Understanding and Grasping the Medium- and Long-Term Economic and Social Development of China,” in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, vol. 2 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2022), p. 399. upholds the Marxist view of history and development.

中国发展的社会主义性质，既意味着供给结构的深刻变化，也影响着社会生产目的的最终实现。改革开放以来，中国社会供给结构的变化，总体上是适应人民物质文化需要的增长的。社会生产满足人民生活需要的程度，不仅是在总量上不断提高，而且在层次结构上也不断提升，从而体现出社会主义生产目的的时代性发展。在新时代条件下，我国推进供给侧结构性改革，着力点是提高供给能力，使之适应人民群众不断升级的生活需要，提供更多更好的、满足人民个性化需求的物质文化产品，为人民安居乐业、平安生活提供更加宜居与和谐的生态环境。供给侧结构性改革的推进，目的就是更好、更快地实现社会主义的生产目的。由于及时将个性化的物质需要、文化需要和整体化的生态环境需要共同纳入人民美好生活需要范畴，我国在经济发展的动态演进中拓展了社会主义生产目的的内涵，从而进一步明确了社会主义生产力发展的方向和前景。可见，在经济范畴的运用上，《文选》坚持了马克思主义历史观和发展观。

2. Adhering to a Systems Perspective

２.坚持系统观念

A major experience of China’s development in the New Era is to proceed from a systems-thinking approach to explore objective laws and devise an entirely new pattern and development path for China’s economic and social development. The advantage of socialist economic development lies in the establishment and consolidation of the modern social community; the unique concepts of collectivity, the world, and the cosmos are the fine genes of the Chinese nation. The alignment of these two factors is the code behind the unprecedented historical achievements of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The development of socialism cannot be confined to a single line of thinking; rather, it should adhere to comprehensive and holistic thinking. From the Marxist perspective of universal interconnection, economic development and social development both promote and constrain each other; government regulation and market regulation each have their own strengths and complement each other; the efficiency objective of economic development and the objective of social fairness are both unified and contradictory; the development and utilization of natural resources to promote economic development and the protection of the ecological environment to improve quality of life are both interconnected and have different emphases; accelerating economic development and maintaining economic security are both mutually conditional and mutually causal. Handling these issues requires proceeding from a systems perspective, weighing pros and cons and distinguishing priorities, taking all factors into account through comprehensive coordination, and adhering to dialectical policy-making and scientific advancement.

新时代中国发展的一个重大经验，就是坚持从系统思维出发探索客观规律，谋划中国经济社会发展的全新格局和发展路径。社会主义经济发展的优势在于现代社会共同体的确立与巩固，独特的集体观、天下观与宇宙观是中华民族的优秀基因，这两者的契合是中国特色社会主义取得前所未有历史成就的密码。社会主义的发展不能囿于单一思维，而应坚持全面性和整体性思维。从马克思主义的普遍联系观点看，经济发展和社会发展相互促进又相互制约，政府调控和市场调节各有优点又相互补充，经济发展的效率目标与社会公平目标之间既有统一性又存在着矛盾之处，开发利用自然资源促进经济发展与保护生态环境提高生活品质之间既相互联系又各有侧重，加快经济发展与维护经济安全既互为条件又互为因果。处理好这些问题，需要从系统观念出发，权衡利弊和分清轻重缓急，在全面统筹中兼顾各方面因素，坚持辩证施策和科学推进。

The same applies to scientific and technological innovation: “Innovation is a complex social systems engineering project, involving all fields of the economy and society.” [2]2 Xi Jinping, “ Scientific and technological innovation involves education, talent, research institutions, production organizations, social support, government backing, and the innovation environment, among other aspects, and requires systematic advancement. Similarly, the domestic economic cycle and the international economic cycle together constitute a complete system of economic circulation; constructing a new development pattern with the domestic cycle as the mainstay and the domestic and international cycles mutually reinforcing is also a manifestation of a systems perspective.

科技创新也是如此，“创新是一个复杂的社会系统工程，涉及经济社会各个领域”。科技创新涉及教育、人才、科研机构、生产组织、社会支持、政府扶持及创新环境等各方面，需要系统推进。同样，国内经济循环和国际经济循环也构成完整的经济循环系统，构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，也是系统观念的体现。

The application of a systems perspective and the principle of comprehensive consideration are concrete manifestations of Marxist dialectical materialism, especially the viewpoint of universal interconnection, at the level of social practice. In addressing China’s development issues, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has put forward the development concept of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan for the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and established the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, deepening the understanding of the laws of coordinated economic and social development and demonstrating the methodological significance of dialectical materialism in the concrete practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

系统观念的运用和统筹兼顾的原则，是马克思主义唯物辩证法特别是普遍联系观点在社会实践层面上的具体体现。在解决我国发展问题上，党的十八大以来我国提出中国特色社会主义事业“五位一体”总体布局的发展构想，并确立了“四个全面”战略布局，深化了对经济社会协调发展规律的认识，在中国特色社会主义的具体实践中彰显了唯物辩证法的方法论意义。

Adhering to a systems perspective is determined by the essential characteristics of socialist construction. This is because “only construction carried out according to a single general plan, striving for the rational use of economic resources, can be called socialist construction.” [3]3 V. I. Lenin, *Collected Works*, vol. 35, p. 18. Implementing the overall development plan with a systems perspective is where the superiority of socialist construction lies. In deepening the reform of state-owned enterprises, responding to challenges, and promoting scientific and technological innovation, the systems-thinking approach determines that China needs to leverage the important role of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, continuously enhancing its leadership, organizational capacity, and execution.

坚持系统观念是由社会主义建设的本质特点决定的。这是因为，“只有按照一个总的大计划进行的、力求合理地利用经济资源的建设，才配称为社会主义的建设”。以系统观念贯彻总的发展计划，是社会主义建设的优越性所在。在深化国有企业改革、应对挑战和推动科技创新等方面，系统思维方法决定了我国需要发挥新型举国体制的重要作用，不断增强其领导力、组织力和执行力。

3. Fully Embodying Dialectical Thinking

３.全面体现辩证思维

Understanding the objective laws of China’s economic development requires a dialectical grasp of changes in their connotation and characteristics. The “change” and “constancy” in the process of economic development are a unity of opposites and require scientific explanation.

认识中国经济发展客观规律，需要辩证把握其内涵与特征的变化。经济发展过程中的“变”与“不变”是对立统一的，需要给予科学的阐释。

Material production is the starting point of economic construction, while meeting the people’s needs for life is the endpoint of economic development. From the perspective of the relationship between production and consumption, there exists a dialectical transformation between the two. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that it is necessary to “view the new opportunities and new challenges of the new development stage with dialectical thinking.” [1]1 Xi Jinping, “Correctly Understanding and Grasping the Medium- and Long-Term Economic and Social Development of China,” in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, vol. 2 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2022), p. 399. Life needs are satisfied through the development of production; economic development brings about new changes in life needs, and the elevation of life needs leads to new challenges for production. The contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development is the principal contradiction in Chinese society in the New Era. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that “the change in the principal contradiction in Chinese society is a historic change affecting the overall situation.” [2]2 Xi Jinping, “ The scientific thesis of the change in the principal contradiction in society has clarified the historical orientation and new starting point for China’s socialist construction.

物质生产是经济建设的起点，满足人民的生活需要则是经济发展的终点。从生产和消费的关系来看，两者之间存在着辩证的转换。习近平总书记指出，要“以辩证思维看待新发展阶段的新机遇新挑战”。生活需要因生产发展而满足，经济发展带来生活需要的新改变，生活需要的提高导致生产面临新挑战。人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾，是新时代我国社会主要矛盾。习近平总书记指出，“我国社会主要矛盾的变化是关系全局的历史性变化”。社会主要矛盾变化的科学论断，为我国社会主义建设明确了历史方位和新的起点。

Applying dialectical thinking to view economic development is the fundamental standpoint for scientifically judging the future trend of economic development. It is necessary to objectively view the trend-based changes in China’s economic growth rate, and “must historically and dialectically understand the stage-based characteristics of China’s economic development.” [3]3 V. I. Lenin, *Collected Works*, vol. 35, p. 18. Changes in China’s economic growth rate will not alter the long-term positive historical trend of China’s economy. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that “understanding economic development merely as quantitative increase or simple repetition is a metaphysical view of development.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, *On Grasping the New Development Stage, Implementing the New Development Concept, and Building a New Development Pattern*, Central Party Literature Press, 2021, p. 63. The decline in the economic growth rate and the improvement in the quality of economic development are historical stages that China’s economic development must inevitably undergo. Shifting from the new normal to high-quality development is the internal logic of China’s economic development. Proceeding from the requirements of high-quality development, accelerating the formation of new quality productive forces has become an objective choice for China’s economic development.

运用辩证思维看待经济发展，是科学研判经济发展未来走势的根本立足点。要客观看待中国经济增速的趋势性变化，“必须历史地、辩证地认识我国经济发展的阶段性特征”。中国经济增速的变化，并不会改变中国经济长期向好的历史大趋势。习近平总书记指出，“把经济发展仅仅理解为数量增减、简单重复，是形而上学的发展观”。经济增速下降与经济发展质量的提升，是中国经济发展必然经历的历史阶段。从新常态转向高质量发展，是中国经济发展的内在逻辑。从高质量发展的要求出发，加快形成新质生产力成为中国经济发展的客观选择。

4. Scientifically Applying the Method of “Abstractive Power”

４.科学运用“抽象力”方法

The *Selected Works* [5]5 *Selected Works of Xi Jinping*, Volumes 1 and 2, published by the Party Literature Research Office of the CPC Central Committee. elaborates on the economic issues of socialism with Chinese characteristics by employing the analytical tools of Marxism. The most scientific aspect of Marxist political economy lies in its use of the method of “abstractive power.” Marx once pointed out, “The method of analysis which I have employed, and which had not previously been applied to economic subjects,” [6]6 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 1, in *Collected Works of Marx and Engels*, Vol. 44, People’s Publishing House, 2001, p. 215. is a method that does not begin from the results of the developmental process but from the logical starting point, making the theoretical analytical process consistent with the actual developmental process, thereby embodying the unity of logic and history.

《文选》对中国特色社会主义经济问题的阐述，运用了马克思主义的分析工具。马克思主义政治经济学的分析，最具科学性的地方在于它运用了“抽象力”方法。马克思曾指出，“我所使用的分析方法至今还没有人在经济问题上运用过”，这一分析方法，不是从发展过程的结果开始，而是从逻辑起点开始，使理论分析进程与实际发展进程一致，体现了逻辑和历史的统一。

Generally speaking, the most general abstractions, precisely because they are connected to the historical conditions of things, can often more accurately reflect the essence of things and their laws of development. “Even the most abstract categories, despite their validity—precisely because of their abstractness—for all epochs, are nevertheless, in the specific character of this abstraction, themselves likewise a product of historic relations, and possess their full validity only for and within these relations.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, *On Adhering to and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics*, Central Party Literature Press, 2019, p. 10. The construction of a socialist economy with Chinese characteristics is a real movement, taking public ownership and the common interests of the entire people as its logical starting point. The abstract category of the common interests of the entire people is concretely realized in practice as the implementation of the people-centered development thought, thereby “embodying the historical materialist view that the people are the fundamental force driving development.” [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Political Bureau’s 11th Collective Study Session,” *People’s Daily*, February 2, 2024.

一般而言，最一般的抽象因其与事物的历史条件相联系，往往能够更准确地反映出事物的本质及其发展规律。“哪怕是最抽象的范畴，虽然正是由于它们的抽象而适用于一切时代，但是就这个抽象的规定性本身来说，同样是历史条件的产物，而且只有对于这些条件并在这些条件之内才具有充分的适用性”。中国特色社会主义经济建设是现实的运动，是以公有制和全体人民共同利益为逻辑起点。全体人民共同利益这一抽象范畴，在实践中具体化为践行以人民为中心的发展思想，从而“体现了人民是推动发展的根本力量的唯物史观”。

The logical formation of the *Selected Works* is precisely the historical process since the New Era. From the perspective of economic theoretical literature, the selected articles in the *Selected Works* possess systematicity and internal unity. Although they address different issues and have different emphases in their exposition, as an organic whole, they form a series of original categories and concepts in their discourse. In the historical stage where the laws of the commodity economy regulate social production, “these categories have social validity, and are therefore objective thought forms.” [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Economic Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 13, 2023. These categories arise from concrete, historical practice, exert an increasingly significant influence on economic development, and will inevitably play a scientific guiding and leading role in promoting China’s economic development. For example, terms and concepts such as the new normal, supply-side structural reform, high-quality development, and new quality productive forces possess abstractness and high generality, embodying academic-rational meaning at the level of economic theory and possessing practicality and verifiability at the practical level. The *Selected Works* proposes a unique methodology for economic work, such as adhering to the general tone of seeking progress while maintaining stability, adhering to a systems perspective, and adhering to the combination of goal orientation and problem orientation. These methodologies have strong policy implications and practical guiding significance. This once again proves that Xi Jinping’s economic thought is a logically rigorous systematic whole that encompasses numerous categories and theories, enriching and developing the theoretical categories, scientific principles, and contemporary issues of Marxist political economy.

《文选》的逻辑形成，就是新时代以来的历史进程。从经济理论文献的角度看，《文选》所选文章具有系统性和内在的统一性。虽然针对的问题不同，阐述的重点有别，但它们作为一个有机整体，在论述中形成了一系列原创性的范畴和概念。在商品经济规律发挥调节社会生产作用的历史阶段，“这些范畴是有社会效力的，因而是客观的思维形式”。这些范畴产生于具体的、历史的实践，在经济发展中发挥着越来越大的影响力，也必然会在推动中国经济发展中发挥科学的指导和引领作用。如新常态、供给侧结构性改革、高质量发展、新质生产力等，这些术语和概念具有抽象性和高度概括性，在经济理论层面体现出学理性含义，在现实层面具有实践性和可验证性。《文选》针对经济工作，提出了独特的方法论。如，坚持稳中求进工作总基调、坚持系统观念、坚持目标导向和问题导向相结合，这些方法论具有很强的政策性含义与现实指导意义。再一次证明，习近平经济思想是一个逻辑严密、统摄诸多范畴和理论的系统整体，丰富和发展了马克思主义政治经济学的理论范畴、科学原理与时代议题。

II. Deepened Understanding and Innovative Development of the Theory of Productive Forces

二、生产力理论的认识深化与创新发展

Liberating and developing the productive forces is the fundamental task of socialism. After the establishment of the socialist system, and especially after socialism with Chinese characteristics entered the New Era, developing the productive forces has faced new historical conditions. The *Selected Works* comprehensively elaborates on this, scientifically answering a series of questions such as how to correctly understand the laws governing the development of the productive forces.

解放和发展生产力是社会主义的根本任务。在社会主义制度确立后，特别是中国特色社会主义进入新时代以后，发展生产力面临着新的历史条件。《文选》对此进行了全面阐述，科学回答了如何正确认识生产力发展规律等一系列问题。

1. Correctly Understanding the Development and Transformation of China’s Social Productive Forces

１.正确认识中国社会生产力的发展及其变革

The rapid enhancement of the productive forces has brought Chinese society into a new historical stage. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “Through unremitting efforts since the founding of New China, especially over the more than forty years of reform and opening up, China’s economic strength, scientific and technological strength, comprehensive national power, and people’s living standards have leaped to new major plateaus. It has become the world’s second-largest economy, the largest industrial country, the largest trading country in goods, and the largest holder of foreign exchange reserves. Its GDP exceeds one hundred trillion yuan, its per capita GDP exceeds ten thousand US dollars, its urbanization rate exceeds sixty percent, and its middle-income group exceeds four hundred million people.” [10]10 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Political Bureau’s 11th Collective Study Session,” *People’s Daily*, February 2, 2024. The key reason for China’s economic development achieving such accomplishments lies in the country’s adherence to its basic national conditions and its insistence on taking the accelerated development of productive forces as the starting point for all economic work. By rapidly developing the productive forces, China has, in just a few decades, completed a historical process that took Western countries several hundred years, accumulating a strong and solid material foundation. From the perspective of the grand historical view, over the long river of nearly a thousand years, China’s economic development is once again approaching the center of the world. From the perspective of the state of development of the productive forces, China stands for the first time at a completely new historical starting point.

生产力方面的快速提升使中国社会进入了历史新阶段。习近平总书记指出，“经过新中国成立以来特别是改革开放四十多年的不懈奋斗我国经济实力、科技实力、综合国力和人民生活水平跃上了新的大台阶，成为世界第二大经济体、第一大工业国、第一大货物贸易国、第一大外汇储备国，国内生产总值超过一百万亿元，人均国内生产总值超过一万美元，城镇化率超过百分之六十，中等收入群体超过四亿人”。中国经济发展之所以取得这样的成就，关键原因在于我国立足基本国情，坚持以加快发展生产力作为一切经济工作的出发点。通过快速发展生产力，中国用短短几十年时间就走完了西方国家几百年的历史进程，积累起强大而雄厚的物质基础。从大历史观而言，在近千年的时间长河中，中国经济发展再一次逼近世界中心的地位。从生产力发展状况而言，中国第一次站在全新的历史起点。

The development of social productive forces is inseparable from the real economy. Developing the productive forces must first emphasize the development of the real economy; this is a summary of the basic laws of China’s economic development. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “China’s economy started with the real economy and will also move toward the future relying on the real economy.” [11]11 Xi Jinping, *On Grasping the New Development Stage, Implementing the New Development Concept, and Building a New Development Pattern*, Central Party Literature Press, 2021, p. 63. Developing the real economy means emphasizing the production of use values. This is not only a requirement for implementing the socialist production purpose but also an inherent law for building a high level of material civilization. “The people’s needs for clothing, food, housing, transportation, and daily necessities, as well as the material and technological support for economic and social development, are inseparable from the real economy. Which country in the world has the capacity to provide this for us?” [12]12 Xi Jinping, *On Adhering to and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics*, Central Party Literature Press, 2019, p. 10.

社会生产力的发展与实体经济密不可分，发展生产力首先要重视实体经济发展，这是对我国经济发展基本规律的总结。习近平总书记指出：“我国经济是靠实体经济起家的，也要靠实体经济走向未来。”发展实体经济，就是要重视使用价值的生产，这不仅是贯彻社会主义生产目的的要求，也是建设高度物质文明的内在规律。“老百姓衣食住行用，经济社会发展物质技术支撑，离开了实体经济是不行的，世界上哪个国家有这个能力给我们提供。”

The transformation of agricultural production, the growth of the manufacturing industry, and the rise of new industrial sectors are important reasons for the rapid development of China’s productive forces. From the perspective of agriculture, China, with relatively little arable land per capita, has solved the problem of feeding a large country with a population of over 1.4 billion. Emphasizing agricultural production is an important foothold for the economic construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes, “Truly powerful countries in the world, countries without vulnerabilities, all have the ability to solve their own food problems.” [13]13 Xi Jinping, *On Adhering to and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics*, Central Party Literature Press, 2019, p. 10. China adheres to taking agriculture as the foundation, insists on perfecting the collective ownership of rural land, and comprehensively strengthens the stability and reliability of grain supply through institutional consolidation of agriculture, policy support for agriculture, and revitalization of agriculture through science and technology. This ensures the independence and autonomy of agricultural production and enhances the ability to respond to major risks and challenges. Judging by the degree of self-sufficiency in staple grains, China has currently entered a stage of “sufficient quantity,” fully achieving stable grain supply and providing a reliable material foundation for economic and social development.

农业生产的变革、制造业的壮大和新兴产业部门的崛起，是中国生产力快速发展的重要原因。从农业方面来看，中国以较少的人均占有耕地，解决了十四亿多人口这样一个大国的吃饭问题。重视农业生产，是中国特色社会主义经济建设的重要立足点。习近平总书记强调，“世界上真正强大的国家、没有软肋的国家，都有能力解决自己的吃饭问题”。中国坚持以农为本，坚持完善农村土地集体所有制，通过制度固农、政策持农和科技兴农，全面加强粮食供给的稳定性和可靠性，使农业生产坚持本国的独立性和自主性，提高了应对重大风险挑战的能力。依据主粮自给程度判断，中国目前已进入“数量充足”阶段，完全实现了粮食的稳定供给，使经济社会发展具有可靠的物质基础。

From the perspective of industrial development and emerging industries, the key to economic development is to promote the upgrading and improvement of the supply structure. From the absolute insufficiency in meeting people’s needs for a living in the early days of reform and opening up to the relative insufficiency relative to the people’s needs for a better life, this is a significant change in the new stage of China’s market economy development. “As China’s income level rises and the consumption structure changes, it is inevitable that the supply system will undergo some adjustments.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, *On Grasping the New Development Stage, Implementing the New Development Concept, and Building a New Development Pattern*, Central Party Literature Press, 2021, p. 63. Historical experience shows that supply-side structural reform is an important foundation for the development of productive forces. Therefore, on the supply side, it is necessary to accelerate structural reform, seek new paths for industrial upgrading through reform, resolve the overcapacity of low-end products on the production side, and find endogenous development momentum under the support of new technologies, new industries, and new business forms.

从工业领域和新兴产业发展来看，经济发展的关键是推动供给结构的升级与改善。从改革开放初期人们对于生活需要的满足程度的绝对不足，到相对于人民群众更美好生活需要的相对不足，这是我国市场经济发展新阶段的一个显著改变。“随着我国收入水平提高和消费结构变化，供给体系进行一些调整是必然的”。历史经验表明，供给侧结构性改革是生产力发展的重要基础。因此，在供给端必须加快推进结构性改革，在改革中寻找产业升级的新路子，在生产端化解低端产能过剩，在新技术、新产业和新业态加持下寻找内生发展动力。

2. The Expansion of the Connotation of Productive Forces and Theoretical Innovation

２.生产力的内涵拓展与理论创新

The theory of productive forces is a core principle of Marxism. In the New Era, China’s understanding of the connotation of productive forces has been further deepened. The *Selected Works* [5]5 *Selected Works of Xi Jinping*, Volumes 1 and 2, published by the Party Literature Research Office of the CPC Central Committee. expands the Marxist theory of productive forces and deepens the understanding of developing productive forces. Resources, the environment, and other factors have become important connotations of productive forces. In the development of productive forces, the labor process must ultimately be embodied in humanity’s appropriation of natural objects. This condition of material exchange between humanity and nature “is the eternal natural condition of human life, and therefore it is independent of any form of human life; rather, it is common to all social forms of human life.” [6]6 Karl Marx, *Capital*, Vol. 1, in *Collected Works of Marx and Engels*, Vol. 44, People’s Publishing House, 2001, p. 215. Resource and environmental factors constitute an important dimension of productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “Protecting the environment means protecting productive forces, and improving the environment means developing productive forces.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, *On Adhering to and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics*, Central Party Literature Press, 2019, p. 10. Within the category of productive forces, ecology is not an external factor but is inherent in the structure of productive forces. Natural resources and environmental capacity have supply rigidity. The development of productive forces needs to break through this rigid constraint, resolve the scarcity of resources and environmental elements, and overcome the drawbacks of rising resource costs and pollution control costs. Promoting green development hinges on forming a virtuous cycle between the economy and ecology, neither destroying the ecological foundation due to economic development nor making the circular economy and low-carbon industries an internal driving force for economic development, thereby continuously improving the quality and level of people’s livability on the basis of promoting harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature.

生产力理论是马克思主义的核心原理，新时代我国对生产力内涵的认识进一步深化。《文选》拓展了马克思主义生产力理论，深化了关于发展生产力的认识。资源和环境等因素成为生产力的重要内涵。在生产力发展中，劳动过程最终要体现为人对自然物的占有，这一人和自然之间的物质变换条件，“是人类生活的永恒的自然条件，因此，它不以人类生活的任何形式为转移，倒不如说，它为人类生活的一切社会形式所共有”。资源和环境因素构成生产力的重要维度。习近平总书记指出，“保护环境就是保护生产力，改善环境就是发展生产力”。在生产力范畴中，生态并非外在因素，而是内含于生产力结构之中。自然资源与环境容量具有供给刚性，生产力发展需要突破其刚性约束，化解资源与环境要素的稀缺，克服资源成本和治污成本上升的弊端。推动绿色发展，关键在于形成经济与生态的良性循环，既不因经济发展破坏生态基础，又要使循环经济、低碳产业等成为推动经济发展的内在动力，在促进人与自然和谐共生基础上不断提升人民生活宜居的质量和水平。

To promote the development of productive forces, it is necessary to accelerate the formation of new quality productive forces. The new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is another historical development opportunity bestowed upon China by history. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “High-quality development requires new theories of productive forces to guide it, and new quality productive forces have already taken shape in practice and demonstrated strong driving and supporting force for high-quality development.” [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Political Bureau’s 11th Collective Study Session,” *People’s Daily*, February 2, 2024. The formation of the category of “new quality productive forces” greatly expands the connotation and boundaries of the elements of productive forces. “Data, as a new type of production factor, has a significant impact on the transformation of traditional production methods.” [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Economic Work Conference,” *People’s Daily*, December 13, 2023. The significance of the category of “new quality productive forces” lies in its innovative revelation of the driving forces and paths for the formation of productive forces. The key to accelerating the formation and development of new quality productive forces lies in scientific and technological innovation. “The transformation of scientific and technological achievements into actual productive forces is manifested in the emergence of new industries and the promotion of deep industrial transformation and upgrading.” [10]10 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Political Bureau’s 11th Collective Study Session,” *People’s Daily*, February 2, 2024. Under new quality productive forces, the original mode of production and utilization of material elements is reconstructed and incorporated into the productive forces system on a larger scale. New quality productive forces transform the combination mode and business form of production factors, causing labor, technology, and resources to recombine under the mechanism of the market, integrate with other factors in the fields of production, circulation, distribution, and consumption, and promote changes in business forms. The application of new materials, new energy, and other means of production promotes the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries. The proposal of new quality productive forces deepens China’s understanding of the objective laws of the development of productive forces and plays a huge guiding role in the practice of material production in the New Era.

推动生产力发展，必须加快形成新质生产力。新一轮科技革命和产业变革，是历史赋予中国的又一个历史发展机遇。习近平总书记指出，“高质量发展需要新的生产力理论来指导，而新质生产力已经在实践中形成并展示出对高质量发展的强劲推动力、支撑力”。“新质生产力”范畴的形成，极大地拓展了生产力要素的内涵与边界。“数据作为新型生产要素，对传统生产方式变革具有重大影响。”“新质生产力”范畴的意义，体现在对生产力形成动力与路径的创新性揭示。加快形成与发展新质生产力，关键在于科技创新。“科技成果转化为现实生产力，表现形式为催生新产业、推动产业深度转型升级。”在新质生产力下，原有物质要素的生产利用方式被重建，在更大范围内被合并进入生产力系统。新质生产力变革了生产要素的组合方式与业态形式，使劳动、技术和资源在市场机制作用下重新组合，在生产、流通、分配和消费领域与其他要素融合，促进经营业态的改变。新材料、新能源等生产资料的应用，推动了传统产业进行改造升级。新质生产力的提出，深化了我国对生产力发展客观规律的认识，对新时代物质生产实践起到巨大的引领作用。

3. Dialectically Grasping the Relationship between Quality and Quantity in Economic Development

３.辩证地把握经济发展中质与量的关系

The quality and quantity of economic development are a dialectically unified relationship. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Economic development is a spiral upward process; the rise is not linear. When quantity accumulates to a certain stage, it must turn to qualitative improvement. China’s economic development must also follow this law.” [11]11 Xi Jinping, *On Grasping the New Development Stage, Implementing the New Development Concept, and Building a New Development Pattern*, Central Party Literature Press, 2021, p. 63. From the perspectives of economic development speed, structure, and efficiency, maintaining a certain development speed is conducive to improving people’s living standards as quickly as possible. A faster development speed can increase the total economic volume more quickly, but it may also affect structure and efficiency; pursuing a higher quality of economic development may constrain development speed, but it is conducive to improving the economic structure and enhancing overall economic efficiency.

经济发展的质与量，是辩证统一的关系。习近平总书记指出：“经济发展是一个螺旋式上升的过程，上升不是线性的，量累积到一定阶段，必须转向质的提升，我国经济发展也要遵循这一规律。”从经济发展速度、结构和效益等多方面看，保持发展速度有利于尽快提高人民生活水平，发展速度快可以尽快增加经济总量，但也会影响到结构和效益；追求较高经济发展质量会制约发展速度，但有利于改善经济结构和提高经济整体效益。

The change in the quality and quantity of economic development is the dialectics of economic development and an inevitable process in China’s social and historical development. In this process, China has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development. This is a major judgment, indicating that China’s modernization development has entered a stage of qualitative leap. From the perspective of the long historical cycle and the long-term goal of realizing a future communist society, the current primary stage of socialism in China will be a long historical process. However, after long-term development, the internal elements of China’s primary stage of socialism are also undergoing changes. This process of change is a process of dynamic social ascent and continuous progress, and also a process in which socialist factors continuously release vitality. This great change, approaching a qualitative transformation, lays a realistic foundation for a new leap in Chinese-path modernization.

经济发展质与量的变化是经济发展的辩证法，是中国社会历史发展的必然过程。在这一过程中，我国已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段，这是一个重大的判断，表明我国现代化发展已经进入质的跃升阶段。从长历史周期和实现未来共产主义的长远目标看，目前我国社会主义初级阶段将是一个长期的历史过程。但是，经过长期发展，我国社会主义初级阶段的内部诸要素也在发生变化，这一变化过程是社会动态上升和不断进步的过程，也是社会主义因素不断释放生机活力的过程。这种接近于质变的巨变，为中国式现代化的新飞跃奠定了现实基础。

The growth of China’s total economic volume and the structural changes in the economy are important reasons for China’s economy approaching a qualitative leap. On the one hand, the growth of total economic volume is a prerequisite for qualitative improvement. Without large-scale development and construction, the various modern daily necessities needed by the people cannot be met, residents’ housing conditions cannot be improved, various new transportation facilities and urban public facilities cannot be comprehensively provided, the supply of public goods such as education, healthcare, culture, and sports will lag behind, and people’s living standards will be difficult to raise. On the other hand, qualitative improvement is the product of the breaking of the original economic structural balance. The improvement in living standards brought about by total volume growth will inevitably generate new living needs on the demand side, thereby breaking the original balance of the economic structure. The structural imbalance between total supply and demand makes investment in traditional industries relatively saturated, while investment opportunities in emerging industries grow rapidly. New technologies, new products, new business forms, and new business models continue to emerge, promoting innovation and change in investment and financing methods, and creating new conditions for a qualitative leap in China’s economy. Adapting to this change, China’s economic development needs to achieve efficiency transformation, quality transformation, and driving force transformation. The path of economic growth must shift from extensive growth to intensive development, development goals from quantity-oriented to quality-priority, and new inputs from stock-type sectors to incremental-type fields, cultivating endogenous new driving forces through innovative development.

中国经济总量的增长与经济结构性变化，是中国经济接近质的飞跃的重要原因。一方面，经济总量的增长是质的提升的前提。没有大规模的开发和建设，人民群众所需要的各种现代生活用品就不能得到满足，居民住房条件就不能得到改善，就不能全面提供各种新的交通设施和城市各类公共设施，教育医疗文化体育等公共产品供给就会滞后，人民生活水平就难以提高。另一方面，质的提升是经济结构性平衡被打破的产物。总量增长所带来的生活水平改善，在需求侧必然会催生新的生活需要，从而打破经济结构的原有平衡，总供求结构性失衡使传统产业投资相对饱和，而使新兴产业投资机会快速增长，新技术、新产品、新业态和新商业模式不断涌现，推动着投融资方式的创新变革，为中国经济质的飞跃创造出新的条件。适应这一变化，中国经济发展需要实现效益变革、质量变革与动力变革。经济增长路径要从外延式增长转向内涵式发展，发展目标从数量为主转向质量优先，新增投入从存量型部门转向增量型领域，通过创新发展培育内生新动力。

III. Adhering to Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Perfecting Socialist Relations of Production

三、坚持全面深化改革与完善社会主义生产关系

Problems in development need to be solved through reform. Reform and opening up is a crucial move that determines the fate of contemporary China. Facing extensive and profound changes in the domestic and international environment, China’s development confronts a series of prominent contradictions and challenges, which can only be resolved through deepening reform. As China’s economic development enters a new stage, we should take new steps in perfecting the socialist market economy system.

发展中的问题需要通过改革来解决，改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键一招。面对国内外环境的广泛而深刻变化，中国发展面临一系列突出矛盾和挑战，只有通过深化改革才能解决。随着中国经济发展进入新的阶段，我们应该在完善社会主义市场经济体制上迈出新的步伐。

1. Continuously Reforming and Perfecting the Socialist Market Economy System

１.不断改革与完善社会主义市场经济体制

Respecting the laws of the market economy is one of the important reasons for China’s rapid economic development. It is necessary to continuously promote the organic integration of socialist factors and the market mechanism. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Letting the market play a decisive role in resource allocation is a new breakthrough in our Party’s understanding of the laws governing the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics, a new achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context, and marks a new stage in the development of the socialist market economy.” [12]12 Xi Jinping, *On Adhering to and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics*, Central Party Literature Press, 2019, p. 10. The advantage of market allocation of resources lies in improving allocation efficiency, producing more products that meet the people’s living needs with as little resource input as possible, and achieving as much economic benefit as possible. In modern economic life, the allocation of resources is affected by many factors, but the basic and decisive role in social production and exchange is still played by the market price adjustment mechanism. This is a general law after humanity entered the historical process of commodity economy development. “To perfect the socialist market economy system, we must follow this law.” [13]13 Xi Jinping, *On Adhering to and Developing Socialism with Chinese Characteristics*, Central Party Literature Press, 2019, p. 10.

尊重市场经济规律是中国经济快速发展的重要原因之一，要不断促进社会主义因素与市场机制的有机结合。习近平总书记指出：“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，是我们党对中国特色社会主义建设规律认识的一个新突破，是马克思主义中国化的一个新的成果，标志着社会主义市场经济发展进入了一个新阶段。”市场配置资源的优势在于可以提高配置效率，在尽可能少的资源投入下生产出更多符合人民生活需要的产品，尽可能实现更大的经济效益。在现代经济生活中，资源配置情况会受到诸多因素的影响，但对社会生产和交换起基础性、决定性作用的仍然是市场价格调节机制，这是人类进入商品经济发展历史进程后的一般规律，“健全社会主义市场经济体制必须遵循这条规律”。

To improve the socialist market economy system, it is necessary to correctly handle the relationship between the government and the market. Government intervention in economic life and the market playing a decisive role in resource allocation are not contradictory in essence. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “Enabling the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and ensuring the government plays its role better are organically unified; they do not negate each other, and they must not be separated or set in opposition. Neither should the market’s decisive role in resource allocation replace or negate the government’s role, nor should the government’s better role replace or negate the market’s decisive role in resource allocation.” The greater the regulatory role of market mechanisms in resource allocation, the more indispensable the government’s role in regulating the economy becomes; the two are mutually integrated. “It is necessary to coordinate the relationship between an effective market and a competent government, forming an economic order that is both ‘able to let go’ and ‘able to manage well.’”

健全社会主义市场经济体制，必须正确处理政府和市场的关系。政府介入经济生活与市场在配置资源中发挥决定性作用，二者在本质上并不矛盾。习近平总书记指出，“使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用，二者是有机统一的，不是相互否定的，不能把二者割裂开来、对立起来，既不能用市场在资源配置中的决定性作用取代甚至否定政府作用，也不能用更好发挥政府作用取代甚至否定使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用”。市场机制参与资源配置的调节作用越大，政府调节经济的作用越不可或缺，两者是相互一体的。“必须统筹好有效市场和有为政府的关系，形成既‘放得开’又‘管得住’的经济秩序”。

To advance comprehensive and deepening reform, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a high-level socialist market economy system. Government regulation must be strengthened to correct various types of market failures. The market playing a decisive role in resource allocation is premised on micro-level business entities following the law of value and operating in a standardized manner; it does not mean they can evade government regulation. On the contrary, government regulation is a necessary condition for ensuring fair competition among all market participants. The government correcting market failures does not mean replacing the market; rather, on the basis of respecting the market’s decisive role in resource allocation, the government should play a good role in macro-control and fill gaps where market regulation fails. When participating in economic activities, the government should avoid simple administrative orders as much as possible, instead respecting market laws, stimulating the vitality of market entities by breaking down market barriers, changing market expectations and guiding enterprises’ scientific decision-making through reasonable policies, and exerting a positive influence on enterprise investment direction with long-term, holistic development planning.

推进全面深化改革，必须加快构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制。要加强政府监管，纠正各类市场失灵。市场在资源配置中发挥决定性作用，是以微观经营主体遵循价值规律、规范经营为前提，并不意味着它可以逃避政府监管。恰恰相反，政府监管是保证所有市场参与者开展公平竞争的必要条件。政府纠正市场失灵也不是取代市场，而是在尊重市场在资源配置中起决定性作用的基础上，政府发挥好宏观调控的作用，并且在市场调节失效的领域弥补空白。政府在参与经济活动中应尽量避免采取简单的行政命令，而是应尊重市场规律，通过破除市场壁垒激发市场主体的活力，通过合理的政策改变市场预期和引导企业科学决策，用立足长远的整体发展规划对企业投资导向形成正向影响。

To improve the socialist market economy system, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of basic systems for the market economy in areas such as market access and exit, market regulation, and the credit system. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “It is necessary to continuously build a rule-of-law economy and a credit economy, improve market rules and take the lead in abiding by them, optimize the market environment by resolutely punishing corruption and ensuring public safety, focus on correcting market failures, standardize the order of competition, and make the unified national market a big stage for fair competition among all types of business entities.” The rule of law is the cornerstone of the market economy system; the introduction and implementation of a series of legal systems are the inherent responsibilities of modern states in maintaining social and economic management. “The rule of law is the best business environment. What all types of market entities most look forward to is equal legal protection.” A high-level socialist market economy system must use strict and complete laws to promote the greatest degree of equality and stimulate endogenous development momentum. Credit is the operational center of the modern market economy; the credit mechanism needs to be built on the foundation of government credibility and given mandatory constraints and guarantees through government public power.

健全社会主义市场经济体制，需要在市场准入和退出、市场监管、信用体系等方面加快市场经济基础制度建设。习近平总书记指出，“要不断建设法治经济、信用经济，完善市场规则并带头遵守规则，通过坚决惩治腐败、保障公共安全等优化市场环境，着力矫正市场失灵，规范竞争秩序，使全国统一大市场成为各类经营主体公平竞争的大舞台”。法治是市场经济制度的基石，一系列法律制度出台和实施，是现代国家中政府维护社会经济管理的固有职责。“法治是最好的营商环境。各类市场主体最期盼的是平等法律保护”。高水平社会主义市场经济体制，要用严格完善的法律促进最大程度的平等，激发内生发展动力。信用是现代市场经济的运转重心，信用机制需要建立在政府公信力基础上，并通过政府公权力给予强制性的约束和保障。

2. Accelerate the construction of a unified national market and smooth the national economic cycle

２.加快构建全国统一大市场，畅通国民经济循环

The market is the venue, carrier, and platform for economic activities; the circulation and flow of production factors cannot be separated from the market. Under market economy conditions, “economic activities require the organic connection of various production factors in the links of production, distribution, circulation, and consumption to achieve circulation and flow.” An important prerequisite for promoting the efficiency and orderliness of this circulation and flow is clear market responsibilities and rights, a complete and unified market system, and sound and reasonable market rules. The construction of a high-level socialist market economy system must be based on an efficient and sound unified national market.

市场是经济活动的场所、载体和平台，生产要素的循环流转离不开市场。在市场经济条件下，“经济活动需要各种生产要素的组合在生产、分配、流通、消费各环节有机衔接，从而实现循环流转”。促进这一循环流转的高效和有序，其重要前提是市场责权关系明晰、市场体系完整统一、市场规则健全合理。高水平社会主义市场经济体制的构建，要建立在高效健全的全国统一大市场的基础上。

A unified national market can unleash the greater potential of the socialist market economy. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “The advantage of a large country’s economy is internal circulation. China has a population of over 1.4 billion, and its per capita GDP has exceeded 10,000 US dollars. It is the world’s largest and most promising consumer market. The optimization and upgrading of residents’ consumption, combined with modern technology and production methods, contains huge growth potential.” To form a unified national market, first, it is necessary to achieve the integration of the market system and platform; this is the breakthrough point for eliminating resource segmentation within the country, promoting resource flow, and thereby improving overall market efficiency. Second, it is necessary to promote the soundness and completeness of market regulation means; this is an important means of expanding market regulation capacity, avoiding market failures, and preventing market disorder. Finally, it is necessary to achieve the uniformity of market rules and norms; this is the fundamental basis for maintaining market order and promoting economic equality.

全国统一大市场可以激发社会主义市场经济的更大潜力。习近平总书记指出，“大国经济的优势就是内部可循环。我国有十四亿多人口，人均国内生产总值已经突破一万美元，是全球最大最有潜力的消费市场。居民消费优化升级，同现代科技和生产方式相结合，蕴含着巨大增长空间”。形成全国统一大市场，首先，要实现市场体系和平台的一体化，这是在国家范围内消除资源分割、促进资源流动从而提高市场整体效率的突破口；其次，要促进市场调节手段的健全性和完整性，这是扩大市场调节能力、避免市场失灵和防范市场失序的重要手段；最后，要实现市场规则和规范的统一性，这是维护市场秩序、促进经济平等的根本基础。

The basic foothold for smoothing the national economic cycle is to expand the internal economic cycle, forming a domestic economic cycle with domestic demand as the mainstay. Under high-level socialist market economy conditions, removing blockages in the cycle is key to smoothing the national economic cycle. “Economic activity is a dynamic, cyclical process. It is necessary to promote deep-level reforms and strengthen policy guidance, focusing on unblocking the key blockages that constrain the economic cycle.” To smooth the national economic cycle, it is necessary to enhance the self-reliance, autonomy, and self-strengthening of China’s economy, always grasping the leading power in China’s economic development and the initiative in integrating into the process of economic globalization. To unblock the blockages in the economic cycle, at the macro level, it is necessary to optimize policies and regulations, advance the reform of “delegating power, improving regulation, and upgrading services,” [14]14 “Delegating power, improving regulation, and upgrading services” (放管服改革) refers to a reform initiative to streamline government administration, delegate authority, strengthen oversight, and improve public services. and ensure the organic coordination of various government macro policies. At the meso level, it is necessary to break down local protectionism and avoid internal self-created small cycles within industries and departments. At the micro level, it is necessary to optimize laws, regulations, and government service processes, reduce the cost burden on grassroots enterprises, improve the level of government services, prevent improper intervention in the activities of micro-level entities, and enable enterprises and individual operators to maximize their initiative, enthusiasm, and creativity.

畅通国民经济循环的基本立足点是扩大经济内循环，形成以内需为主体的国内经济循环。在高水平社会主义市场经济条件下，破除循环堵点是畅通国民经济循环的关键，“经济活动是一个动态的周而复始的循环过程。要推进深层次改革和强化政策引导，着力打通制约经济循环的关键堵点”。畅通国民经济循环，要增强中国经济的自立、自主和自强，始终把握中国经济发展的主导权和融入经济全球化过程的主动权。打通经济循环堵点，在宏观层面上要优化政策法规，推进“放管服”改革，使政府各项宏观政策有机衔接。在中观层面上，要打破地方保护主义，避免行业、部门内部搞自我小循环。在微观层面上，则要优化法律法规和政府服务流程，减轻基层企业成本负担，提高政府服务水平，防止对微观主体活动的不当干预，使企业和个体经营者能够最大限度发挥其主动性、积极性和创造性。

3. Correctly understand and grasp the characteristics and behavioral laws of capital, and improve the ability to manage the market economy

３.正确认识和把握资本的特性和行为规律，提高驾驭市场经济能力

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, [15]15 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in 2012, marking the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping’s leadership. China has adhered to the “Two Unswervinglies,” [16]16 The “Two Unswervinglies” (两个毫不动摇) refers to the policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. making new deployments in consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy and in encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy, thereby stimulating new vitality in the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “It is necessary to understand and grasp historically, developmentally, and dialectically the various types of capital that exist in our society and their roles.”

党的十八大以来，我国坚持“两个毫不动摇”，在巩固和发展公有制经济和鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展方面作出了新的部署，激发了中国特色社会主义市场经济的新活力。习近平总书记指出，“要历史地、发展地、辩证地认识和把握我国社会存在的各类资本及其作用”。

Under market economy conditions, the core of effectively managing capital is to continue to uphold and improve the basic socialist economic system. The dominant position of public ownership determines that China must adhere to distribution according to work as the main form, which is conducive to promoting greater fairness in primary distribution and reflecting the people-centered principle in social distribution. State-owned capital largely determines China’s national security and control over the lifeline of the national economy. The leading role of state-owned capital is conducive to the modernization of the material production sector and to maintaining the security of the industrial chain and the stability of the supply chain. The existence of state-owned capital is conducive to the optimization of the economic structure and layout, and to enhancing the overall efficiency of technological innovation and material production. Collective capital, as capital that is jointly owned by the means of production within a certain social scope, is conducive to mobilizing social resources to promote social production and to driving laborers, especially rural laborers, to develop production and achieve common prosperity. Under the conditions of the socialist market economy, the dominant position of public ownership must be consolidated through the development and growth of state-owned enterprises. “Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the socialist system with Chinese characteristics, state-owned enterprises and the state-owned economy must continue to develop and grow; this issue should be beyond doubt.” The reason China has been able to maintain the complete independence of its industrial system and independent technological innovation is that the dominant position of public ownership has played a huge role.

在市场经济条件下有效驾驭资本，核心是继续坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度。公有制主体地位决定了我国必须坚持按劳分配为主体，这有利于促进初次分配更加公平，并在社会分配中体现人民至上。国有资本在很大程度上决定着中国的国家安全和国民经济命脉的掌控权。国有资本发挥主导作用，有利于物质生产部门的现代化，有利于维护产业链安全与供应链的稳定。国有资本的存在，有利于经济结构和布局的优化，有利于科技创新和物质生产整体效率的提升。集体资本作为在社会一定范围内共同占有生产资料的资本，有利于调动社会资源促进社会生产发展，有利于带动劳动者特别是农村劳动者发展生产和共同致富。在社会主义市场经济条件下，公有制的主体地位，要通过国有企业的发展壮大得到巩固。“在中国共产党领导和我国社会主义制度下，国有企业和国有经济必须不断发展壮大，这个问题应该是毋庸置疑的”。中国之所以能够始终保持产业体系的完整独立和科技自主创新，公有制的主体地位发挥了巨大作用。

To effectively harness capital, it is necessary to correctly understand and grasp the characteristics of capital, “to explore how to bring into play the positive role of capital under the conditions of the socialist market economy, while effectively controlling its negative role.” To this end, one must recognize that all types of capital share common features—namely, that all types of capital pursue value appreciation, can drive technological innovation, boost fiscal revenue, stimulate employment, and promote economic growth. At the same time, one must also see that different types of capital have different essential characteristics. Generally speaking, private capital places greater emphasis on individual interests while neglecting the overall interests and the common interests of the entire people, and it is relatively lacking in sharing when handling labor-capital relations. In addition, under conditions of market competition, private capital sometimes restricts competition, pursues a monopoly position, and tends toward savage expansion and disorderly expansion. Proceeding from the common features of capital, it should be ensured that all types of ownership entities participate in competition equally in accordance with the law, that state-owned capital is concentrated in frontier areas of science and technology, key areas of people’s livelihoods, and critical industrial sectors, and that the private economy is encouraged and supported to enter new fields and to increase its investment in scientific research and development. In short, the purpose of effectively harnessing capital is to serve the stable, healthy, and sustainable development of the economy, and to ensure that all types of capital have room for development, innovation, and continuous growth.

有效驾驭资本，需要正确认识和把握资本的特性，“要探索如何在社会主义市场经济条件下发挥资本的积极作用，同时有效控制资本的消极作用”。为此，既要认识到各类资本具有共性的一面，即各类资本均追求价值增殖，能够推动技术创新、促进财政收入、拉动就业和促进经济增长。也要看到，不同性质资本具有不同的本质特征，总体上说私人资本更注重个体利益而忽视整体利益和全体人民共同利益，且在处理劳资关系时共享性相对欠缺。此外，在市场竞争条件下，私人资本有时还会限制竞争，追求垄断地位，具有野蛮扩张和无序扩张的倾向。从资本共性出发，应当保证各类所有制主体依法平等参与竞争，促进国有资本向科技前沿领域、重点民生领域和关键的产业领域集中，鼓励和支持民营经济进入新的领域，促进民营资本对科技研发的投入。总之，有效驾驭资本的目的是服务于经济平稳健康和可持续发展，要使各类资本都有发展、创新和不断壮大的空间。

To effectively harness capital, it is necessary to correctly understand and grasp the behavioral laws of capital, continuously improve the laws and regulations of the capital market, and accelerate the improvement of the capital regulatory system. “A ‘traffic light’ system should be established, the legal system for capital development should be improved, and a rule system with a complete framework, clear logic, and comprehensive institutions should be formed.” Under the conditions of a market economy, capital not only has the common behavior of seeking profit, but also various specific behaviors such as product and service operations, market competition, capital accumulation, and internal incentive and constraint mechanisms. Under socialist conditions, the profit-seeking behavior of capital should be premised on not harming the state or other business entities, especially the interests of workers within the enterprise. Behaviors such as capital operation, competition, and accumulation should be conditioned on norms, integrity, fairness, and sustainability. On the one hand, through legislation and rule-making, all types of capital should establish a sense of boundaries and legal awareness. On the other hand, the government should strengthen the supervision of capital, increase the penalties for capital violations and boundary-crossing behaviors, and ensure that the operation and development of all types of capital are standardized, healthy, and orderly.

有效驾驭资本，要正确认识和把握资本的行为规律，不断健全资本市场法律法规，加快完善资本监管体系。“要设立‘红绿灯’，健全资本发展的法律制度，形成框架完整、逻辑清晰、制度完备的规则体系。”在市场经济条件下，资本不仅有逐利的共性行为，还有产品服务经营、市场竞争、资本积累以及内部的激励约束等各种具体行为。在社会主义条件下，资本逐利行为应以不损害国家和其他经营主体特别是企业内部劳动者利益为前提，资本经营、竞争、积累等行为，应以规范、诚信、公平和可持续等为条件。一方面，要通过立法立规使各类资本自身确立边界意识和法律意识，另一方面，政府要加强对资本的监管，加大对资本违规越界行为的处罚力度，使各类资本的运营和发展做到规范、健康和有序。

IV. Scientifically Grasping the Objective Laws of Socialist Economic Construction

四、科学把握社会主义经济建设客观规律

Advancing Chinese-path modernization and achieving the goal of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation require a foundation in the objective laws of economic development. Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era scientifically elucidates the development guarantees, development goals, and development drivers of economic construction, providing theoretical guidance for socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era.

推进中国式现代化，实现中华民族伟大复兴的奋斗目标，需要立足于经济发展的客观规律。习近平经济思想科学地阐明了经济建设的发展保障、发展目标和发展动力等内容，为新时代中国特色社会主义提供了理论指引。

1. Strengthening the Core Leadership Role of the Party to Provide Political Guarantees for Economic Construction

１.加强党的核心领导作用，为经济建设提供政治保障

In socialist economic construction and social development, the proletarian party holds a core leadership position and role. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Whether we can successfully steer the world’s second-largest economy and maintain sustained and healthy economic and social development fundamentally depends on how well the Party plays its core leadership role in economic and social development.” The core leadership role of the Party in economic work is a manifestation of the dialectical relationship between politics and the economy.

在社会主义经济建设和社会发展中，无产阶级政党具有领导核心地位和作用。习近平总书记指出：“能不能驾驭好世界第二大经济体，能不能保持经济社会持续健康发展，从根本上讲取决于党在经济社会发展中的领导核心作用发挥得好不好。”党对经济工作的领导核心作用，是政治与经济辩证关系的体现。

Under the leadership of the Party, the socialist political advantage is transformed into an economic advantage, providing solid support for modernization. Whether it is the accumulation for socialist industrialization or the comprehensive acceleration of China’s material production after reform and opening up, both prove this point. Adhering to the Party’s leadership can leverage the advantages of China’s political and economic system, enabling the state to concentrate resources to accomplish major tasks, invest more resources in key areas of material production to achieve breakthroughs, and more quickly promote economic development. In the socialist market economy, the Party’s leadership helps to better play the role of the government, compensate for market failures, optimize resource allocation, and achieve better market efficiency and social benefits.

在党的领导下，社会主义政治优势会转换为经济优势，为现代化建设提供坚实的支撑。无论是社会主义工业化积累，还是改革开放后中国物质生产的全面提速，都证明了这一点。坚持党的领导，能够发挥中国政治经济体制的优势，使国家能够集中力量办大事，在物质生产的关键领域投入更多资源实现突破，更快地推动经济发展。在社会主义市场经济中，党的领导有助于更好地发挥政府作用，弥补市场失灵，使资源配置更加优化，实现更好的市场效率和社会效益。

Under the leadership of the Party, the government’s redistribution of national income can be more equitable and reasonable, better enhancing the material welfare of workers and promoting common prosperity. In a holistic sense, the Party, as the core of leadership, can ensure the independence, self-reliance, and self-strengthening of Chinese-path modernization, and avoid and prevent international monopoly capital from unreasonably extracting, squeezing, and plundering China.

在党的领导下，政府对国民收入的再分配能够更加公平合理，能够更好地增进劳动者的物质福利，促进共同富裕。从整体意义上说，党作为领导核心，能够确保中国式现代化建设的独立自主、自立自强，避免和防范国际垄断资本对中国进行不合理的攫取、挤压和掠夺。

2. Guiding China’s Economic Development with the New Development Philosophy

２.以新发展理念引领中国经济发展

The new development philosophy of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing represents a new understanding of the laws of Chinese-path modernization and marks another transformation in the development philosophy of China’s socialist economic construction. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “Adhering to innovative development, coordinated development, green development, open development, and shared development is a profound transformation concerning the overall situation of China’s development.” The new development philosophy respectively elucidates the objective laws and inherent trends of each dimension in modern economic development, yet they are unified in the same process of economic development, mutually permeating, mutually constraining, and mutually influencing, playing a foundational role in the overall category of economic development.

创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享新发展理念是对中国式现代化建设规律的新的认识，标志着我国社会主义经济建设在发展理念上的又一次变革。习近平总书记指出，“坚持创新发展、协调发展、绿色发展、开放发展、共享发展，是关系我国发展全局的一场深刻变革”。新发展理念分别阐明了现代经济发展中各自维度的客观规律与内在趋势，但又统一于经济发展的同一个过程之中，相互渗透、相互制约并相互影响，在经济发展的整体范畴中发挥基础性的功能。

Innovative development is the guide for the development of social productive forces, aimed at enhancing increments, and is the foothold for meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “Now, the driving force formed by China’s low-cost resources and factor inputs has significantly weakened, and we need to rely on more and better scientific and technological innovation to inject new impetus into economic development; social development faces multiple challenges such as population aging, poverty eradication, and ensuring people’s health, and we need to rely on more and better scientific and technological innovation to achieve coordinated economic and social development.” The measure of innovative development is to accelerate the application of major scientific inventions and disruptive technologies, master the key core technologies needed for emerging industries to enhance industrial autonomy, and ultimately enable Chinese industries to leap from the low end of the global value chain to the mid-to-high end. Coordinated development aims to promote the structural balance of China’s material production. Coordinated development is the foundation for structural adjustment; its role is to maintain the balance of the economic structure and repair structural imbalances in the economy. It embodies the unity of internal and external elements, and spatial and temporal elements of economic development. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “Under the new situation, coordinated development has some new characteristics. For example, coordination is both a means of development and a goal of development, and it is also a standard and yardstick for evaluating development.” Coordinated development includes the transformation and adjustment of factor input structures and development driver structures, the coordinated development of industrial structures and regional structures, the rebalancing of resource utilization structures and emission structures, and the rationalization of product distribution structures. Green development is both a condition for alleviating development constraints and a new growth point for the economy. Open development promotes the domestic and international linkage of social production, and is a manifestation at the international level of the requirement that relations of production be suited to the productive forces. China’s total economic output has now risen to second place in the world, and it is the largest manufacturing country, trading country, and investment country, so it needs to deeply engage with the international production system. Only by developing a higher-level open economy can China build a broader community of shared interests and achieve mutual benefit and win-win outcomes through opening up. Shared development ensures the universal coverage of material welfare and social equity. Shared development is a value appeal of scientific socialism and an inevitable means to solidly promote substantial progress in common prosperity for all the people. The core of shared development is to adhere to the principle that “no one should be left behind” in economic development, to avoid the marginalization of certain social groups in the process of modernization, and to uphold social fairness and justice. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “We must not only create higher

创新发展是社会生产力发展的引领，旨在提升增量，是满足人民更美好生活需要的立足点。习近平总书记指出，“现在，我国低成本资源和要素投入形成的驱动力明显减弱，需要依靠更多更好的科技创新为经济发展注入新动力；社会发展面临人口老龄化、消除贫困、保障人民健康等多方面挑战，需要依靠更多更好的科技创新实现经济社会协调发展”。创新发展的衡量标志，是加快推动重大科学发明和颠覆性技术的应用，掌握新兴产业所需的关键核心技术以提高产业自主性，最终使中国产业从全球价值链低端向中高端跃进。协调发展旨在促进中国物质生产的结构性平衡。协调发展是结构调整的依托，其作用是维持经济结构平衡与修复经济结构失衡，它体现的是经济发展的内部要素和外部要素、空间要素和时间要素的统一。习近平总书记指出：“新形势下，协调发展具有一些新特点。比如，协调既是发展手段又是发展目标，同时还是评价发展的标准和尺度。”协调发展既包括生产要素投入结构、发展动力结构的变革与调整，也包括产业结构和区域结构的协同发展，还包括资源利用结构和排放结构的再平衡以及产品分配结构的合理化。绿色发展既是缓解发展约束的条件，也是经济增长的新生长点。开放发展推动社会生产的国内外联动，是生产关系适合生产力要求在国际层面的体现。中国目前经济总量已跃居世界第二，更是位列第一位的制造业大国、贸易大国和投资大国，所以需要深度介入国际生产体系。只有发展更高层次的开放型经济，中国才能构建起更广泛的利益共同体，才能在开放中实现互利共赢。共享发展保障物质福利的全民覆盖与社会公平。共享发展是科学社会主义的价值诉求，是扎实推进全体人民共同富裕取得实质性进展的必然手段。共享发展的核心，是在经济发展中坚持“一个都不能少”，避免部分社会群体在现代化进程中被边缘化，维护社会公平正义。习近平总书记指出，“既要创造比资本主义更高的效率，又要更有效地维护社会公平，更好实现效率与公平相兼顾、相促进、相统一”。促进共享发展能够更好和更普遍地提高人民群众生活，有利于扩大内需，避免经济发展的剧烈波动与经济危机，促进全体人民的自由全面发展。

3. Promoting Chinese-path modernization through high-quality development

３.以高质量发展促进中国式现代化

To embark on the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, it is necessary to base ourselves on the new, qualitative changes in China’s economic and social development and shift the development path onto the track of high-quality development. The success of this shift determines the ultimate realization of the goal of Chinese-path modernization. The target orientation of the development of productive forces in the New Era is to promote a new balance between total social supply and demand at a higher level through high-quality development. “We must promote high-quality development to adapt to new scientific and technological changes and the new needs of the people, forming a high-quality, efficient, and diversified supply system and providing more high-quality products and services. Only in this way can supply and demand achieve equilibrium at a new level, and can our economy sustain healthy development.” [17]17 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Economic Work Conference” (December 18, 2017), *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Vol. 2, Foreign Languages Press, 2023, p. 67.

开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程，要立足我国经济社会发展新的、质的变化，将发展路径转换到高质量发展路径上来，这一转换的成功决定着中国式现代化目标的最终实现。新时代中国生产力发展的目标指向，是以高质量发展来推动社会总供求在新的水平上实现平衡。“必须推动高质量发展，以适应科技新变化、人民新需要，形成优质高效多样化的供给体系，提供更多优质产品和服务。这样，供求才能在新的水平上实现均衡，我国经济才能持续健康发展”。

From a dynamic perspective, problems such as inefficient economic operation and imbalance between total social supply and total social demand are issues that social production must always confront. On the surface, low economic development efficiency, inefficient resource allocation, backward production technology, and the long-term maintenance of supply goods at a low-end level are related to a lack of innovation incentives, insufficient competitiveness, and entrenched interests. However, the deeper reason lies in the impeded flow of economic operations, the root cause of which is major structural imbalance. The way out of the problem is to “adhere to the unity of winning by quality and leveraging scale effects, make good use of the advantages of the super-large market and rich application scenarios, cultivate more world-class enterprises and leading technologies, and unify the effective qualitative improvement and reasonable quantitative growth throughout the entire process of high-quality development.” [18]18 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Central Economic Work Conference” (December 11, 2023), *People’s Daily*, December 13, 2023.

从动态视野看，经济运行低效、社会总供给和总需求不平衡等问题，是社会生产始终需要面对的问题。表面看来，经济发展效益低、资源配置低效、生产技术落后与供给品长期维持在低端水平，与创新激励欠缺、竞争力不足、利益固化等有关，但深层次原因在于经济运行不畅，根源是重大结构性失衡。解决问题的出路，是“坚持以质取胜和发挥规模效应相统一，用好超大规模市场优势和丰富应用场景，培育更多世界一流企业和领先技术，把质的有效提升和量的合理增长统一于高质量发展的全过程”。

To achieve high-quality development, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a modern Chinese economic system. A modern economic system includes not only an innovation system in the field of science and technology but also a modern education system adapted to contemporary material production, and even more so a contingent of high-quality workers with modern awareness and professional competence. A modern economic system is a system where traditional and modern industries coexist, complement each other, and develop in a balanced manner. Traditional industrial systems need to achieve modern transformation through scientific, technological, and managerial changes. In the traditional agricultural sector, it is necessary not only to build a modern agricultural product production and processing system but also to construct a modern agricultural infrastructure system and an agricultural science and technology service system, as well as a modern agricultural management system, laying the foundation for rural revitalization in the New Era. To promote high-quality development, attention must be paid both to macro-level economic governance and its operational management systems and to micro-level regulation and enterprise management innovation. At the macro level, high-quality development requires not only improving the efficiency of resource allocation but also enhancing the efficiency of resource development and utilization, the efficiency of resource combination, and output efficiency. In a broader sense, high-quality development must also be reflected in the improvement of economic and ecological benefits. At the micro level, high-quality development focuses on improving the quality of enterprise products and technology, enhancing operational efficiency, accelerating enterprise technological innovation, and strengthening the market competitiveness of products.

实现高质量发展，需要加快构建中国现代化经济体系。现代化经济体系，既包括科技领域的创新体系，也包括适应当代物质生产的现代教育体系，更包括具有现代意识和职业能力的高素质的劳动者队伍。现代化经济体系是传统产业和现代产业并存互补、均衡发展的体系。传统产业体系需要通过科技和管理变革实现现代化转型。在传统的农业领域，不仅要构建现代农产品生产加工体系，也要构建现代农业基础设施体系和农业科技服务体系，还要构建现代农业经营管理体系，为新时代乡村振兴打下基础。促进高质量发展，既要重视宏观的经济治理及其运行管理制度，也要重视微观规制与企业管理创新。在宏观层面，高质量发展不仅要提高资源配置效率，还要提高资源开发利用效率、资源组合效率和产出效率。在更广泛的意义上，高质量发展还要体现为经济效益和生态效益的改善。在微观层面，高质量发展重点是要提高企业产品和技术质量，增进经营效益，加快企业技术创新，提高产品市场竞争能力。

In summary, the exploration of the laws governing the construction of a socialist economy with Chinese characteristics runs through the overall formation and development process of Xi Jinping’s economic thought. Xi Jinping’s economic thought not only reveals the stage-specific characteristics of objective economic phenomena but also promotes the formation of new economic categories and their application in the context of the times, manifesting the academic characteristics and complete system architecture of the dialectical unity of theory and practice.

总之，中国特色社会主义经济建设规律的探索，贯穿于习近平经济思想的整体性形成与发展进程中。习近平经济思想不仅揭示出客观经济现象的阶段性特点，也推动着新经济范畴的形成与时代化运用，彰显了理论和实践辩证统一的学理特质和完整的体系架构。

(The author is a researcher at the Academy of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者系中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院研究员）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心