Accelerate the Cultivation of a Complete Domestic Demand System and Expand Domestic Demand in All Respects

Domestic demand is the main driving force and stable anchor for economic growth. Expanding domestic demand in all respects is an important strategic measure for promoting economic development in China at present. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC proposed to “accelerate the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system.” The 2024 Central Economic Work Conference laid out nine key tasks for 2025, placing “vigorously boosting consumption, improving investment efficiency, and expanding domestic demand in all respects” at the top. On the new journey, we must implement the strategic requirement of expanding domestic demand, accelerate the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system, pool our efforts to expand domestic demand in all respects, promote sustained economic recovery and improvement, and strive to write a contemporary chapter of high-quality economic development.

内需是拉动经济增长的主动力和稳定锚，全方位扩大内需是当前我国促进经济发展的重要战略举措。党的二十届三中全会提出要“加快培育完整内需体系”。2024年中央经济工作会议部署了2025年的9项重点任务，并将“大力提振消费、提高投资效益，全方位扩大国内需求”摆在首位。新征程上，我们必须把扩大内需这一战略要求落到实处，加快培育完整内需体系，凝心聚力全方位扩大国内需求，推动经济持续回升向好，奋力谱写经济高质量发展的当代华章。

1. Expanding domestic demand in all respects is an inevitable choice for promoting sustained economic recovery and improvement

1.全方位扩大国内需求是推动经济持续回升向好的必然选择

Faced with a complex and severe situation of increasing external pressures and growing internal difficulties, expanding domestic demand in all respects is not only an important engine for promoting sustained economic recovery and improvement, but also a practical need to meet the people's aspiration for a better life. It is of great significance for accelerating the construction of a new development pattern and promoting high-quality economic development.

面对外部压力加大、内部困难增多的复杂严峻形势，全方位扩大国内需求既是推动我国经济持续回升向好的重要引擎，也是满足人民对美好生活向往的现实需要，对于加快构建新发展格局、推动经济高质量发展具有重要意义。

Expanding domestic demand in all respects lays an important foundation for promoting efficient economic circulation and accelerating the construction of a new development pattern. On the one hand, expanding domestic demand in all respects can, through upgrading and expanding consumption and expanding effective investment, further unblock various bottlenecks in the domestic economic circulation, promote smooth linkage among production, distribution, exchange and consumption, realize two-way coordination between the demand side and the supply side, and strengthen the dominant position of the domestic grand circulation. On the other hand, expanding domestic demand in all respects can reduce excessive dependence on external markets and continuously inject impetus into the domestic economic circulation. In particular, relying on the advantage of the super-large domestic market, it forms a strong attraction for global high-end resources, laying a solid foundation for the benign interaction between domestic and international dual circulations.

全方位扩大国内需求，为促进经济高效循环、加快构建新发展格局奠定重要基础。一方面，全方位扩大国内需求，能够通过消费的提质扩容和扩大有效投资，进一步打通国内经济循环的各类堵点，促进生产、分配、交换与消费各环节顺畅衔接，实现需求侧与供给侧的双向协同，增强国内大循环的主体地位。另一方面，全方位扩大国内需求，能够减少对外部市场的过度依赖，为国内经济循环持续注入动力，特别是依托国内超大规模市场优势，形成对全球高端资源的强大吸引力，为国内国际双循环良性互动奠定坚实基础。

Expanding domestic demand in all respects is a long-term strategy for promoting the transformation of the economic development mode. The core of expanding domestic demand in all respects lies in constructing a complete domestic demand system, mainly including upgrading and expanding consumption demand, optimizing and upgrading investment demand, and achieving dynamic balance between supply and demand structures. These all help to promote the shift from factor-driven to innovation-driven development, from investment-driven to coordinated consumption-investment-driven development, and from external-demand-dependent to domestic-demand-led development. This transformation is not a simple expansion of demand scale, but through optimizing and upgrading the demand structure to force the reform of the supply system, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the economic system. This means that expanding domestic demand in all respects is essentially an active adjustment of the economic development mode and a long-term strategy for promoting high-quality economic development.

全方位扩大国内需求，是促进经济发展方式转变的长远之策。全方位扩大国内需求的核心在于构建完整的内需体系，主要包含消费需求的提质扩容、投资需求的优化升级以及供需结构的动态平衡。这些都有助于推动经济发展从要素驱动转向创新驱动，从投资拉动转向消费投资协调拉动，从外需依赖转向内需主导。这种转变并非简单的需求规模扩张，而是通过需求结构的优化升级，倒逼供给体系改革，实现经济体系整体效能的提升。这意味着，全方位扩大国内需求实质上是对经济发展方式的主动调整，是推动经济高质量发展的长远之策。

Expanding domestic demand in all respects is conducive to accelerating the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. Continuously expanding domestic demand can provide the necessary market capacity and innovation impetus for strategic emerging industries and future industries, thereby accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system. The support of expanding domestic demand can help domestic enterprises integrate global resources more effectively, enhance independent innovation capabilities, and occupy a more favorable position in the global value chain. In the field of consumption, the upgrading demand for commodity consumption and service consumption will force enterprises to increase R&D investment, improve technological levels, optimize product structure, and thus promote the transformation of traditional industries toward high-end, intelligent, and green development. In the field of investment, new infrastructure construction will drive the industrial application of cutting-edge technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence, and industrial internet, guiding resource factors to gather in high-efficiency, high-growth strategic emerging industries and future industries.

全方位扩大国内需求，有利于加快产业结构优化升级。持续扩大的国内需求，可以为战略性新兴产业和未来产业的发展提供必要的市场容量和创新动力，从而加快构建现代化产业体系。内需的扩容支撑能够促进本土企业更有效地整合全球资源，提升自主创新能力，在全球价值链中占据更为有利的地位。在消费领域，商品消费、服务消费的升级需求将倒逼企业加大研发投入、提升技术水平、优化产品结构，进而推动传统产业向高端化、智能化、绿色化转型。在投资领域，新型基础设施建设将带动5G、人工智能、工业互联网等前沿技术的产业化应用，引导资源要素向高效益、高成长性的战略性新兴产业和未来产业集聚。

2. Expanding domestic demand in all respects has broad space

2.全方位扩大国内需求具有广阔空间

At present, the supporting conditions and basic trend of China's long-term sound economic development have not changed. From the perspective of the internal logic of China's economic development, as well as market size, growth potential, and policy support, expanding domestic demand in all respects has strong momentum and broad space.

当前，我国经济长期向好的支撑条件和基本趋势没有变，不论从我国经济发展内在逻辑，还是从市场规模、增长潜力、政策支持来看，全方位扩大国内需求都具有强劲动力和广阔空间。

The super-large market provides broad market space for expanding domestic demand. As the world's second-largest economy, the super-large market is China's prominent advantage. In 2024, China's GDP reached 134.9 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 5%; consumption and investment structures continued to upgrade, consumption models continued to innovate, and market prospects are broad. In terms of consumption demand, in 2024, China's total retail sales of consumer goods reached 48.8 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.5% over the previous year; per capita consumption expenditure of national residents was 28,227 yuan, a real increase of 5.1% over the previous year. Residents' consumption further shifted from subsistence to development and enjoyment, from a focus on commodity consumption to equal emphasis on commodity and service consumption, especially the rising proportion of service consumption. In terms of investment demand, in 2024, China's fixed asset investment scale reached 51.4 trillion yuan, an increase of 3.2% over the previous year; infrastructure investment and manufacturing investment increased by 4.4% and 9.2% respectively, and investment in high-tech industries increased by 8.0%. In addition, in areas of people's livelihood such as education, medical care, elderly care, and subsidized housing, there is an urgent need to increase effective investment to improve the quality of livelihood service supply. The potential and vitality of the domestic super-large market will be further released, and its effect on expanding domestic demand will become more significant.

超大规模市场为扩大内需提供广阔市场空间。作为世界第二大经济体，超大规模市场是我国的突出优势。2024年我国国内生产总值达134.9万亿元，同比增长5%，消费、投资结构持续升级，消费模式不断创新，市场前景广阔。从消费需求看，2024年我国社会消费品零售总额达48.8万亿元，较上年增长3.5%，全国居民人均消费支出28227元，较上年实际增长5.1%，并且居民消费进一步由生存型向发展型、享受型转变，从以商品消费为主向商品和服务消费并重转变，尤其是服务消费比重不断上升。从投资需求看，2024年我国固定资产投资规模达51.4万亿元，较上年增长3.2%，基础设施投资、制造业投资分别增长4.4%和9.2%，高技术产业投资增长8.0%。此外，在教育、医疗、养老、保障性住房等民生领域亟须增加有效投资以提升民生服务供给品质，国内超大规模市场的潜力和活力将进一步释放，对扩大内需的作用将更为显著。

The complete industrial system provides strong economic support for expanding domestic demand. China has a complete, comprehensive, and large-scale industrial system and a complete industrial chain supporting capacity. It is the only country in the world that possesses all industrial categories in the United Nations industrial classification. From the perspective of scope effect, comprehensive industrial coverage can effectively promote the fine division of labor in industries, forming an efficient production network. This not only improves production efficiency and reduces production costs but also helps to quickly respond to changes in market demand, providing consumers with diversified, high-quality products and services, and enhancing the attractiveness and radiation of the domestic demand market. From the perspective of scale effect, the huge industrial scale can effectively spread the long-term production costs of enterprises, improve economic efficiency, and provide strong production capacity and technology reserves for expanding domestic demand. In addition, industrial development drives employment growth and income improvement, fully releases consumption potential, and at the same time helps to siphon global resource factors, enhance China's position in the global industrial chain, effectively strengthen the overall risk resistance of the economic system, and provide a strong guarantee for China to maintain the resilience and security of the industrial chain and supply chain in the long term.

完整的产业体系为扩大内需提供有力经济支撑。我国拥有完整齐全、规模庞大的工业体系和完善的产业链配套能力，是全球唯一拥有联合国产业分类中全部工业门类的国家。从范围效应看，全面的产业覆盖能够有效促进产业的分工细化，形成高效的生产网络，不仅提高生产效率，降低生产成本，还有助于快速响应市场需求变化，为消费者提供多样化、高质量的产品和服务，增强内需市场的吸引力和辐射力。从规模效应看，巨大的产业规模能够有效平摊企业长期生产成本、提升经济效益，并为扩大内需提供强大的生产能力和技术储备。此外，产业发展在带动居民就业增长和收入水平提高，充分释放消费潜力的同时，能够助力虹吸全球资源要素，提升我国在全球产业链中的地位，有效增强经济体系的整体抗风险能力，为我国长期保持产业链供应链韧性和安全水平提供有力保障。

The huge population size and middle-income group provide a solid foundation for expanding domestic demand. China has a population of over 1.4 billion and a middle-income group of over 400 million, forming the consumer market with the greatest growth potential in the world. The advantage of population size means huge market potential. With the acceleration of urbanization and the improvement of residents' income levels, residents' consumption potential is continuously released, providing broad market space for various products and services. The middle-income group has relatively high consumption capacity and willingness to consume, and has strong demand for service-type consumption such as education, medical care, culture, and tourism. It can effectively drive the development of related industries and is an important driving force for expanding domestic demand.

庞大的人口规模和中等收入群体为扩大内需提供坚实基础。我国拥有14亿多人口、4亿多中等收入群体，形成了全球最有增长潜力的消费市场。人口规模优势意味着巨大的市场潜力，随着城镇化进程加快和居民收入水平提高，居民的消费潜力不断释放，为各类产品和服务提供广阔的市场空间。中等收入群体具有较高的消费能力和消费意愿，对教育、医疗、文化、旅游等服务型消费需求旺盛，能够有效拉动相关产业发展，是扩大国内需求的重要推动力量。

Coordinated urban-rural and regional development provides an important impetus for expanding domestic demand. From the perspective of urban-rural development, in 2024, China's urbanization rate rose to 67%, the income growth rate of rural residents was faster than that of urban residents, and the urban-rural income gap continued to narrow. With the deepening of the household registration system reform and urban-rural integrated development policies, the transfer of rural population to cities and towns releases huge consumption and investment demand. The continuous expansion of urban and rural consumption scale and consumption space, and the continuous promotion of balanced distribution of public services such as education and medical care in urban and rural areas, have become important increments for expanding domestic demand. From the perspective of regional development, the implementation of a series of major regional strategies, such as the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, and the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin, has further released regional consumption potential and formed a multi-pole supporting growth pattern. The radiation and driving role of city clusters and metropolitan areas have become increasingly prominent, the comprehensive consumption carrying capacity of regions has significantly strengthened, and consumption upgrading and industrial upgrading are deeply integrated, providing important support for expanding domestic demand and enhancing the endogenous driving force of economic development.

城乡区域协调发展为扩大内需提供重要推动力。从城乡发展看，2024年我国城镇化率提高至67%，农村居民收入增速快于城镇居民，城乡居民收入差距不断缩小。随着户籍制度改革和城乡融合发展政策的深化，农村人口向城镇转移释放出巨大的消费和投资需求。城乡消费规模与消费空间的持续扩大，城乡教育、医疗等公共服务均衡布局的持续推进，均成为扩大内需的重要增量。从区域发展看，京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展、长三角一体化发展、粤港澳大湾区建设以及黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展等一系列区域重大战略的实施，进一步释放了区域消费潜力，形成多极支撑的增长格局。城市群和都市圈的辐射带动作用日益凸显，区域消费综合承载能力显著增强，消费升级与产业升级深度融合，为扩大内需、增强经济发展内生动力提供了重要支撑。

3. Implementing the expansion of domestic demand in all respects in promoting consumption and benefiting people's livelihoods

3.在促消费和惠民生中把全方位扩大国内需求落到实处

Intensify efforts and expand the scope of implementing the "two new" policies to promote consumption upgrading and improvement. Boosting consumption is the primary task of expanding domestic demand in all respects. We should take large-scale equipment renewal and trade-in of consumer goods as the traction, steadily expand physical consumption in areas such as automobiles, home appliances, and home decoration, and increase financial support for equipment renewal and trade-in of consumer goods. Expand the coverage of the "two new" policies to meet the increasingly upgraded consumption needs of consumers. Actively expand service consumption, increase effective service supply by optimizing service content and improving service quality, and promote online-offline mutual traffic for service consumption.

加力扩围实施“两新”政策，推动消费提质升级。提振消费是全方位扩大国内需求的首要任务。应以大规模设备更新和消费品以旧换新为牵引，稳步扩大汽车、家电、家装等领域实物消费，加大对设备更新和消费品以旧换新的资金支持力度。拓展“两新”政策覆盖面，满足消费者日益升级的消费需求。积极扩大服务消费，通过优化服务内容和提升服务质量，增加有效服务供给，推动服务消费线上线下相互引流。

Focus on key areas to optimize the investment structure and vigorously improve investment efficiency. Focus on strategic directions such as the development of new quality productive forces, urban-rural integrated development, coordinated regional development, and high-quality population development, expand investment in key areas, provide greater support for "two major" projects, deeply implement the urban renewal action, and give priority to supporting investment areas with overall and strategic significance such as scientific and technological innovation, green and low-carbon, people's livelihood security, and new infrastructure construction. Appropriately increase central budgetary investment, coordinate the use of funds such as ultra-long-term special government bonds and local government special bonds, and effectively drive social investment with government investment. Encourage social capital to participate in investment in key areas, guide social capital to invest in national strategic major projects and public service projects, and increase investment in high-tech industries, strategic emerging industries, and areas with shortcomings in people's livelihood. Strengthen investment efficiency assessment, establish and improve a full-cycle management system for investment projects, and ensure the maximization of economic and social benefits of investment projects.

聚焦重点领域优化投资结构，大力提升投资效益。聚焦新质生产力发展、城乡融合发展、区域协调发展、人口高质量发展等战略方向，扩大重点领域投资，更大力度支持“两重”项目，深入实施城市更新行动，优先支持科技创新、绿色低碳、民生保障、新型基础设施建设等具有全局性、战略性意义的投资领域。适度增加中央预算内投资，统筹用好超长期特别国债、地方政府专项债等资金，以政府投资有效带动社会投资。鼓励社会资本参与重点领域投资，引导社会资本投向国家战略性重大项目和公共服务项目，增加对高技术产业、战略性新兴产业和民生短板领域的投入。强化投资效益评估，建立健全投资项目全生命周期管理体系，确保实现投资项目经济效益与社会效益最大化。

Create new demand with high-quality supply and promote dynamic balance between supply and demand. Continuously promote scientific and technological innovation, industrial innovation, and institutional innovation, give full play to the advantages of the new system of mobilizing resources nationwide, fight the tough battle of key core technologies, use scientific and technological innovation to promote the transformation of traditional industries toward high-end, intelligent, and green development, cultivate and strengthen strategic emerging industries, prospectively lay out future industries, form a number of industrial clusters with international competitiveness, and unblock supply-side bottlenecks with high-quality industrial innovation. Deepen market-oriented reform of factors, optimize factor allocation, and maximize total factor productivity. Continuously optimize the supply structure and enhance the adaptability of the supply system to domestic demand. In the process of effectively promoting the benign interaction between supply and demand, form a high-level dynamic balance where demand drives supply and supply leads and creates new demand.

以高质量供给创造新需求，促进供需动态平衡。持续推动科技创新、产业创新和制度创新，充分发挥新型举国体制优势，打好关键核心技术攻坚战，以科技创新推动传统产业高端化、智能化、绿色化转型，培育壮大战略性新兴产业，前瞻性布局未来产业，形成一批具有国际竞争力的产业集群，以高质量产业创新打通供给侧堵点。深化要素市场化改革，优化要素配置，最大限度提高全要素生产率。持续优化供给结构，提升供给体系对国内需求的适配性。在有效推动供需良性互动的过程中，形成需求牵引供给、供给引领和创造新需求的高水平动态平衡。

Strengthen policy coordination and continuously optimize the domestic demand environment. Fiscal policy should strengthen the driving effect of fiscal expenditure on economic growth, pay more attention to targeted efforts, promote fiscal and tax system reform, and further stimulate the vitality of market entities through measures such as increasing tax and fee reductions and increasing public expenditure. Monetary policy focuses on reducing financing costs and providing sufficient liquidity support for the real economy. Strengthen the use of structural monetary policy tools, guide financial resources to flow to key areas and weak links of the national economy, and give full play to the dual functions of aggregate and structure of monetary policy tools. At the same time, attach great importance to the coordinated efforts of fiscal and monetary policies, strengthen policy communication, enhance policy transparency, pay attention to expectation management in the process of coordinated policy implementation, and create a favorable macro environment for expanding domestic demand in all respects.

加强政策协同，持续优化内需环境。财政政策应强化财政支出对经济增长的拉动作用，更加注重精准发力，推进财税体制改革，通过加大减税降费力度、增加公共支出等措施，进一步激发市场主体活力。货币政策注重降低融资成本，为实体经济提供充足的流动性支持。加强结构性货币政策工具的运用，引导金融资源流向国民经济重点领域和薄弱环节，充分发挥货币政策工具总量和结构双重功能。同时，高度重视财政政策与货币政策的协同发力，加强政策沟通，提升政策透明度，在协同施策过程中注重预期管理，为全方位扩大国内需求营造良好的宏观环境。

Increase residents' income through multiple channels and improve the social security system. Residents' income is the foundation for expanding domestic demand, and social security is an important factor affecting domestic demand. Improve the income distribution system, effectively increase the proportion of residents' income in national income distribution, increase the proportion of labor remuneration in primary distribution, and improve the mechanism for reasonable wage growth of workers. Highlight the employment-first orientation, strengthen the protection of the rights and interests of workers in flexible employment and new forms of employment, and ensure the employment stability, income increase, and burden reduction of middle- and low-income groups. Improve the social security system, improve basic social insurance systems such as pension, medical care, and unemployment, accelerate the improvement of the housing security system, strengthen basic and inclusive livelihood construction in education, medical care, elderly care, childcare, etc., and further promote the equalization of basic public services.

多渠道增加居民收入，健全社会保障体系。居民收入是扩大内需的基础，社会保障是影响内需的重要因素。完善收入分配制度，切实提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重，完善劳动者工资合理增长机制。突出就业优先导向，加强灵活就业和新就业形态劳动者权益保障，确保中低收入群体就业稳定、增收减负。健全社会保障体系，完善养老、医疗、失业等基本社会保险制度，加快完善住房保障体系，强化教育、医疗、养老、托幼等基础性、普惠性民生建设，进一步推进基本公共服务均等化。

(Authors: Huang Maoxing and Xue Jianhan, respectively Deputy Secretary-General of the Fujian Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and Vice President of Fujian Academy of Social Sciences; Lecturer at Concord University College, Fujian Normal University)

（作者：黄茂兴、薛见寒，分别系福建省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心副秘书长、福建社会科学院副院长，福建师范大学协和学院讲师）

Lao Yang: Guangming Daily (February 20, 2025, Edition 06)

老杨：《光明日报》（ 2025年02月20日 06版）

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧