Major Institutional Achievements of Comprehensively Deepening Reform in the New Era

In governing a country, institutions play a fundamental, overarching, and long-term role. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Compared with the past, reform and opening up in the New Era has many new connotations and characteristics, among which a very important one is that the weight of institutional building has increased; reform now confronts more deep-seated institutional and mechanistic problems, requiring higher demands for top-level design of reform and stronger demands for the systematic, holistic, and synergistic nature of reform; correspondingly, the task of establishing rules and systems and building a system is heavier.” [1]1 This refers to the task of creating institutions and building up a comprehensive system of rules. Planning for comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era must take upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity as the main axis, deeply grasp China’s development requirements and the trends of the times, place institutional building and governance capacity building in a more prominent position, continue to deepen institutional and mechanistic reforms in all areas and aspects, promote the various institutions to become more mature and well-defined, and advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. We must fully recognize, deeply understand, and scientifically grasp the institutional achievements of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era, accurately understand the evolution direction and laws of China’s national institutions and national governance system, adhere to taking institutional building as the main line, continuously and deeply promote institutional building, and better transform institutional advantages into governance effectiveness.

治理国家，制度是起根本性、全局性、长远性作用的。习近平总书记指出：“相比过去，新时代改革开放具有许多新的内涵和特点，其中很重要的一点就是制度建设分量更重，改革更多面对的是深层次体制机制问题，对改革顶层设计的要求更高，对改革的系统性、整体性、协同性要求更强，相应地建章立制、构建体系的任务更重。”新时代谋划全面深化改革，必须以坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化为主轴，深刻把握我国发展要求和时代潮流，把制度建设和治理能力建设摆到更加突出的位置，继续深化各领域各方面体制机制改革，推动各方面制度更加成熟、更加定型，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。我们要充分认识、深刻理解和科学把握新时代全面深化改革取得的制度成果，准确把握我国国家制度和国家治理体系的演进方向及其规律，坚持以制度建设为主线，持续深入推进制度建设，将制度优势更好转化为治理效能。

I. The Institutional System Is Becoming Increasingly Complete Day by Day

一、制度体系日臻完善

The institutional system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is becoming increasingly complete day by day; this is a major institutional achievement of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is a scientific institutional system formed by the Party and the people through long-term practice and exploration, consisting of fundamental institutions, basic institutions, and important institutions. The increasing completeness of the institutional system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is mainly reflected in these three levels.

中国特色社会主义制度体系日臻完善，是新时代全面深化改革取得的重大制度成果。中国特色社会主义制度是党和人民在长期实践探索中形成的科学制度体系，由根本制度、基本制度、重要制度构成。中国特色社会主义制度体系的日臻完善主要体现在这三个层面。

Consolidating the fundamental institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In the process of comprehensively deepening reform, the institutions that firmly uphold the authority of the Party Central Committee and its centralized and unified leadership, the institution of the Party’s overall leadership over all work, and the institution of the Party’s absolute leadership over the people’s armed forces have been continuously improved, making the fundamental leadership institution system of the Party and the state more mature. The system consistently supports and ensures that the people exercise state power through the People’s Congresses in a unified manner, guarantees that people’s congresses at all levels are produced through democratic elections, are responsible to the people, and are subject to their supervision; supports and ensures that the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee lawfully exercise legislative power, supervisory power, decision-making power, and appointment and removal power, and improves the supervision system of the people’s congresses over administrative organs, supervisory organs, judicial organs, procuratorial organs, etc.; improves the organizational system, electoral system, and procedural rules of the people’s congresses, making the fundamental political system of our country more mature. The ideological work responsibility system has been improved, the project of researching and developing Marxist theory has been deeply advanced, the Internet leadership and management system has been improved, and the main battlefield of Internet ideological struggle has been firmly held, making the fundamental cultural institution of the guiding role of Marxism in the ideological sphere more mature. By upholding and improving the social governance institution of co-construction, co-governance, and shared benefits, the scientific concept, rational structure, refined methods, and democratic process of social governance have been realized, making the fundamental social governance institution of our country more mature.

筑牢中国特色社会主义根本制度。在全面深化改革过程中，不断完善坚定维护党中央权威和集中统一领导的制度、党的全面领导制度、党对人民军队绝对领导制度等，使党和国家的根本领导制度体系更加成熟。始终支持和保证人民通过人民代表大会统一行使国家权力，保证各级人大都由民主选举产生，对人民负责、受人民监督；支持和保证全国人民代表大会及其常委会依法行使立法权、监督权、决定权、任免权，健全人大对行政机关、监察机关、审判机关、检察机关等的监督制度；完善人大组织制度、选举制度和议事规则，使我国的根本政治制度更加成熟。健全意识形态工作责任制，深入推进马克思主义理论研究和建设工程，健全互联网领导和管理体制，牢牢守住互联网意识形态斗争主阵地，使马克思主义在意识形态领域指导地位的根本文化制度更加成熟。通过坚持和完善共建共治共享的社会治理制度，实现社会治理理念的科学化、结构的合理化、方式的精细化、过程的民主化，使我国的根本社会治理制度更加成熟。

Perfecting the basic institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In the process of comprehensively deepening reform, the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China has been upheld and improved, and the construction of the People’s Political Consultative Conference has been strengthened; the system of regional ethnic autonomy has been upheld and improved, with forging a strong sense of community for the Chinese nation as the main line of the Party’s ethnic work; the system of self-governance at the grassroots level has been upheld and improved, and the village self-governance system, resident self-governance system, etc., have been improved, making the basic political system of socialism with Chinese characteristics more complete. Public ownership as the mainstay and the common development of diversified forms of ownership have been upheld; unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy has been maintained, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy has been upheld. Distribution according to work as the mainstay and the coexistence of multiple distribution methods have been upheld, and the distribution mechanism according to factors and redistribution adjustment mechanism have been improved. The socialist market economy system has been upheld and improved; steadily advancing the high-standard socialist market economy system; continuously improving basic systems such as property rights protection and fair competition; and building a unified national market, making the basic economic system of socialism with Chinese characteristics more complete.

完善中国特色社会主义基本制度。在全面深化改革过程中，坚持和完善中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，加强人民政协制度建设；坚持和完善民族区域自治制度，把铸牢中华民族共同体意识作为党的民族工作的主线；坚持和完善基层群众自治制度，健全村民自治制度、居民自治制度等，使中国特色社会主义基本政治制度更加完备。坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，毫不动摇巩固和发展公有制经济，毫不动摇鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展；坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，健全按要素分配机制、再分配调节机制；坚持和完善社会主义市场经济体制，稳步推进高标准社会主义市场经济体系，不断完善产权保护、公平竞争等基础制度，构建全国统一大市场，使中国特色社会主义基本经济制度更加完备。

Innovating the important institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Important institutions are the mainstay institutions in the areas of law and rule of law, administrative management, cultural construction, people’s livelihood security, social governance, national security, ecological civilization, “one country, two systems,” foreign affairs, and Party and state supervision, which are derived from fundamental institutions and basic institutions. In the process of comprehensively deepening reform, the Party has actively improved the rule-of-law system of socialism with Chinese characteristics; perfected the state administrative system and optimized government agency functions; cultivated and practiced core socialist values and improved the cultural management system and cultural production and operation mechanism; strengthened institutional and mechanism construction in areas such as income distribution, employment, education, social security, medical and health care, and housing security; advanced the modernization of the national security system and capacity; built institutional mechanisms for ecological environmental protection, accountability, and compensation; upheld and improved the “one country, two systems” institutional system; improved various institutional mechanisms for foreign affairs; and constructed and improved the Party and state supervision system, etc., making the important institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics more well-defined.

创新中国特色社会主义重要制度。重要制度是由根本制度、基本制度派生而来的关于法律法治、行政管理、文化建设、民生保障、社会治理、国家安全、生态文明、“一国两制”、对外事务、党和国家监督等方面的主体性制度。在全面深化改革过程中，党积极健全中国特色社会主义法治体系，完善国家行政体制、优化政府机构职能，培育践行社会主义核心价值观、完善文化管理体制和文化生产经营机制，加强收入分配、就业、教育、社会保障、医疗卫生、住房保障等方面的制度机制建设，推进国家安全体系和能力现代化，建设生态环境保护、追责、补偿等制度机制，坚持和完善“一国两制”制度体系，健全对外工作各项体制机制，构建和完善党和国家监督体系，等等，使中国特色社会主义重要制度更加定型。

II. Institutional Advantages Are Fully Manifested

二、制度优势充分彰显

Institutional advantage is the greatest advantage of a political party and a country. The institutional advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics are diverse, prominently manifested in three aspects: the leadership of the Party, the supremacy of the people, and centralized and unified leadership.

制度优势是一个政党、一个国家的最大优势。中国特色社会主义制度优势多种多样，突出表现在党的领导、人民至上、集中统一等三个方面。

The institutional advantage of the Party’s leadership is fully manifested. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics and the greatest advantage of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Comprehensively deepening reform is a complex systematic project; relying on one or a few departments alone is often insufficient, requiring the establishment of a leadership mechanism at a higher level. In November 2013, the decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC proposed that the Central Committee establish a leading group for comprehensively deepening reform, responsible for overall design, overall coordination, overall advancement, and supervision and implementation of reform. [2]2 The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC was held in November 2013 and focused on comprehensively deepening reform. After the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform was renamed the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reform. Over the past decade or more, from the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform to the Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reform, a series of important deployments and explorations have been made on the overall layout, major issues, and key areas of reform, promoting historical changes, systematic remodeling, and overall reconstruction in many fields, opening up a new situation for reform and opening up, fully demonstrating the institutional advantage of the Party’s leadership.

党的领导的制度优势充分彰显。中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征，是中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势。全面深化改革是一个复杂的系统工程，单靠某一个或某几个部门往往力不从心，这就需要建立更高层面的领导机制。2013年11月，党的十八届三中全会决定提出，中央成立全面深化改革领导小组，负责改革总体设计、统筹协调、整体推进、督促落实。党的十九届三中全会后，中央全面深化改革领导小组改为中央全面深化改革委员会。10多年来，由中央全面深化改革领导小组至中央全面深化改革委员会，对改革整体布局、重大问题、关键领域等作出一系列重要部署和探索，推动许多领域实现历史性变革、系统性重塑、整体性重构，开创了改革开放新局面，充分彰显党的领导的制度优势。

The institutional advantage of the supremacy of the people is fully manifested. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has the advantage of the supremacy of the people, which is reflected in the people’s participation in institutional building, the people’s enjoyment of institutional services, and the people’s evaluation of institutional effectiveness. In the process of comprehensively deepening reform, the Party actively develops whole-process people’s democracy, effectively ensuring the people’s right to know, participate, express, and supervise throughout the entire process of election, consultation, decision-making, management, and supervision, fully mobilizing the people’s initiative to participate in institutional reform and innovation; by adhering to promoting social fairness and justice and enhancing people’s welfare as the starting point and foothold of reform, it focuses on promoting institutional reform and innovation in the area of people’s livelihood, ensuring that various specific institutional systems and mechanisms are close to and serve the daily life of the people; by adhering to the fundamental criterion of measuring all work of the Party and the state by whether the people are satisfied, happy, and agreeable, the people evaluate the practical effectiveness of institutional reform and innovation, fully demonstrating the institutional advantage of the supremacy of the people.

人民至上的制度优势充分彰显。中国特色社会主义制度具有人民至上的优势，体现为人民参与制度建设、人民享受制度服务、人民评价制度成效等。在全面深化改革过程中，党通过积极发展全过程人民民主，切实保障人民在选举、协商、决策、管理、监督等全过程的知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权，充分调动人民参与制度改革和制度创新的积极性主动性；通过坚持把促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉作为改革的出发点和落脚点，着重推进民生领域的制度改革和制度创新，确保各项具体的制度体制机制贴近和服务人民的日常生活；通过坚持把人民满意不满意、高兴不高兴、答应不答应作为衡量党和国家一切工作的根本标准，由人民评价制度改革和制度创新的实践成效，充分彰显人民至上的制度优势。

The institutional advantage of centralized and unified leadership is fully manifested. The system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has the advantage of centralized and unified leadership, which is reflected in building consensus, unifying thinking, and concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks. To advance comprehensively deepening reform, both the unification of ideological understanding and the concentration of resources and forces are needed. In the process of comprehensively deepening reform, our Party strengthens the centralized and unified leadership of the Party over propaganda, ideology, and cultural work, focuses on theoretical propaganda and theoretical interpretation of comprehensively deepening reform, making the advancement of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era a consensus of the entire Party and the entire people, thereby clearing ideological confusion and eliminating ideological obstacles for further comprehensively deepening reform; by strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the Party over economic work, it forms an interwoven design and arrangement of institutions and mechanisms from the central to local levels, from a single field to multiple fields, ensuring the effective integration of various resources and forces, gathering a strong synergy for further deepening reform comprehensively, fully demonstrating the institutional advantage of centralized and unified leadership.

集中统一的制度优势充分彰显。中国特色社会主义制度具有集中统一的优势，体现为凝聚共识、统一思想和集中力量办大事等。推进全面深化改革，既需要思想认识的统一，也需要资源力量的集中。在全面深化改革过程中，我们党通过加强党对宣传思想文化工作的集中统一领导，着力做好全面深化改革的理论宣传和理论阐释，使新时代推进全面深化改革成为全党全国人民的共识，为进一步全面深化改革廓清思想迷雾、消除思想障碍；通过加强党对经济工作的集中统一领导，形成从中央到地方、从单一领域到多个领域的纵横交织的制度设计和制度安排，确保各方资源和各方力量有效整合，为进一步全面深化改革汇聚起强大合力，充分彰显集中统一的制度优势。

III. Institutional Authority Is Continuously Increased

三、制度权威不断提高

In the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, the authority of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has been continuously increased, mainly reflected in three aspects: institutional awareness, institutional implementation, and institutional effectiveness.

在新时代全面深化改革中，中国特色社会主义制度权威不断提高，主要体现在制度意识、制度执行、制度效能三个方面。

Increasing institutional authority by firmly establishing institutional awareness. For institutions to play a role in the whole society, it first requires that Party members and cadres establish an awareness of reverence and respect for institutions, maintaining the sanctity and authority of institutions. Firmly establishing institutional awareness requires grasping both the entire Party and the “key minority.” [3]3 “Key minority” (关键少数) refers to leading cadres at all levels who play a critical role in the Party’s governance. In the process of comprehensively deepening reform, our Party conducts regular and centralized thematic education, such as the education practice campaign on the mass line, [4]4 The education practice campaign on the mass line (党的群众路线教育实践活动) was launched in 2013 to reinforce the mass line work method. the “Three Stricts and Three Steadfasts” [5]5 The “Three Stricts and Three Steadfasts” (三严三实) is a campaign requiring officials to be strict in self-cultivation, power use, and self-discipline, and to be steadfast in planning, starting undertakings, and conducting themselves. special education, the “Two Studies, One Action” [6]6 “Two Studies, One Action” (两学一做) refers to a 2016 campaign to study Party regulations, speeches by Xi Jinping, and become qualified Party members. learning and education, the “Remain true to our original aspiration and founding mission” [7]7 “Remain true to our original aspiration and founding mission” (不忘初心、牢记使命) thematic education was carried out from 2019 to raise Party members’ consciousness of their fundamental mission. thematic education, Party history learning and education, [8]8 Party history learning and education (党史学习教育) was launched in 2021 to study the history of the CPC. the thematic education on studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, [9]9 The thematic education on studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era (学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想主题教育) began in 2023. and Party discipline learning and education, [10]10 Party discipline learning and education (党纪学习教育) started in 2024 to strengthen Party discipline. striving to form an atmosphere within the entire Party of consciously respecting, believing in, revering, obeying, and maintaining institutions, guiding the vast majority of Party members and cadres to firmly establish institutional awareness. By grasping the leading cadres as the “key minority,” the Opinions on Establishing a List System of Laws and Regulations of the Party and National Laws That Leading Cadres Should Know and Understand was issued, requiring leading cadres at all levels to earnestly study the Party Constitution, Party regulations, and national laws and regulations, effectively strengthen institutional awareness, take the lead in maintaining institutional authority, be models in implementing institutions, and drive the entire Party and society to consciously respect institutions, strictly implement institutions, and resolutely maintain institutions, thereby increasing institutional authority.

通过牢固树立制度意识提升制度权威。制度要在全社会发挥作用，首先要求党员、干部树立敬畏和尊崇制度的意识，维护制度的神圣性与权威性。牢固树立制度意识，既要抓全党，又要抓“关键少数”。在全面深化改革过程中，我们党通过开展经常性、集中性的主题教育，如党的群众路线教育实践活动、“三严三实”专题教育、“两学一做”学习教育、“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题教育、党史学习教育、学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想主题教育、党纪学习教育等，努力在全党形成自觉尊崇制度、信仰制度、敬畏制度、服从制度、维护制度的氛围，引导广大党员、干部牢固树立制度意识。通过抓住领导干部这一关键少数，出台《关于建立领导干部应知应会党内法规和国家法律清单制度的意见》，要求各级领导干部认真学习党章党规和国家法律法规，切实强化制度意识，带头维护制度权威，做制度执行的表率，带动全党全社会自觉尊崇制度、严格执行制度、坚决维护制度，提升了制度权威。

Increasing institutional authority by strengthening institutional implementation and supervision. The vitality of an institution lies in its implementation. If there are rules but they are not followed, or institutions but they are not implemented, even the most perfect institutional provisions exist in name only and have no authority. Implementation of institutions must necessarily be accompanied by corresponding supervision to ensure that they are not distorted or compromised. In the process of comprehensively deepening reform, our Party is committed to establishing and improving a supervision system that is under the unified leadership of the Party, comprehensive in coverage, authoritative, and efficient; continuously deepening the reform of the discipline inspection and supervision system; enriching and standardizing institutional means such as disciplinary supervision, supervision by supervisory agencies, dispatched supervision, and inspection tours; especially persistently promoting the promulgation and revision of intra-Party supervision regulations and national supervision laws and regulations, such as the Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Internal Supervision, [11]11 The Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Internal Supervision (中国共产党党内监督条例) is a key intra-Party regulation on supervision. which stipulates basic requirements for institutional implementation, and the Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Disciplinary Action, [12]12 The Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Disciplinary Action (中国共产党纪律处分条例) is the main disciplinary regulation for Party members. which stipulates punitive provisions for inadequate institutional implementation, thereby regulating and supervising institutional implementation with institutions, effectively enhancing institutional authority.

通过强化制度执行监督提升制度权威。制度的生命力在于执行。有规矩不遵循、有制度不执行，再完美无缺的制度规定也形同虚设，毫无权威可言。制度执行必然要有相应的监督，以确保其不变形、不打折扣。在全面深化改革过程中，我们党致力于建立健全党统一领导、全面覆盖、权威高效的监督体系，持续深化纪检监察体制改革，充实和规范纪律监督、监察监督、派驻监督、巡视监督等制度手段，尤其是不断推动党内监督法规和国家监督法律法规的出台和修订，如《中国共产党党内监督条例》对制度执行的基本要求作出规定，《中国共产党纪律处分条例》对制度执行不力作出惩戒性规定，以制度规范监督制度执行，有力提升了制度权威。

Increasing institutional authority by optimizing institutional governance effectiveness. Institutional authority must be reflected in institutional governance effectiveness. If institutions are ineffective or invalid, it easily reduces and diminishes people’s trust and recognition of institutions, leading to a decline in institutional authority. Optimizing institutional governance effectiveness requires, on the one hand, transforming institutional advantages into governance effectiveness; on the other hand, directly confronting and solving institutional and mechanistic problems in social governance. In the process of comprehensively deepening reform, our Party is committed to transforming institutional advantages into governance effectiveness, especially in implementing targeted poverty alleviation, responding to major public health crises, and defusing systemic risks in the financial sector, fully leveraging the important role of institutional advantages in governance practice, successfully responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, [13]13 The COVID-19 pandemic is the global outbreak of coronavirus disease that began in 2020. winning the battle against poverty, [14]14 The battle against poverty (脱贫攻坚战) refers to China’s campaign to eradicate absolute poverty, declared successfully completed by the end of 2020. etc.; adhering to a problem-oriented approach, striving to remove institutional and mechanistic obstacles, break through the solidification of vested interests, making institutions better able to directly confront and solve actual governance difficulties, advancing the modernization of institutional governance, and increasing institutional authority.

通过优化制度治理效能提升制度权威。制度权威要落实到制度治理效能上。制度无效或失效，容易降低和消解人们对制度的信服和认同，导致制度权威性降低。优化制度治理效能，一方面要将制度优势转化为治理效能，另一方面要直面和解决社会治理中的制度体制机制问题。在全面深化改革过程中，我们党致力于将制度优势转化为治理效能，特别是在实施精准脱贫攻坚、应对重大公共卫生危机、化解金融领域系统性风险等方面，充分发挥制度优势在治理实践中的重要作用，成功应对新冠肺炎疫情、打赢脱贫攻坚战等；坚持问题导向，努力破除制度体制机制障碍，突破利益固化藩篱，使制度更能直面和解决实际治理难题，推进制度治理现代化，提升了制度权威。

IV. Experience in Institutional Building Continues to Enrich

四、制度建设经验不断丰富

The practice of institutional building in the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era has accumulated valuable experience, providing methodological inspiration for further deepening reform comprehensively and advancing institutional building on the new journey.

新时代全面深化改革的制度建设实践积累了宝贵经验，为新征程进一步全面深化改革推进制度建设提供了方法论启迪。

Adhering to taking institutional building as the main line. The issue of institutions is a more fundamental, overarching, stable, and long-term issue. Adhering to taking institutional building as the main line is a profound summary of the experience of reform and opening up. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on the new historical stage of China’s development, has placed strengthening institutional building in a more prominent position, put the task of accelerating the formation of a complete set of more mature and well-defined institutions on the important agenda, placed fundamental, long-term, and systematic institutional building in an important position; the basic institutional framework in various fields has been basically established, and many fields have undergone historical changes, systematic remodeling, and overall reconstruction; the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics has become more mature and well-defined. To further deepen reform comprehensively, we must adhere to taking institutional building as the main line, consolidate fundamental institutions, perfect basic institutions, innovate important institutions, and continuously promote the self-improvement and development of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

坚持以制度建设为主线。制度问题是更带根本性、全局性、稳定性、长期性的问题。坚持以制度建设为主线是改革开放经验的深刻总结。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央立足我国发展新的历史方位，把加强制度建设摆到更加突出的位置，把加紧形成一整套更加成熟、更加定型的制度提上了重要日程，把基础性、长远性、系统性的制度建设摆在重要位置，各领域基础性制度框架基本确立，许多领域实现历史性变革、系统性重塑、整体性重构，中国特色社会主义制度更加成熟、更加定型。进一步全面深化改革，必须坚持以制度建设为主线，筑牢根本制度，完善基本制度，创新重要制度，不断推动中国特色社会主义制度的自我完善和发展。

Adhering to the unity of upholding fundamental principles and innovation. Upholding fundamental principles means that no matter how institutions are built or reformed, we must adhere to the Party’s overall leadership, adhere to Marxism, adhere to socialism with Chinese characteristics, and adhere to the people’s democratic dictatorship, with promoting social fairness and justice and enhancing people’s welfare as the starting point and foothold. These are the foundations that govern the fundamentals, direction, and long-term development; they reflect the nature and purpose of the Party, conform to China’s national conditions, conform to the fundamental interests of the people, and must not be shaken in any way at any time or under any circumstances. Innovation means viewing institutional building and institutional reform with a perspective of innovative development, that is, continuously moving forward, reforming and perfecting what should be changed and can be changed, and once it is determined to be changed, it must be unswervingly implemented; we must never rest on our laurels or stand still. To further deepen reform comprehensively and advance institutional building, we must adhere to the unity of upholding fundamental principles and innovation; we must resolutely avoid making fundamental and subversive mistakes, and at the same time, be courageous in self-revolution and courageous in innovative development.

坚持守正与创新相统一。守正意味着制度不论如何建设、如何改革，都必须坚持党的全面领导、坚持马克思主义、坚持中国特色社会主义、坚持人民民主专政，以促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉为出发点和落脚点。这些都是管根本、管方向、管长远的，体现党的性质和宗旨，符合我国国情，符合人民根本利益，任何时候任何情况下都不能有丝毫动摇。创新意味着用创新发展的眼光看待制度建设、制度改革，即不断向前推进，把该改的、能改的改好、改到位，确定了要改就坚定不移地贯彻落实下去，决不能固步自封、原地踏步。进一步全面深化改革推进制度建设，必须坚持守正与创新相统一，既要坚决避免犯根本性、颠覆性错误，又要勇于自我革命、勇于创新发展。

Adhering to the unity of top-level design and grassroots exploration. Institutional building requires both strengthening top-level design and emphasizing grassroots exploration. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Chinese people have continuously groped and created new forms of grassroots democracy in the practice of grassroots democratic life, such as village (resident) deliberative councils, village (resident) forums, democratic consultation meetings, and democratic hearings. [15]15 These are forms of grassroots democratic deliberation and participation practiced in Chinese communities. Grassroots exploration is reflected in top-level design and becomes part of top-level design, achieving an organic unity of the two. To further deepen reform comprehensively and advance institutional building, we must adhere to the unity of top-level design and grassroots exploration, make systematic overall institutional building plans in top-level design, encourage grassroots exploration and innovation in institutional building, and promptly absorb the relatively mature exploration and innovation results.

坚持顶层设计与基层探索相统一。制度建设既要加强顶层设计，又要重视基层探索。党的十八大以来，中国人民在基层民主生活实践中不断摸索和创造出一个又一个基层民主新形式，如村（居）民议事会、村（居）民论坛、民主恳谈会、民主听证会等。基层探索反映到顶层设计上，成为顶层设计的一部分，实现两者的有机统一。进一步全面深化改革推进制度建设，必须坚持顶层设计与基层探索相统一，在顶层设计中做好系统整体的制度建设规划，鼓励制度建设的基层探索和创新，并及时吸纳其中较为成熟的探索和创新成果。

Adhering to the dialectical unity of breaking and establishing. Institutional building requires both breaking—that is, eliminating the institutional systems and mechanisms that are incompatible with the development requirements of the social productive forces and the requirements of the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity—and, more importantly, establishing—that is, building a complete, scientific, standardized, and effective institutional system. The dialectical unity of the two is profoundly embodied in taking both breaking and establishing as parallel priorities, and first establishing before breaking. Taking both breaking and establishing as parallel priorities requires achieving a dynamic balance in institutional building between breaking and establishing, ensuring the formation of a benign interaction between institutional supply and institutional demand. First establishing before breaking proceeds from the perspective of the overall stability of the institutional system and national security, emphasizing that in terms of timing, establishing should come first and breaking should follow, ensuring effective linkage between first establishing and later breaking. To further deepen reform comprehensively, we must adhere to the dialectical unity of breaking and establishing, adhere to taking both breaking and establishing as parallel priorities and first establishing before breaking, clarify what should be established and what should not, what should be broken and what should not, actively establish what should be established, and promptly break what should be broken on the basis of establishing, grasp the timing and rhythm of breaking and establishing, achieve steady progress in reform in the unity of breaking and establishing, and realize the reform goals set by the Party Central Committee.

坚持破和立的辩证统一。制度建设既需要破，即破除与社会生产力发展要求及国家治理体系和治理能力现代化要求不相适应的制度体制机制；更需要立，即构建系统完备、科学规范、运行有效的制度体系。两者的辩证统一深刻体现为破立并举、先立后破。破立并举要求实现制度建设在破和立上的动态平衡，确保制度供给和制度需求之间形成良性互动关系。先立后破则是从制度体系的整体稳定性和国家安全的角度出发，强调在时序上以立为先、破在立后，确保先立和后破的有效衔接。进一步全面深化改革必须坚持破和立的辩证统一，坚持破立并举、先立后破，明确好什么该立、什么不该立、什么该破、什么不该破，把该立的积极主动立起来，该破的在立的基础上及时破，把握好破和立的时机和节奏，在破立统一中实现改革蹄疾步稳，实现党中央确定的改革目标。

Online editor: Paul

网络编辑：保罗