Leading the Development of New Quality Productive Forces through Scientific and Technological Innovation

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "We must lead industrial innovation with scientific and technological innovation, actively cultivate and develop new quality productive forces." The 2024 Central Economic Work Conference proposed "leading the development of new quality productive forces with scientific and technological innovation and building a modern industrial system." "Leading the development of new quality productive forces with scientific and technological innovation" is a major measure proposed by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core after assessing the situation. It captures the present while looking to the future and is of extremely important significance for achieving the goal of building a great modern socialist country in all respects on schedule, winning strategic initiative in fierce international competition, and meeting the people's needs for a better life.

习近平总书记指出：“要以科技创新引领产业创新，积极培育和发展新质生产力。”2024年中央经济工作会议提出，“以科技创新引领新质生产力发展，建设现代化产业体系”。“以科技创新引领新质生产力发展”是以习近平同志为核心的党中央审时度势提出的重大举措，既抓住当下，又着眼未来，对于如期全面建成社会主义现代化强国目标、在激烈国际竞争中赢得战略主动、满足人民群众对美好生活需要，具有极为重要的意义。

I. The Era Characteristics of New Quality Productive Forces

一 、 新质生产力的时代特征

The history of human social development is a history of scientific and technological innovation, a history of the development of productive forces, especially new productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "New quality productive forces have already taken shape in practice and demonstrated a strong driving force and supporting power for high-quality development. We need to summarize and generalize them theoretically to guide new development practices." Productive forces are people's ability to transform nature, and they exhibit different characteristics in different eras.

人类社会发展的历史就是一部科技创新史，是生产力特别是新的生产力发展史。习近平总书记指出：“新质生产力已经在实践中形成并展示出对高质量发展的强劲推动力、支撑力，需要我们从理论上进行总结、概括，用以指导新的发展实践。”生产力是人们改造自然的能力，在不同时代呈现出不同的特征。

Innovation plays a leading role. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "New quality productive forces are advanced productive forces where innovation plays a leading role, breaking away from traditional economic growth models and paths of productive forces development, featuring high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, and conforming to the new development philosophy." "The notable feature of new quality productive forces is innovation, which includes not only innovation at the technological and business model levels but also innovation at the management and institutional levels." The formation of new quality productive forces requires multiple factors, but among these factors, innovation plays a leading or key role. In different eras, innovation has different forms and characteristics. In the current era, innovation exhibits features that no previous era possessed. First, multi-dimensionality. This includes institutional innovation, ideological innovation, management innovation, technological innovation, cultural innovation, etc., which intertwine to jointly promote the development of new quality productive forces. Second, simultaneous eruption in multiple fields. Since the beginning of the 21st century, global scientific and technological innovation has entered an unprecedentedly intensive and active period. Innovation in various fields such as new-generation information technology, life sciences, advanced manufacturing technology, energy technology, space and marine technology has shown unprecedented vitality. Third, explosive growth of innovation achievements. Innovation achievements from various industries and fields continue to be applied on a large scale in all aspects of people's production and life. Humanity has never fully utilized and enjoyed innovation achievements as in the current era. Fourth, competition worldwide for the commanding heights of innovation is unprecedentedly fierce. More and more countries, especially major world powers, have introduced policies and measures to support innovation. Scientific and technological innovation has become the main battlefield of international strategic gaming, and competition for the commanding heights of science and technology is unprecedentedly fierce. Fifth, innovation has reshaped the world economic landscape. The new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is reconstructing the global innovation landscape and reshaping the global economic structure. From the perspective of world civilization history, the world economic center is not fixed but constantly changing. One of the basic laws of its change is that wherever the innovation center is, there is the economic center. For China to become an important world economic center in the 21st century, it must seize innovation opportunities and accelerate the development of new quality productive forces.

创新起主导作用。习近平总书记指出，“新质生产力是创新起主导作用，摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径，具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态”，“新质生产力的显著特点是创新，既包括技术和业态模式层面的创新，也包括管理和制度层面的创新”。形成新质生产力需要具备多种因素，但在各种因素中，起主导或关键作用的是创新。不同时代，创新具有不同的表现形式和特点，当今时代创新呈现出过去任何时代都不具备的特征。一是多维性。包括制度创新、思想创新、管理创新、技术创新、文化创新等，相互交织共同推动新质生产力发展。二是在多个领域同时爆发。进入二十一世纪以来，全球科技创新进入空前密集活跃时期，新一代信息技术、生命科学、先进制造技术、能源技术、空间和海洋技术等各个领域的创新呈现出前所未有的活跃态势。三是创新成果爆发式增长。社会各个行业、领域的创新成果持续大规模地被运用到人们生产和生活的方方面面，人类从未像当今时代这样充分地利用和享受创新成果。四是在世界范围内围绕创新制高点的竞争空前激烈。越来越多的国家特别是世界主要大国纷纷出台支持创新的政策和措施。科技创新成为国际战略博弈的主要战场，围绕科技制高点的竞争空前激烈。五是创新重塑了世界经济版图。新一轮科技革命和产业变革正在重构全球创新版图、重塑全球经济结构。从世界文明史来看，世界经济中心不是固定不变的，而是处于不断变动中，其变动的基本规律之一是哪里是创新中心，哪里就是经济中心。我国要在二十一世纪成为重要的世界经济中心，就必须抢抓创新机遇，加快发展新质生产力。

Promoting high technology, high efficiency, and high-quality development. High technology is not static but always in dynamic development and change. Different eras have different characteristics of high technology. The high technology of the current era is built on the foundation of modern science and technology and features knowledge intensity, technology intensity, and information intensity. High technology is the prerequisite for high efficiency and high quality. High efficiency means higher efficiency and powerful functions. High quality means that products or services are of excellent quality, have stable and reliable performance, and can better meet people's needs.

推进高科技、高效能和高质量发展。高科技不是静态的，而是始终处于动态发展变化中，不同时代高科技有不同的特征。当今时代的高科技是建立在现代科学技术基础之上，具有知识密集、技术密集和信息密集的特征。高科技是高效能和高质量的前提。高效能即具有更高的效率和强大的功能。高质量指产品或服务品质优良，具有稳定可靠的性能，可以更好满足人们的需求。

The development speed is getting faster and faster. In primitive society, the speed of productive forces development was extremely slow, measured in tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of years. In agricultural society, the progress speed of productive forces was roughly measured in centuries. After the industrial revolution in the mid-to-late 18th century, the progress of productive forces was roughly measured in decades. Today, society has entered the information age, and artificial intelligence and other technologies have penetrated all aspects of production and life. Technological progress is constantly iterating, basically measured in years and months. Moore's Law[1]1 Moore's Law: A prediction made by Gordon Moore in 1965 that the number of transistors on a microchip would double approximately every two years, later revised to 18 months; it became a self-fulfilling prophecy driving the semiconductor industry. in the 1960s showed that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every 18 months, while the price halves, revealing the rapidity of information technology progress. Today, human society has entered the network information age. New technologies and new products iterate rapidly, and the cycle of technological progress is getting shorter and shorter, greatly promoting the development of productive forces, thus leading to faster and faster wealth accumulation.

发展速度越来越快。原始社会，生产力发展速度极其缓慢，以万年甚至十万年为单位来计算；农耕社会生产力进步速度大体以百年为单位来计算；十八世纪中后期工业革命之后，生产力进步大体以十年为单位计算；当今社会已经进入信息时代，人工智能等已经渗透到生产和生活的方方面面，技术进步不断迭代，基本上以年和月为单位来计算。二十世纪六十年代的摩尔定律显示，集成电路上容纳的晶体管数目每经过18个月就会增加一倍。同时，价格下降一半，揭示了信息技术进步之快。今天，人类社会已经进入网络信息时代，新技术、新产品快速迭代，科技进步周期越来越短，极大推动了生产力的发展，由此导致财富积累速度越来越快。

The fields involved are getting wider and wider. In the first industrial revolution, the landmark technologies were the steam engine and the spinning machine. The leading industries were mainly textiles, which drove the development of coal and steel. Humanity not only entered the steam age but also the steel age. In the second industrial revolution, the landmark technologies were electricity, the internal combustion engine, etc. The leading industries were steel, automobiles, electrical appliances, petrochemicals, etc. In the third industrial revolution, the landmark technologies were computers, nuclear energy, space technology, etc. The leading industries were electronics, nuclear energy, chemicals, aerospace, bioengineering, computers, etc. Currently, human society has entered the era of the fourth industrial revolution, with landmark technologies being the widespread application of artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, big data, and cloud computing. It shows a multi-point explosion trend, from the macroscopic operation of celestial bodies to the microscopic world. As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, new-generation information technologies represented by artificial intelligence, quantum information, mobile communications, the Internet of Things, and blockchain are accelerating breakthroughs and applications; life sciences represented by synthetic biology, gene editing, brain science, regenerative medicine, etc., are gestating new changes; advanced manufacturing technologies integrating robotics, digitalization, and new materials are accelerating the transformation of manufacturing towards intelligence, service, and green development; energy technologies aimed at clean, efficient, and sustainable development are accelerating development and will trigger global energy transformation; space and marine technologies are expanding new frontiers for human survival and development.

涉及领域越来越宽。第一次工业革命，标志性技术是蒸汽机和纺织机，主导产业主要是纺织业并带动煤炭、钢铁业的发展。人类不仅进入了蒸汽时代，也进入了钢铁时代。第二次工业革命标志性技术是电力、内燃机等，主导产业是钢铁、汽车、电器、石油化工等。第三次工业革命的标志性技术是计算机、核能、空间技术等，主导产业是电子、核能、化工、航空航天、生物工程、电子计算机等。当前，人类社会已经进入第四次工业革命时代，标志性技术是人工智能、物联网、大数据、云计算的广泛应用，从宏观天体运行到微观世界等各个领域，呈现多点爆发态势。正如习近平总书记所指出的，以人工智能、量子信息、移动通信、物联网、区块链为代表的新一代信息技术加速突破应用，以合成生物学、基因编辑、脑科学、再生医学等为代表的生命科学领域孕育新的变革，融合机器人、数字化、新材料的先进制造技术正在加速推进制造业向智能化、服务化、绿色化转型，以清洁高效可持续为目标的能源技术加速发展将引发全球能源变革，空间和海洋技术正在拓展人类生存发展新疆域。

The scientific and technological progress leading the development of new quality productive forces shows a trend of integrated innovation. With scientific and technological progress, the boundaries between various fields are becoming increasingly blurred. The cross-integration of different disciplines has become the main driving force for scientific and technological progress. From the perspective of theoretical development trends, interdisciplinary subjects have emerged, such as environmental science, energy science, marine science, and materials science. From the perspective of practical development trends, modern scientific and technological problems require multi-disciplinary knowledge and technology to solve together. More and more modern industries that generate new quality productive forces, especially strategic emerging industries, can only be formed through interdisciplinary integration and rely more on composite talents and technology integration.

引领新质生产力发展的科技进步呈现出融合创新的态势。随着科学技术进步，各个领域的界限越来越模糊，不同学科之间的交叉融合成为推动科技进步的主要动力。从理论发展趋势而言，产生了交叉学科，如环境科学、能源科学、海洋科学、材料科学。从实践发展趋势而言，现代科学技术问题需要多学科知识和技术共同解决，越来越多产生新质生产力的现代产业特别是战略性新兴产业需要跨学科融合才能形成，更加依赖于复合型人才和技术集成。

Scientific and technological progress continuously crosses national borders, leading new quality productive forces to show a trend of globalization. In the past, each technological revolution and the resulting industrial transformation often occurred in one country or a very few countries. In the current era, industrial transformations triggered by scientific and technological progress occur simultaneously in multiple countries. In particular, multinational corporations allocate innovation resources worldwide. No single country can monopolize all technologies. New quality productive forces among countries show a situation of both competition and division of labor and cooperation.

科技进步不断跨越国界引领新质生产力呈现出全球化发展趋势。过去历次科技革命以及由此引发的产业变革，往往发生在一个国家或极少数几个国家。当今时代，科技进步引发的产业变革同时产生于多个国家，特别是跨国集团在全世界范围内配置创新资源，任何一个国家无法垄断所有的技术，各个国家之间的新质生产力呈现出既有竞争又有分工合作态势。

II. The Evolutionary Logic Followed by Scientific and Technological Innovation Leading the Development of New Quality Productive Forces

二、 科技创新引领新质生产力发展遵循着自身的演进逻辑

There are many factors determining the development of productive forces. Among the various factors forming productive forces, the decisive role is played by scientific and technological progress. Marx once pointed out: "The productivity of labor is determined by many things, including the average degree of skill of the workers, the level of development of science and its degree of application in technology, the social combination of the production process, the scale and effectiveness of the means of production, and natural conditions." After the founding of New China, China attached great importance to the significant role of scientific and technological innovation in leading the development of productive forces. In January 1956, the Party Central Committee issued the call "March towards modern science."[2]2 "March towards modern science": A campaign launched by the CPC Central Committee in 1956 to accelerate scientific development and catch up with advanced world levels. After reform and opening up, the concept that "science and technology are the primary productive forces"[3]3 "Science and technology are the primary productive forces": A thesis of Deng Xiaoping, emphasizing the leading role of science and technology in economic development. took deep root in people's minds. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has put forward the important thesis that "innovation is the primary driving force for development,"[4]4 "Innovation is the primary driving force for development": A key statement by Xi Jinping, highlighting innovation as the engine of modern economic growth. fully affirming the role of scientific and technological innovation in the formation of new quality productive forces. He emphasizes that new quality productive forces are mainly born from revolutionary technological breakthroughs, and that scientific and technological innovation can give rise to new industries, new models, and new kinetic energy, and is the core element for developing new quality productive forces. It is necessary to strengthen scientific and technological innovation, especially original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation, accelerate the achievement of high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, fight the tough battle for key core technologies, so that original and disruptive scientific and technological achievements emerge one after another, and cultivate new kinetic energy for developing new quality productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping's important expositions on scientific and technological innovation have guided China's scientific and technological undertakings to achieve historic, holistic, and structural major changes. China's scientific and technological progress has achieved great accomplishments that have attracted worldwide attention, successfully transforming from following and running alongside to running alongside and leading.

决定生产力发展的因素很多，在形成生产力的各种因素中起决定作用的是科学技术进步。马克思曾经指出：“劳动生产力是由多种情况决定的，其中包括：工人的平均熟练程度、科学的发展水平和它在工艺上应用的程度，生产过程的社会结合，生产资料的规模和效能，以及自然条件。”新中国成立后，我国高度重视科技创新在引领生产力发展中的重大作用。1956年1月党中央发出了“向现代科学进军”的号召。改革开放之后，“科学技术是第一生产力”理念深入人心。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记提出“创新引领是发展的第一动力”的重要论断，充分肯定科技创新在新质生产力形成中的作用，强调新质生产力主要由技术革命性突破催生而成，科技创新能够催生新产业、新模式、新动能，是发展新质生产力的核心要素。必须加强科技创新，特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，打好关键核心技术攻坚战，使原则性、颠覆性科技成果竞相涌现，培育发展新质生产力的新动能。习近平总书记关于科技创新的重要论述，指导我国科技事业取得了历史性、整体性、格局性重大变化。我国科学技术进步取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就，成功实现由跟跑并跑向并跑领跑转变。

Scientific and technological innovation promotes the high-end development of industries, thereby leading the development of new quality productive forces. New quality productive forces are advanced productive forces that conform to the new development philosophy. This advanced productive force quality is ultimately reflected in the continuously upgrading industrial structure and the provision of more abundant and higher-quality material products and services. From the perspective of industrial development history, the emergence and development of industries are not static but dynamic. From the perspective of the three major industries, after agriculture is fully developed, industry emerges; after both agriculture and industry are fully developed, the service industry emerges. The industrial structure continuously upgrades with scientific and technological progress. From within each industry, no industry is fixed at a particular state; it shows a trend of continuous upgrading with scientific and technological progress. The industrial chain becomes longer, the level of industrial technology becomes higher, the number and quality of products and services provided increase, and all aspects of reproduction better conform to the new development philosophy.

科技创新促进产业的高端化，进而引领新质生产力发展。新质生产力是符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态，这一先进生产力质态最终体现在不断升级的产业结构和提供更加丰富和更高质量物质产品和服务。从产业发展史来看，产业的产生、发展不是静态的而是动态的。从三大产业来看，农业得以充分发展之后，才有了工业，有了农业和工业的充分发展才有了服务业，产业结构伴随着科技进步不断升级。从产业内部来看，每一产业都没有固定于某一特定状态，呈现出随着科技进步不断升级的态势，产业链条越来越长，产业技术水平越来越高，提供的产品和服务数量越来越多，质量越来越高，再生产的各个环节更加符合新的发展理念。

Scientific and technological innovation promotes the leap in the constituent elements of productive forces and their combination. Marx pointed out, "The simple elements of the labor process are: purposeful activity or labor itself, the subject of labor, and the instruments of labor." General Secretary Xi Jinping inherited and developed Marx's theory of productive forces, pointing out that new quality productive forces "take the leap in workers, means of labor, subjects of labor, and their optimized combination as the basic connotation." It can be seen that the changes in the basic elements of new quality productive forces include two aspects: First, the qualitative leap in the three elements of workers, means of labor, and subjects of labor. Workers in the information and intelligent age are no longer the workers with simple skills in the traditional farming age. More and more workers become engineers, machinists, designers, or even scientists. The means of labor are no longer the iron spades, hoes, and sickles of the traditional farming age, nor the steam engines and spinning machines of the first industrial revolution, but various intelligent, connected modern equipment, becoming new means of labor. The subjects of labor are increasing, specifically manifested in the increase of intermediate products and the lengthening of the chain of subjects of labor. In particular, with scientific and technological progress, more and more materials that could not be utilized under traditional production modes can be reused. Traditional waste is increasingly becoming valuable processing objects and new subjects of labor. Second, the leap in the optimized combination of workers, means of labor, and subjects of labor. There is no fixed proportional relationship among the three elements of productive forces. A change in any one of them will lead to a new combination among the three.

科技创新促进生产力构成要素及其组合的跃升。马克思指出，“劳动过程的简单要素是：有目的的活动或劳动本身，劳动对象和劳动资料”。习近平总书记继承和发展了马克思生产力理论，指出新质生产力“以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵”。可以看出，新质生产力的基本要素变化包括两个方面：一是劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象三要素质的跃升。信息和智能时代的劳动者已经不是传统农耕时代掌握简单技艺的劳动者，越来越多的劳动者成为工程师、机械师、设计师甚至科学家；劳动资料已经不是传统农耕时代的铁锹、锄头、镰刀，也不是第一次工业革命时代的蒸汽机、纺织机，而是各种智能化、网联化的现代化设备，成为新的劳动资料；劳动对象越来越多，具体表现为中间产品越来越多，劳动对象链条越来越长，特别是随着科学技术进步，越来越多的传统生产模式下不可利用的物质可以重新利用，传统意义上的废弃物越来越多地成为宝贵的加工对象，成为新的劳动对象。二是劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象优化组合的跃升。生产力三要素之间并没有固定不变的比例关系，其中任何一个发生变化，都会导致三者之间产生新的组合。

Scientific and technological innovation induces management innovation, institutional innovation, and cultural innovation. Over the past hundred years, the connotation and extension of the concept of innovation have been constantly changing. The connotation of innovation mainly includes technological innovation, management innovation, institutional innovation, cultural innovation, and ideological innovation. Various innovations are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Each kind of innovation can promote innovation in other aspects. Institutions, culture, and ideology can promote the development of new quality productive forces, providing necessary conditions or guarantees for the development of new quality productive forces. Just as air, soil, and water are not plants themselves but provide necessary conditions for the growth of all things. The formation and development of new quality productive forces are the result of the joint promotion of various innovation forces, just as Engels pointed out when analyzing the resultant of forces in history: "Thus there are innumerable intersecting forces, an infinite number of parallelograms of forces, which give rise to one resultant — the historical event. This, again, can be regarded as the product of a power which, taken as a whole, works unconsciously and without volition." The formation and development of productive forces, especially new quality productive forces, are also the result of the resultant of various innovations. Scientific and technological innovation and innovation in other fields are both prerequisites and results of each other. Scientific and technological innovation produces new quality productive forces, which objectively requires the formation of more compatible relations of production. At the same time, institutional innovation, management innovation, cultural innovation, and ideological innovation can promote scientific and technological innovation. Various innovations are not entirely synchronous; they always appear in a time sequence of first and last and a hierarchical sequence from shallow to deep, from point to surface. Among the various innovation elements that form and develop new quality productive forces, on the one hand, scientific and technological innovation requires breaking the original institutions, management, and thinking patterns, thus requiring continuous deepening of reforms in the economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization systems. On the other hand, innovations in other fields also promote scientific and technological innovation, ultimately forming a resultant force of innovation and leading the development of new quality productive forces.

科技创新诱发管理创新、制度创新、文化创新。一百多年来，创新概念的内涵和外延不断发生变化。创新内涵主要包括技术创新、管理创新、制度创新、文化创新、思想创新等。各种创新之间相互依赖又相互促进，每一种创新都可以推动其他各个方面的创新。制度、文化、思想等能促进新质生产力的发展，为新质生产力发展提供了必要的条件或保障。正如空气、土壤、水分等不是植物一样，但却为万物生长提供了必要条件。新质生产力的形成和发展是各种创新力量共同推动的结果，正像恩格斯在分析历史合力时曾经指出的：“这样就有无数互相交错的力量，有无数个力的平行四边形，由此，就产生出一个合力，即历史结果，而这个结果又可以看做一个作为整体的、不自觉地和不自主地起着作用的力量的产物。”生产力特别是新质生产力的形成和发展也是各种创新合力的结果，科技创新和其他领域的创新互为前提又互为结果，科技创新产生新质生产力，客观上要求形成与之更相适应的生产关系。同时，制度创新、管理创新、文化创新和思想创新又可以促进科技创新。各种创新并不完全是同步的，总是呈现有先有后的时间序列和由浅入深、由点到面的层次序列。在形成和发展新质生产力的各种创新要素中，一方面科技创新要求打破原有的制度、管理、思维模式，从而要求持续深化经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明等体制改革；另一方面，其他领域创新也都推动科技创新，最终形成创新的合力并引领新质生产力的发展。

III. Path Choices for Leading the Development of New Quality Productive Forces through Scientific and Technological Innovation

三、以科技创新引领新质生产力发展的路径选择

Marxism holds that productive forces determine the relations of production, and the relations of production react on the productive forces. When the relations of production adapt to the development requirements of the productive forces, they promote the development of the productive forces; conversely, they hinder it. Productive forces always move forward. The relations of production that originally adapted to the development requirements of the productive forces will become unsuitable. Therefore, to develop new quality productive forces, we must further deepen reforms comprehensively and strive to build systems and mechanisms for the development of new quality productive forces.

马克思主义认为，生产力决定生产关系，生产关系对生产力具有反作用，当生产关系适应生产力发展要求时就会促进生产力发展，反之，就会起到阻碍作用。生产力总是要向前发展的，原来适应生产力发展要求的生产关系就会变得不适应，因此要发展新质生产力就必须进一步全面深化改革，努力构建发展新质生产力的体制机制。

Improve relevant rules and policies to accelerate the formation of relations of production that are more compatible with new quality productive forces. The "Decision" of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC[5]5 Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC: The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held in July 2024, which adopted a decision on further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization. proposed: "Improve relevant rules and policies to accelerate the formation of relations of production that are more compatible with new quality productive forces, promote the concentration of various advanced production factors towards the development of new quality productive forces, and significantly increase total factor productivity." It is necessary to correctly handle the relationship between the market and the government in leading the development of new quality productive forces through scientific and technological innovation, give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, and better play the role of the government. On the one hand, it is necessary to give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, establish the principal role of enterprises in leading the development of new quality productive forces through scientific and technological innovation, allow enterprises to gather production factors through market mechanisms, evaluate the contribution of production factors, especially innovation factors, through market mechanisms, and establish market prices for production factors and innovation factors. It is necessary to deepen the reform of state-owned assets and state-owned enterprises, promote the concentration of state-owned capital in forward-looking strategic emerging industries, improve the evaluation mechanism for state-owned enterprises to fulfill their strategic missions, and improve the institutional arrangements for state-owned enterprises, especially central enterprises, to promote original innovation. Support capable private enterprises to take the lead in undertaking major national technological research tasks, and further open up major national scientific research infrastructure to private enterprises. On the other hand, the development of new quality productive forces requires the government to make forward-looking plans, formulate supportive policies, implement timely industrial policy transformation from focusing on supporting specific industries to providing a fair competition environment and guiding the direction of major technologies and industrial development. Deepen the reform of the education system, the science and technology system, and the talent system, remove the blockages, choke points, and difficulties that restrict the development of new quality productive forces. Firmly establish the principal role of enterprises in innovation, so that more innovation factors gather towards enterprises. Create a strong innovation atmosphere and ecology in the whole society, stimulate the innovation vitality of the whole society. Focus on building a market-oriented, law-based, and internationalized business environment. Build a mechanism for division of labor and collaboration among regions in the development of new quality productive forces.

健全相关规则和政策，加快形成同新质生产力更相适应的生产关系。党的二十届三中全会《决定》提出：“健全相关规则和政策，加快形成同新制生产力更相适应的生产关系，促进各类先进生产要素向发展新质生产力集聚，大幅提升全要素生产率。”要正确处理市场和政府在科技创新引领新质生产力发展中的关系，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用。一方面，要充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，确立企业在科技创新引领新质生产力发展中的主体地位，让企业以市场机制聚集生产要素，以市场机制评价生产要素特别是创新要素的贡献，确立生产要素和创新要素的市场价格。要深化国资国企改革，推动国有资本向前瞻性战略性新兴产业集中，健全国有企业履行战略使命评价机制，健全国有企业特别是央企推进原始创新的制度安排；支持有能力的民营企业牵头承担国家重大技术攻关任务，向民营企业进一步开放国家重大科研基础设施。另一方面，发展新质生产力需要政府超前规划，制定支持政策，适时地实施产业政策转型，由过去的重点支持特定的产业转向提供公平竞争环境，引导重大技术和产业发展方向上来；深化教育体制改革、科技体制改革、人才体制改革，打通制约新质生产力发展的堵点、卡点、难点；牢固确立企业在创新中的主体地位，让更多的创新要素向企业集聚；在全社会营造浓厚的创新氛围和生态，激发全社会的创新活力；着力于打造市场化、法治化、国际化的营商环境；构建区域之间在发展新质生产力中的分工协作机制。

Accelerate scientific and technological innovation, especially original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation. Scientific and technological innovation is the source of the formation and development of new quality productive forces. The breakthrough in the principles of basic research is the basic prerequisite for technological invention and application. From the history of industrial revolutions since modern times that triggered new productive forces revolutions, it can be seen that on the surface it is technological revolution, but in essence it is major scientific discoveries, new breakthroughs in scientific principles. In the stage of following technology, it is possible to use imitation or technology transferred from developed countries to promote the development of productive forces and narrow the gap with developed countries. When entering the stage of running alongside, especially leading, it is necessary to achieve self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, encourage universities and research institutes to carry out free-exploratory research, create a good atmosphere and scientific research ecology that encourages innovation and tolerates failure, increase the proportion of scientific research funds used for basic research, strengthen the forward-looking and leading layout in basic research fields, interdisciplinary frontier fields, and key fields, and increase efforts to build the national laboratory system. At the same time, basic research should also highlight applicability. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Basic research should be more application-oriented, break through bottlenecks, and understand the basic theories and technical principles of 'bottleneck' technologies." From the technical level, scientific and technological innovation should adhere to the problem orientation, start from the needs of major national strategies, strengthen the national strategic scientific and technological strength, give full play to the advantages of the new nationwide system,[6]6 New nationwide system: A socialist mechanism that mobilizes and coordinates national resources to achieve breakthroughs in key areas, updated from the old nationwide system used for projects like the atomic bomb and satellite. cultivate strategic scientific and technological forces, and solve the current "bottleneck" technologies that restrict China's economic and social development and national security. Mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of scientific researchers in scientific and technological innovation, establish a classified assessment mechanism, improve the mechanism for production factors to participate in distribution, and stimulate the vitality of production factors such as labor, knowledge, technology, management, capital, and data.

加快科技创新特别是原创性、颠覆性科技创新。科技创新是新质生产力形成和发展的源头活水。基础研究的原理性突破是技术发明和应用的基本前提。从近代以来工业革命引发新生产力革命的历史可以看出，表面看是技术革命，实质是科学的重大发现，是科学原理的新的突破。在技术跟跑阶段，可以利用模仿或从发达国家转移过来的技术推动生产力发展，缩小与发达国家之间的差距。到了并跑特别是领跑阶段，就必须实现科技自立自强，鼓励高等院校和科研院所开展自由探索式研究，营造鼓励创新、宽容失败的良好氛围和科学研究生态，加大科研经费中用于基础研究的比重，强化基础研究领域、交叉前沿领域和重点领域的前瞻性、引领性布局，加大建设国家实验室体系的力度。同时，基础研究也要突出应用性。习近平总书记指出：“基础研究更要应用牵引，突破瓶颈，弄通‘卡脖子’技术的基础理论和技术原理。”科技创新从技术层面而言，要坚持问题导向，从国家重大战略需求出发，强化国家战略科技力量，发挥新型举国体制优势，培育战略科技力量，破解当前制约我国经济社会发展和国家安全的“卡脖子”技术。调动科研人员从事科技创新的积极性能动性，建立分类考核机制，健全生产要素参与分配的机制，激发劳动、知识、技术、管理、资本、数据等生产要素活力。

Accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements into practical productive forces. Scientific and technological achievements themselves are not actual productive forces. Only when they are timely applied to industries, continuously improve the technical level and the quality of industrial development, promote industrial upgrading, continuously extend, supplement, and strengthen the chain, can they be transformed into actual productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "We should timely apply scientific and technological innovation achievements to specific industries and industrial chains, transform and upgrade traditional industries, cultivate and strengthen emerging industries, lay out and build future industries, and improve the modern industrial system." The transformation of scientific and technological achievements into practical productive forces has different ways and methods. First, enterprises carry out scientific and technological innovation around technical difficulties. Their achievements can be directly used for technological transformation to achieve industrial upgrading and reduce transformation links. Second, the research and development achievements of universities and research institutes need to be traded through the scientific and technological achievements market before they can enter enterprises from the laboratory. After small-scale tests, pilot tests, mass production and other links, they can be transformed into actual productive forces. This objectively requires accelerating the improvement of the scientific and technological achievements trading market. Third, promote the deep integration of industry, academia, and research. Build new research and development platforms around enterprise technical difficulties or market demands. Promote scientific and technological innovation in a market-oriented manner. Scientific and technological innovation achievements can directly serve enterprise needs. Use scientific and technological innovation to promote the supplementation of the chain for short-board industries, the extension of the chain for advantageous industries, and the establishment of the chain for emerging industries, enhancing the resilience and security of the industrial chain and supply chain. Use national standards to lead the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, strengthen the institutional supply for new fields and new tracks, and establish a growth mechanism for investment in future industries.

加快实现科技成果转化。科技成果本身不是现实生产力，只有及时运用到产业上，不断提升技术水平和产业发展质量，促进产业升级，持续延链、补链、强链，才能转化为现实生产力。习近平总书记指出：“我们要及时将科技创新成果应用到具体产业和产业链上，改造提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业，布局建设未来产业，完善现代化产业体系。”科技成果转化，有不同的方式和方法，一是企业围绕技术难题开展的科技创新，其成果可以直接用于技术改造，实现产业升级，减少转化环节。二是高校和科研院所的研发成果，需要通过科技成果市场进行交易，才能从实验室走进企业，经过小试、中试、量产等各个环节转化为现实生产力，客观上要求加快完善科技成果交易市场。三是推动产学研的深度融合，围绕企业技术难题或市场需求，组建新型研发平台，以市场化方式推动科技创新，科技创新成果可以直接服务企业需求。以科技创新推动短板产业补链、优势产业延链、新兴产业建链，提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平。以国家标准引领传统产业改造升级，加强新领域新赛道制度供给，建立未来产业投入增长机制。

Developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions[7]7 A Chinese four-character idiom meaning “to take measures suited to local conditions,” frequently used in policy discussions to emphasize adapting strategies to specific realities.. China has a vast territory, and there are great differences in the economic foundation, level of industrial development, and conditions for scientific research and innovation among different regions. This determines that a single model cannot be adopted for developing new quality productive forces; each region should proceed from its actual situation, take stock of its own assets, and foster strengths and avoid weaknesses. The eastern region, with a good industrial base and rich scientific and technological innovation resources, can play a positive role in original innovation, promoting major scientific discoveries, technological inventions, especially disruptive technologies. The less developed western regions can achieve more in the application of technology. National laboratories, national research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading technology enterprises should take on more of the 'from 0 to 1' breakthroughs in scientific and technological innovation. State-owned enterprises and qualified private enterprises and other types of enterprises should play a larger role in the application of scientific and technological achievements. Developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions does not mean abandoning traditional industries; tradition does not equal backwardness. After technological transformation, traditional agriculture can become modern agriculture, traditional industry can become modern industry, and traditional service industries can become modern service industries. Industrial Internet and artificial intelligence have become general-purpose technologies, and we should accelerate the implementation of the 'Internet Plus' and 'AI Plus' actions[8]8 “Internet Plus” and “AI Plus” are Chinese national strategies that promote the integration of Internet technologies and artificial intelligence with traditional industries to drive economic transformation and innovation..

因地制宜发展新质生产力。我国国土面积广大，各地经济发展基础、产业发展水平、科研创新条件等都有很大差异，从而决定了发展新质生产力不能采取一种模式，各地应从实际出发，摸清家底，扬长避短。东部地区产业基础好、科技创新资源富集，可在原始创新、推动重大科学发现、技术发明特别是颠覆性技术上发挥积极作用；西部欠发达地区可以在技术应用方面有更大作为。国家实验室、国家科研机构、高水平研究型大学、科技领军企业等应在科技创新中更多地承担“从0到1”的突破，国有企业和有条件的民营企业和其他所有制企业应在科技成果的应用上发挥更大作用。因地制宜发展新质生产力不是要放弃传统产业，传统不等于落后，经过技术改造，传统农业可以成为现代农业，传统工业可以成为现代工业，传统服务业可以成为现代服务业。工业互联网和人工智能已经成为通用技术，要加快实施“互联网+”和“人工智能+”行动。

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