Improving the Quality of Life in the Construction of Chinese-path Modernization: Inherent Requirements and Practical Dimensions

Based on China’s national conditions and the people’s aspiration for a better life, the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC prominently highlighted the five basic features of Chinese-path modernization: a huge population, common prosperity for all, the coordination of material and cultural-ethical progress, harmony between humanity and nature, and taking the path of peaceful development. Centered on the main line of Chinese-path modernization, the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, in its ninth part, set “improving the people’s wellbeing and enhancing the quality of life” as a new task and new requirement for the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups as they embark on the new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects, advance toward the second centenary goal, and especially during the critical first five years of the new journey when the comprehensive construction of a modern socialist country enters its opening stage, in order to improve the people’s wellbeing and strengthen social construction. This is a further emphasis on “wellbeing” and “quality of life” adapted to the requirements of Chinese-path modernization, building on the “Suggestions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives for 2035” in 2020, which proposed “improving the quality of life of the people and raising the level of social construction,” and the “Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives for 2035 of the People’s Republic of China” in 2021, which proposed “improving the people’s wellbeing and raising the level of joint development, joint governance, and shared benefits.” The common prosperity for all, the coordination of material and cultural-ethical progress, and the harmony between humanity and nature emphasized by Chinese-path modernization are all concentrated in the improvement of the quality of life. Deeply understanding the expression and conceptual connotation of “quality of life” in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC is of great significance for deepening the understanding of the essential requirements of Chinese-path modernization and promoting the construction of Chinese-path modernization.

立足中国国情和满足人民群众对美好生活的向往，党的二十大报告突出强调中国式现代化的五大基本特征：人口规模巨大、全体人民共同富裕、物质文明和精神文明相协调、人与自然和谐共生，走和平发展道路。围绕中国式现代化这一主线，党的二十大报告在第九部分把“增进民生福祉，提高人民生活品质”作为全党全国各族人民迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军、尤其是未来五年全面建设社会主义现代化国家开局起步关键时期增进民生福祉和加强社会建设的新任务新要求。这是在2020年《中共中央关于制定十四五规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》中提出“改善人民生活品质，提高社会建设水平”和2021年《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》中提出“增进民生福祉，提升共建共治共享水平”的基础上，进一步强调适应中国式现代化要求的“民生福祉”和“生活品质”。中国式现代化所强调的全体人民共同富裕、物质文明和精神文明相协调、人与自然和谐共生，均集中体现在提高人民生活品质上。深入理解党的二十大报告中“生活品质”这一提法和概念内涵，对加深理解中国式现代化的本质要求，推动中国式现代化建设具有重要意义。

Improving the quality of life is an inherent requirement of Chinese-path modernization construction.

提高人民生活品质是中国式现代化建设的内在要求

The quality of life integrates the economic, social, cultural, and spiritual. Quality of life is a developmental dimension that measures the level of economic development and the stage of social development and is commonly adopted by all countries; it refers to the standard of material life that people enjoy and their subjective feelings and degree of satisfaction with material enjoyment, including both objective quality of life and subjective quality of life.

生活品质集经济、社会、文化、精神于一体。生活品质是衡量经济发展水平、社会发展阶段并为各国共同采用的发展维度，指的是人们享受物质生活的水准和有关物质享受的主观感受、满意程度，包括客观的生活品质和主观的生活品质。

First, objective quality of life refers to the level of economic and social development and the economic income it brings to people, as well as the various services, including public services, that people obtain on the basis of economic and social development. Subjective quality of life refers to people’s subjective feelings and degree of satisfaction with the level of economic development and the economic income it brings, as well as the various services, including public services, they obtain on the basis of economic and social development. As the ultimate goal of economic and social development, people are satisfied by obtaining economic income and services; objective acquisition and subjective feelings are ultimately reflected at the individual level, and the quality of life is realized.

一是客观的生活品质指经济社会发展水平及其给人们带来的经济收入，以及在经济社会发展基础上人们获得的包括公共服务在内的各类服务。主观的生活品质则指人们对经济发展水平及其带来的经济收入以及对在经济社会发展基础上获得的包括公共服务在内的各种服务的主观感受、满意程度。作为经济社会发展的终极目标，人们通过获得经济收入和服务得到满足，客观获得和主观感受在个体身上得到最终体现，生活品质得以实现。

Second, the quality of life is a comprehensive concept integrating the economic, social, cultural, and spiritual. Nobel Prize-winning Indian economist Amartya Sen articulated the objective-subjective nature and complexity of the quality of life: “You may be relatively wealthy but not healthy. You may be very healthy but not live the life you want. You may live the life you want but not be happy. You may be very happy but not have much freedom. Of course, you may have a lot of freedom but not achieve much.” Through this statement, Amartya Sen reveals the inner logic and characteristics of the quality of life.

二是生活品质是一个集经济、社会、文化、精神于一体的综合性概念。诺贝尔经济学奖得主、印度经济学家阿马蒂亚·森道出了生活品质的主客观性及复杂性：“你可能比较富裕，但并不健康。你也可能很健康，但并不能过上你想过的日子。你可能过上了你想过的日子，但并不幸福。你也可能过得很幸福，但并没有多少自由。当然，你也可能有很多自由，但没有取得多少成就。”阿马蒂亚·森通过这样一段表述，揭示了生活品质的内在逻辑和特点。

Third, the quality of life also reflects the life characteristics of individuals and groups. An individual’s quality of life is their personal perception of their physical and mental health and the economic and social environment in which they live, their satisfaction with their own life, and their feedback behavior toward society. The quality of life at the individual level mainly includes economic income, physical health, family relationships, neighbor relationships, work status, entertainment and leisure, etc. Because each individual’s life pursuits, values, cultural background, and institutional environment differ, different individuals have different psychological feelings about the same thing. However, individual quality of life also has universality; for example, almost every individual pursues comfortable living conditions, higher income levels, more opportunities for self-development, etc. Individuals cannot be separated from society; the classical Marxist writers held that man, in his essence, is the sum total of all social relations. The improvement of individual quality of life is the result of joint efforts by individuals, the government, and society. Group quality of life is the general manifestation of the collective quality of life of a certain group. A group can refer to a collective with a particular shared characteristic, such as women, children, and the disabled, or to a collective living in a certain area, such as community residents, urban residents, rural residents, citizens of a specific country, etc. Group quality of life can refer to the quality of life of urban residents, the elderly, rural residents, etc. To improve the quality of life of the people, we must start from the issues of the most direct and practical concern to the people and understand their actual lives and subjective feelings. At the same time, we must understand the living conditions and subjective feelings of various social groups. Individual quality of life and group quality of life are interconnected and have their own characteristics. Individual quality of life is the foundation of group quality of life, and group quality of life is the collective expression of individual quality of life.

三是生活品质也会体现个体和群体的生活特征。个体的生活品质是个人对自己身心健康状况和所处经济社会环境的感受，对自己生活的满意度，以及对社会的反馈性行为。个人层面的生活品质，主要包括经济收入、身体健康、家庭关系、邻居关系、工作状况、娱乐休闲，等等。由于每个个体的生活追求、价值观念、文化背景、所处制度环境等不同，因此不同个体对同一事物的心理感受也不一样。但个体生活品质也存在一般性，例如，几乎每个个体都会追求舒适的生活条件、更高的收入水平、更多的自我发展机会等。个体不能离开社会，马克思主义经典作家认为，人就其本质来说是一切社会关系的总和，个体生活品质改善是个人、政府和社会共同努力的结果。群体生活品质是某一群体集体生活品质的一般表现。群体既可以指具有某一共同特征的集合体，如妇女、儿童、残疾人等，也可以指生活在某一区域内的集合体，如社区居民、城市居民、农村居民、特定国家的公民等。群体的生活品质可以指城市居民生活品质、老年人生活品质、农村居民生活品质等。提高人民生活品质，必须从人民群众最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题入手，了解他们的实际生活、主观感受。同时，要了解各个社会群体的生活状况和主观感受。个体生活品质与群体生活品质既相互联系，又具有各自的特点。个体生活品质是群体生活品质的基础，群体生活品质是个体生活品质的集体体现。

The quality of life reflects the degree and level of people’s all-round development. The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC states: “We constantly strengthen the material foundation for modernization and continuously consolidate the material conditions for the people’s happy lives, while vigorously developing advanced socialist culture, strengthening education in ideals and beliefs, carrying forward Chinese civilization, and promoting the comprehensive enrichment of things and the all-round development of people.” This further clarifies that Chinese-path modernization must emphasize “the comprehensive enrichment of things and the all-round development of people.” First, the juxtaposition of “the comprehensive enrichment of things and the all-round development of people” indicates the CPC’s scientific judgment of the new stage of Chinese-path modernization development and its high regard for the significance of people’s all-round development; it is an embodiment of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times. The classical Marxist writers attached great importance to people’s all-round development and put forward important theories on the connotation of people’s all-round development and the inevitability of people’s all-round development as a trend in human social development.

生活品质体现了人的全面发展的程度和水平。党的二十大报告指出：“我们不断厚植现代化的物质基础，不断夯实人民幸福生活的物质条件，同时大力发展社会主义先进文化，加强理想信念教育，传承中华文明，促进物的全面丰富和人的全面发展。”这进一步明确，中国式现代化要强调“物的全面丰富和人的全面发展”。一是把“物的全面丰富和人的全面发展”并列，表明了中国共产党对中国式现代化发展新阶段的科学判断和对人的全面发展意义的高度重视，是马克思主义中国化时代化的体现。马克思主义经典作家高度重视人的全面发展，提出了人的全面发展内涵、人的全面发展是人类社会发展的必然趋势等重要理论。

Second, the classical Marxist writers’ theory of people’s all-round development can be divided into three interrelated levels. The all-round development of people’s body and mind is the basic, first-level meaning of people’s all-round development. Marx and Engels studied human beings engaged in productive labor and other social practices under specific historical conditions and social relations, critically absorbed modern Western philosophy’s doctrines on the relationship between body and mind, revealed the basic social characteristics that distinguish humans from animals, regarded humans as a unity of body and mind, and understood people’s all-round development as the all-round development of body and mind. Marx and Engels also discussed the role of human consciousness, thought, emotion, and will in guiding, promoting, and regulating human productive labor and other social practices, and understood the all-round development of human spirit as the comprehensive and coordinated development of human intellect, morality, aesthetics, and cognition (knowledge), emotion (feeling), and will (volition). The comprehensive and healthy development of people’s body and mind is the foundation for human beings to engage in productive labor and other social practices. The second-level meaning is people’s activity capacity, of which the capacity for productive activity is the primary one. Productive activity capacity is a structure produced by the unity of people’s body and mind; it is the concrete manifestation of the all-round development of people’s body and mind in their activity capacity. The multi-faceted development of people’s activity capacity can clearly and concretely reflect the degree of people’s all-round development. Marx pointed out that only by developing the productive forces and creating the material conditions of production can “a real foundation be created for a higher form of society, whose fundamental principle is the full and free development of every individual.” The all-round, full, and free development of people’s body and mind is the third-level meaning of people’s all-round development, the highest manifestation of people’s all-round development, and the lofty ideal of human self-perfection. Specifically, the free development of people’s body and mind is reflected in three aspects: the use of free time; the free choice of occupation; and the free control and domination of society, nature, and the self. People’s subjective feelings come, on the one hand, from what they share from economic and social development; on the other hand, they depend on their free choices, including free choices regarding time and free choices regarding their own development.

二是马克思主义经典作家关于人的全面发展的理论可以分为三个相互联系的层次。人的身体和精神的全面发展是人的全面发展基本的、第一层次的要义。马克思和恩格斯研究了一定历史条件下和社会关系中从事生产劳动及其他社会实践活动的人，批判地吸收了近代西方哲学关于身与心关系的学说，揭示了人不同于动物的基本社会特征，把人看作是身体和精神的统一体，把人的全面发展看作是人的身体和精神的全面发展。马克思和恩格斯还论述了人的意识、思维、情感、意志在指导、推动、调控人的生产劳动和其他社会实践中的作用，把人的精神的全面发展理解为人的智、德、美和知（认识）、情（情感）、意（意志）的全面协调发展。人的身体和精神的全面健康发展是人从事生产劳动和其他社会实践活动的基础。第二层次要义是人的活动能力，其中首先是生产活动能力。生产活动能力是由人的身体与人的精神相统一产生的结构，是人的身体和精神全面发展在人的活动能力上的具体表现。人的活动能力多方面发展可以明确且具体体现为人的全面发展程度。马克思指出，只有发展生产力，创造生产的物质条件，“才能为一个更高级的、以每个人的全面而自由的发展为基本原则的社会形式创造现实基础”。人的身体和精神的全面、充分、自由的发展，乃是人的全面发展的第三层次的要义，是人的全面发展的最高表现，是人类实现自我完善的崇高理想。具体来说，人的身体和精神的自由发展体现在三个层面：自由时间的运用；自由选择职业；自由地支配和控制社会、自然界和人自身。人们的主观感受，一方面来自他们从经济和社会发展中的分享；另一方面取决于他们的自由选择，包括对时间的自由选择和对自身发展的自由选择。

Third, in evaluating the quality of life, leisure time is an important measure of free choice regarding time and free choice regarding one’s own development. In a society that takes simple economic growth as its goal, a society where everyone is busy, struggling for a living and for material goods, does not have a high quality of life. People’s all-round development is an inevitable trend in human social development. Only real human beings engaged in practical activities (first of all, productive activities) under specific historical conditions and social relations have human needs and human essence. The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC juxtaposes “the comprehensive enrichment of things and the all-round development of people,” integrating the basic principles of Marxism with the reality of Chinese-path modernization construction, and represents an inheritance and development of the Marxist theory of “people’s all-round development.”

三是在对生活品质的评价中，闲暇时间是评价自由选择和对自身发展的自由选择的重要尺度。在把单纯经济增长作为目标的社会，一个人人忙忙碌碌，为生计和物质奔波，是不会有很高生活品质的。人的全面发展是人类社会发展的必然趋势。只有在一定历史条件和社会关系中从事实际活动（首先是生产活动）的现实人，才具有人的需要、人的本质。党的二十大报告把“物的全面丰富和人的全面发展”并列，把马克思主义基本原理同中国式现代化建设实际相结合，是对马克思主义“人的全面发展”理论的继承与发展。

Improvement in the quality of life is an inevitable outcome of the development of Chinese-path modernization. Quality of life is an inevitable requirement and concrete manifestation when economic and social development reaches a certain stage. First, China’s economic and social development has entered a new stage of development. In 2022, China’s total economic output exceeded 120 trillion yuan, the national per capita disposable income reached 36,883 yuan, and the per capita GDP reached 85,698 yuan; the construction of a modern socialist country has reached a new level. As stated in the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century”: “Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the balance, coordination, and sustainability of China’s economic development have significantly improved; the gross domestic product has exceeded the 100 trillion yuan mark; the per capita GDP has exceeded US$10,000; the national economic, scientific and technological, and comprehensive national strength have reached a new level; and China’s economy has embarked on a path of development that is higher quality, more efficient, fairer, more sustainable, and more secure.” The sustained and healthy development of China’s economy and society has laid a solid foundation for improving the quality of life of the people.

生活品质提高是中国式现代化发展的必然结果。生活品质是经济社会发展到一定阶段的必然要求和具体体现。一是我国经济社会发展进入新发展阶段。2022年，我国经济总量突破120万亿元，全国居民人均可支配收入达到36883元，人均国内生产总值达到85698元，社会主义现代化国家建设迈上新台阶。正如《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》中所指出的：“党的十八大以来，我国经济发展平衡性、协调性、可持续性明显增强，国内生产总值突破百万亿元大关，人均国内生产总值超过一万美元，国家经济实力、科技实力、综合国力跃上新台阶，我国经济迈上更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续、更为安全的发展之路。”我国经济社会的持续、健康发展为提高人民生活品质奠定了坚实基础。

Second, improving the quality of life is an inevitable choice when economic development reaches a certain stage. The economist Walt Rostow, combining economic theory and economic history to study human life, put forward the theory of stages of economic growth. In his 1960 book *The Stages of Economic Growth*, he proposed that the economic development of countries in the world is divided into five different stages: traditional society, preconditions for take-off, take-off, drive to maturity, and age of high mass consumption. Generally, these five stages replace each other in sequence, forming a complete economic growth process. Rostow believed that the “age of high mass consumption” is not the ultimate stage of economic growth, but merely reflects a quantitative characteristic of consumption. In his 1971 book *Politics and the Stages of Growth*, Rostow supplemented the stages of economic growth by adding a new stage—the “search for quality of life”—thus introducing the concept of quality of life into the theory of stages of economic growth. According to his theory, before the “search for quality of life” stage, the leading sector is dominated by industry, forming durable consumer goods industries. After society enters the “search for quality of life” stage, the leading sector is dominated by the service industry, and improving residents’ “quality of life” becomes an important content of economic development; the leading sector is mainly composed of various service and labor sectors that provide services to improve residents’ quality of life. According to Rostow’s theory, “take-off” and “search for quality of life” are two important “mutations” in the process of social development. “Search for quality of life” is a true mutation in human life in industrial society. Humans pursue quality of life at every stage of economic development, but at different stages of economic development, the ways, content, degree, and focus of people’s pursuits differ.

二是提高生活品质是经济发展到一定阶段的必然选择。经济学家罗斯托结合经济学理论和经济史研究人类生活，提出经济成长阶段理论。他在1960年出版的《经济成长的阶段》一书中提出世界各国经济发展分为五个不同阶段，包括传统社会阶段、经济起飞准备阶段、经济起飞阶段、经济成熟阶段、高额群众消费阶段。一般来说，这五个阶段依次更替，构成一个完整的经济增长过程。罗斯托认为，“高额群众消费阶段”并非经济增长的终极，只是反映了数量上的消费特征。罗斯托在1971年出版的《政治和成长阶段》一书中对经济增长阶段进行了补充，又增加了一个新的阶段——“追求生活品质阶段”，至此，罗斯托把生活品质概念引入经济增长阶段理论。按照他的理论，在“追求生活品质阶段”之前，主导部门以工业为主体，组成耐用消费品产业。社会进入“追求生活品质阶段”后，主导部门以服务业为主体，提高居民“生活品质”成为经济发展的重要内容，主导部门主要由提供提高居民生活品质的各类服务、劳务部门组成。根据罗斯托的理论，“起飞”和“追求生活品质”是社会发展进程中两个重要“突变”。“追求生活品质”是工业社会中人类生活的真正突变。人类在经济发展的每个阶段都会追求生活品质，只是在不同经济发展阶段，人们的追求方式、内容、程度、重点有所不同。

Third, economic growth itself is neither good nor bad, but the results it brings to humanity are good or bad. In this sense, the quality of life of all the people should be taken as the evaluation criterion of economic and social development. Following the basic requirement that Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all, economic growth must be examined from the perspective of what kind of wellbeing it brings to the people; one of the criteria for examination is the quality of life of all the people. In this sense, quality of life is humanity’s economic consciousness. Amartya Sen proposed that “the standard of living is not a level of affluence, even if the standard of living is especially influenced by the level of affluence.” He pointed out that there is a complex relationship between economic growth, affluence, and wellbeing. When implementing economic and social policies, efforts should be made to handle the relationship between economic growth, the people’s wellbeing, and the people’s quality of life, so that the fruits of development benefit all the people.

三是经济增长本身并无好坏，但经济增长给人类带来的结果是有好坏之分的。在这个意义上，应当把全体人民的生活品质作为经济社会发展的评价标准。遵循中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化这一基本要求，必须从经济发展能给人民带来什么样的福祉角度审视经济增长，审视的标准之一就是全体人民的生活品质。在这个意义上，生活品质是人类的经济自觉。阿马蒂亚·森提出，“生活水准并不是一种富裕的水平，即便生活水准之一尤其要受到富裕程度的影响”。他指出，经济增长与富裕、福祉之间存在复杂的关系。在实施经济社会政策时，应努力处理好经济增长与人民福祉、人民生活品质之间的关系，使发展成果造福于全体人民。

Fourth, the quality of life depends on both material life and spiritual life. Satisfaction of material life is the most basic human need. In the era of globalization and information technology, the impact of personal ability and education level on an individual’s ability to obtain a favorable position and higher economic income in market competition is increasing, and the demand for science, technology, and culture is growing. To improve the people’s quality of life, in addition to paying attention to the needs of material culture and spiritual culture, it is necessary to devote more resources and energy to promoting people’s all-round development, focusing on improving the abilities of all social members in various aspects, cultural quality, moral character, and changing their spiritual outlook. Quality of life is closely related to the concept of wellbeing. Wellbeing refers to goods and services that meet people’s basic needs and provide living security. Subjective wellbeing is an intrinsic element of quality of life and also a basic requirement of social policy. By understanding and judging people’s subjective feelings, we can understand people’s attitudes toward quality of life, and adjust social policies in a timely manner to meet their needs for a better life.

四是生活品质既取决于物质生活，也取决于精神生活。物质生活的满足是人类最基本的需要。在全球化和信息时代，个人能力和受教育程度对个人在市场竞争中能否获得有利地位和较高经济收入所产生的影响不断增大，科学技术和文化需求呈日益增长趋势。提高人民群众生活品质，除关注物质文化和精神文化的需求外，还需要把更多的资源和精力放在促进人的全面发展上，致力于提高全体社会成员各方面的能力、文化素质、道德品质，以及改变他们的精神面貌。生活品质与福祉概念密切关联。福祉就是满足人们基本需求和生活保障的商品和服务。主观福祉是生活品质的内在要素，也是社会政策的基本要求。要通过对人们主观感受的认知和判断了解人们对生活品质的态度，适时调整社会政策，满足其对美好生活的需要。

Comprehensively considering the objectivity and subjectivity of the quality of life

统筹考虑生活品质的客观性与主观性

The quality of life is a state of life in which subjectivity and objectivity are unified. The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed: “make the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security more substantial, more guaranteed, and more sustainable, and achieve new results in common prosperity.” This requires that while developing the economy and raising the people’s material living standards, we continuously improve the people’s spiritual outlook. First, adhere to the organic unity of subjectivity and objectivity in the quality of life. Party organizations and governments at all levels must, on the basis of thorough and in-depth investigation and research of the people’s needs, formulate economic and social development strategies and development policies, encourage the people to extensively participate in political, economic, social, and cultural management through whole-process people’s democracy, realize the effective supply of various material and spiritual products, including public goods and public services, so as to ensure the realization of the goal of improving the people’s quality of life.

生活品质是主观性与客观性相统一的生活状态。党的二十大报告提出：“使人民群众获得感、幸福感、安全感更加充实、更有保障、更可持续，共同富裕取得新成效。”这就要求我们在发展经济，提高人民物质生活水准的同时，不断改善人民的精神面貌。一是坚持生活品质的主观性与客观性有机统一。各级党组织和各级政府必须在充分深入调查研究人民群众需求的基础上，制定经济社会发展战略和发展政策，通过全过程人民民主，鼓励人民群众广泛参与政治、经济、社会和文化管理，实现包括公共物品和公共服务在内的各类物质和精神产品的有效供给，以保障实现提高人民群众生活品质的目标。

Second, take happiness as an important indicator for evaluating the quality of life. Happiness is a concept that has been used more frequently in recent years when discussing people’s wellbeing and quality of life. Happiness represents people’s desire for a better life and also represents people’s evaluation of social life, including happy and pleasant emotional experiences, life satisfaction, and unpleasant emotions and feelings. As one of the comprehensive indicators measuring the quality of life of individuals and groups, happiness is a “barometer” reflecting social mentality. Happiness is a subjective feeling, and also the full engagement in and enjoyment of life. In academia, happiness is incorporated into the broader study of “subjective feelings” and “quality of life.” Regarding the causes of happiness, analysis can be conducted from both objective and subjective factors. Objective factors involve both external and internal aspects. External objective factors mainly include: economic environment, social support (e.g., formal social support, informal social support, etc.), environmental conditions (e.g., natural environment, built environment, etc.). Internal (individual) objective factors affecting happiness mainly include: personal health status, education level, income level, social relationships, as well as age, gender, etc. Subjective factors affecting happiness are mainly personality traits, self-efficacy, cognitive patterns, coping styles, etc.

二是把幸福感作为评价生活品质的重要指标。幸福感是最近几年社会上谈论民生福祉、生活品质时使用较多的概念。幸福感代表了人们对美好生活的渴望，也代表了人们对社会生活的评价，包括幸福、愉快的感情体验、生活满意程度以及不愉快的情绪和情感。作为衡量个人和群体生活质量的综合性指标之一，幸福感是反映社会心态的“晴雨表”。幸福感是主观感受，也是对生活的全部投入和享受。学术界把幸福纳入更广泛意义上的“主观感受”研究和“生活质量”研究中。关于幸福感的成因，可以从客观因素与主观因素这两个方面分析。客观因素涉及外部和内部两个方面。外部客观因素主要包括：经济环境、社会支持（例如，正式的社会支持、非正式的社会支持等）、环境条件（例如，自然环境、人工环境等）。影响幸福感的内部（个体）客观因素主要包括：个人健康状况、教育程度、收入水平、社会关系，以及年龄、性别，等等。影响幸福感的主观因素主要是人格特质、自我效能感、认知模式、应对方式等。

Integrating objective measurement with subjective evaluation in the construction of Chinese-path modernization. To improve the people’s quality of life, it is necessary to adhere to the organic unity of subjective evaluation and objective measurement of quality of life; this is an important policy tool for implementing the goal of improving the quality of life. First, in measuring and evaluating the quality of life, on the one hand, the supply capacity of material products and various services on the basis of economic and social development must be fully evaluated; on the other hand, the people’s feelings and requirements must be considered. Professor Erik Allardt of the University of Helsinki raised a methodological question for measuring the quality of life: “All construction of social indicators faces a basic problem: when evaluating the level of human welfare, should we rely on objective measurement standards of external conditions, or rely on citizens’ personal subjective evaluations?” It is generally accepted that “subjective wellbeing is an attitude, composed of two basic dimensions: cognition and emotion.” In practice, the evaluation of quality of life must coordinate the objective and the subjective; this is also the common practice of various countries.

在中国式现代化建设中把客观测量与主观评价有机结合。提高人民群众生活品质，必须坚持生活品质的主观评价与客观测量有机统一，这是把提高生活品质目标落到实处的重要政策工具。一是生活品质的测量和评价，一方面，必须充分评价在经济社会发展基础上的物质产品供给和各类服务的供给能力；另一方面，要考虑人民群众的感受和要求。芬兰赫尔辛基大学教授埃里克·阿拉特提出了一个衡量生活品质的方法问题：“所有社会指标的建构面临着一个基本的问题，即在评价人类福利水平中，我们应当依赖客观的外在状况的衡量标准，还是依赖通过公民个人主观的评价。”人们通常认为，“主观福祉是一种态度，它由认知和情感这两个基本层面组成”。实践中，生活品质评价必须统筹客观与主观，这也是各国的通常做法。

Second, people’s quality of life is related not only to material conditions of life, but also to their subjective satisfaction with life; either aspect alone constitutes only a necessary condition, not a sufficient condition, for reflecting the level of quality of life. Only by organically combining the evaluation of both aspects can we reflect the good or bad situation of quality of life.

二是人们的生活品质既与生活物质条件有关，也与对生活主观满意程度有关，其中任一方面都只能构成反映生活品质高低的必要条件，而不是充分条件。只有把二者的评价有机结合起来，才能反映生活品质的好坏情况。

Third, guided by the new development philosophy, governments at all levels need to think about the quality of life of the entire society from a historical and overall social development perspective, rather than focusing only on the happiness status of certain individuals. Quality of life involves the happiness index, social order, etc., and will inevitably involve individuals’ current life situations and consumer culture, among other aspects. In real life, individuals’ consumption desires are endless; individual needs are not entirely determined by themselves but are more dominated by the market. The government, representing the interests of the whole society, must transcend the wellbeing of single individuals or individual interest groups, distinguish itself from the market, and pay attention to the more long-term, macro, holistic, and comprehensive group wellbeing and quality of life. If the whole society, including the government, only considers the happiness of certain individuals, the quality of life of the entire society will be greatly compromised. A wellbeing centered only on the happiness of certain individuals will make people greedy and selfish, and even endanger the future of future generations.

三是在新发展理念指导下，各级政府需要从历史和整个社会发展的高度思考全社会的生活品质，而不是仅关注某些个体的幸福状况。生活品质涉及幸福指数、社会秩序等方面，也必然会涉及个人的生活现状和消费文化等方面。现实生活中，个人消费欲望永无止境，个人需求实际上并非完全由自己，而是更多由市场主导。代表全社会利益的政府要超脱单个人、单个利益群体的福祉，使自己有别于市场，关注更长远、更宏观、更整体、更全面的群体福祉、生活品质。包括政府在内，如果全社会仅考虑某些个体的幸福，就会使全社会的生活品质大打折扣。只以某些个体幸福为核心的福祉会使人们变得贪婪和自私，甚至危及子孙后代的未来。

Constantly explore the various factors affecting the quality of life of the people in the process of Chinese-path modernization. Improving the quality of life is an important topic in promoting Chinese-path modernization. First, looking at the history of the quality of life and related policies, we will find several evaluation methods, such as people’s feelings about social wellbeing, quality of life, physical health, mental health, cultural quality, etc., as well as how materialism and individualism affect the quality of life of individuals and the whole society, and the progress and flexibility of measurement methods, etc. In general, people measure the quality of life by objective quality of life, subjective quality of life, or life satisfaction. Quality of life not only means having a good life, but also includes having meaning in life, realizing human potential, perceiving the value of life, etc. As mentioned above, individual, subjective quality of life depends on an individual’s genes, environment, choices, the social environment they live in, and the combination of these factors. Genes mainly affect people’s wellbeing through personality, but the influence of genes is not immutable; it changes with changes in the environment. People’s upbringing, personal experiences, and even their living environment can all change people’s personality and individual quality of life.

不断探索中国式现代化进程中影响人民生活品质的各种因素。提高生活品质是推进中国式现代化的重要课题。一是综观生活品质的历史和相关政策，我们会发现若干评价方式，诸如人们对于社会福祉的感受、生活质量、身体健康、心理健康、文化品质等；又如，物质主义和个人主义如何影响个人和全社会的生活品质，以及计量方式的进步和变通，等等。一般情况下，人们用客观生活品质、主观生活品质或生活满意度来计量生活品质。生活品质不仅意味着有很好的生活，也包括拥有生活的意义、实现人的潜能、感知生活的价值，等等。如前所述，个体的、主观的生活品质取决于个体的基因、环境、选择、其所赖以生存的社会环境，以及这些因素的组合方式。基因主要通过性格影响人们的福祉，但基因的影响并非一成不变，而是会随着环境的改变而改变。人们的教养、个人经历、甚至生活环境等均会改变人们的性格和个体生活品质。

Second, we must continue to delve deeper into the various factors that affect quality of life. Research has found that the following aspects can improve people's quality of life: a perfect marriage, the company of good friends, a well-paid job, sufficient savings, good food, physical exercise, adequate sleep, leisure and ease, high spirits, and so on. In addition, optimism, mutual trust, self-respect, self-reliance, gratitude, a spirit of kindness, clear work goals, a sense of belonging, and a positive worldview also make people feel happier. These components of a happy life depend not only on individual choices but also on social conditions and government policies. Some people firmly believe that strong and rapid economic development and income growth are overriding goals and responsibilities, and that wealth is a solid foundation for a high-quality life. But history and reality have proven that the growth of wealth does not automatically bring about an improvement in quality of life and well-being; quality of life depends on individual circumstances and the social environment, among other things. In this sense, it is easier to understand why comprehensively advancing Chinese-path modernization must adhere to the "Five-Sphere Integrated Plan" [5]5 The Five-Sphere Integrated Plan refers to the overall plan for promoting coordinated economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress. i.e., promoting the coordinated development of economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological civilization.

二是继续深入探究影响生活品质的各种因素。研究发现，下列方面可以提高人民的生活品质：完美的婚姻、好朋友相伴、收入颇丰的工作、足够的储蓄、美食、体育锻炼、充足的睡眠、闲暇安逸、精神饱满，等等。另外，乐观主义、相互信任、自我尊重、自立自强，充满感激之情、友善生活的精神、工作目标明确、归属感、积极向上的世界观等也会使人们感到更加幸福。这些幸福生活的组成要素并不仅仅取决于个人的选择，也取决于社会条件，以及政府的政策。一些人坚信强劲的、快速的经济发展和收入提高是压倒一切的目标和责任，还坚信财富是高质量生活的坚实基础。但历史和现实证明，财富的增长并不会自动带来生活质量的提高和福祉的改善，生活品质取决于个体状况和社会环境等多方面，从这个意义上也就更容易理解为什么全面推进中国式现代化必须坚持“五位一体”总体布局，即推动经济文明、政治文明、文化文明、社会文明、生态文明的协调发展。

Solve the key and difficult issues of improving people's wellbeing and quality of life in the new stage of development.

解决好新发展阶段增进民生福祉和提高生活品质的重点、难点问题

Comprehensively and deeply grasp the connotation and requirements of high-quality development. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC [6]6 The 20th National Congress of the CPC (2022). incorporated "improving people's wellbeing and quality of life" into the overall layout of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [7]7 The 18th National Congress of the CPC (2012)., the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to a people-centered approach and constantly fulfilled the people's aspiration for a better life. The 19th National Congress of the CPC [8]8 The 19th National Congress of the CPC (2017). proposed to "constantly meet the people's ever-growing needs for a better life." This has greatly enriched the connotation of social policies with Chinese characteristics, Chinese style, and Chinese manner. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "We must always keep the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in mind, unswervingly improve people's wellbeing, closely combine high-quality development with meeting the people's needs for a better life, and promote the organic integration and mutual reinforcement of adhering to ecological priority, promoting high-quality development, and creating a high-quality life."

全面深刻把握高质量发展的内涵和要求。党的二十大报告将“增进民生福祉，提高人民生活品质”纳入中国特色社会主义现代化总体布局中。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持以人民为中心，不断实现人民对美好生活的向往。党的十九大提出，要“不断满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要”。这极大丰富了具有中国特色、中国风格、中国气派的社会政策内涵。习近平总书记强调：“要始终把最广大人民根本利益放在心上，坚定不移增进民生福祉，把高质量发展同满足人民美好生活需要紧密结合起来，推动坚持生态优先、推动高质量发展、创造高品质生活有机结合、相得益彰。”

Closely integrating economic development with improving people's wellbeing is a concentrated manifestation of the CPC's practice of the people-centered development philosophy. From Comrade Mao Zedong's [9]9 Mao Zedong (1893–1976), founder of the People's Republic of China. proposal to build a great socialist country, to Comrade Deng Xiaoping's [10]10 Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997), chief architect of China's reform and opening up. "three-step" development strategy [11]11 The "three-step" strategy: (1) double the 1980 GNP and ensure people's basic needs by 1990; (2) double the 1990 GNP by 2000, achieving a moderately prosperous standard; (3) achieve modernization by the middle of the 21st century. for China's modernization, to Comrade Jiang Zemin's [12]12 Jiang Zemin (born 1926), former General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee. goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, to Comrade Hu Jintao's [13]13 Hu Jintao (born 1942), former President of China. call to strive for new victories in building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, the Party Central Committee has always upheld the supremacy of the people. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has always kept the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in mind and unswervingly improved people's wellbeing. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on the new stage of development, put forward the major decision to "closely combine high-quality development with meeting the people's needs for a better life," reflecting the CPC's careful deliberation and continuous pursuit of ensuring and improving people's wellbeing in development. Our Party has honored its solemn commitment that "the people's aspiration for a better life is our goal" through continuous practical actions. Improving people's quality of life is an inherent requirement for achieving high-quality development in China in the new stage of development.

将经济发展与改善民生紧密结合是中国共产党践行以人民为中心发展思想的集中表现。从毛泽东同志提出建设一个伟大的社会主义国家，到邓小平同志提出中国现代化建设“三步走”的发展战略，到江泽民同志提出全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标，再到胡锦涛同志提出为夺取全面建设小康社会新胜利而奋斗，党中央始终坚持人民至上。党的十八大以来，我们党始终把最广大人民根本利益放在心上，坚定不移增进民生福祉。以习近平同志为核心的党中央立足新发展阶段，提出“把高质量发展同满足人民美好生活需要紧密结合起来”的重大决策，反映了中国共产党在发展中保障和改善民生的深思熟虑、与时俱进的孜孜追求。我们党用接续奋斗的实际行动切实兑现了“人民对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标”的庄严承诺。提高人民生活品质是新发展阶段我国实现高质量发展的题中之义。

Focus on the key points of improving people's wellbeing and quality of life. From the perspective of happiness economics, income, employment, and prices have a greater impact on people's happiness. Therefore, to do a good job of improving people's quality of life in the new stage of development, we must base ourselves on reality, understand people's livelihood, care about people's conditions, achieve high-quality development, strive to expand employment, and create conditions to encourage and support residents' consumption.

聚焦增进民生福祉和提高生活品质的着力点。从幸福经济学的视角看，收入、就业、物价对人们的幸福感影响较大，因此，做好新发展阶段提升人民生活品质的工作，要立足实际，体察民生，关切民情，实现高质量发展，努力扩大就业，创造条件鼓励支持居民消费。

First, continuously improve residents' social resilience. We must focus on the impact of people's health, future employment, digital development, and intensifying climate change on people's quality of life, and push improving people's wellbeing and quality of life to a new level. First, pay attention to the impact of the epidemic and continuously improve relevant institutional construction. In human history, while epidemics and disasters have brought severe negative impacts, they have also prompted some positive events, such as the convening of the First International Sanitary Conference and the establishment of international courts, which have promoted the improvement of international order. At present, the national epidemic prevention and control situation is generally improving, and we have smoothly entered the normalized prevention and control stage of "Class B management" [14]14 "Class B management" (乙类乙管): China's reclassification of COVID-19 from Class A to Class B infectious disease management, effective January 8, 2023, implying reduced stringent measures. (乙类乙管), but the global epidemic is still prevalent and the virus is still mutating. At this critical juncture, we must pay attention to people's quality of life, especially their spiritual world, because "unlike patients with physical diseases, patients with mental illness often hide invisible wounds in their hearts that laypeople cannot see." "One of the characteristics of infectious diseases is that they trigger fear, anxiety, and mass hysteria, and challenge social cohesion and people's ability to collectively manage crises. Infectious diseases can cause social fragmentation and personal trauma." Some scholars who have studied the impact of historical epidemics have found that the impact of some epidemics on economic development may last for decades, greatly reducing the efficiency of economic operations, and epidemics may occur periodically in different regions. In view of this, we must "keep a close eye on key links, do a good job of managing personnel at risk, and promote and implement on the basis of existing work. We must strengthen epidemic monitoring and normalized early warning capacity building, improve the epidemic monitoring system and information reporting system, make timely and accurate warnings, and take necessary emergency prevention and control measures."

其一，不断提升居民的社会恢复力。要重点关注人民健康、未来就业、数字化发展和不断加剧的气候变化等对人民生活品质的影响，把增进民生福祉，提高人民生活品质推向新高度。一是注重疫情影响，不断完善相关制度建设。人类历史上，疫情、灾害等带来严重负面影响的同时，也曾经促成了一些积极事件，例如，第一届国际卫生大会的召开，国际法庭的成立，等等，这些都促进了国际秩序的完善。当前全国疫情防控形势总体向好，平稳进入“乙类乙管”常态化防控阶段，但全球疫情仍在流行，病毒还在不断变异。在此关键时期，要关注人们的生活品质尤其是人们的精神世界，因为“与生理疾病患者不同，心理疾病患者内心往往藏着非业人士肉眼看不见的创伤”。“传染病的特点之一就是会引发恐惧、焦虑和大规模歇斯底里的情绪，并挑战社会凝聚力及人们共同管理危机的能力。传染病会造成社会撕裂与个人创伤。”有学者对历史上疫情产生的影响进行研究后发现，一些疫情对经济发展的影响可能持续数十年，会大大降低经济运行效率，而且疫情在不同区域可能会周期性出现。有鉴于此，当前我们要“盯紧关键环节，做好风险人员管控，在已有工作基础上再推进再落实。要加强疫情监测和常态化预警能力建设，健全疫情监测体系和信息报告制度，及时准确作出预警并采取必要的紧急防控措施”。

Second, continuously strengthen confidence in overcoming difficulties and improve the ability to cope with unexpected challenges and risks. The recovery of the economy depends to a large extent on people's confidence in overcoming various risks. Only by continuously strengthening confidence can we expand consumption. In the internet age, events happening to individuals or groups will spread rapidly through social networks, even being amplified, and the degree and speed of amplification are unprecedented, and the impact will also appear with greater intensity. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC emphasized enhancing the ambition, backbone, and confidence of the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the country, not believing in evil, not fearing ghosts, not being afraid of pressure, advancing despite difficulties, facing challenges head-on, coordinating development and security, and striving to overcome all difficulties and challenges on the way forward, opening up new horizons for the development of our cause through tenacious struggle. We should keep in mind that empty talk harms the country while solid work revitalizes it, firm confidence, unite as one, work hard, and forge ahead courageously.

二是不断增强战胜困难的信心，提高应对意外挑战和风险的能力。经济的恢复很大程度上取决于人们对战胜各种风险的信心。只有不断增强信心，才可能扩大消费。网络时代发生在个体或群体身上的事件会通过社交网络迅速传播，甚至被放大，且放大的程度和速度前所未有，影响也会以更大的烈度表现。党的二十大报告强调，增强全党全国各族人民的志气、骨气、底气，不信邪、不怕鬼、不怕压，知难而进、迎难而上，统筹发展和安全，全力战胜前进道路上各种困难和挑战，依靠顽强斗争打开事业发展新天地。我们应牢记空谈误国、实干兴邦，坚定信心、同心同德，埋头苦干、奋勇前进。

Third, against the backdrop of relatively large downward pressure on the world economy, promote China's economy to move forward against the trend in order to promote development and increase employment. First, further give play to the decisive role of the market in allocating resources, better play the role of the government, and promote a better combination of an effective market and a well-functioning government. Second, vigorously support the development of private enterprises, promote cooperation among multiple stakeholders, and find more solutions for the development of private enterprises in the increasingly connected and competitive domestic and international markets. Give full play to the irreplaceable role of private enterprises in promoting development, innovation, employment, improving people's wellbeing, and expanding opening up. Finally, adhere to coordinating development and security, and formulate strategies and measures that cover both the short term and the long term.

三是在世界经济面临较大下行压力的背景下，推动中国经济逆势前行，以促进发展、增加就业。首先，进一步发挥市场在配置资源中的决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，推动有效市场和有为政府更好结合。其次，要大力支持民营企业发展，促进多方利益相关者的合作，在联系日趋密切、竞争日趋激烈的国内国际市场中，为民营企业发展找到更多方案。充分发挥民营企业在推动发展、促进创新、增加就业、改善民生和扩大开放等方面不可替代的作用。最后，要坚持统筹发展和安全，制定兼有短期和长期的战略和措施。

Fourth, pay attention to special groups and actively respond to population aging. China's population aging presents distinct characteristics: a huge elderly population, a significantly accelerated aging process, obvious urban-rural differences in aging level, increasing quality of the elderly population, and the proportion of young elderly (low-age elderly) in the total elderly population exceeds half. Therefore, it is difficult for China to copy other countries' experiences. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, taking the overall situation into account and judging the situation, has made major strategic deployments, proposing to "implement a national strategy for actively responding to population aging." We must adhere to the Party's overall leadership, adhere to the concept of active aging, build a community of shared governance, co-construction, and shared benefits for the aging society, and adopt comprehensive measures to deal with population fertility pressure and population aging.

四是关注特殊群体，积极应对人口老龄化。我国的人口老龄化呈现鲜明特点，老年人口规模庞大，老龄化进程明显加快，老龄化水平城乡差异明显，老年人口素质不断提高，低龄老年人口占老年人口总数比重过半，因此，中国很难照搬别国经验。以习近平同志为核心的党中央总揽全局、审时度势作出重大战略部署，提出“实施积极应对人口老龄化国家战略”，要坚持党总揽全局，坚持积极老龄化观念，打造共建共治共享的老龄社会治理共同体，综合施策，应对人口生育压力、人口老龄化。

Second, promote high-quality employment. Always adhere to the employment-first strategy and continuously improve employment quality.

其二，推动高质量就业。始终坚持就业优先战略，不断提升就业质量。

First, employment is the foundation of people's livelihood. Employment is an important factor affecting quality of life, because "lack of work leads to isolation, and this isolated state of life makes it difficult or even impossible to lead a satisfactory life. However, the significant decline in happiness levels caused by unemployment is not limited to loss of income. In fact, even if the reduced income or other losses directly related to unemployment are compensated or offset, anxiety still arises during the unemployment process." Employment issues are both objective and subjective. We must unswervingly implement the employment-first strategy, place employment in a priority position in economic and social development, and continuously expand employment capacity. In 2023, we must give priority to grasping development, stabilizing employment, and promoting employment, comprehensively implement employment service policies, improve workers' skills, ensure employment stability, and pay special attention to the employment of key social groups.

一是就业是民生之本。就业是影响生活品质的重要因素，因为“没有工作就会导致孤立，这种孤立的生活状态很难或根本不可能使人过一种满意的生活。然而由失业引起的幸福水平的明显降低并不局限于收入方面的损失。事实上，即使减少的收入或其他与失业直接相关联的损失得到了补偿或冲抵，但失业过程中还是会出现忧虑”。就业问题既是客观问题，又会产生主观问题。必须坚定不移实施就业优先战略，将就业摆在经济社会发展的优先位置，不断扩大就业容量。2023年，要把抓发展、稳就业、促就业摆在重要位置，全方位落实就业服务政策，提高劳动者技能，保障就业稳定，特别要关注重点社会群体的就业。

Second, earnestly study the impact of the development of the internet and artificial intelligence on employment. Not only in China, but also worldwide, "the COVID-19 crisis and the accompanying social distancing measures have suddenly accelerated the process of innovation and technological change. Chatbots (which often use the same speech recognition technology as Amazon's AI voice assistant Alexa) and other software that can replace general manual labor are being rapidly deployed. These innovative applications, triggered by necessity (such as the need to implement health measures), will soon lead to the loss of thousands or even millions of jobs." The academic community needs to follow up on this new situation occurring in the field of employment both domestically and internationally. The practical community should reasonably use artificial intelligence on the premise of ensuring the improvement of quality of life for all members of society. For example, digital technology will provide technical support for new medical models. Based on various high-quality information, doctors can use AI assistance based on their own diagnoses and patients' records, greatly improving the accuracy of diagnosis; many surgeries can be performed by robots, and robots can also undertake certain nursing tasks, such as reminding patients to take medication. These will all change the mode and structure of medical services and have a profound impact on related employment.

二是抓紧研究互联网和人工智能发展给就业带来的影响。不仅在中国，而且在世界范围内，“新冠疫情危机及随之而来的社交隔离措施，令创新和技术变革进程突然加速。聊天机器人（通常与亚马逊的人工智能语音助手Alexa采用相同的语音识别技术）和其他可替代一般人工劳动的软件正在快速推行。这些因需要（如实施卫生措施的需要）而引发的创新应用很快会导致成千上万乃至百万的工作岗位流失。”学界对这种发生在国内外就业领域的新情况需要跟进研究，实务界应在保障全体社会成员生活品质提升前提下，合理使用人工智能。例如，数字化技术将为全新的医疗模式提供技术支撑，基于各种高质量信息，医生根据自己的诊断和病人的记录，采用人工智能辅助，可大大提高诊断的准确性；许多手术可以通过机器人完成，机器人也可以承担某些护理任务，如提醒病人服药等。这些都会改变医疗服务模式和结构，也会对相关就业产生深远影响。

Third, in the face of the challenges of the scientific and technological revolution, accelerate the reform of the education system. In the face of the impact of artificial intelligence, educational reform and innovation are key. Informatization and globalization have accelerated profound changes in the global economic landscape. Data from various countries show that technological progress is the fundamental reason for the decline in skill levels and wages of workers in developed economies, and those who can benefit from technological progress are mainly workers with higher levels of education. Education will be the key and core issue in the era of scientific and technological innovation. For both developed and developing countries, education is a fundamental issue. Developing countries need to unswervingly promote education reform and cultivate a team of scientific research talents with innovative thinking and strong development capabilities.

三是面对科技革命的挑战，加快教育体制改革。面对人工智能的冲击，教育改革创新是关键。信息化、全球化加速了全球经济格局的深刻变革。各国数据表明，技术进步是发达经济体技能水平、劳动者工资降低的根本原因，能从技术进步中受益的主要是那些受教育程度较高的劳动者。教育问题将是科技创新时代的关键、核心问题。无论对发达国家还是发展中国家而言，教育都是根本性问题。发展中国家更需要坚定不移推进教育改革，培养具有创新性思维、开发能力强的科研人才队伍。

Fourth, pay high attention to the employment and life issues of the younger generation. We must further strengthen social exchanges and interactions, promote sustained and stable economic development, and solve the employment problem, especially the employment problem of the younger generation. Among all age groups, we should pay special attention to the views of "Generation Z" [15]15 "Generation Z" refers to people born between 1995 and 2009, also known as the "online generation" or "internet generation." on economic prospects, strive to increase their job opportunities and enhance their confidence, and create a fair competitive environment for the younger generation. At the same time, in the process of high-quality economic development, while improving the material living standard, create a lively personal spiritual living environment and avoid "involution" [16]16 "Involution" (内卷) describes irrational internal competition or "involuntary" competition, often used in contexts like education and workplace. to the greatest extent possible.

四是高度关注年轻一代的就业和生活问题。要进一步加强社会交流互动，推动经济持续稳定发展，解决好就业问题，特别是年轻一代的就业问题。在所有年龄组中，要特别关注“Z世代”对经济前景的看法，努力增加其工作机会、增强其信心，为年轻世代创造公平的竞争环境。同时，在经济高质量发展中，在提高物质生活水平的同时，创造活泼的个人精神生活环境，最大限度地避免“内卷”。

Third, expand consumption demand on the basis of raising income levels. Whether expanding employment or expanding consumption, we must ensure stable, healthy, and sustainable economic development. First, increase the income of all members of society, strive to increase the income of low-income groups, expand the size of the middle-income group, and achieve a basically synchronous growth of per capita disposable income of national residents with economic growth. First, increasing income and continuously promoting high-quality economic development are key. We must grasp the prominent contradiction of insufficient aggregate demand currently faced in economic operation, place the recovery and expansion of consumption in a priority position, accelerate the construction of a modern industrial system, increase efforts to attract and utilize foreign capital, comprehensively promote the rural revitalization strategy, and prevent large-scale return to poverty. Second, expanding consumption must stably expand employment and maintain steady growth of residents' income. Third, targeting different groups, improve the reasonable wage growth mechanism, increase the proportion of labor remuneration in primary distribution, improve the participation mechanism of innovation factors in distribution, and increase property income through multiple channels. Finally, further improve the income distribution system. In accordance with the requirements of the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, correctly handle the relationship between primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution; guide and support enterprises, social organizations, and individuals with willingness and ability to participate in public welfare and charitable undertakings, and encourage and support the development of internet public welfare undertakings.

其三，在提高收入水平基础上扩大消费需求。无论是扩大就业，还是扩大消费，都必须确保经济平稳健康可持续发展。一是增加全体社会成员的收入，努力增加低收入群体收入，扩大中等收入群体规模，实现全国居民人均可支配收入增长与经济增长基本同步。首先，增加收入，不断推动经济高质量发展是关键。必须抓住总需求不足这一当前经济运行中面临的突出矛盾，把恢复和扩大消费摆在优先位置，加快建设现代化产业体系，加大力度吸引和利用外资，全面推进乡村振兴战略，防止出现规模性返贫。其次，扩大消费必须稳定扩大就业、保持居民收入稳步增长。再次，针对不同群体，健全工资合理增长机制，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重，完善创新要素参与分配机制，多渠道增加财产性收入。最后，进一步完善收入分配制度。按照党的二十大报告要求，正确处理初次分配、再分配、第三次分配之间的关系；引导、支持有意愿有能力的企业、社会组织和个人参与公益慈善事业，鼓励和支持互联网公益事业发展。

Second, on the issue of consumption, it is necessary to study the "consumption dilemma" that emerged in Japan after it entered the stage of aging and declining birthrate. Matsuda Kyuichi, Chairman of the Japan Market Research Institute, believes that "aversion to consumption brings not only negative impacts. The result of this generation's restraint on spending is an increase in deposit amounts. With the advancement of population aging and the decline in elderly income, the depletion of savings and other assets will lead to a decrease in the savings rate, which in turn will lead to insufficient funds for investment in hardware such as equipment." Japan's experience and lessons show that a decline in the fertility rate and a decrease in consumption among the younger generation will affect the long-term growth trend of the economy. At the same time, with the advent of the information society and smart society, people's consumption patterns are also changing, which will have an impact on sustained economic growth. We must encourage the younger generation to be motivated and upward-looking, "especially diligence, which is highly valued as a value and ethic that supports social development."

二是在消费问题上，有必要研究日本在进入老龄化和少子化阶段后出现的“消费困境问题”。日本市场研究所董事长松田九一认为，“厌消费带来的不仅仅是负面影响。这一代人抑制支出产生的结果是存款数额的增加。随着社会老龄化的推进和老年人收入的降低，存款等资产的耗尽会导致储蓄率降低，进而会使投资在设备等硬件上的资金不足。”日本的经验和教训表明，生育率降低和年轻一代消费减少会影响经济长期增长趋势。与此同时，随着信息社会、智慧社会的到来，人们的消费方式也在发生变化，这些都会对经济持续增长产生影响。要鼓励年轻一代奋发向上，“特别是勤奋，作为支撑社会发展的价值及伦理受到极大重视”。

Conclusion

结语

The road ahead will not be smooth; Chinese-path modernization definitely cannot be achieved with ease and fanfare. In the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly pointed out: "We must strengthen our awareness of potential dangers, adhere to bottom-line thinking, remain vigilant in times of peace, and prepare for major tests that may be rough and even stormy." On the way forward, we must firmly grasp the following major principles: uphold and strengthen the Party's overall leadership, adhere to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the people-centered development philosophy, adhere to deepening reform and opening up, and adhere to carrying forward the spirit of struggle. These "five major principles" are not only a call to action issued by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on the overall strategic situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century [17]17 "Changes unseen in a century" is a phrase coined by Xi Jinping to describe the profound transformations in the international landscape., to the whole Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the country as they embark on a new journey, but also the fundamental adherence for us to comprehensively build a modern socialist country, achieve the second centenary goal [18]18 The "second centenary goal" refers to building China into a modern socialist country by 2049, the centenary of the People's Republic of China., and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. At the same time, they point the direction for us to continuously improve people's quality of life in the construction of Chinese-path modernization in the new stage of development.

前进道路上不会一帆风顺，中国式现代化绝不是轻轻松松、敲锣打鼓就能实现的。习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中明确指出：“我们必须增强忧患意识，坚持底线思维，做到居安思危、未雨绸缪，准备经受风高浪急甚至惊涛骇浪的重大考验。”前进道路上，我们必须牢牢把握以下重大原则：坚持和加强党的全面领导、坚持中国特色社会主义道路、坚持以人民为中心的发展思想、坚持深化改革开放、坚持发扬斗争精神。“五个重大原则”既是以习近平同志为核心的党中央立足中华民族伟大复兴战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局向全党全国各族人民奋进新征程发出的号令，也是我们全面建设社会主义现代化国家、实现第二个百年奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的根本遵循，同时为我们在新发展阶段，在中国式现代化建设中不断提高人民生活品质指明了方向。

Source: Academic Frontier Magazine (Xueqianyan Zazhi) WeChat public account, November 8, 2024.

文章来源：《学术前沿杂志》公众号2024年11月8日

Online editor: Jing Mu.

网络编辑：静穆