Guiding the Construction of People's Cities with the People's City Concept

Cities are the centers of China's economic, political, cultural, social and other activities, and occupy a pivotal position in the overall work of the Party and the state. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has scientifically grasped the general trend of urban development, deeply understood the laws of urban development, and delivered a series of important discourses on urban work, many of which are reflected in Volume I of Selected Economic Works of Xi Jinping. For example, in his speech at the Central Conference on Urbanization Work, he pointed out: "The level of urban construction is not only related to the quality of life of residents, but also the vitality of the city"; in Accelerating the Construction of a New Development Pattern and Striving to Promote High-Quality Development, he stated: "Adhere to the principle that people's cities are built by the people and for the people, improve the level of urban planning, construction, and governance, accelerate the transformation of the development mode of megacities and super-large cities, implement urban renewal actions, strengthen urban infrastructure construction, and build livable, resilient, and smart cities." On the new journey of the New Era, the important role of cities in China's economic and social development and the improvement of people's livelihoods is increasingly prominent. We must deeply study and implement General Secretary Xi Jinping's important discourses on urban work, firmly grasp the laws of urban development, practice the people's city concept, and promote high-quality urban development in the process of Chinese-path modernization.

城市是我国经济、政治、文化、社会等方面活动的中心，在党和国家工作全局中具有举足轻重的地位。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记科学把握城市发展大势，深刻洞察城市发展规律，围绕城市工作作出一系列重要论述，其中不少在《习近平经济文选》第一卷中都有体现。比如，《在中央城镇化工作会议上的讲话》指出：“城镇建设水平，不仅关系居民生活质量，而且也是城市生命力所在”；《加快构建新发展格局，着力推动高质量发展》指出：“坚持人民城市人民建、人民城市为人民，提高城市规划、建设、治理水平，加快转变超大特大城市发展方式，实施城市更新行动，加强城市基础设施建设，打造宜居、韧性、智慧城市”；等等。新时代新征程，城市在我国经济社会发展、民生改善中的重要作用日益凸显。我们要深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于城市工作的重要论述，牢牢把握城市发展规律，践行人民城市理念，在中国式现代化进程中推动城市高质量发展。

The People's City Concept Is the Essence and Core of the Urban Development Path with Chinese Characteristics

人民城市理念是中国特色城市发展道路的精髓要义

In his speech at the Central Conference on Urbanization Work, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Urbanization is the only way to modernization." Achieving urbanization in a large developing country like China with a population of over 1.4 billion has no precedent in human history. China's national conditions of a large urban population and strong resource constraints determine that China cannot follow the old path of Western urban development and must take an urban development path with Chinese characteristics. The Central Conference on Urban Work held in 2015 clearly proposed "raising the level of new-type urbanization and embarking on an urban development path with Chinese characteristics" and demanded "adhering to the principle that people's cities are for the people." The people's city concept profoundly answers the fundamental question of for whom and by whom urban construction and development are carried out; it is the essence and core of the urban development path with Chinese characteristics.

习近平总书记在《在中央城镇化工作会议上的讲话》中指出：“城镇化是现代化的必由之路。”在我国这样一个拥有14亿多人口的发展中大国实现城镇化，在人类历史上没有先例。我国城市人口规模大、资源约束强，这一国情决定了我国不能走西方城市发展的老路，必须走中国特色城市发展道路。2015年举行的中央城市工作会议明确提出“提高新型城镇化水平，走出一条中国特色城市发展道路”，并要求“坚持人民城市为人民”。人民城市理念深刻回答了城市建设发展为了谁、依靠谁的根本问题，是中国特色城市发展道路的精髓要义。

Cities are landmarks of human civilization. Modern cities are the result of the development of productive forces and social division of labor. Since the Industrial Revolution, with the advancement of modernization, the status of cities in the development of a country or society has been rising. According to the 2023 report of UN-Habitat, in 1800, the urban population accounted for only 2% of the global population; in 1900, this proportion reached 15%. In the 1950s, the urban population began to expand. In 1950, the urban population accounted for about 30% of the global population, exceeded 50% by 2007, and reached 56% in 2023. Currently, cities contribute more than 80% of global GDP. They are not only engines driving world economic development but also important carriers for creating a happy life, and are of great significance for promoting the comprehensive development of people. In the process of urban development, people have formed different ideological concepts and different theoretical schools regarding what kind of cities to build and how to build them.

城市是人类文明的地标。现代城市是生产力发展与社会分工的结果。工业革命以来，随着现代化的推进，城市在一个国家或社会发展中的地位不断上升。根据联合国人居署2023年的报告，1800年，城市人口仅占全球人口的2%；1900年，这一比例达到15%。20世纪50年代，城市人口开始扩张。1950年，城市人口约占全球人口的30%，到2007年超过50%，2023年达到56%。当前，城市贡献了80%以上的全球国内生产总值，既是推动世界经济发展的引擎，也是创造幸福生活的重要载体，对于促进人的全面发展具有重要意义。在城市发展过程中，人们对于建设什么样的城市、怎样建设城市形成了不同的思想理念、不同的理论流派。

China's modern urban construction started relatively late. At the end of 1949, China's urbanization rate of the registered population was only 10.64%. After the founding of New China, under the strong leadership of our Party, with the "one industrialization and three transformations" [1]1 "One industrialization and three transformations" refers to the socialist industrialization and the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicraft industry, and capitalist industry and commerce, a policy implemented in China in the early 1950s. and the recovery and development of the national economy, a number of emerging industrial and mining cities were born, the population gathered in cities, and the urban population continued to increase. After reform and opening up, China experienced the largest scale and fastest urbanization process in world history, and urban development was magnificent. From 1978 to 2012, the number of cities in China increased from 193 to 657, and the number of designated towns increased from 2,173 to 19,881; the urban population increased from 170 million to 710 million, and the urbanization rate rose from 17.9% to 52.6%, basically reaching the world average. The three major city clusters of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta attained considerable strength; the urban development landscape in the central and western regions and the northeastern region underwent great changes, becoming the main front for economic growth.

我国现代城市建设起步较晚，1949年末我国人口城镇化率只有10.64%。新中国成立后，在我们党的坚强领导下，随着“一化三改”和国民经济恢复发展，一批新兴工矿业城市诞生，人口向城市聚集，城镇人口数量不断增加。改革开放后，我国经历了世界历史上规模最大、速度最快的城镇化进程，城市发展波澜壮阔。1978—2012年，我国城市数量从193个增加到657个，建制镇从2173个增加到19881个；城镇人口从1.7亿增加到7.1亿，城镇化率从17.9%上升到52.6%，基本达到世界平均水平。京津冀、长三角、珠三角三大城市群具备相当实力，中西部地区和东北地区城市发展面貌发生很大变化，成为经济增长主阵地。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to strengthening the Party's leadership over urban work, deployed and implemented a series of major strategies and important measures, and promoted new-type urbanization with people at the core, embarking on an urban development path with Chinese characteristics. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized at the 2013 Central Conference on Urbanization Work "promoting China's urbanization along the correct direction" and "the correct direction is new-type urbanization," and summarized the basic principles of promoting new-type urbanization as four aspects: people-oriented, optimizing layout, ecological civilization, and inheriting culture; at the 2015 Central Conference on Urban Work, he pointed out: "To do a good job in urban work, we must conform to the new situation of urban work, the new requirements of reform and development, and the new expectations of the people, adhere to the people-centered development thinking, and adhere to the principle that people's cities are for the people"; during an inspection in Shanghai in 2019, he proposed "people's cities are built by the people, and people's cities are for the people"; at the 30th Anniversary Celebration of Pudong Development and Opening Up in 2020, he emphasized "adhering to the principal position of the broad masses of the people in urban construction and development"; in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC in 2022, he again stressed "adhering to the principle that people's cities are built by the people, and people's cities are for the people." General Secretary Xi Jinping's series of important discourses consistently reflect that urban work must adhere to being people-centered. The people's city concept is precisely the clear manifestation of adhering to being people-centered in urban work. The people's city concept profoundly clarifies that Party leadership is the fundamental guarantee and greatest strength for the construction of people's cities, and that doing a good job in urban work must strengthen and improve Party leadership; it profoundly clarifies adhering to the principal position of the broad masses of the people in urban construction and development, that urban construction must prioritize making the people live in comfort and safety, leave the best resources to the people, and enable the people to live more conveniently, more comfortably, and better in the city; it profoundly clarifies coordinating the three major structures of space, scale, and industry, the three major links of planning, construction, and management, the three major driving forces of reform, science and technology, and culture, the three major layouts of production, living, and ecology, and the three major subjects of government, society, and citizens, to better promote the construction of people's cities. The people's city concept profoundly clarifies the fundamental guarantee, value orientation, goals and tasks, and ideas and methods of the construction of people's cities; it is a profound grasp of the laws of urban development.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视加强党对城市工作的领导，部署实施一系列重大战略和重要举措，推进以人为核心的新型城镇化，走出了一条中国特色城市发展道路。习近平总书记2013年在中央城镇化工作会议上强调“推动我国城镇化沿着正确方向发展”“正确的方向就是新型城镇化”，并把推进新型城镇化的基本原则归纳为以人为本、优化布局、生态文明、传承文化4个方面；2015年在中央城市工作会议上指出“做好城市工作，要顺应城市工作新形势、改革发展新要求、人民群众新期待，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，坚持人民城市为人民”；2019年在上海考察时提出“人民城市人民建，人民城市为人民”；2020年在浦东开发开放30周年庆祝大会上强调“要坚持广大人民群众在城市建设和发展中的主体地位”；2022年在党的二十大报告中再次强调“坚持人民城市人民建、人民城市为人民”；等等。习近平总书记的一系列重要论述，一以贯之体现了城市工作要坚持以人民为中心。人民城市理念正是坚持以人民为中心在城市工作中的鲜明体现。人民城市理念深刻阐明党的领导是人民城市建设的根本保证和最大优势，做好城市工作必须加强和改善党的领导；深刻阐明坚持广大人民群众在城市建设和发展中的主体地位，城市建设必须把让人民宜居安居放在首位，把最好的资源留给人民，让人民群众在城市生活得更方便、更舒心、更美好；深刻阐明统筹空间、规模、产业三大结构，规划、建设、管理三大环节，改革、科技、文化三大动力，生产、生活、生态三大布局，政府、社会、市民三大主体，更好推动人民城市建设；等等。人民城市理念深刻阐明了人民城市建设的根本保证、价值取向、目标任务、思路方法等，是对城市发展规律的深刻把握。

In the New Era, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, China has practiced the people's city concept and adhered to the urban development path with Chinese characteristics. As of the end of 2023, China's urbanization rate of the permanent resident population reached 66.16%, with over 930 million people living in cities and towns; China's "two horizontal and three vertical" [2]2 "Two horizontal and three vertical" refers to China's urbanization strategic pattern: two horizontal axes (the Lanzhou-Xinjiang and Yangtze River corridors) and three vertical axes (the coastal, Beijing-Harbin-Beijing-Guangzhou, and Baotou-Kunming corridors). urbanization strategic pattern has basically taken shape, the coordination of urban regional development has strengthened, the spatial distribution has become increasingly balanced, the number of cities reached 694, there are 29 cities with a permanent resident population of more than 5 million, and 11 cities with more than 10 million; the urban economy has entered a stage of high-quality development, vitality is released, and resilience is manifested. In 2023, the GDP of cities at the prefecture level and above reached 77.0 trillion yuan, contributing 61.1% of the national GDP; platform economy, sharing economy, and digital economy are flourishing, releasing urban consumption vitality. Supported by high-quality urban development, the people's livelihood security has been continuously improved, and people's lives have become better. From 2013 to 2023, China has cumulatively achieved more than 140 million new urban jobs; except for 2020 and 2022 affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the surveyed urban unemployment rate has remained within 5.5% in other years. Urban-rural integrated development has achieved notable results, the settlement restrictions in cities with a permanent resident population of less than 3 million have been basically lifted, the equalization of basic public services between urban and rural areas has been deepened, and the level of integration of urban and rural infrastructure has been significantly improved.

新时代以来，在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下，我国践行人民城市理念，坚持走中国特色城市发展道路。截至2023年末，我国常住人口城镇化率达到66.16%，超过9.3亿人口生活在城镇；我国“两横三纵”城镇化战略格局基本形成，城市区域发展协调性增强，空间分布日益均衡，城市数量达到694个，常住人口超过500万的城市有29个，超过1000万的城市有11个；城市经济进入高质量发展阶段，活力释放、韧性彰显，2023年地级以上城市地区生产总值达77.0万亿元，贡献了61.1%的国内生产总值，平台经济、共享经济、数字经济蓬勃发展，释放城市消费活力。在城市高质量发展支撑下，民生保障不断健全，人民生活更加美好。2013—2023年，我国累计实现城镇新增就业超1.4亿人，城镇调查失业率除2020年、2022年受新冠疫情影响外，其他年份均保持在5.5%以内。城乡融合发展成效明显，城区常住人口300万以下城市的落户限制基本取消，城乡基本公共服务均等化深入推进，城乡基础设施一体化水平显著提升。

Accurately Grasp the Distinctive Characteristics of People's Cities

准确把握人民城市的鲜明特点

In his speech at the Central Conference on Urbanization Work, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Solving the problem of people is the key to promoting new-type urbanization"; in The Basic Approach to Urban Work, he pointed out: "Citizens are the main body of urban construction and urban development. We must respect citizens' right to know, participate in, and supervise urban development decisions, and encourage enterprises and citizens to participate in urban construction and management through various means." At present, China's urban development has entered an important period of urban renewal. The people's city concept endows China's urban development with distinctive characteristics, making the people's lives happier.

习近平总书记在《在中央城镇化工作会议上的讲话》中指出：“解决好人的问题是推进新型城镇化的关键”；在《做好城市工作的基本思路》中指出：“市民是城市建设、城市发展的主体。要尊重市民对城市发展决策的知情权、参与权、监督权，鼓励企业和市民通过各种方式参与城市建设、管理。”当前，我国城市发展已进入城市更新的重要时期。人民城市理念赋予我国城市发展鲜明特点，让人民群众生活更幸福。

Adhere to being people-oriented. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The core of the city is the people. Whether the people are satisfied and whether life is convenient are important criteria for judging whether urban work is done well. We must adhere to being people-oriented, continuously improve urban functions, and enhance the quality of life of the people." The city is the carrier of the people's good life, and the masses of the people are the main body of urban construction and the driving force of urban development. Only by adhering to being people-oriented, practicing whole-process people's democracy, organically unifying the people being the masters of the country with the fundamental purpose of our Party of serving the people wholeheartedly, and firmly grasping the twelve words "clothing, food, housing, transportation, birth, aging, illness, death, living in peace, and working happily" can we promote high-quality development that unifies urban development and the improvement of people's livelihoods. For example, Shanghai insists on integrating whole-process people's democracy into the modernization of urban governance, stimulating the people's enthusiasm and creativity in creating a better life through various forms such as people's deliberation halls and community live broadcast rooms, building an urban governance community, and promoting the people's deep participation in urban governance, construction, and maintenance; Xiamen in 2024 used the Standing Committee of the Municipal People's Congress to vote and pass 40 livelihood matters, solving the most direct livelihood issues of the people, ensuring that the people share the fruits of livelihood improvement, and creating a happy background for the city. Practicing the people's city concept requires practicing whole-process people's democracy in the construction, operation, and governance of the city, better building an urban governance community where everyone participates, everyone is responsible, everyone contributes, and everyone shares, empowering the balanced and accessible basic public services of the city, and enabling the people to live more conveniently, more comfortably, and better in the city.

坚持以人为本。习近平总书记指出：“城市的核心是人，城市工作做得好不好，老百姓满意不满意、生活方便不方便，是重要评判标准。要坚持以人为本，不断完善城市功能，提高群众生活品质。”城市是人民美好生活的载体，人民群众是城市建设的主体和城市发展的动力源泉。坚持以人为本，践行全过程人民民主，把人民当家作主同我们党全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨有机统一，牢牢抓住“衣食住行、生老病死、安居乐业”12个字，才能推动城市发展与民生改善相统一的高质量发展。比如，上海坚持将全过程人民民主融入城市治理现代化，通过人民议事厅和社区直播间等多种形式，激发人民创建美好生活的积极性和创造力，构建城市治理共同体，推动人民深度参与城市治理、建设和维护；厦门2024年采用市人大常委会票决通过40项民生事项，解决人民最直接的民生问题，确保人民共享民生成果，打造城市幸福底色；等等。践行人民城市理念，就要在城市的建设、运行和治理中践行全过程人民民主，更好构建人人参与、人人负责、人人奉献、人人共享的城市治理共同体，赋能城市基本公共服务均衡可及，让人民群众在城市生活得更方便、更舒心、更美好。

Attach great importance to the protection of history and culture. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in The Basic Approach to Urban Work in 2015: "China's 5,000-year-old civilization is mainly carried by cities"; during an inspection in Guangdong in 2018, he emphasized "urban planning and construction must attach great importance to the protection of history and culture, not be eager for quick success, and not engage in large-scale demolition and construction." Cities inherit and accumulate bits and pieces of history in their formation and development, witnessing and carrying the development process of culture. Only by respecting history and culture, and integrating the protection of historical and cultural resources into the lives of citizens, can the urban cultural context be better continued, the city be nourished by culture, and the spiritual and cultural needs of the people be better met. The Chinese nation has a civilization history of more than 5,000 years, and the cultural continuation and historical inheritance of each city contain the wisdom of the Chinese nation advancing with the times, the spirit of inclusiveness, and the culture of endless vitality. They witness the city's past, highlight the city's foundation, and also indicate the city's future; they are not only the wealth of contemporary people but also characteristic resources for future generations. To promote urban development, we must deeply understand that culture is the soul of the city. For example, Beijing has determined the overall framework of the national cultural center construction of "one core, one city, three belts, two zones" [3]3 "One core, one city, three belts, two zones" is the overall framework for Beijing's national cultural center construction: one core (core functional area of the capital), one city (famous historical and cultural city), three belts (Grand Canal Cultural Belt, Great Wall Cultural Belt, and Western Hills-Yongding River Cultural Belt), and two zones (National Cultural Industry Innovation Experimental Zone and National Foreign Cultural Trade Base)., formulated regulations on the protection of historical and cultural cities, promoted the complementarity of the modernization development of super-large cities and the protection of historical and cultural heritage, and continued the urban cultural context in the construction of people's cities. Practicing the people's city concept and building people's cities requires not only promoting urban economic development but also doing a good job in excavating and protecting urban historical and cultural resources, integrating the protection of historical and cultural relics into urban renewal, leaving memories in the city, and letting people remember their nostalgia.

高度重视历史文化保护。习近平总书记2015年在《做好城市工作的基本思路》中指出：“我国五千多年的悠久文明，城市是一个主要载体”；2018年在广东考察时强调“城市规划和建设要高度重视历史文化保护，不急功近利，不大拆大建”。城市在形成和发展中传承和积淀了历史的点点滴滴，见证和承载着文化的发展历程。敬畏历史、尊重文化，让历史文化资源保护融入市民生活，才能更好延续城市文脉，实现以文润城，才能更好满足人民群众的精神文化生活需要。中华民族拥有5000多年文明史，每一座城市的文化延续和历史传承都蕴含了中华民族与时俱进的智慧、包容兼蓄的精神和生生不息的文化。它们见证着城市的过往，彰显着城市的底蕴，也预示着城市的未来，不仅是当代人的财富，也是子孙后代的特色资源。推动城市发展，必须深刻认识文化是城市的灵魂。比如，北京确定全国文化中心建设“一核一城三带两区”的总体框架，制定历史文化名城保护条例，推动超大城市的现代化发展与历史文化传承保护相得益彰，在人民城市建设中延续城市文脉。践行人民城市理念，建设人民城市，不仅要推动城市经济发展，而且要做好城市历史文化资源的挖掘和保护，让历史文化遗存保护融入城市更新之中，让城市留下记忆，让人们记住乡愁。

Strive to promote urban modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The city is an important carrier of modernization." As the most active region of economic and social development, urban modernization is an inherent requirement for advancing Chinese-path modernization and an important manifestation of the development achievements of Chinese-path modernization. The essence of modernization is the modernization of people. China's cities are spatial carriers and main fronts for promoting high-quality development, promoting urban-rural integrated development, and enhancing people's well-being, as well as important places for promoting the modernization of people. The urban education and talent system is complete, digital, networked, and intelligent tools are advanced, which can better promote the leap of laborers, means of labor, subjects of labor, and their optimal combination, and develop new quality productive forces. For example, Hangzhou relies on the data foundation and computing power foundation to strengthen the construction of the city's brain and create a smart city with data-driven operation and intelligent governance. At the same time, it must be recognized that urban modernization is not simply industrial expansion and population agglomeration, nor can it be at the expense of the countryside; it must promote the comprehensive development of people in the process of promoting common prosperity for all the people. Practicing the people's city concept and building people's cities requires fully utilizing modern scientific and technological means, strengthening the leading role of innovation, practicing the development concept of intensive, efficient, green, low-carbon, safe and resilient, and promoting the transformation of urban development from traditional incremental expansion to high-quality efficiency improvement. By optimizing resource allocation, improving urban quality, and enhancing urban resilience, ensure that all classes and groups do not fall behind in the modernization process and share the fruits of development, making the city not only an engine of economic development but also a happy home where people can live, work, and develop comprehensively.

着力推进城市现代化。习近平总书记指出：“城市是现代化的重要载体”。作为经济社会发展最活跃的区域，城市现代化是推进中国式现代化的内在要求，也是中国式现代化发展成果的重要体现。现代化的本质是人的现代化。我国城市是推动高质量发展、促进城乡融合发展、增进民生福祉的空间载体和主阵地，也是推动人的现代化的重要场所。城市教育和人才体系完善，数字化、网络化、智能化工具先进，能够更好推动劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升，发展新质生产力。比如，杭州依托数据底座与算力基础，加强城市大脑建设，打造运行数据化、治理智能化的智慧城市。同时要认识到，城市现代化不是单纯的产业扩张、人口集聚，也不能以牺牲乡村为代价，而要在推动实现全体人民共同富裕中促进人的全面发展。践行人民城市理念，建设人民城市，要充分运用现代科技手段，强化创新引领作用，践行集约高效、绿色低碳、安全韧性的发展理念，推动城市发展从传统的增量扩张向高质量的提质增效转变。通过优化资源配置、提升城市品质、增强城市韧性，确保所有阶层和群体在现代化进程中不掉队，共享发展成果，让城市不仅成为经济发展的引擎，更成为人民安居乐业、实现全面发展的幸福家园。

Highlight the protection of the urban ecological environment. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "A good ecological environment is the fairest public product and the most inclusive people's well-being" and "to build a modernization in which man and nature coexist harmoniously, we must place the protection of the urban ecological environment in a more prominent position, and scientifically and rationally plan urban production space, living space, and ecological space." The course of urban development throughout history shows that cities and nature are symbiotic, not antagonistic; cities should be the product of conforming to nature, not invaders of nature. Modern cities, as the most concentrated areas of human activity, consume a large amount of natural resources in their operation and are also the most concentrated places of pollution emissions. According to UN-Habitat statistics, cities occupy less than 2% of the earth's surface but consume 78% of the world's energy, and more than 60% of greenhouse gas emissions come from urban areas. For human survival, while gold and silver mountains are important, clear waters and lush mountains are also an important part of the people's happy life, equally important. In the process of Chinese-path modernization, promoting the harmonious coexistence of urban development and natural ecology is not only an inherent requirement for high-quality urban development but also an important part of meeting the people's needs for a better life. For example, Fuzhou connects public spaces and ecological resources, builds urban forest trails, and creates a national ecological civilization demonstration city where man and nature coexist harmoniously; Chengdu insists on conducting urban physical examinations, coordinating the promotion of reducing carbon, reducing pollution, expanding green, and increasing growth, and building a park city that integrates mountains, water, cities, and gardens. Practicing the people's city concept and building people's cities requires fully, accurately, and comprehensively implementing the new development concept, planning and laying out urban green development with systematic thinking, handling the relationship between urban production and living and ecological environmental protection, both improving the quality of economic development and enhancing the quality of life of the people.

突出保护城市生态环境。习近平总书记指出：“良好生态环境是最公平的公共产品，是最普惠的民生福祉”“建设人与自然和谐共生的现代化，必须把保护城市生态环境摆在更加突出的位置，科学合理规划城市的生产空间、生活空间、生态空间”。古往今来的城市发展历程表明，城市与自然是共生的而非对立的，城市应当是顺应自然的产物，而非自然的入侵者。现代城市作为人类活动最集中的区域，在运行中需要消耗大量自然资源，也是污染排放最集中的地方。根据联合国人居署统计，城市只占地球表面不到2%的面积，但消耗了全世界78%的能源，超过60%的温室气体排放来自城市地区。对人的生存来说，金山银山固然重要，但绿水青山也是人民幸福生活的重要内容，同样十分重要。在中国式现代化进程中，推动城市发展与自然生态和谐共生，不仅是城市高质量发展的内在要求，也是满足人民美好生活需要的重要内容。比如，福州串联公共空间与生态资源，建设城市森林步道，创建人与自然和谐共生的国家生态文明示范市；成都坚持开展城市体检，协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长，构建山水城园相融合的公园城市。践行人民城市理念，建设人民城市，必须完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，以系统思维谋划布局城市绿色发展，处理好城市生产生活和生态环境保护的关系，既提高经济发展质量，又提高人民生活品质。

Promoting the Construction of People's Cities Requires Handling a Series of Relationships

推进人民城市建设需要处理好一系列关系

The current and future period is a critical period for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in The Basic Approach to Urban Work: "We must understand, respect, and conform to the laws of urban development, correct the guiding ideology of urban development, and earnestly do a good job in urban work." The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed the urban construction goal of "building livable, resilient, and smart cities." The Decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC made important arrangements for "adhering to the principle that people's cities are built by the people and for the people," proposing "establishing a sustainable urban renewal model and policies and regulations, strengthening the construction of underground comprehensive pipe corridors and the renovation and upgrading of old pipelines, and deepening the action to improve urban safety and resilience." The Central Economic Work Conference held at the end of 2024 proposed "vigorously implementing urban renewal" and "enhancing the level of modernization governance of megacities and super-large cities." To implement the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's important speeches and the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, practice the people's city concept, and promote the construction of people's cities, we must correctly handle a series of relationships.

当前和今后一个时期是以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期。习近平总书记在《做好城市工作的基本思路》中指出：“我们必须认识、尊重、顺应城市发展规律，端正城市发展指导思想，切实做好城市工作。”党的二十大报告提出“打造宜居、韧性、智慧城市”的城市建设目标。党的二十届三中全会《决定》对“坚持人民城市人民建、人民城市为人民”作出重要部署，提出“建立可持续的城市更新模式和政策法规，加强地下综合管廊建设和老旧管线改造升级，深化城市安全韧性提升行动”。2024年底召开的中央经济工作会议提出“大力实施城市更新”“提升超大特大城市现代化治理水平”。贯彻落实习近平总书记重要讲话精神和党中央决策部署，践行人民城市理念，推进人民城市建设，必须正确处理一系列关系。

The relationship between top-level design and grassroots exploration. Promoting the construction of people's cities is a systematic and overall project that requires systematic planning under overall consideration and overall advancement under systematic planning. It is necessary to grasp the laws of urban development, fully consider the common needs of the people, do a good job in the overall deployment and top-level design of the city, and form a complete, innovative, and forward-looking urban construction plan; at the same time, combine grassroots practice, respect the actual conditions of different cities, integrate theory with practice, link history with reality, and form the characteristics of urban development through exploration in practice. It is necessary to grasp the common and specific laws of urban development, pay attention to the organic combination of universality and uniqueness, base on one's own historical heritage and endowment advantages, adhere to adapting measures to local conditions, and actively explore urban development paths suitable for one's own characteristics.

顶层设计与基层探索的关系。推进人民城市建设是一项系统性、全局性工程，需要在统筹兼顾中系统谋划、在系统谋划中整体推进。既要把握城市发展规律，充分考虑人民群众的共同需求，做好城市整体部署和顶层设计，形成具有完整性、创新性、前瞻性的城市建设规划；又要结合基层实践，尊重不同城市的实际情况，将理论与实践相结合、历史和现实相贯通，在实践中探索形成城市发展的特色。要把握城市发展的共性与特性规律，注重普遍性与独特性的有机结合，立足自身的历史底蕴与禀赋优势，坚持因地制宜，积极探索适合自身特色的城市发展路径。

The relationship between modernization construction and the protection of historical and cultural heritage. In the process of promoting the construction of people's cities, it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between modernization construction and the protection of historical and cultural heritage, so that the city's history, reality, and future are integrated, without losing cultural heritage and historical foundation in the process of modernization. In urban planning and construction, it is necessary to make sufficient "embroidery efforts" [4]4 "Embroidery efforts" is a metaphor for meticulous, fine-grained urban management, akin to the careful work of embroidery., manage and protect cultural resources in all aspects with refined management and protection measures; coordinate the relationship between urban renewal and cultural symbiosis, conduct a comprehensive survey of urban historical and cultural resources, completely preserve those places of interest and historical and cultural relics that embody the people's emotions, so that every historical site and every cultural memory can be continued. At the same time, deeply excavate the rich connotation of historical and cultural resources, strengthen the promotion and dissemination of characteristic cultural resources, integrate the city's history and culture into the daily life of the people, so that urban residents have history to tell and objects to see, and let history and culture radiate new vitality and vitality in the New Era.

现代化建设与历史文化传承保护的关系。在推进人民城市建设过程中，需要统筹好现代化建设与历史文化传承保护的关系，让城市历史与现实、未来相融合，在现代化进程中不失文化底蕴与历史根基。在城市规划和建设中，要下足“绣花功夫”，以精细化的管理与保护措施，加强对文化资源的全方位保护；协调好城市更新与文化共生的关系，做好城市历史文化资源的全面普查，完整保留那些凝聚着人民情感的名胜古迹和历史文化遗存，让每一处历史遗迹、每一段文化记忆都得以延续。同时，深入挖掘历史文化资源的丰富内涵，强化特色文化资源的推广与传播，将城市的历史文化融入人民群众的日常生活，让城市居民有史可讲、有物可瞻，让历史文化在新时代焕发出新的生机与活力。

The relationship between concentrated development and dispersed development. In urban development, the concentration of population and resources in large cities can achieve efficient use of resources and produce scale effects. At the same time, the resource and environmental carrying capacity of cities cannot support unlimited expansion and disorderly agglomeration of urban scale. Dispersed development helps to relieve the pressure on the city center and build a livable environment, but there are also disadvantages such as increased production costs and scattered transportation. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate concentrated and dispersed development of cities, reasonably determine the scope of city clusters and metropolitan areas, enhance the rationality of industrial division among cities within city clusters, establish a complete infrastructure and transportation network, and achieve complementary advantages. Promote central cities within city clusters and metropolitan areas to better radiate and drive the coordinated and linked development of surrounding small and medium-sized cities, forming a spatially compact, division-of-labor cooperative, and functionally complete urban spatial pattern, achieving the organic unity of efficiency, livability, and sustainable development.

集中发展与分散发展的关系。在城市发展中，人口与资源向大城市集聚，能够实现资源的高效利用，产生规模效应。同时，城市的资源与环境承载力难以支撑城市规模的无限扩张和无序集聚。分散发展有助于缓解城市中心的压力，构建宜居环境，但也存在生产成本增加、交通运输分散等不足。因此，必须统筹城市集中发展与分散发展，合理确定城市群和都市圈范围，增强城市群内城市之间的产业分工合理性，建立完善的基础设施和交通网络，实现优势互补。推动城市群、都市圈内的中心城市更好地辐射带动周边中小城市协调联动发展，形成疏密有致、分工协作、功能完善的城市空间格局，实现高效、宜居与可持续发展的有机统一。

The relationship between high-quality development of cities and comprehensive rural revitalization. Urban-rural integrated development is an inevitable requirement of Chinese-path modernization. Only by integrating the dismantling of the urban-rural dual structure[6]6 "Urban-rural dual structure" (城乡二元结构) denotes the historical institutional division in China between urban and rural areas, based on the household registration (hukou) system, which created separate economic and social systems. into the overall layout of people's city construction can the city's resource integration advantages and radiating and driving role be fully leveraged, an industrial system that is complementary and coordinated between urban and rural areas be built, two-way free flow of factors be realized, complementarity between urban and rural areas be enhanced, and thereby a positive interaction between comprehensive rural revitalization[7]7 "Comprehensive rural revitalization" (乡村全面振兴) is a national strategy proposed by Xi Jinping to rejuvenate rural areas across multiple dimensions including industry, talent, culture, ecology, and organization. and high-quality urban development be achieved. Cities should give play to their advantages in industrial base, scientific and technological strength, and talent resources to drive the development of rural areas; rural areas should also fully tap their ecological advantages, cultural characteristics, and land resource potential to provide ecological barriers, cultural nourishment, and agricultural product supply for cities, forming a benign development pattern of mutual interdependence and mutual promotion between urban and rural areas.

城市高质量发展与乡村全面振兴的关系。城乡融合发展是中国式现代化的必然要求。将破除城乡二元结构纳入人民城市建设的整体布局进行统筹谋划，才能充分发挥城市的资源整合优势与辐射带动作用，构建起城乡互补、协同发展的产业体系，实现要素的双向自由流动，增强城乡之间的互补，进而实现乡村全面振兴与城市高质量发展的良性互动。城市应发挥在产业基础、科技力量、人才资源等方面的优势，带动乡村地区的发展；乡村也应充分发挥自身的生态优势、文化特色和土地资源潜力，为城市提供生态屏障、文化滋养和农产品供应等支持，形成城乡之间相互依存、相互促进的良性发展格局。

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心