Economic Practice and Theoretical Exploration during the Period of Socialist Revolution and Construction

The textbook *Economic History of the People’s Republic of China (1949–1978)*, compiled by a team led by Professor He Yaomin of Renmin University of China, has been published and released by China Renmin University Press. It is the first unified textbook systematically expounding the history of China’s economic development from the founding of New China to before reform and opening up, and it serves as a core course textbook for the economics discipline in institutions of higher learning. The textbook is one of the Chinese economics series textbooks within the “China Series” of original textbooks, organized by the Ministry of Education and reviewed and approved by the National Textbook Committee.

由中国人民大学贺耀敏教授带领团队编写的《中华人民共和国经济史（1949—1978年）》，作为第一部系统阐述新中国成立以来到改革开放前我国经济发展史的统编教材和高校经济学学科专业核心课程教材，已由中国人民大学出版社出版发行。该教材是“中国系列”原创性教材中的中国经济学系列教材之一，由教育部组织编写，经国家教材委员会审核通过。

[Building an Independent Knowledge System for Chinese Philosophy and Social Sciences]

【构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系】

The period from 1949 to 1978 was a critical period when the Communist Party of China united and led the Chinese people in socialist revolution and construction. This historical stage witnessed the transition from new democracy to socialism, the carrying out of socialist revolution, the advancement of socialist construction, and the laying of the fundamental political prerequisite and institutional foundation for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It was also a historical stage in which China established the socialist economic system, explored the path of socialist economic construction, achieved tremendous successes, and accumulated valuable experience. Although the exploratory process during this period experienced severe setbacks, the original theoretical achievements and great successes obtained by the Party in socialist revolution and construction provided valuable experience, theoretical preparation, and material foundation for initiating socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new historical period. Strengthening research on the economic history of China’s period of socialist revolution and construction, and summarizing and refining the economic practice and theoretical contributions of this period, will effectively promote the construction of an independent knowledge system for Chinese economics.

1949年至1978年是中国共产党团结带领中国人民进行社会主义革命和建设的关键时期，这一时期是实现从新民主主义到社会主义的转变，进行社会主义革命，推进社会主义建设，为实现中华民族伟大复兴奠定根本政治前提和制度基础的历史阶段；也是中国建立社会主义经济制度、探索社会主义经济建设道路并取得巨大成就、积累宝贵经验的历史阶段。这一时期的探索过程虽然经历了严重曲折，但党在社会主义革命和建设中取得的独创性理论成果和巨大成就，为在新的历史时期开创中国特色社会主义提供了宝贵经验、理论准备、物质基础。加强对中国社会主义革命和建设时期经济史的研究，总结和提炼这一时期的经济实践和理论贡献，将有效推动中国经济学自主知识体系的构建。

[The Contemporary Value of Research on Economic History during the Socialist Revolution and Construction Period]

社会主义革命和建设时期经济史研究的当代价值

Comprehensively analyze and study the arduous course of the Communist Party of China’s leadership of economic construction during the period of socialist revolution and construction. In the arduous course of the CPC leading China’s economic development from weakness to strength, there are many successful theories and practices, experiences and methods. Among them, some can be summarized and elevated into core concepts of Chinese economics, such as: adhering to an independent and self-reliant path of economic construction and development; building an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system; economic construction must concentrate resources to accomplish large undertakings [1]1 “Concentrating resources to accomplish large undertakings” (集中力量办大事) is a characteristic advantage of the socialist system and a common phrase in Chinese political discourse.; implementing major and key scientific research, national defense, and livelihood projects with a whole-nation system; developing for the people and relying on the people; fully mobilizing the people’s enthusiasm for participating in economic construction; respecting objective economic laws and managing the economy with economic methods; adhering to the combination of opening up and implementing opening up in a step-by-step manner; combining the use of foreign capital and technology with taking ourselves as the mainstay; and so on. Some can be summarized and elevated into important concepts of Chinese economics, such as taking agriculture as the foundation and industry as the leading factor [2]2 “Taking agriculture as the foundation and industry as the leading factor” (以农业为基础、以工业为主导) was a guiding principle for China’s economic development, especially during the 1960s and 1970s.; combining introduction, digestion, and absorption of foreign advanced technology and management experience; economic development must adhere to the combination of breakthroughs in key areas and overall advancement; economic development must adhere to the combination of comprehensive balance and coordinated gradualism; and so on.

全面分析和研究社会主义革命和建设时期中国共产党领导经济建设的奋斗历程。中国共产党领导中国经济发展从弱到强的奋斗历程中有许多成功的理论与实践、经验与做法，其中一些可以总结升华为中国经济学的核心理念，例如坚持独立自主、自立自强的经济建设与发展道路，建设独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系，经济建设必须集中力量办大事，以举国体制实施重大和关键科研、国防与民生项目，发展为了人民、发展依靠人民，充分发挥人民群众参与经济建设的积极性，尊重客观经济规律和用经济办法管理经济，坚持对外开放与实施有步骤对外开放相结合，利用外国资本、技术与以我为主相结合，等等；一些可以总结升华为中国经济学的重要理念，例如以农业为基础和以工业为主导，对国外先进技术和管理经验坚持引进、消化、吸收相结合，经济发展必须坚持重点突破与整体推进相结合，经济发展必须坚持综合平衡与协调渐进相结合等。

Reveal and summarize the profound changes and great achievements in China’s socialist economic development. China’s economic development during the period of socialist revolution and construction is clearly manifested in six aspects of development and evolution: from the perspective of the main line of economic development, it was not merely a change in economic quantity, but more importantly a change in social nature—China’s socialist economic system was established, and the path of socialist construction was formed; from the perspective of economic development goals, the national economy gradually moved toward socialist industrialization, an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system was established, and the goal of realizing the “Four Modernizations” [3]3 The “Four Modernizations” (四个现代化) of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology were the goals for national development set by the CPC in the 1960s. was put forward; from the perspective of economic system operation, China moved from a new democratic economic system to a socialist planned economic system, giving play to the advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish large undertakings, overcoming severe economic difficulties and development obstacles, establishing a strong macro-control system for the national economy, and promoting the vigorous development of the social productive forces; from the perspective of economic construction achievements, unprecedented economic achievements were attained, a solid material and technological foundation was laid, and overall national strength was significantly enhanced; from the perspective of people’s livelihood and well-being, a socialist political system, economic system, and social security system benefiting all the people were established, ensuring the rights to subsistence and development for all the people, and the people’s living standards were continuously raised; from the perspective of the elevation of international status, China stood firmly on the side of safeguarding the interests of the vast number of developing countries, resolutely defended world peace, and opposed imperialism and hegemonism, and socialist China stood towering in the East of the world.

揭示并概括中国社会主义经济发展的深刻变化和伟大成就。中国社会主义革命和建设时期的经济发展，清晰地体现为六个方面的发展演变：从经济发展主线来看，不仅仅是经济数量的变化，更重要的是社会性质的变化，中国社会主义经济制度得以建立，社会主义建设道路得以形成；从经济发展目标来看，国民经济逐步走向社会主义工业化，建立了一个独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系，并提出实现“四个现代化”的奋斗目标；从经济体制运行来看，中国从新民主主义经济体制走向社会主义计划经济体制，发挥了集中力量办大事的优势，克服了严重的经济困难和发展障碍，建立了强有力的国民经济宏观管理体制，促进了社会生产力的蓬勃发展；从经济建设成就来看，取得了前所未有的经济成就，奠定了坚实的物质技术基础，综合国力显著增强；从民生福祉来看，建立了惠及全民的社会主义政治制度、经济制度和社会保障制度，确保了全体人民的生存权、发展权，人民生活水平不断提高；从国际地位提升来看，中国坚定站在维护广大发展中国家利益一边，坚决维护世界和平，反对帝国主义和霸权主义，社会主义中国巍然屹立在世界的东方。

Fully understand and recognize the rich connotations of the Chinese path. Although the period of socialist revolution and construction lasted only less than thirty years, it was a period of exploration and formation of China’s socialist economic construction path. The economic development of this period possesses very rich theoretical connotations and practical significance, for example: the historical inevitability and historical necessity of the transformation from a new democratic economic form to a socialist economic form; the establishment of the socialist economic system and the exploration and formation of the path of socialist economic construction; the establishment and operation of the macroeconomic management system and the planned economic system; the path of socialist industrialization and industrial construction; concentrating resources to build an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system; prioritizing the development of heavy industry and China’s industrial structure and industrial policy; changes and adjustments in major proportional relationships in the national economy; the ownership structure and the development of the state-owned economy, the enterprise management system; the development of the rural economy and the profound transformation of rural economic relations; independence, self-reliance, and developing foreign economic relations while breaking through the economic blockade of the Western powers; and so on.

充分理解和认识中国道路的丰富内涵。社会主义革命和建设时期尽管只有短短不到30年时间，却是中国社会主义经济建设道路的探索时期和形成时期。这一时期的经济发展具有十分丰富的理论内涵和实践意义，例如：新民主主义经济形态向社会主义经济形态转变的历史必然性与历史必要性；社会主义经济制度建立和社会主义经济建设道路的探索与形成；宏观经济管理制度和计划经济体制的确立及运行；社会主义工业化道路和工业化建设；集中力量建立起一个独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系；优先发展重工业与中国的产业结构、产业政策；国民经济重大比例关系变动与调整；所有制结构与国有经济发展、国有企业管理制度；农村经济发展和农村经济关系深刻变革；独立自主、自立自强和发展对外经济关系与冲破西方国家的经济封锁等。

From the exploration and formation of the path of economic construction during the period of socialist revolution and construction, refine new concepts, new categories, and new expressions. The practical innovation, theoretical innovation, and institutional innovation of China’s period of socialist revolution and construction provide a rich treasure trove for constructing an independent knowledge system for Chinese economics, and provide solid support for firming up confidence in the path, confidence in the theory, confidence in the system, and confidence in the culture. From the perspective of practical innovation, it is necessary to more deeply excavate and elucidate major issues such as: the Party’s General Line for the Transition Period [4]4 The “General Line for the Transition Period” (过渡时期的总路线) was the CPC’s guiding line for the transition from New Democracy to socialism, formally adopted in 1953., the confiscation of bureaucratic capital [5]5 “Confiscation of bureaucratic capital” (没收官僚资本) refers to the takeover of enterprises owned by the bureaucratic capitalist class closely tied to the Kuomintang regime in the early years of the People’s Republic. and the establishment of the state-owned economy, correctly treating the national bourgeoisie and national capital, the Eighth National Congress of the CPC [6]6 The Eighth National Congress of the CPC (中共八大) held in 1956 declared that the principal contradiction in Chinese society had shifted and the Party’s main task was to develop productive forces. and the transformation of the Party’s main task, the General Line for Socialist Construction [7]7 The “General Line for Socialist Construction” (社会主义建设总路线) was adopted in 1958, calling for “going all out, aiming high, and achieving greater, faster, better, and more economical results” in building socialism., the Five-Year Plans (programs) for national economic development, the main forms of implementation of the planned economy and mandatory plans and guidance plans, and so on. From the perspective of theoretical innovation, it is necessary to more deeply excavate and elucidate major issues such as: the historical status and role of new democracy, the relationship between the new democratic economic form and the five economic sectors [8]8 The “five economic sectors” (五种经济成分) in New Democracy were: state-owned economy, cooperative economy, individual economy, private capitalist economy, and state-capitalist economy., the historical status and role of socialist revolution and construction, the interrelationship and contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production, the theory of socialist industrialization and the path of industrialization, and so on. From the perspective of institutional innovation, it is necessary to more deeply excavate and elucidate major issues such as: the land reform [9]9 The land reform movement (土地改革) was carried out from 1947 to 1952, abolishing feudal landlord ownership and distributing land to peasants. and agricultural cooperativization movement [10]10 The agricultural cooperativization movement (农业合作化运动) from 1953 to 1956 organized peasants into mutual-aid teams, cooperatives, and then collectives., rural economic development and the establishment of socialist economic relations in the countryside, the unified purchase and sale of grain [11]11 The “unified purchase and sale of grain” (粮食统购统销) was a system from 1953 to 1985 under which the state monopolized the procurement and distribution of grain. and the relationship between workers and peasants and between urban and rural areas, the relationship between the two forms of public ownership—ownership by the whole people and collective ownership, the enterprise management system and the “Anshan Iron and Steel Constitution” [12]12 The “Anshan Iron and Steel Constitution” (鞍钢宪法) was a set of management principles for state-owned enterprises formulated in 1960 at the Anshan Iron and Steel Company, emphasizing cadre participation in labor, worker participation in management, and technical innovation., and so on.

从社会主义革命和建设时期经济建设道路的探索与形成中提炼新概念、新范畴、新表述。中国社会主义革命和建设时期的实践创新、理论创新和制度创新，为构建中国经济学自主知识体系提供了丰富宝藏，为坚定道路自信、理论自信、制度自信、文化自信提供了坚实支撑。从实践创新的视角看，需要更加深入地挖掘和阐释党在过渡时期的总路线，没收官僚资本与建立国营经济，正确对待民族资产阶级与民族资本，中共八大与党的主要任务的转变，社会主义建设总路线，国民经济发展五年计划（规划），计划经济主要实现形式及指令性计划、指导性计划等重大问题。从理论创新的视角看，需要更加深入地挖掘和阐释新民主主义的历史地位和作用，新民主主义经济形态和五种经济成分的关系，社会主义革命和建设的历史地位和作用，生产力与生产关系的相互关系及其矛盾运动，社会主义工业化理论与工业化道路等重大问题。从制度创新的角度看，需要更加深入地挖掘和阐释土地改革和农业合作化运动，农村经济发展与农村社会主义经济关系的建立，粮食统购统销（统购包销）与工农、城乡关系，公有制两种实现形式即全民所有制与集体所有制的关系，企业管理制度与“鞍钢宪法”等重大问题。

[Research Objects and Key Content of Economic History during the Socialist Revolution and Construction Period]

社会主义革命和建设时期经济史的研究对象及关键内容

When studying the economic history of the People’s Republic of China, the research object for the period of socialist revolution and construction is the history and objective laws of New China’s economic construction and economic development. This specifically includes three levels. The first level is studying the development and evolution of New China’s mode of production and its objective laws, i.e., the objective laws of the development of productive forces and the transformation of relations of production and their contradictory movement. Productive forces reflect the relationship between human beings and nature in the production process; relations of production reflect the social relations among human beings in the production process. In the mode of production, the development of productive forces plays a foundational and leading role, determining the transformation of relations of production, while the transformation of relations of production in turn reacts upon productive forces. During the period of socialist revolution and construction, unprecedented large-scale economic construction such as the construction of the “156 projects” [13]13 “156 projects” (156项工程) were industrial projects built with Soviet aid under the First Five-Year Plan, forming the backbone of China’s heavy industry. as the focus of the First Five-Year Plan [14]14 The First Five-Year Plan (一五计划) covered the period 1953–1957 and focused on industrialization and socialist transformation. and the Third Front construction [15]15 The “Third Front construction” (三线建设) was a massive drive from 1964 to 1980 to relocate industries to China’s interior for national defense against potential invasion. to promote regional economic and national defense industrial development greatly promoted the rapid development of productive forces; economic activities such as developing the socialist state-owned economy, carrying out the Three Great Transformations [16]16 The “Three Great Transformations” (社会主义三大改造) were the socialist transformations of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce, completed in 1956., and establishing the socialist economic system guided the profound transformation of relations of production. The second level is studying the history of the development and evolution of the economic system, economic structure, economic policies, and path of economic development that are concrete manifestations of New China’s mode of production and economic base. The economic base is the sum total of relations of production determined by the productive forces, and the economic base determines the superstructure. Studying the development and transformation of the economic base in conjunction with the superstructure is the fundamental approach to researching and elucidating objective economic laws. In this process, attention should be paid to prominent changes in the main line of economic development, economic development goals, economic system operation, achievements in economic construction, people’s livelihood and well-being, and the elevation of international status. The third level is researching and elucidating the history of the development and evolution of related specialized fields, including the history of New China’s industrial economy, the history of the agricultural economy, the history of commerce, fiscal history, monetary history, the history of foreign trade, and so on.

在研究中华人民共和国经济史时，社会主义革命和建设时期的研究对象是新中国经济建设和经济发展的历史及客观规律，具体包括三个层次。第一个层次是研究新中国生产方式的发展演变及其客观规律，即生产力发展和生产关系变革及其矛盾运动的客观规律。生产力反映生产过程中人与自然的相互关系，生产关系反映生产过程中人与人的社会关系，在生产方式中生产力的发展起基础和主导作用，决定生产关系的变革，而生产关系的变革也会反作用于生产力。在社会主义革命和建设时期，以“156项工程”为重点的“一五”计划建设，以促进区域经济和国防工业发展的三线建设等前所未有的大规模经济建设，极大地推动了生产力的快速发展；发展社会主义国营经济，实行社会主义三大改造，建立社会主义经济制度等经济活动，引导了生产关系的深刻变革。第二个层次是研究作为新中国生产方式和经济基础的具体体现形式的经济制度、经济体制、经济结构、经济政策、经济发展道路等发展演变的历史。经济基础是由生产力所决定的生产关系的总和，经济基础决定上层建筑。结合上层建筑研究经济基础的发展变革，是研究和阐释客观经济规律的根本途径。在此过程中，应关注经济发展主线、经济发展目标、经济体制运行、经济建设成就、民生福祉、国际地位提升等方面的突出变化。第三个层次是研究和阐释相关专门领域经济发展演变的历史，包括新中国工业经济史、农业经济史、商业经济史、财政史和货币史、对外贸易史等。

The key to conducting research on the economic history of the period of socialist revolution and construction is to grasp the theme and main line, the mainstream and the essence of historical development. The theme of the period of socialist revolution and construction was realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation; the main line was exploring the path of China’s socialist economic construction and achieving economic development and modernization; the mainstream and essence were the great achievements and valuable experience gained in the exploration of the path of socialist economic construction and economic development, which laid the fundamental political prerequisite, institutional foundation, and solid material foundation for advancing national economic modernization and realizing national rejuvenation. During this period, China’s social productive forces increased significantly, and social economic relations underwent profound changes: after the founding of New China, China moved from a new democratic economic form to a socialist economic form and established the socialist economic system; the establishment of the socialist economic system and economic relations created favorable conditions for socialist industrialization, opened a brand-new path for China’s socialist economic development, and China’s economic development presented an unprecedented flourishing situation; China’s socialist construction path was a development path taken independently and self-reliantly under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and self-reliance and hard struggle were the spiritual character of this path. There are two historical periods in which the Communist Party of China led the Chinese people in socialist construction: the period before reform and opening up and the period after reform and opening up. These are two periods that are interrelated but also have major differences. In essence, both are practical explorations of socialist construction led by our Party and the people; one historical period cannot be used to negate the other [17]17 This phrasing echoes Xi Jinping’s statement that the two historical periods before and after reform and opening up are both part of socialist construction and cannot be used to negate each other..

开展社会主义革命和建设时期经济史研究的关键，是把握历史发展的主题和主线、主流和本质。社会主义革命和建设时期的主题是实现中华民族伟大复兴；主线是探索中国社会主义经济建设道路和实现经济发展现代化；主流和本质是社会主义经济建设道路的探索和经济发展所取得的伟大成就和宝贵经验，为推进国家经济现代化、实现民族复兴奠定根本政治前提、制度基础和坚实物质基础。这一时期，我国社会生产力显著提高，社会经济关系发生深刻变化：新中国成立后，我国由新民主主义经济形态走向社会主义经济形态，并建立了社会主义经济制度；社会主义经济制度和经济关系的建立，为社会主义工业化创造了有利条件，开辟了中国社会主义经济发展的崭新道路，中国经济发展呈现出前所未有的欣欣向荣局面；中国社会主义建设道路是在中国共产党领导下，独立自主、自立自强走出来的发展道路，自力更生、艰苦奋斗是这条道路的精神品格。中国共产党领导中国人民进行社会主义建设，有改革开放前和改革开放后两个历史时期，这是两个相互联系又有重大区别的时期，本质上都是我们党领导人民进行社会主义建设的实践探索，不能用一个历史时期否定另一个历史时期。

[Research Methods for Economic History during the Socialist Revolution and Construction Period]

社会主义革命和建设时期经济史的研究方法

Research on the economic history of China’s period of socialist revolution and construction must firmly adhere to the use of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, take Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era as the guide, and implement the standpoints, viewpoints, and methods of socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics.

中国社会主义革命和建设时期的经济史研究，必须坚持运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义，以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，贯彻中国特色社会主义政治经济学的立场、观点和方法。

Dialectical materialism and historical materialism are the basic methodologies of Marxism. Dialectical materialism profoundly reveals the general laws of nature, human society, and the development of thinking, and is the basic methodology for understanding the essence of things, summarizing practical experience, and solving practical problems. Historical materialism is the basic methodology that profoundly reveals the laws of the development of human society, the essential characteristics of human society, and the continuous development and progress of human society. Marxism proceeds from the production of material goods, deeply studies the development of productive forces and the relations formed by people in production, and thereby reveals the laws of development of human society. General Secretary Xi Jinping attaches great importance to historical materialism, pointing out: “In every historical period of revolution, construction, and reform, our Party has used historical materialism to systematically, concretely, and historically analyze the movement and development laws of Chinese society, constantly grasps and actively uses laws in the process of understanding and transforming the world, and has pushed the cause of the Party and the people to win one victory after another. History and reality both show that only by adhering to historical materialism can we constantly raise our understanding of the laws of socialism with Chinese characteristics to a new level and constantly open up new realms for the development of Marxism in contemporary China.” [18]18 This quotation is drawn from Xi Jinping’s speech on the study of historical materialism, notably delivered during the 11th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee in December 2013.

辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义是马克思主义的基本方法论。辩证唯物主义深刻揭示了自然界、人类社会和思维发展的一般规律，是认识事物本质、总结实践经验、解决实际问题的基本方法论。历史唯物主义是深刻揭示人类社会发展规律、人类社会本质特征和推动人类社会不断发展进步的基本方法论。马克思主义就是从物质资料生产出发，深入研究生产力发展和人在生产中形成的关系，从而揭示了人类社会的发展规律。习近平总书记高度重视历史唯物主义，指出：“在革命、建设、改革各个历史时期，我们党运用历史唯物主义，系统、具体、历史地分析中国社会运动及其发展规律，在认识世界和改造世界过程中不断把握规律、积极运用规律，推动党和人民事业取得了一个又一个胜利。历史和现实都表明，只有坚持历史唯物主义，我们才能不断把对中国特色社会主义规律的认识提高到新的水平，不断开辟当代中国马克思主义发展新境界。”

Adhere to the historical materialist conception of history and the correct view of Party history, and establish a broad historical perspective. Learning the history of the Party and the history of the state is a required course for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics and for continuing to advance the various undertakings of the Party and the state. The historical materialist conception of history is the fundamental method for the Chinese Communists to understand and grasp history. To adhere to the correct view of Party history, it is necessary to adhere to the Party’s three historical resolutions [19]19 The three historical resolutions are: the 1945 “Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party,” the 1981 “Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party since the Founding of the People’s Republic of China,” and the 2021 “Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Hundred-Year Struggle.”, especially the *Resolution on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party’s Hundred-Year Struggle* [20]20 This 2021 resolution, adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, summarizes the Party’s achievements and experience over its centenary. and the spirit of Central Committee documents, accurately grasp the theme and main line, mainstream and essence of the historical development of New China, correctly understand and scientifically evaluate major events, important meetings, and important figures in the economic history of New China, treat some major issues in Party history with a seeking-truth-from-facts attitude, and neither avoid mistakes and twists because of achievements nor deny achievements because of mistakes and twists in exploration. To establish a broad historical perspective, it is necessary to base ourselves on the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the changes unseen in a century, analyze the mechanisms of evolution and explore historical laws from the long river of history, the great tide of the times, and the global situation, and summarize the experiences and lessons of national economic construction.

坚持唯物史观和正确党史观，树立大历史观。学习党史、国史是坚持和发展中国特色社会主义、把党和国家各项事业继续推向前进的必修课。唯物史观是中国共产党人认识和把握历史的根本方法。坚持正确党史观，要坚持以党的三个历史决议特别是《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》和中央文件精神为依据，准确把握新中国历史发展的主题和主线、主流和本质，正确认识和科学评价新中国经济史上的重大事件、重要会议、重要人物，实事求是看待党史上的一些重大问题，既不能因为成就而回避失误和曲折，也不能因为探索中的失误和曲折而否定成就。树立大历史观，要立足中华民族伟大复兴战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局，从历史长河、时代大潮、全球风云中分析演变机理、探究历史规律，总结国家经济建设的经验教训。

Adhere to guidance by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Adhering to the Party’s overall leadership and the arming of the Party’s innovative theories are the unique advantages of the CPC’s leadership over economic work. The report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC systematically expounded the “Six Must Adhere to” [21]21 The “Six Must Adhere to” (六个必须坚持) were put forward in Xi Jinping’s report to the 20th CPC, namely: must adhere to putting the people first, must adhere to confidence and self-reliance, must adhere to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, must adhere to a problem-oriented approach, must adhere to a systematic approach, and must adhere to keeping the world in mind. These are all methodological guidelines for research on the economic history of the period of socialist revolution and construction.

坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导。坚持党的全面领导和党的创新理论武装，是中国共产党领导经济工作的独特优势。党的二十大报告系统阐述了“六个必须坚持”，即必须坚持人民至上，必须坚持自信自立，必须坚持守正创新，必须坚持问题导向，必须坚持系统观念，必须坚持胸怀天下。这些都是社会主义革命和建设时期经济史研究的方法论指导。

Socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics provides the theoretical foundation and basic analytical methods. Socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics emerged from and serves the economic practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is an economic theory that studies and elucidates the laws of movement of the mode of production and the economic base of socialism with Chinese characteristics, with its focus on studying and elucidating the laws of economic development and the characteristics of economic operation in the primary stage of socialism. For researching and elucidating the economic history of the period of socialist revolution and construction, socialist political economy with Chinese characteristics provides a solid theoretical foundation for understanding and elucidating the laws of development and evolution of New China’s mode of production and economic base, and reveals the theoretical logic by which New China promoted social and economic development through transforming the mode of production and the economic base.

中国特色社会主义政治经济学提供理论基础和基本分析方法。中国特色社会主义政治经济学产生并服务于中国特色社会主义经济实践，是研究和阐释中国特色社会主义生产方式和经济基础运动规律的经济理论，其重点是研究和阐释社会主义初级阶段的经济发展规律和经济运行特征。对于研究和阐释社会主义革命和建设时期的经济史来说，中国特色社会主义政治经济学提供了认识和阐释新中国生产方式和经济基础发展演变规律的坚实理论基础，揭示了新中国通过变革生产方式和经济基础推动社会经济发展的理论逻辑。

(Author: He Yaomin, Wu Yuzhang Advanced Chair Professor [22] at Renmin University of China)

（作者：贺耀敏，系中国人民大学吴玉章高级讲席教授）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心