Accelerating the Formation of a System of Historical Materials, Discourse System, and Theoretical System for the Chinese National Community

Since entering the New Era, China's ethnic work has faced new situations and tasks. On the one hand, with the deepening of reform and opening up and economic and social development, the interactions, exchanges, and integration among different ethnic groups have been increasingly deepened, forming a "pattern of diversity in unity of the Chinese nation"[1]1 The "pattern of diversity in unity of the Chinese nation" (中华民族多元一体格局) is a concept proposed by Chinese sociologist Fei Xiaotong to describe the relationship between the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups and the overarching Chinese nation.; at the same time, some regions still suffer from unbalanced and inadequate ethnic development, and the cause of ethnic unity and progress still needs to be strengthened. On the other hand, the international situation is volatile, and ideologies such as ethnic separatism and religious extremism are on the rise, posing threats to China's ethnic unity and national unity. Faced with the new situation of ethnic development and the new requirements of ethnic work in the New Era, during the ninth collective study session of the 20th Politburo[2]2 The ninth collective study session of the 20th Politburo refers to a study session held by the Politburo of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, focusing on ethnic work and the forging of the Chinese national community consciousness., General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly stated, "accelerate the formation of China's own system of historical materials, discourse system, and theoretical system for the Chinese national community." These "three major systems" of the Chinese national community are precisely the innovative results of ethnic theory with Chinese characteristics, based on the fundamental principles of Marxist ethnic theory, combined with China's specific realities and excellent traditional Chinese culture. The three mutually support, penetrate, and integrate with each other, together constituting a solid academic foundation and practical support for forging the consciousness of the Chinese national community and advancing the construction of the Chinese national community in the New Era.

进入新时代以来，我国民族工作面临着新的形势和任务。一方面，随着改革开放的深入和经济社会发展，各民族之间的交往交流交融日益深化，已形成“中华民族多元一体格局”；同时，一些地区还存在民族发展不平衡不充分、民族团结进步事业仍待加强等问题。另一方面，国际形势风云变幻，民族分裂主义、宗教极端主义等思潮抬头，对我国民族团结和国家统一构成威胁。面对新时代民族发展的新局面和民族工作的新要求，在二十届中央政治局第九次集体学习时，习近平总书记明确提出，“加快形成中国自主的中华民族共同体史料体系、话语体系、理论体系”。中华民族共同体“三大体系”正是基于马克思主义民族理论的基本原理，结合中国具体实际和中华优秀传统文化，形成的具有中国特色的民族理论创新成果，三者互为支撑、互渗互融，共同构成了新时代铸牢中华民族共同体意识、推进中华民族共同体建设的坚实学理基础和实践支撑。

Promote the coordination of systematic excavation and holistic interpretation to build a system of historical materials for the Chinese national community.

推进系统性挖掘和整体性阐释相协同，建设中华民族共同体史料体系

"Without historical materials, problems cannot be effectively solved." Historical materials are the foundation and root of historical research. The accumulation of a large amount of detailed and systematic historical materials is the prerequisite for building a system of historical materials for the Chinese national community. The construction of a system of historical materials for the Chinese national community helps to deeply excavate and study the history jointly created by various ethnic groups, reveal the internal cohesion and developmental impetus of the Chinese nation, and elucidate the promoting role of interactions, exchanges, and integration among ethnic groups in the formation, development, and prosperity of the Chinese national community, thereby enhancing the sense of identity and belonging of people of all ethnic groups to the Chinese nation. For a long time, Western ethnic theory has dominated the field of ethnic studies, but it often takes Western historical experience as the standard and finds it difficult to comprehensively and accurately explain the complex reality of China as a unified multi-ethnic country. Therefore, accelerating the formation of China's own system of historical materials for the Chinese national community is not only an important part of constructing philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics, but also an urgent need to meet the challenge of Western ethnic theory and safeguard national cultural security. To systematically excavate historical facts, holistically interpret historical material "fragments," and thereby display the full picture of Chinese national history and consolidate the historical foundation of the Chinese national community, efforts must be made from the following two dimensions.

“没有史料就无法有效地解决问题。”史料是历史研究的基础和根本，大量翔实且系统的史料积累是推进中华民族共同体史料体系建设的前提。中华民族共同体史料体系的建设，有助于深入挖掘和研究各民族共同创造的历史，揭示中华民族的内在凝聚力和发展动力，以及阐明各民族交往交流交融对中华民族共同体形成、发展与繁荣的促进作用，从而增强各族人民对中华民族的认同感和归属感。长期以来，西方民族理论在民族研究领域占据主导地位，但其往往以西方历史经验为标准，难以全面准确地解释我国作为统一的多民族国家的复杂现实。因此，加快形成中国自主的中华民族共同体史料体系，既是构建中国特色哲学社会科学的重要内容，也是应对西方民族理论挑战、维护国家文化安全的迫切需要。要系统挖掘历史事实、整体阐释史料“碎片”，进而展示中华民族历史全貌和夯实中华民族共同体的历史根基，必须从以下两个维度着力。

Expand the scope, types, and depth of historical materials on the Chinese nation. The 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization is a magnificent epic of the integration and common development of various ethnic groups. "Various types of people" have experienced division and integration, producing extremely rich historical materials. Comprehensively and systematically summarizing and sorting these historical materials is the primary task of building a system of historical materials for the Chinese national community. First, carry out structural adjustments to historical materials of "strategic" significance. Establish a consciousness of historical materials centered on the ontology of Chinese national history, classify them according to time, region, nature, source, content, and other criteria, make overall planning and design for scattered historical materials, and form a research process of "excavating historical materials – interpreting historical materials – constructing historical facts – forming historical views," avoiding the piling up of historical materials. On the one hand, classify, code, and organize existing historical materials for better retrieval and utilization; on the other hand, pay attention to the internal logic and connections of historical materials, and build a clear and systematic framework of historical materials. On this basis, deeply excavate the deeds of cultural exchange and integration in different historical periods, regions, and ethnic groups. For example, the opening of the Silk Road in the Han Dynasty not only promoted economic and cultural exchanges between East and West but also accelerated the formation of the pattern of diversity in unity of the Chinese nation; the multi-ethnic co-governance policy in the Tang Dynasty further demonstrated the fine tradition of inclusiveness and harmonious coexistence of the Chinese nation. The excavation and interpretation of these deeds help to understand more deeply the gradual construction and evolution of the Chinese national community in the historical process. Second, grasp important time points and pay attention to the excavation of historical materials in key periods and regions. One is the early and middle Qing Dynasty, a key period in Chinese history for the formation of a unified multi-ethnic country, when the School of Han Learning flourished and textual criticism prevailed[3]3 The School of Han Learning (朴学) and textual criticism (考据) are scholarly trends in the early and middle Qing Dynasty that emphasized the study of classical texts through philological and evidential methods.. A large number of historical records closely related to the formation and development of the Chinese nation provide important clues for understanding this period. The second is the period of great ethnic integration, which promoted mutual penetration among various ethnic groups in economic, political, and cultural aspects and left rich materials on ethnic interactions, exchanges, and integration. In addition, historical records of various ethnic groups resisting foreign aggression and struggling together during the Republic of China period[4]4 The Republic of China period (民国时期) refers to the period from 1912 to 1949 when the Republic of China (ROC) governed mainland China. and modern and contemporary history should also be included. The excavation and sorting of these historical materials help to better remember history, commemorate martyrs, and promote the spirit of patriotism. Third, the academic works and research results produced by the upsurge of ethnic studies in academia. From research on ancient ethnic migrations and integration to discussions on modern ethnic independence and liberation struggles, and then to analyses of contemporary ethnic policies and ethnic relations, the research results of academia not only cover multiple disciplines such as history, anthropology, sociology, and ethnology but also span the time dimensions from ancient times to modern and contemporary times, forming a multi-dimensional, multi-level, and three-dimensional knowledge system. This not only helps us more accurately grasp the historical context and internal logic of the development of the Chinese national community but also provides new ideas and methods for solving current ethnic problems and promoting ethnic unity and progress. For example, by drawing lessons from historical experience, ethnic policies can be better formulated and implemented to promote equality, unity, mutual assistance, and harmony among various ethnic groups; by deeply studying the cultural traditions and values of various ethnic groups, cultural exchanges and mutual learning can be better promoted to enhance understanding and identification among various ethnic groups; by paying attention to the economic and social development issues in ethnic regions, regional development strategies can be better formulated to promote the common prosperity and development of all ethnic groups. Finally, establish a "thematic" historical materials database. With the development of globalization and networking, "the more recent the historical materials, the more abundant they become" has become a rule. To manage and utilize historical materials more efficiently, it is necessary to establish a thematic database oriented to serve historical research. This database should not only include traditional literature but also integrate multi-source historical materials such as archaeological discoveries, inscriptions, and oral traditions. Historical materials with different characteristics and professional values can provide more comprehensive and in-depth historical information; use digital technology to supplement data and build platforms to expand and deepen metadata, improving the quality of research on Chinese national history; adopt data mining, artificial intelligence, and other technologies for intelligent management and analysis, greatly enhancing the utilization efficiency and research level of historical materials. In the process of building the database, attention should be paid to the authenticity and integrity of historical materials, verifying and distinguishing true from false historical materials to ensure the quality of the database; adhere to historical materialism, oppose the behavior of tailoring or fragmenting history, view historical materials from a relational perspective, and construct the overall image of Chinese national history from fragmented historical traces.

扩展中华民族历史资料的范围、种类和深度。中华民族五千多年文明史，是一部各民族交融汇聚、共同发展的壮丽史诗，“各类人群”经历分合融汇，产生了极为丰富的历史资料。全面系统地归纳、梳理这些史料，是构建中华民族共同体史料体系的首要任务。首先，对具有“战略”意义的史料进行结构性调整。建立中华民族本体史为核心的史料意识，应按照时间、地域、性质、来源、内容等标准分类，对散乱的史料作出整体筹划和设计，形成“发掘史料-解读史料-建构史实-形成史观”的史料研究过程，避免史料堆砌。一方面，对现有史料分类、编码和整理，以便更好地检索和利用；另一方面，关注史料的内在逻辑和联系，构建起一个清晰、系统的史料框架。在此基础上，深入挖掘不同历史时期、不同地区、不同民族的文化交流和融合事迹。例如，汉代丝绸之路的开通，不仅促进了东西方经济文化的交流，也加速了中华民族多元一体格局的形成；唐代多民族共治的政策，更是展现了中华民族包容并蓄、和谐共生的优良传统。这些事迹的挖掘和阐释，有助于更深入地理解中华民族共同体在历史进程中的逐步构建与演进。其次，把握好重要时间点，注重对关键时期与地区的史料挖掘。一是清代前中期，这是中国历史上一个关键的统一多民族国家形成时期，彼时朴学大兴，考据盛行，大量与中华民族形成和发展密切相关的历史记述为了解这一时期提供了重要线索。二是民族大融合时期，催动各民族在经济、政治和文化多方面的互相渗透，留下了丰富的民族交流交往交融资料。此外，还应包括民国时期以及近现代史时期各民族反抗外来侵略、共同抗争的历史记录。这些史料的挖掘和整理，有助于更好地铭记历史、缅怀先烈、弘扬爱国主义精神。三是学术界民族研究热潮产出的学术著作和研究成果。从对古代民族迁徙、融合的研究，到对近现代民族独立、解放斗争的探讨，再到对当代民族政策、民族关系的分析，学术界的研究成果不仅涵盖了历史学、人类学、社会学、民族学等多个学科领域，还跨越了古代、近现代直至当代的时间维度，形成了一个多维度、多层次、立体化的知识体系。这不仅能帮助我们更加准确地把握中华民族共同体发展的历史脉络和内在逻辑，还提供了解决当前民族问题、促进民族团结进步的新思路和新方法。例如，通过汲取历史上的经验教训，可以更好地制定和实施民族政策，促进各民族之间的平等、团结、互助、和谐；通过深入研究各民族的文化传统和价值观，可以更好地推动文化交流与互鉴，增进各民族之间的了解和认同；通过关注民族地区的经济社会发展问题，可以更好地制定区域发展战略，促进各民族共同繁荣发展。最后，建立“专题式”历史资料数据库。随着全球化和网络化的发展，“史料愈近愈繁”已成规律。为了更高效地管理和利用史料，需要建立服务历史研究导向的专题数据库。该数据库不仅应包括传统的文献资料，还应整合考古发现、碑刻、口头传统等多源史料，不同的特征和专业价值的史料能够提供更为全面、深入的历史信息；利用数字技术补充数据、搭建平台，实现元数据的扩展与深化，提升中华民族历史研究质量；采用数据挖掘和人工智能等技术进行智能化管理与分析，大幅提升史料的利用效率和研究水平。在数据库的建设过程中，要注重史料的真实性和完整性，对史料进行考证辨伪，确保数据库质量；要坚持唯物史观，反对剪裁、割裂历史行为，用联系的观点看待史料，从碎片化的历史痕迹中构建中华民族历史的整体形象。

Innovate the methods, perspectives, and models of research on Chinese national history. In terms of research methods, adopt cross-cultural comparison and interdisciplinary comprehensive research methods. Cross-cultural comparative research helps to better understand the exchanges and interactions between the Chinese nation and cultures around the world, as well as the contribution and influence of Chinese culture on world civilization; interdisciplinary research can gather multi-disciplinary forces, giving birth to new research ideas and methods through mutual support and complementarity. The cross-disciplinary research of ethnology with linguistics, sociology, demography, and other disciplines can provide richer research perspectives and theoretical support. For example, through linguistic research, one can gain a deeper understanding of the evolution and mutual influence of various ethnic languages; through sociological research, one can better understand the interaction and integration of various ethnic groups in social change. At the same time, research on the relationship between Chinese culture and various ethnic cultures should be strengthened, highlighting the commonality of Chinese culture. Promote the establishment of overall connections between ethnology and various related disciplines, and in interdisciplinary intersections, solve complex social problems and seek innovative possibilities by integrating knowledge from different fields. In terms of research perspective, realize the shift from elite perspective to mass perspective. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "A history of China is a history of the integration of various ethnic groups into a diverse and unified Chinese nation, and a history of the joint creation, development, and consolidation of a unified great country by all ethnic groups." The masses are the fundamental driving force of historical progress, which means paying more attention to the practices of ordinary people and the remains of their social life, and treating them as basic materials for the production and reproduction of academic knowledge. By deeply excavating the historical memory and life experience of ordinary people, we can gain a deeper understanding of the overall history and culture of the Chinese nation. At the same time, we should also attach importance to the role and contribution of the masses in social change and historical development, and examine the historical process of the Chinese nation from a more objective and comprehensive perspective. In terms of research model, focus on the authenticity research and holistic interpretation of historical materials. The verification and discrimination of true and false historical materials are the basic link to ensure the quality of research. Not only the reliability and value of historical materials should be examined, but also the authenticity of the content they reflect should be distinguished. This requires returning to the historical scene and context of the materials, examining and interpreting old materials with new eyes, and identifying the validity of historical information. At the same time, adhere to historical materialism and view historical materials from a relational perspective. Interpret individual historical materials in a broader historical background and context, oppose the behavior of tailoring or fragmenting history, and avoid one-sided interpretation and misleading interpretation. Through holistic interpretation, we can better grasp the development context and internal logic of Chinese national history.

创新中华民族历史研究的方法、视角和模式。在研究方法上，采用跨文化比较和跨学科综合研究的方法。跨文化比较研究有助于更好地理解中华民族与世界各地文化的交流互动，以及中华文化对世界文明的贡献和影响；跨学科研究则能够凝聚多学科合力，在相互支撑、互为补充中催生新的研究思路与方法。民族学与语言学、社会学、人口学等学科的交叉研究，可以提供更为丰富的研究视角和理论支持。例如，通过语言学的研究，可以更深入地了解各民族语言的演变和相互影响；通过社会学的研究，可以更好地理解各民族在社会变迁中的互动和融合。同时，应加强对中华文化和各民族文化关系的研究，突出中华文化的共同性。推进民族学与各类相关学科建立整体联系，在学科交叉中，通过综合不同领域的知识，解决复杂的社会问题，寻求创新的可能性。在研究视角上，实现从精英视角向大众视角的转变。习近平总书记指出：“一部中国史，就是一部各民族交融汇聚成多元一体中华民族的历史，就是各民族共同缔造、发展、巩固统一的伟大祖国的历史。”人民群众是历史前进的根本动力，这意味着要更加关注普通民众的实践及其社会生活遗存，并将其作为学术知识生产和再生产的基础性资料。通过深入挖掘普通民众的历史记忆和生活经验，我们可以更深刻地了解中华民族的历史和文化全貌。同时，也要重视人民群众在社会变迁和历史发展中的作用与贡献，以更加客观、全面的视角来审视中华民族的历史进程。在研究模式上，注重史料真实性研究和整体性阐释。对史料的考证辨伪是确保研究质量的基础环节，不仅要考订史料的可靠性和价值，更要辨别其所反映内容的真伪。这需要回到资料所处的历史现场和历史语境，用新眼光审视和解读旧资料，鉴别历史信息的有效性。同时，坚持唯物史观，用联系的观点看待史料。将个体史料置于更为宏观的历史背景和语境中进行解读，反对剪裁、割裂历史的行为，避免片面化解读和误导性阐释。通过整体性阐释，可以更好地把握中华民族历史的发展脉络和内在逻辑。

Advancing the construction of a system of historical materials for the Chinese national community can not only provide basic materials for the construction of the discourse system and theoretical system but also provide an important source of thought for deepening the scholarly interpretation and scientific analysis of key basic issues concerning the Chinese national community. More critically, building a system of historical materials for the Chinese national community has practical significance for establishing a correct view of Chinese national history, forging the consciousness of the Chinese national community, and effectively playing the role of education and guidance.

推进中华民族共同体史料体系建设，不仅能为话语体系、理论体系建设提供基础资料，而且能为深化中华民族共同体重点基础性问题的学理性阐释和科学化分析提供重要思想源泉。更为关键的是，建设中华民族共同体史料体系，对树立正确的中华民族历史观、铸牢中华民族共同体意识、有效发挥教育引导作用，都具有现实意义。

Achieve the unity of discourse production and practical application to build a discourse system for the Chinese national community.

实现话语生产与实践应用相统一，打造中华民族共同体话语体系

Discourse is not only a tool for people's thinking and communication but also a set of expressed words and concepts, a linguistic medium for describing facts and expressing ideas and viewpoints, and more importantly, a theoretical tool for constructing ideas, constructing facts, and constructing images. In today's deepening globalization, the power of discourse is not only an important part of national soft power but also the key to shaping the international image on the international stage. Building a discourse system for the Chinese national community with distinct Chinese characteristics, contemporary features, and national characteristics is not only an inherent requirement of theoretical innovation but also a strategic choice to enhance the country's cultural soft power and safeguard national ideological security.

话语既是人们思维和交流的工具，又是一种被表达出来的词语和概念，还是描述事实和表达思想观点的语言媒介，更是建构思想、建构事实、建构形象的理论工具。在全球化日益加深的今天，话语权不仅是国家软实力的重要组成部分，还是在国际舞台上塑造国际形象的关键。构建具有鲜明中国特色、时代特征、民族特性的中华民族共同体话语体系，不仅是理论创新的内在要求，更是提升国家文化软实力、维护国家意识形态安全的战略选择。

Looking back at the history of the entry of foreign, especially Western, ethnic theories into China, the Western discourse system has had a very significant impact on the teaching and research of ethnology and anthropology in China, as well as on China's ethnic theory, policies, laws, and regulations, from basic concepts, research paradigms to basic viewpoints and theoretical systems. To some extent, the academic community has long used the imported concept of "ethnic group" (minzu) while neglecting the concept of "Chinese nation" (Zhonghua minzu) as the entirety of 56 officially recognized ethnic groups[5]5 The 56 officially recognized ethnic groups include the Han majority and 55 minority ethnic groups, as classified by the Chinese government.. At the same time, in theoretical research and practical work, emphasis has been placed on highlighting the differences and distinctions between various ethnic groups, while to a certain extent neglecting the connections, interactions, exchanges, and integration among them. Insufficient emphasis has been placed on the history of joint creation of Chinese civilization by all ethnic groups and the commonality of the Chinese nation. The discourse on "ethnic groups" is relatively abundant and strong, while the discourse on the "Chinese nation" has room for improvement in terms of quantity and influence, and there are also certain deviations in research and interpretation. Some studies even take theoretical viewpoints from Western academia as the standard for interpreting the history of the Chinese nation and viewing China's ethnic relations. To solve these problems, it is urgent to build a complete discourse system for the Chinese national community supported by basic concepts, basic viewpoints, and basic theories.

回顾国外特别是西方民族理论进入中国的历史，西方话语体系从基本概念、研究范式到基本观点、理论体系在我国民族学、人类学的教学科研乃至我国民族理论和政策法规实践中，都产生了非常大的影响。学界一定程度上存在长期使用舶来的“民族”概念而忽略了作为56个民族整体的“中华民族”概念的现象，同时在理论研究和实际工作中注重强调各个民族的不同与差异，在一定程度上忽略了各民族之间的联系和交往交流交融，对各民族共创中华的历史和中华民族的共同性强调力度不够。关于“民族”的话语相对多而强，而关于“中华民族”的话语，在数量和影响力等方面都存在一定的提升空间，在研究阐释上也存在一定偏差。有些研究甚至把来自西方学界的理论观点作为阐释中华民族发展史和看待我国民族关系的标准。要解决这些问题，迫切需要以基本概念、基本观点和基本理论为支撑，构建起完备的中华民族共同体话语体系。

Properly grasp the relationship between the production of discourse content and the application of discourse form to maximize discourse effectiveness. The deep content of discourse determines the external form of expression, and the choice of form must conform to the narrative requirements of practical change, following the logic of "discourse generation – discourse expression – discourse dissemination – discourse acceptance." First, highlight academic support and enhance discourse capacity. Discourse generation cannot be separated from a solid academic foundation. Focusing on basic theoretical research on the Chinese national community and strengthening the interpretation, transformation, and translation of texts are key to improving discourse capacity. Creating new concepts, new categories, and new expressions with originality and identity can not only break the dilemma of "having reason but being unable to express it" but also seek appropriate forms of expression for new discourse content, explain new problems clearly, and thoroughly elaborate the solutions. This requires deeply excavating new theoretical resources, conducting in-depth academic dialogue and criticism, promoting the formation and development of academic communities, and thus building a solid discourse system. Second, highlight consensus expression and optimize discourse dissemination. The dissemination effect of discourse directly concerns its social influence. To avoid the problem of "spoken but not spread" caused by abstract and theoretical discourse content, attention should be paid to expressing in plain and understandable language, enhancing the affinity of discourse, and expanding its influence and reach. Through cultural products and media platforms, transform theories into practical information close to people's livelihood, guide the public to actively participate and discuss, and form good social consensus and cultural identity. At the same time, handle the relationship between localization and internationalization: on the one hand, use the explanatory framework of "local construction" to strengthen the endogeneity and autonomy of discourse; on the other hand, use local discourse to refine new concepts and expressions that connect China and foreign countries, create discourse labels and business cards for Chinese stories, and dissolve discourse differences and dissemination variations across cultures. To this end, we should not only pay attention to the cognition and reaction of domestic people but also actively promote exchanges and cooperation with the international academic community, effectively conveying Chinese experience, Chinese stories, and Chinese theories to the international community. Finally, highlight political implications and enhance discourse confidence. Chinese theories need to be narrated in Chinese discourse. The construction of the Chinese national community has distinct Chinese characteristics and unique contributions. This should be fully understood in discourse expression, maintaining and enhancing its political nature, and using local discourse to break free from the dilemma of "widely spread but not acclaimed." Examine the construction of the Chinese national community in the context of socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics, clarify its positioning and role in the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. Continuously improve its theoretical system and practical path through practical exploration, and enhance discourse confidence and China's international discourse power with new achievements of the Chinese national community.

把握好话语内容的生产与话语形式的应用关系，实现话语效能最大化。话语的深层内容决定了表达的外在形式，而形式的选择又需顺应实践变革的叙事要求，遵循“话语生成-话语表达-话语传播-话语接受”逻辑。首先，突出学理支撑，提升话语能力。话语的生成离不开深厚的学理基础。聚焦中华民族共同体基础理论的研究，加强文本的阐释、转化和翻译工作，是提升话语能力的关键。打造具有原创性和标识性的新概念、新范畴、新表达，不仅能够破除“有理说不出”的困境，还能为新的话语内容寻求合适的表达形式，将新问题说清楚，将破解之道讲透彻。这需要深入挖掘新的理论资源，开展深入的学术对话与批评，推动学术共同体的形成与发展，从而构建起坚实的话语体系。其次，突出共识表达，优化话语传播。话语的传播效果直接关乎其社会影响力。为避免话语内容抽象化、理论化，导致“说了传不开”的问题，应注重以通俗易懂的语言进行表达，增强话语的亲和力，扩大影响力和传播度。通过文化产品和传媒平台等形式，将理论转化为贴近民生的实用信息，引导民众积极参与和讨论，形成良好的社会共识和文化认同。同时，处理好本土化和国际化的关系，既用“本土构建”的解释框架加强话语的内生性和自主性，又用本土话语提炼融通中外的新概念、新表述，打造中国故事的话语标识和名片，消解不同文化的话语分歧和传播变异。为此，不仅要关注国内民众的认知和反应，还要积极推动国际学术界的交流与合作，将中国经验、中国故事与中国理论有效传达给国际社会。最后，突出政治意蕴，增强话语自信。中国理论需要用中国话语来讲述。中华民族共同体的构建具有鲜明的中国特色和独特性贡献，在话语表达中应充分理解这一点，保持和增强政治性，以本土话语摆脱“传开叫不响”的困境。将中华民族共同体的构建置于中国特色社会主义现代化建设的背景下进行审视，明确其在国家治理体系和治理能力现代化中的定位和作用。通过实践探索不断完善其理论体系和实践路径，以中华民族共同体新成就提升话语自信和中国国际话语权。

Handle the transformation relationships among different types of discourse in generation and application to achieve optimal discourse construction. The discourse system for the Chinese national community includes multiple types such as political discourse, academic discourse, life discourse, and international discourse. Handling the transformation relationships among various types of discourse is the key to achieving optimal discourse construction. First, follow the content logic of "Chinese autonomy" to achieve discourse generation. In this process, attention should be paid to the combination of unity and diversity. While respecting ethnic differences, the discourse narrative of the "Chinese nation as a whole" should be highlighted. At the same time, pay attention to the combination of scholarly rationality and practicality. During transformation, pay attention to the cohesion of content, promote the life-oriented transformation of academic discourse and the popularization of political discourse. In political discourse, strengthen the advantages of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and reinforce ethnic unity and national identity in a multicultural context; in academic discourse, combine empirical research with theoretical innovation to continuously improve the theoretical system of ethnic theory with Chinese characteristics; in life discourse, focus on cultural inheritance and innovation to form cultural confidence and cultural consciousness with Chinese characteristics and national features. Second, follow the practical logic of "upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground"[6]6 "Upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground" (守正创新) is a principle promoted by Xi Jinping, meaning adhering to the fundamental principles of socialism while innovating in practice and theory. to achieve discourse breakthrough. In this process, we must uphold the correct direction of discourse and adhere to the leadership of the Party to guide the direction of discourse. Make content and form transformations according to the target audience of discourse, enhancing ideological consensus and emotional connection. Under the premise of adhering to the Party's leadership, actively carry out ideological propaganda work to form cultural consciousness and identity with full participation. At the same time, innovate narrative styles and practice the "Two Integrations"[7]7 The "Two Integrations" (两个结合) refers to the combination of the fundamental principles of Marxism with China's specific realities and with the excellent traditional Chinese culture, as formulated by Xi Jinping. to create discourse characteristics. Combine the fundamental principles of Marxism with China's specific realities, constantly innovate discourse narrative methods, and promote cultural inheritance and development in forms that the people like to see and hear. Pay attention to the development and utilization of multimedia platforms, and establish multiple types of digital corpora to facilitate academic research and practical application. Finally, follow the value logic of "forging consciousness" and firmly grasp the dominant power of ideological work. In this process, forging the consciousness of the Chinese national community should be the main line. Implement and emphasize the formation of a "shared spiritual home" in different types of discourse content, and innovate the discourse expression methods of mainstream ideological propaganda and education. Improve the feedback mechanism of discourse effects, and enhance the sense of identity of all ethnic groups toward the Chinese nation. At the same time, in all types of discourse systems, spread the consciousness of the Chinese national community as a mainstream value, and guide people of all ethnic groups across the country to establish cultural identity and national identity with the Chinese nation. Through the guidance and shaping of discourse, promote the consciousness of the Chinese national community to take root in people's hearts and widely practice.

处理好不同话语类型在生成和应用上的转换关系，实现话语建设最优化。中华民族共同体话语体系包括政治话语、学术话语、生活话语和国际话语等多种类型。处理好各类话语间的转换关系，是实现话语建设最优化的关键。首先，遵循“中国自主”的内容逻辑，实现话语生成。在这一过程中，应注重统一性和多样性的结合。既要尊重民族差异，又要突出“中华民族整体”的话语叙事。同时，注重学理性和实践性的结合，在转换时注意内容的衔接，推进学术话语生活化、政治话语大众化。在政治话语中强化中国特色社会主义制度优势，强化多元文化语境中的民族团结与国家认同；在学术话语中注重实证研究与理论创新相结合，推进中国特色民族理论体系不断完善；在生活话语中注重文化的传承与创新，形成具有中国特色和民族特点的文化自信与文化自觉。其次，遵循“守正创新”的实践逻辑，实现话语突围。在这一过程中，应守好话语方向之正，坚持以党的领导引领话语导向。针对话语接受对象做好内容和形式的转换，增进思想共识和情感互系。在坚持党的领导的前提下，积极开展思想宣传工作，形成全民参与的文化自觉与认同。同时，创叙事风格之新，践行“两个结合”打造话语特色。将马克思主义基本原理与中国具体实际相结合，不断创新话语叙事方式，以人民群众喜闻乐见的形式推进文化的传承与发展。注重多媒体平台的开发与利用，建立多类型的数字化语料库，为学术研究和实践应用提供便利。最后，遵循“铸牢意识”的价值逻辑，切实掌握意识形态工作主导权。在这一过程中，应以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为主线。在不同类型的话语内容中贯彻强调“共有精神家园”的形成，创新主流意识形态宣传教育的话语表达方式。完善话语效果反馈机制，增强各族群众对中华民族的认同感。同时，在各类话语体系中将中华民族共同体意识作为主流价值观进行传播，并引导全国各族人民树立对中华民族的文化认同和国家认同。通过话语的引导和塑造，推动中华民族共同体意识深入人心和广泛实践。

Discourse plays a pivotal role in the construction of the theoretical system of the Chinese national community. Building a discourse system for the Chinese national community not only helps to promote the in-depth development and wide dissemination of the theory of the Chinese national community but also demonstrates the unique advantages and successful experiences of China as a unified multi-ethnic country, thereby providing solid contextual support and discourse confidence for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

话语在中华民族共同体理论体系构建中发挥着举足轻重的作用。打造中华民族共同体话语体系，不仅有助于推动中华民族共同体理论的深入发展和广泛传播，还能够展示中国统一多民族国家的独特优势和成功经验，进而为中华民族的伟大复兴提供坚实的语境支撑和话语自信。

Adhere to the integration of concept analysis and system construction to build the theoretical system of the Chinese national community.

坚持概念辨析与体系建构相贯通，构建中华民族共同体理论体系

As the concentrated reflection and theoretical expression of China's independent knowledge system in the field of ethnicity, the theory of the Chinese national community is a major theoretical innovation that combines Marxist ethnic theory with China's specific realities and with the excellent traditional Chinese culture. Building China's own theoretical system of the Chinese national community is an inevitable requirement for deepening the understanding of the Chinese national community and promoting the high-quality development of ethnic work in the New Era. To this end, it is necessary to base ourselves on the long history of the Chinese nation, follow the historical logic and theoretical logic of the formation and development of the Chinese nation, and scientifically reveal the reasoning, theory, and philosophy of the formation and development of the Chinese nation.

作为中国自主知识体系在民族领域的集中反映与理论表达，中华民族共同体理论是把马克思主义民族理论同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合的重大理论创新。构建中国自主的中华民族共同体理论体系，是深化对中华民族共同体认识、推动新时代民族工作高质量发展的必然要求。为此，需要立足中华民族悠久历史，遵循中华民族形成和发展的历史逻辑、理论逻辑，科学揭示中华民族形成和发展的道理、学理、哲理。

Differentiating and analyzing the inherent contradictions in existing theoretical knowledge, and clarifying existing theoretical misunderstandings. Conceptual differentiation requires breaking thinking stereotypes, analyzing the essence of views, criticizing erroneous tendencies, correcting mistaken understandings, "de-familiarizing" to discard preconceptions, and "re-problematizing" to conduct theoretical analysis. The core of conceptual differentiation lies in "de-familiarization." Any theory is formed under specific historical, social, and cultural backgrounds, thus inevitably bearing the brand and limitations of its era; one must maintain a scientific, truth-seeking attitude and not be constrained by existing theoretical frameworks. "Re-problematization" is another important link in conceptual differentiation. It involves redefining and deeply analyzing theoretical issues, placing them in the actual social and historical context, and revealing the essence and root causes of problems through analysis of their internal logic and external connections. At the same time, one must dare to question existing theoretical explanations, boldly raise new questions and hypotheses, to promote theoretical innovation and development. To this end, first, we must adhere to the guiding position of Marxism. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: "The theoretical basis for our daring to think, speak, act, and do is Marxism-Leninism." In conceptual differentiation, we must uphold Marxist positions, viewpoints, and methods, use Marxism as a theoretical weapon to screen and filter outdated and obsolete ideas, eliminate erroneous views that conflict with the construction of the Chinese national community, and advance theoretical innovation and development with the times, so that the theory of the Chinese national community better meets the requirements of the times and practical needs. Second, adhere to the people-centered value principle. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC[8]8 The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, held in October 2022, which set forth the Party's guiding principles for the next five years. pointed out: "Any theory that is divorced from the people is pale and powerless; any theory that does not bring benefits to the people has no vitality." In conceptual differentiation, we should always uphold the people-centered value principle, take the practical activities of the masses as the source of theoretical innovation and the criterion for testing truth. By correcting erroneous views proven wrong by practice, breaking narrow understandings, and making the theory of the Chinese national community closer to the actual needs of the masses. Finally, uphold the dialectical unity of theory and practice. In conceptual differentiation, based on new practical problems and practical experience, reflect on and transform the constituent elements and framework of the existing theoretical system, constructing a new theoretical system that conforms to the requirements of the times and the laws of historical development. Escape the subjective-objective separation between practical facts and knowledge production, allowing theoretical innovation to truly lead practical development. In theory, focus on in-depth analysis and summarization of new emerging issues, proposing new concepts and categories; in practice, actively promote the application and dissemination of theory, transforming theoretical achievements into practical momentum and effects. Additionally, in the process of conceptual differentiation, we must pay special attention to revealing and analyzing internal contradictions. Existing theoretical knowledge often contains various internal contradictions and tensions, which may stem from the limitations of the theory itself or the disconnect between theory and reality. By revealing these internal contradictions, we can more deeply understand the essence and limitations of the theory, thereby providing a strong basis for the revision and development of the theory.

辨析现有理论知识蕴含的内在矛盾，廓清现存理论误区。概念辨析要求打破思维定势，分析观点本质、批判错误倾向、纠正错误认识，“去熟悉化”摒弃先入之见，“再问题化”进行理论分析。概念辨析的核心就在于“去熟悉化”。任何理论都是在特定的历史、社会和文化背景下形成的，因而都不可避免地带有时代的烙印和局限，必须保持科学的、实事求是的态度，不被已有的理论框架所束缚。“再问题化”是概念辨析的又一重要环节。对理论问题进行重新界定和深入剖析，将理论问题置于现实的社会历史背景中，通过对其内在逻辑和外在联系的分析，揭示问题的本质和根源。同时，还要敢于质疑现有的理论解释，勇于提出新的问题和假设，以推动理论的创新和发展。为此，首先要坚持马克思主义的指导地位。毛泽东同志指出：“我们敢想、敢说、敢做、敢为的理论基础是马列主义。”在概念辨析中，必须坚持马克思主义的立场、观点和方法，以马克思主义为理论武器，对陈旧过时的思想进行筛选和过滤，剔除与中华民族共同体建设相抵牾的错误观点；与时俱进地推进理论创新发展，使中华民族共同体理论更加符合时代要求和实践需要。其次，坚持以人民为中心的价值原则。党的二十大报告指出：“一切脱离人民的理论都是苍白无力的，一切不为人民造福的理论都是没有生命力的。”在概念辨析中，应始终坚持以人民为中心的价值原则，将人民群众的实践活动作为理论创新的源泉和检验真理的标准。通过纠正被实践证明的错误观点，破除狭隘认识，使中华民族共同体理论更加贴近人民群众的实际需求。最后，坚持理论与实践的辩证统一。在概念辨析中基于新的现实问题和实践经验，反思和变革现有理论体系的构成要素及框架结构，构建符合时代要求和历史发展规律的新理论体系。摆脱实践事实与知识生产间的主客观分离状态，让理论创新真正引领实践发展。在理论上，注重对新出现的问题进行深入分析和总结，提出新的概念和范畴；在实践上，积极推动理论的应用和推广，使理论成果转化为实践的动力和效果。此外，在概念辨析的过程中，我们还需特别注意对内在矛盾的揭示和剖析。现有理论知识往往蕴含着各种内在矛盾和张力，这可能源于理论自身的局限性或是理论与现实之间的脱节。通过揭示这些内在矛盾，可以更加深入地理解理论的本质和局限，从而为理论的修正和发展提供有力的依据。

Constructing a theoretical system for the Chinese national community, injecting resource elements with practical vitality and substantive effectiveness. System construction requires inheriting existing theories while critically developing them, using new ideas to update the content of the theoretical system and perfect the theoretical framework. First, take the historical data system as the foundation and the discourse system as the tool. If historical data is the basis of "having substance in speech," then theory is the guide of "having reason in speech." Only by constructing a scientific and complete theoretical system can historical data have academic rationality and explanatory power, and can discourse have persuasiveness and interpretative power. In system construction, based on detailed historical data accumulation, conduct scientific classification and organization, deeply sort out and study the developmental history of the Chinese nation, and excavate the historical origins and cultural deposits of the pattern of diversity in unity of the Chinese nation.[9]9 "Pattern of diversity in unity of the Chinese nation" (中华民族多元一体格局): a concept coined by sociologist Fei Xiaotong to describe the structure of the Chinese nation as a unified whole formed by diverse ethnic groups. On this basis, construct a scientific and complete theoretical system, deeply elaborate on the connotation, characteristics, and developmental laws of the Chinese national community, use a clear and accurate discourse system for theoretical expression and dissemination, making the theory of the Chinese national community more deeply rooted in people's hearts and widely known. Second, increase research efforts on fundamental theoretical issues and major practical issues of the Chinese national community. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The process of theoretical innovation is the process of discovering problems, screening problems, studying problems, and solving problems." To this end, we should increase research on fundamental theoretical issues and major practical issues of the Chinese national community, deeply analyze the many contradictions contained in new issues raised by practice, refine and elevate theoretical and academic issues with academic rationality and specialization, forming theoretical results that keep pace with the times. Pay attention to major practical issues in the construction of the Chinese national community, such as the cause of national unity and progress, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and national economic and cultural development. Through in-depth research and analysis of these issues, propose targeted and operable policy measures and theoretical suggestions, providing strong theoretical support and practical guidance for the construction of the Chinese national community. Finally, strengthen disciplinary construction, optimize disciplinary structure, cultivate high-level talents in ethnic theory research, and boost the output of original research results. Based on characteristic teaching materials, create a distinctive teaching system, curriculum design, and disciplinary evaluation plan, establish a high-quality, diversified talent training mechanism, and enhance the competitive advantage of talent resources. Strengthen the construction and development of related disciplines such as ethnology, history, and anthropology, promote interdisciplinary integration and collaborative innovation. Optimize disciplinary structure and curriculum design, cultivate talents in ethnic theory research with profound theoretical literacy and extensive practical experience. At the same time, strengthen exchanges and cooperation with the international academic community, introduce foreign advanced research methods and concepts, and promote the international development of the theory of the Chinese national community.

构建中华民族共同体理论体系，注入具有现实活力和实质效能的资源要素。体系建构要求在扬弃地继承现有理论的基础上，用新的理念更新理论体系内容、完善理论框架。首先，以史料体系为基础，以话语体系为工具。如果说史料是“言之有物”的基础，那么理论就是“言之有理”的遵循。只有构建科学完备的理论体系，史料才具有学理性和阐释力，话语才具有说服力和解释力。在体系建构中，应基于详实的史料积累，进行科学分类和整理，深入梳理和研究中华民族的发展历史，挖掘中华民族多元一体格局的历史渊源和文化底蕴。在此基础上，构建科学完备的理论体系，对中华民族共同体的内涵、特征、发展规律等进行深入阐述，运用清晰准确的话语体系进行理论表述和传播，使中华民族共同体理论更加深入人心、广为人知。其次，加大中华民族共同体基础理论问题和重大现实问题研究力度。习近平总书记指出：“理论创新的过程就是发现问题、筛选问题、研究问题、解决问题的过程。”为此，应加大对中华民族共同体基础理论问题和重大现实问题的研究力度，深入剖析实践提出的新问题所包含的诸多矛盾，提炼升华具有学理化、专业化的理论问题和学术问题，形成与时俱进的理论成果。关注中华民族共同体建设中的重大现实问题，如民族团结进步事业、民族区域自治制度、民族经济文化发展等。通过对这些问题的深入研究和分析，提出具有针对性和可操作性的政策措施和理论建议，为中华民族共同体建设提供有力的理论支撑和实践指导。最后，加强学科建设，优化学科结构，培养民族理论研究高水平人才，助推原创性研究成果产出。以特色教材为基础，打造鲜明的教学体系、课程设置和学科评估方案，建立高质量、多元化的人才培养机制，厚植人才资源竞争优势。加强民族学、历史学、人类学等相关学科的建设和发展，推动学科交叉融合和协同创新。优化学科结构和课程设置，培养具有深厚理论素养和广泛实践经验的民族理论研究人才。同时，加强与国际学术界的交流与合作，引进国外先进的研究方法和理念，推动中华民族共同体理论的国际化发展。

Constructing a theoretical system for the Chinese national community is not only a scientific summary of the CPC’s over one hundred years of ethnic work[10]10 "Over one hundred years of ethnic work": refers to the CPC's work on ethnic issues since its founding in 1921. development but also an important theoretical support for promoting innovative development of the Party’s ethnic work in the New Era. The construction of this theoretical system can further deepen the understanding and grasp of the developmental laws of the Chinese nation, provide scientific theoretical guidance for promoting the continuous progress of all ethnic groups along the path of united struggle and common prosperity and development, and lay a solid theoretical foundation for realizing the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

构建中华民族共同体理论体系，既是对中国共产党百余年民族工作发展历程的科学总结，也是新时代推进党的民族工作创新发展的重要理论支撑。这一理论体系的构建，不仅能进一步深化对中华民族发展规律的认识与把握，也能为促进各民族在共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展的道路上不断前进提供科学的理论指导，为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦奠定坚实的理论基础。

Conclusion

结语

From the profound insight of Marx’s historical materialism, the historical data system, discourse system, and theoretical system of the Chinese national community support each other, interpenetrate and integrate, jointly weaving a rich in connotation and logically rigorous organic whole. The construction of the "three systems"[11]11 "Three systems" (三大体系): the historical data system, discourse system, and theoretical system of the Chinese national community. is a profound understanding and innovative application of the Marxist laws on ethnicity and historical development, reflecting the deep thinking of Chinese Communists on the dialectical relationship between the diversity and commonality of human civilizations. The historical data system, as the cornerstone, provides solid historical support for the construction of the discourse system and theoretical system; the discourse system is a bridge, connecting the past and the future, interpreting the profound connotation and contemporary value of the Chinese national community; the theoretical system is the soul of the entire structure, deepening the understanding of the formation and development laws of the Chinese national community based on rich historical data and vivid discourse, providing scientific theoretical guidance for the formulation and implementation of ethnic policies in the New Era. The mutual construction of the "three systems" is an innovative development of the CPC’s ethnic theory and policy in the New Era, adding substantive content to the construction of China’s independent knowledge system, and injecting strong impetus into the development of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics; it is a key move to deepen the understanding of Chinese national history and culture, and strengthen national identity and cultural confidence.

从马克思唯物史观的深刻洞察出发，中华民族共同体的史料体系、话语体系与理论体系，相互支撑、互渗互融，共同织就了一个内涵丰富、逻辑严密的有机整体。“三大体系”的构建，是对马克思主义关于民族与历史发展规律的深刻理解和创新性运用，体现了中国共产党人对于人类文明多样性与共同性辩证关系的深邃思考。史料体系作为基石，为话语体系与理论体系的构建提供了坚实的历史支撑；话语体系是桥梁，连接着过去与未来，阐释着中华民族共同体的深刻内涵与时代价值；理论体系则是整个架构的灵魂，它基于丰富的史料与生动的话语，深化了对中华民族共同体形成发展规律的认识，为新时代民族政策的制定与实施提供了科学的理论指导。“三大体系”互构相生，是对新时代中国共产党的民族理论与民族政策的创新发展，为中国自主知识体系建设增添了实质内容，更为中国特色哲学社会科学的发展注入了强大动力，是深化对中华民族历史与文化认知、强化民族认同与文化自信的关键之举。

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "Civilizations become colorful through exchange, and civilizations become rich through mutual learning."[12]12 Quote from a speech by Xi Jinping, often cited in discussions about cultural exchange and mutual learning among civilizations. Continuously deepening the multi-dimensional study of the Chinese national community can not only more precisely understand and grasp the magnificent historical fate and bright future trajectory of the Chinese nation but also provide thinking paths and practical solutions with Chinese characteristics for solving the complex and volatile national problems and civilizational conflicts globally. In this process, the collection and collation of historical data should strive for comprehensiveness and accuracy, discourse construction should emphasize the integration of timeliness and internationality, and theoretical innovation should continuously break through, thereby achieving the deep integration and innovative development of Marxist ethnic theory with China’s concrete reality. We should always adhere to the guiding position of Marxism, use the worldview and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, deeply excavate the historical roots, cultural essence, and era characteristics of the Chinese national community, and with a scientific attitude, open spirit, and innovative courage, continuously promote the perfection and development of the "three systems" of the Chinese national community.

习近平总书记强调：“文明因交流而多彩，文明因互鉴而丰富。”不断深化对中华民族共同体的多维度研究，不仅能够更加精准地理解和把握中华民族波澜壮阔的历史命运与光明璀璨的未来走向，还能为解决全球范围内复杂多变的民族问题与文明冲突提供具有中国特色的思考路径与实践方案。在这一过程中，史料搜集与整理要力求全面准确，话语构建要注重时代性与国际性的融合，理论创新要不断突破，进而实现马克思主义民族理论与中国具体实际的深度融合与创新发展。我们应始终坚持马克思主义的指导地位，运用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的世界观与方法论，深入挖掘中华民族共同体的历史根源、文化精髓与时代特征，以科学的态度、开放的精神、创新的勇气，不断推动中华民族共同体“三大体系”的完善与发展。

(The author is Dean of the School of Marxism, Central China Normal University)

（作者系华中师范大学马克思主义学院院长）

Online editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁