Chen Yun's Rich Leadership Experience in Economic Work

In his speech at the symposium commemorating the 120th anniversary of the birth of Comrade Chen Yun, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "We must learn from Comrade Chen Yun's rich leadership experience." "In the area of economic work, Comrade Chen Yun put forward many important views and major measures, exploring effective ways to creatively solve problems and open up new prospects for work." As an important member of the Party's first generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Mao Zedong at its core and the Party's second generation of central collective leadership with Comrade Deng Xiaoping at its core, Comrade Chen Yun participated in the formulation, organization and implementation of a series of major decisions of the Party Central Committee in different historical periods. He was long responsible for the economic work of New China's construction and development, actively explored the laws of socialist economic construction, and did a great deal of effective work in establishing the socialist economic system and building an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system. He made outstanding contributions to exploring China's path of socialist construction, created rich leadership experience, and was one of the founders and pioneers of China's socialist economic construction.

习近平总书记在纪念陈云同志诞辰120周年座谈会上的讲话中指出：“我们要学习陈云同志的丰富领导经验。”“在负责经济工作方面，陈云同志提出许多重要观点和重大举措，探索了创造性解决问题、打开工作局面的有效途径。”作为以毛泽东同志为核心的党的第一代中央领导集体和以邓小平同志为核心的党的第二代中央领导集体的重要成员，陈云同志参与了党中央在不同历史时期一系列重大决策的制定和组织实施。他长期负责新中国建设和发展的经济工作，积极探索社会主义经济建设规律，在确立社会主义经济制度、建立独立的比较完整的工业体系和国民经济体系等方面做了大量卓有成效的工作，为探索我国社会主义建设道路作出了杰出贡献，创造了丰富领导经验，是中国社会主义经济建设的开创者和奠基人之一。

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Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out: What is our main task for the present and for a considerable historical period to come? In a word, it is to carry out modernization. China's modernization has developed gradually in the process of summing up historical experience. First of all, we must have a clear understanding of the national conditions and act according to our capabilities. When reflecting on economic construction in the early days of New China, Comrade Chen Yun stated: "For us backward countries, it is not a question of modernization but a question of whether we have something or not. If it is more backward but production is fast, that is also good. We are developing and expanding production on the basis of our own strength." (Five Lessons from Seven Years of Economic Construction, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III) This is the historical foundation and logical starting point of New China's modernization. On December 10, 1978, at the Northeast Group meeting of the Central Work Conference before the convocation of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC, he said: "Realizing the four modernizations is an unprecedented great march for our country; it must be both active and steady." (Five Opinions on Current Economic Issues, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III) He stressed: "We are carrying out the four modernizations and building a powerful socialist country under what circumstances. To seek truth from facts, we must first clarify the 'facts'. If this issue is not clarified, nothing can be done well." (Adjusting the National Economy According to the Principle of Proportionality, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III)

邓小平同志指出，我们当前以及今后相当长一个历史时期的主要任务是什么？一句话，就是搞现代化建设。我国现代化建设是在总结历史经验中逐步发展起来的，首先就要对国情有清晰的认识，量力而行。陈云同志在思考新中国成立初期的经济建设时指出：“我们这些落后国家，不是现代化的问题，而是有无的问题。如果落后些，生产很快，也是好的。我们是在自己的力量基础上发展和扩大生产的。”（《建国七年来经济建设的五条经验教训》，《陈云文集》第三卷）这是新中国现代化建设的历史基础和逻辑起点。1978年12月10日，他在党的十一届三中全会召开前的中央工作会议东北组发言时说，“实现四个现代化是我国史无前例的一次伟大进军，必须既积极又稳重”（《关于当前经济问题的五点意见》，《陈云文选》第三卷）。他强调：“我们搞四个现代化，建设社会主义强国，是在什么情况下进行的。讲实事求是，先要把‘实事’搞清楚。这个问题不搞清楚，什么事情也搞不好。”（《坚持按比例原则调整国民经济》，《陈云文选》第三卷）

At the same time, our modernization is socialist modernization, and we must adhere to the correct direction. In this regard, Comrade Chen Yun pointed out: "We are engaged in the socialist four modernizations, not any other modernization. The cause we are pursuing is the socialist cause." (People's Daily, July 1, 1985) He stated that the four modernizations must rely on the Party's leadership and that with the Party's leadership they can certainly be realized. On the standard of modernization, he believed: "Modernization should be marked by the most advanced industry; there is no doubt that this can be accomplished." (Building Baosteel Together with One Heart and One Mind, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III) "Modernization cannot be compared by living standards. The main marker of modernization is industrial modernization." (Some Views on Current Economic Issues, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III) Particularly importantly, he believed that in building socialism, material progress and cultural-ethical progress must be grasped together and developed in a coordinated manner. He stressed that in the construction of socialist material progress, if socialist cultural-ethical progress is not simultaneously carried out, material progress may deviate from the correct direction. "If we forget or slacken our grasp of socialist cultural-ethical progress, material progress cannot be done well either." (People's Daily, July 1, 1985)

与此同时，我们的现代化是社会主义现代化，一定要坚持正确方向。对此，陈云同志指出：“我们是搞社会主义的四个现代化，不是搞别的现代化。我们进行的事业，是社会主义事业。”（《人民日报》1985年7月1日）他表示，四个现代化必须靠党的领导，在党的领导下是一定能够实现的。关于现代化的标准，他认为，“现代化应以最先进的工业为标志，这毫无疑问是可以完成的”（《同心协力建设好宝钢》，《陈云文选》第三卷）。“现代化不能比生活。现代化的主要标志是工业现代化。”（《对当前经济问题的几点看法》，《陈云文集》第三卷）尤为重要的是，他认为在搞社会主义建设时，物质文明和精神文明要一起抓，协调发展，他强调在进行社会主义物质文明建设中，如果不同时进行社会主义精神文明建设，物质文明建设就可能偏离正确的方向，“如果忘记或放松抓社会主义的精神文明建设，物质文明建设也不可能搞好”（《人民日报》1985年7月1日）。

Specifically on how to realize the four modernizations, Comrade Chen Yun attached importance both to the industrial base and to the role of technical personnel. He pointed out: "The base for our modernization: existing industry is the foundation, on which we carry out transformation and introduce new technology. Existing technical personnel are the foundation of our intellectual strength." (Economic Situation and Lessons, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III) Facing the arduous and heavy tasks of reform and development in the early period of reform and opening up, and the situation of "a gap between old and young" in the cadre contingent, he proposed to promote and train tens of thousands of young and middle-aged cadres. "Without veteran cadres, the four modernizations cannot be realized; without a large number of intellectuals joining our Party's cadre contingent, a modernized New China can never be built." He stressed that the method of using and training large numbers of young and middle-aged cadres should be institutionalized. (Promoting and Training Young and Middle-Aged Cadres Is an Urgent Task, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III) He believed that the key to the four modernizations is the modernization of science and technology. When a new technological revolution represented by integrated circuits and electronic computers was approaching in the world in the 1980s, he keenly pointed out that this "is a new challenge to our national economy and to our electronics industry." "Without integrated circuits and electronic computers, the four modernizations cannot be achieved. We must accelerate the development of integrated circuits and computers, and promote the electronics industry." People with knowledge in these areas should be gathered together. Therefore, "the electronics industry must not only do a good job in research and production, but also pay close attention to promotion and application. Once a result is achieved, it should be promoted and applied, so that electronic technology can achieve significant results in promoting the development of the national economy." (We Must Accelerate the Development of the Electronics Industry, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III)

具体到如何实现四个现代化，陈云同志既重视工业基础，也强调技术人员的作用。他指出：“我们实现现代化的基地：现有工业是基础，在这个基础上加以改造和引进新技术。现有技术人员是我们知识力量的基础。”（《经济形势与经验教训》，《陈云文选》第三卷）面对改革开放初期艰巨繁重的改革发展任务和干部队伍“青黄不接”的情况，他提出要成千上万地提拔培养中青年干部，“没有老干部不能实现四化，没有大批知识分子参加到我们党的干部队伍中来，也决不能建成现代化的新中国”。他强调，使用和培养大批中青年干部的办法，要成为制度（《提拔培养中青年干部是当务之急》，《陈云文选》第三卷）。他认为四个现代化的关键是科学技术的现代化，当20世纪80年代世界上以集成电路和电子计算机为代表的新的技术革命即将来临时，他敏锐地指出，这“对我们的国民经济，对我们的电子工业，都是一场新的挑战”。“搞四个现代化，没有集成电路和电子计算机不行。要把集成电路和计算机抓上去，把电子工业搞上去”，要把有这方面知识的人集中起来。因此，“电子工业不仅要搞好科研和生产，也要抓好推广应用，搞出一项成果，就推广一项成果，使电子技术在促进国民经济发展方面，见到大的成效”（《要把电子工业搞上去》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。

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Speeding up industrialization is an inevitable requirement for national independence and prosperity. On the eve of the founding of New China, the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the CPC [1]1 The Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the CPC, held in March 1949, decided the Party's work focus shift from the countryside to the city and that China would be transformed from an agricultural to an industrial country. clearly pointed out that China should be steadily transformed from an agricultural country into an industrial country. Comrade Chen Yun was entrusted with leading the national financial and economic work from the early days of New China. To rapidly restore the national economy and consolidate the new people's political power, he coordinated forces from all sides, won "economic battles" in grain, cotton, cotton cloth, coal, etc., achieved the unification of national financial and economic work, and stabilized financial prices. When summing up the state of financial and economic work in the first year after the founding of New China, he pointed out: "Properly estimating the potential of both people and materials in China, with the guarantee of the people's political power, we have immense possibilities for creative achievements." "We must recognize that China's social and economic situation is complex." "Striving for the best goals, while at the same time preparing for the worst-case scenario, we can remain invincible and steadily strive for the continued and fundamental improvement of the financial and economic situation." (People's Daily, October 1, 1950) In the first three years after the founding of New China, the Party led the people to quickly restore the national economy, which had been severely damaged by war and other factors.

加快工业化是国家独立和富强的必然要求。新中国成立前夕，党的七届二中全会明确指出，要使中国稳步地由农业国转变为工业国。陈云同志在新中国成立之初就受命主持领导全国财政经济工作。为迅速恢复国民经济，巩固新生的人民政权，他统筹各方面力量，打赢了粮食、棉花、棉布、煤炭等方面的“经济战”，实现了全国财政经济统一，稳定了金融物价。在总结新中国成立一年财政和经济工作状况时，他指出：“恰当地估计中国人与物两方面的潜力，在人民政权的保证下，我们有极大的创造性的成就的可能”，“必须认识中国社会经济情况是复杂的”，“向最好的目标争取，同时又作在最坏情况下的打算，我们就可以立于不败的地位，稳步地争取财政经济状况的继续好转和根本好转。”（《人民日报》1950年10月1日）新中国成立后的头三年，党领导人民迅速恢复了遭受战争等严重破坏的国民经济。

First, we must ensure the people's livelihood; second, we must carry out construction. Under the conditions of that time, how to handle the relationship between food and construction was very important. Comrade Chen Yun stressed that the scale of construction must be compatible with national conditions and national strength, and must correctly handle the relationship between accumulation and consumption. "If we cannot solve the people's problems of food and clothing, our socialist construction cause will not stand firm." (The Main Method for Solving the Problem of Food and Clothing, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III) He especially stressed the need to correctly handle the dialectical relationship between the people's livelihood and national construction, pointing out "we can find a standard for the correct relationship between livelihood and construction." "There should be an appropriate proportion between basic construction within industry, transportation, etc." (Correctly Handling the Relationship between Livelihood and Construction, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III) To ensure the people's livelihood, we must first ensure grain production. Grain "is an indispensable material for economic construction; without grain, there can be no construction." (Reasonably Adjusting the Contradiction between Grain Supply and Demand, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III) He stressed, "The grain problem affects the entire economic situation. To turn a passive situation into an active one, the grain problem, that is, the agricultural problem, is the biggest problem." (The Grain Problem and the Market Problem, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III) To increase grain output, "we must rely on the method of increasing per-unit yield" (Exploring Effective Ways to Increase Agricultural Output, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III); and to make grain problems manageable, the most fundamental issue is to mobilize the enthusiasm of farmers. The "fundamental way to solve the agricultural problem is agricultural mechanization." (Mobilizing Farmers' Enthusiasm Is the Foundation for Managing Grain, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III)

一要吃饭，二要建设。在当时的条件下，如何处理好吃饭与建设的问题，十分重要。陈云同志强调建设规模必须同国情国力相适应，要正确处理积累和消费的关系，“如果我们不能解决人民的吃饭穿衣问题，我们的社会主义建设事业便站不稳”（《解决吃穿问题的主要办法》，《陈云文选》第三卷）。他特别强调要处理好人民生活与国家建设的辩证关系，指出“我们很可以找出一个民生和建设正确关系的标准”，“工业、交通等内部的基本建设应该有适当的比例”（《正确处理民生和建设的关系》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。保障人民生活，首先要保障粮食生产，粮食“是经济建设中必不可少的物资，没有粮食就不能建设”（《合理调整粮食供销矛盾》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。他强调，“粮食问题影响到我们整个的经济局面。要把被动的局面转变为主动，粮食问题也就是农业问题，是一个最大的问题”（《粮食问题与市场问题》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。粮食增产，“要靠提高单位面积产量的办法”（《探索农业增产的有效途径》，《陈云文集》第三卷），而要使粮食过关，最根本的问题是调动农民的积极性，解决农业问题的“根本出路是农业机械化”（《调动农民积极性是粮食过关的根本》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。

A distinctive feature of Comrade Chen Yun's responsibility for economic work was that he always understood and grasped the laws of economic construction from a political perspective, stressing that economic work must be based on the needs of national construction. "The scale of construction must be compatible with the country's financial and material resources. Compatibility or incompatibility is the boundary between economic stability and instability." (The Scale of Construction Must Be Compatible with National Strength, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III) Therefore, in economic work, national construction must have priorities, paying attention to the order of urgency. He said, "Financial and material resources are only so much. If there is no distinction between priorities and urgency, everyone going up together will inevitably crowd each other out, leading to the loss of the big for the small and passivity everywhere." Priorities are "considered from the overall interests of the entire country and long-term interests." (Problems of Modernization and Training Successors, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III) According to specific circumstances, rationally arranging the proportions of various constructions was of utmost importance. In his letter to Premier Zhou Enlai on the five-year plan, he said: "Contents include the proportion between public and private, the proportion between industry and agriculture, the proportion between heavy and light industry, the annual growth rate, etc." (Letter to Zhou Enlai on the Five-Year Plan, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. II) At the beginning of reform and opening up, he still adhered to the principle of adjusting the national economy according to proportional relations, stressing that "the purpose of adjustment is to achieve proportionality, to advance in a relatively proportional manner." (Adjusting the National Economy According to the Principle of Proportionality, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III) He was good at thinking about the layout of industry from a national perspective, including in what scope to start building a relatively complete industrial system and how to build an industrial rear base. When rebuilding Anshan Iron and Steel in the early days of New China, Comrade Chen Yun stressed: "Whether it is completed on time or delayed is related to our country's financial resources and construction speed." "Concentrating the whole country's strength to first complete the reconstruction of Anshan Iron and Steel is the primary step in our country's industrialization." (Transferring Technical Workers to Support Anshan Iron and Steel Construction, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. II) He keenly recognized the importance of improving machinery manufacturing capacity: "The foundation of economic construction is industry, and industrialization is mechanization. Therefore, improving machinery manufacturing capacity is not contradictory to our current national construction; on the contrary, it is an urgent task before us." (Improving Machinery Manufacturing Capacity, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. II) At the beginning of reform and opening up, after the Central Committee's opinion on building Baosteel was confirmed, Comrade Chen Yun pointed out, "It can only be done well, not poorly," and this matter "concerns national dignity." (Baosteel Construction Can Only Be Done Well, Not Poorly, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III) In his responsibility for economic work, he consistently coordinated overall planning from a political perspective and from the overall situation of the country, advancing steadily and deeply.

陈云同志负责经济工作的鲜明特点是始终站在政治上认识和把握经济建设规律，强调经济工作要根据国家建设的需要，“建设规模的大小必须和国家的财力物力相适应。适应还是不适应，这是经济稳定或不稳定的界限”（《建设规模要和国力相适应》，《陈云文选》第三卷）。因此，在经济工作中，国家建设要有重点，注重轻重缓急。他说，“财力物力只有那么多，不分轻重缓急，大家一齐上，你挤我，我挤你，势必因小失大，处处被动”。重点是“从整个国家的全局利益和长远利益出发考虑的”（《现代化建设和接班人培养问题》，《陈云文选》第三卷)。根据具体情况，合理安排各项建设的比例是重中之重。他在向周恩来总理报告关于五年计划问题的信中说：“内容有公私比重、工业农业比重、工业中轻重的比重、每年增加的速率等等。”（《关于五年计划问题给周恩来的信》，《陈云文集》第二卷）改革开放之初，他依然坚持按比例原则调整国民经济，强调“调整的目的，就是要达到按比例，能比较按比例地前进”（《坚持按比例原则调整国民经济》，《陈云文选》第三卷）。他善于从全国范围思考工业布局问题，包括什么范围开始建立比较完整的工业体系和如何建立工业后方等。在新中国成立之初改建鞍钢时，陈云同志就强调：“是否按期完成或推迟，关联到我国的财力和建设的速度”，“集中全国力量首先完成鞍钢的改建，是我国工业化首要的步骤。”（《抽调技术员工支援鞍钢建设》，《陈云文集》第二卷）他敏锐发现提高机械制造能力的重要性：“经济建设的根本是工业，工业化就是机械化。所以，现在提高机械制造能力与我们目前的国家建设并不矛盾，恰恰相反，它是摆在我们面前的紧迫任务。”（《提高机械制造能力》，《陈云文集》第二卷）改革开放之初，中央关于建设宝钢的意见确定后，陈云同志指出，“只能搞好不能搞坏”，这件事“关系到国格”（《宝钢建设只能搞好不能搞坏》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。他负责经济工作，一贯从政治上和从全国大局统筹发展，脚踏实地深入推进。

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Comrade Chen Yun actively explored socialist economic systems and economic systems suited to the development of China's productive forces. He studied the new problems arising after the basic completion of socialist transformation, explored the relationship between the market and planning compatible with China's national conditions and the needs of the people, and at the Eighth National Congress of the CPC [2]2 The Eighth National Congress of the CPC, held in September 1956, was the first congress after the basic completion of socialist transformation; it discussed the principal contradiction of the new era and economic construction guidelines. depicted the pattern of socialist economic development. He pointed out: "In terms of industrial and commercial operations, state operation and collective operation are the main body of industry and commerce, but they are supplemented by a certain number of individual operations. Such individual operations are a supplement to state operation and collective operation." "In terms of production planning, the major part of the products of national industry and agriculture is produced according to plan, but at the same time part of the products is freely produced according to market changes within the scope permitted by state planning. Planned production is the main body of industrial and agricultural production; free production according to market changes within the scope permitted by state planning is a supplement to planned production." "In the unified socialist market, the state market is its main body, but it is supplemented by a free market within a certain scope led by the state. Such a free market, under the leadership of the state, serves as a supplement to the state market; therefore it is a part of the unified socialist market." (People's Daily, September 21, 1956)

陈云同志积极探索适应我国生产力发展的社会主义经济制度和经济体制。他研究社会主义改造基本完成以后的新问题，探索适合于我国国情和人民需要的市场与计划的关系，在党的八大上描绘了社会主义经济发展格局，指出：“在工商业经营方面，国家经营和集体经营是工商业的主体，但是附有一定数量的个体经营。这种个体经营是国家经营和集体经营的补充。”“生产计划方面，全国工农业产品的主要部分是按照计划生产的，但是同时有一部分产品是按照市场变化而在国家计划许可范围内自由生产的。计划生产是工农业生产的主体，按照市场变化而在国家计划许可范围内的自由生产是计划生产的补充。”“在社会主义的统一市场里，国家市场是它的主体，但是附有一定范围内国家领导的自由市场。这种自由市场，是在国家领导之下，作为国家市场的补充，因此它是社会主义统一市场的组成部分。”（《人民日报》1956年9月21日）

Chen Yun stressed that socialist construction must utilize the law of value. "We can consciously utilize the law of value to stimulate the production of more products, improve quality, reduce costs, and meet the people's needs." Running industry, running commerce, and running handicrafts must all serve consumers, consider consumers, and think about convenience for consumers. In order to invigorate the market, increase product variety and quantity, enhance producers' enthusiasm, and meet the needs of the people's market, it is necessary to resolve issues such as purchase and sale relations, price policy, organizational forms, market management, and planned management. "From controlling capital to building socialism, especially by considering more from the consumers' side." (We Must Invigorate the Market to Meet the People's Needs, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III) The fundamental issue in transforming commerce is increasing production. Comrade Chen Yun stressed that agricultural production comes first; first enliven the countryside, then enliven the cities. If the countryside is enlivened, the entire society will be enlivened. (First Enliven the Countryside, Then Enliven the Cities, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III)

陈云强调社会主义建设要运用价值规律，“我们能够自觉地运用价值规律，用它来刺激增加更多的产品，提高质量，降低成本，以适应人民需要”。办工业、办商业、办手工业，都要为消费者服务，为消费者打算，为消费者便利着想。为了把市场搞活，增加产品的品种、数量，提高生产者的积极性与适应人民市场的需要，要解决购销关系、价格政策、组织形式、市场管理和计划管理，“从节制资本到建设社会主义，特别是多从消费者方面着想”（《要把市场搞活，以适应人民需要》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。转变商业的根本问题是增产。陈云同志强调，首先是农业生产，先活跃农村，再活跃城市。农村活跃了，整个社会都会活跃起来（《先活跃农村再活跃城市》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。

The Twelfth National Congress of the CPC [3]3 The Twelfth National Congress of the CPC, held in September 1982, put forward the goal of quadrupling industrial and agricultural output value by 2000 and the two-step strategy for achieving it. proposed a two-step strategy to quadruple the total annual output value of industry and agriculture by the end of the 20th century. In the first decade from 1981 to 1990, the main task was to lay a solid foundation; in the second decade from 1991 to 2000, a new period of economic revitalization would be entered. Comrade Chen Yun pointed out: "We must grasp the difference between these two decades." "The first decade is to lay the foundation, to straighten out various relationships, so it must be steady and cannot be done too fast." (The First Decade and the Second Decade, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III) He stressed that it is not enough to have only planned and proportional development; market regulation is also needed. Economic laws must be followed, and necessary state intervention must be carried out. "Macro-control must be done well to facilitate micro-vitalization, achieving vitality without chaos." (People's Daily, September 24, 1985) An important issue in socialist economic construction is overall balance. He stressed that economic construction must achieve overall balance, which requires studying proportional relations. Proportions are objective; the question is whether we consciously study and recognize them. (Some Views on Current Economic Issues, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III)

党的十二大提出分两步走，在20世纪末实现工农业年总产值翻两番的目标。从1981年到1990年的前十年，主要是打好基础；从1991年到2000年的后十年，要进入一个新的经济振兴时期。陈云同志指出：“要抓住这两个十年的区别。”“前十年是打基础的，要把各种关系理顺，因此必须稳当，不能搞快了。”（《前十年和后十年》，《陈云文集》第三卷）他强调，只有有计划按比例还不行，还必须有市场调节，要按照经济规律办事和进行必要的国家干预，“搞好宏观控制，才有利于搞活微观，做到活而不乱”（《人民日报》1985年9月24日）。社会主义经济建设的一个重要问题是综合平衡。他强调经济建设必须综合平衡，这就要研究比例关系。比例是客观存在，问题在于是不是自觉地去研究、认识（《对当前经济问题的几点看法》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。

After reform and opening up, Comrade Chen Yun actively explored and promoted the reform of the socialist economic system. He believed that the economic system reform had broken the "big rice pot" and "iron rice bowl" [4]4 "Big rice pot" refers to the egalitarian system of equal distribution regardless of performance; "iron rice bowl" refers to a lifelong job guaranteed by the state, regardless of performance., and "this is a major event." In system reform, agriculture took the first step. "The reform of the financial and trade system is more complex than that of agriculture. The internal interrelations and external relations are all more complex than those of agriculture. Therefore, the steps in industrial system reform must be steady." (The Significance of Economic System Reform Is No Less Than the Transformation of Private Industry and Commerce, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III) He also stressed that the system must be reformed, and reform must go through pilot projects. If the reform process slows down due to pilot projects, compared to speeding up reform without pilot projects and then having to go back and reform again because it was not done well, the loss from the former is smaller than from the latter. (Letter to Zhou Taihe on Economic System Reform, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III)

改革开放后，陈云同志积极探索和推进社会主义经济体制改革。他认为，经济体制改革打破了“大锅饭”“铁饭碗”，“这是一件大事”。体制改革，农业先走了一步，“财贸的体制改革比农业复杂。内部的相互关系，外部的关系，都比农业复杂。因此，工业体制改革的步子要稳”（《经济体制改革的意义不下于私营工商业改造》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。他还强调，体制必须改革，改革必须经过试点，因为试点而使改革的进度慢了，与为了加快改革的进度而不经过试点，以致改得不好，还要回过头来重新改，这两种损失相比，前一种比后一种要小些（《关于经济体制改革问题给周太和的信》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。

Comrade Chen Yun, in his responsibility for economic work, always put forward important views and major measures on the basis of investigation and research to deal with and solve the problems faced by economic construction and development at different stages and in different fields, exploring effective ways to creatively solve problems and open up new prospects for work. His leadership methods, ways of thinking and working methods deeply embody the worldview and methodology of seeking truth from facts. He pointed out: "To lead our Party and country well, the most important thing is to make the thinking methods of leading cadres correct." (Heavy Responsibilities and the Study of Philosophy, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III) He distilled the "fifteen-character formula" full of dialectical materialism: "not solely relying on superiors, not solely relying on books, only relying on facts; exchange, compare, repeat" [5]5 The "fifteen-character formula" is Chen Yun's summary of his working method: not solely relying on superiors, not solely relying on books, only relying on facts; exchange (different views), compare (pros and cons), repeat (repeated deliberation).. He stressed: "Only relying on facts means only starting from reality, studying and handling problems in a practical and realistic way; this is the most reliable." (Not Solely Relying on Superiors, Not Solely Relying on Books, Only Relying on Facts; Exchange, Compare, Repeat, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III) He regarded investigation and research as an important prerequisite for decision-making, stressing that "when making policy, leading organs should spend more than 90 percent of their time on investigation and research work." (How to Make Our Understanding More Correct, Chen Yun Xuanji, Vol. III) He believed that "it is very important to grasp the true situation. Only by grasping the true situation can you have confidence in yourself." (Three Conversations in Suzhou during Investigation, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. II) Moreover, "the business should be felt when problems arise, when you hit a nail, when contradictions are sharpest; only then can you grasp it accurately." (Good at Grasping the Laws of Business When Contradictions Are Acute, Chen Yun Wenji, Vol. III) These ideas and propositions started from the overall situation of the Party and the country's work to explore and grasp the laws of socialist economic construction, created rich leadership experience, contain a scientific worldview and methodology, and still have important enlightening significance today.

陈云同志负责经济工作，为处理和解决不同阶段不同领域的经济建设和发展面临的问题，总是在调查研究的基础上提出重要观点和重大举措，探索出创造性解决问题、打开工作局面的有效途径。他的领导方法、思想和工作方法深刻蕴含着实事求是的世界观和方法论。他指出：“要把我们的党和国家领导好，最要紧的，是要使领导干部的思想方法搞对头。”（《身负重任和学习哲学》，《陈云文选》第三卷）他提炼出“不唯上、不唯书、只唯实，交换、比较、反复”这一充满唯物辩证法的“十五字诀”，强调“只唯实，就是只有从实际出发，实事求是地研究处理问题，这是最靠得住的”（《不唯上、不唯书、只唯实，交换、比较、反复》，《陈云文选》第三卷）。他把调查研究作为决策的重要前提，强调“领导机关制定政策，要用百分之九十以上的时间作调查研究工作”（《怎样使我们的认识更正确些》，《陈云文选》第三卷）。他认为，“掌握真实情况很重要。只有掌握了真实情况，自己心中有数”（《在苏州调查时的三次谈话》，《陈云文集》第二卷）。而且，“摸业务要在出了问题的时候、碰了钉子的时候、矛盾最尖锐的时候，这样才能摸得准”（《善于在矛盾尖锐时摸索业务规律》，《陈云文集》第三卷）。这些思想和主张从党和国家工作大局出发探索和把握社会主义经济建设规律，创造了丰富的领导经验，蕴含着科学的世界观和方法论，至今仍有重要启示意义。

(The author: Song Yuehong, is Deputy Director and Researcher of the Institute of Contemporary China Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者：宋月红，系中国社会科学院当代中国研究所副所长、研究员）

Online editor: Tongxin

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