The Great Spirit of Resistance Was Born in the White Mountains and Black Rivers

On September 3, 2025, at the conference commemorating the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression was an important part of the World Anti-Fascist War, and the Chinese people, through enormous national sacrifice, made major contributions to saving human civilization and safeguarding world peace." On September 18, 1931, the Japanese Kwantung Army launched the September 18th Incident[1]1 The September 18th Incident: On September 18, 1931, the Japanese Kwantung Army staged a bombing near Mukden (Shenyang) as a pretext to invade and occupy Northeast China, marking the beginning of Japan's full-scale invasion and the 14-year Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. to swallow up China's Northeast. From that day on, the great spirit of resistance germinated in the White Mountains and Black Rivers[2]2 The White Mountains and Black Rivers (baishan heishui): A classical Chinese four-character idiom referring to the Changbai Mountains and the Heilong (Amur) River, widely used as a poetic term for the Northeast region of China. of Northeast China. A large number of Communists took the lead, feared no sacrifice, advanced wave upon wave, and charged at the forefront of the resistance struggle. With their blood and lives, they nurtured, forged, and elevated the great spirit of resistance, which, as a brilliant page in the spiritual genealogy of Chinese Communists[3]3 The spiritual genealogy of Chinese Communists (jingshen pu xi): A term used by the Communist Party of China to refer to the series of revolutionary spirits (such as the Jinggangshan spirit, Yan'an spirit, etc.) that have been forged in different historical periods, which are collectively regarded as the spiritual heritage of the Party., will forever be a precious spiritual treasure for the Chinese nation, guiding the Chinese nation to continue advancing on a new journey. The 14-year practice of the resistance struggle also fully confirms that the Communist Party of China is worthy of the title of the mainstay of the War of Resistance.

2025年9月3日，习近平总书记在纪念中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利80周年大会上指出：“中国人民抗日战争是世界反法西斯战争的重要组成部分，中国人民以巨大的民族牺牲，为拯救人类文明、保卫世界和平作出了重大贡献。”1931年9月18日，日本关东军发动侵吞中国东北的九一八事变，从这一天开始，伟大抗战精神在中国东北的白山黑水之间发轫。一大批共产党人率先垂范、不怕牺牲、前仆后继、冲锋陷阵在抗日斗争的第一线，他们用鲜血和生命孕育、铸就和升华了伟大的抗战精神，作为中国共产党人精神谱系的璀璨一页，永远成为中华民族弥足珍贵的精神财富，引导中华民族在新的征程继续奋进。14年抗日斗争的实践也充分印证：中国共产党无愧于抗日战争中流砥柱的称号。

Braving National Calamity

勇赴国难：

The Communist Party of China Immediately Issued Anti-Japanese Appeals

中国共产党即时发出抗日号召

The September 18th Incident, in which Japan swallowed up China's Northeast, meant that the mountains and rivers were broken and the nation was in danger. On September 19, the day after the September 18th Incident broke out, the CPC Manchuria Provincial Committee[4]4 The CPC Manchuria Provincial Committee: The provincial-level Party organization of the Communist Party of China in Manchuria (Northeast China), established in 1927. It played a key role in organizing the anti-Japanese resistance after the September 18th Incident., which was on the front line of the resistance, immediately issued the "Declaration on the Armed Occupation of Manchuria by Japanese Imperialism." On September 20, the CPC Manchuria Provincial Committee and the Communist Youth League Provincial Committee jointly issued the "Letter to Korean Workers, Peasants, Students and All Toiling Masses Opposing the Armed Occupation of Manchuria by Japanese Imperialism." On September 21, the CPC Manchuria Provincial Committee again made the "Resolution on the Armed Occupation of Manchuria by Japanese Imperialism and the Party's Urgent Tasks at Present." The CPC Manchuria Provincial Committee explained the causes of the September 18th Incident, condemned the aggressive acts of Japanese imperialism, criticized the nonresistance policy of the Nationalist government and the Northeast authorities, and called on the people of all circles in the Northeast to rise up and struggle, "to drive imperialism out of China." At the same time, the Communist Party of China, which was being encircled and suppressed by heavy Nationalist troops and continuing to persist in the armed struggle in the Soviet areas, sized up the situation and, with the patriotic sentiment that "every individual is responsible for the rise and fall of the nation"[5]5 "Every individual is responsible for the rise and fall of the nation" (tianxia xingwang, pifu youze): A classical Chinese adage from the Ming-Qing period, expressing the idea that every person has a duty to the fate of their country. Often used to invoke patriotic duty., issued the "Declaration on the Forcible Occupation of the Three Eastern Provinces by Japanese Imperialism" in the name of the CPC Central Committee on September 20. On the same day, the Central Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic[6]6 The Chinese Soviet Republic: Also known as the Jiangxi Soviet, a state established by the Communist Party of China in 1931 in the revolutionary base areas of southern China, with its central government in Ruijin. It existed until 1937. also issued the "Manchurian Incident Declaration." On September 22, the CPC Central Committee again issued the "Resolution on the Forcible Occupation of Manchuria by Japanese Imperialism." Thereafter, the CPC Central Committee successively issued a series of proclamations to the people of the whole country and other documents. A series of documents of the CPC Central Committee exposed the purpose and essence of Japanese imperialism's forcible occupation of China's Northeast, criticized the Nationalist government's nonresistance policy, and clearly pointed out that "only the revolutionary iron fist of the broad masses can stop the atrocities of imperialism and drive imperialism out of China."

日本侵吞中国东北的九一八事变爆发，意味着山河破碎、民族危难。9月19日，即九一八事变爆发的第二天，身处抗日第一线的中共满洲省委立即发表《为日本帝国主义武装占领满洲宣言》。9月20日，中共满洲省委及共青团省委联合发表《为反对日本帝国主义武装占领满洲告朝鲜工人、农民、学生及一切劳苦群众书》。9月21日，中共满洲省委又作出《关于日本帝国主义武装占领满洲与目前党的紧急任务的决议》。中共满洲省委阐明九一八事变爆发的原因，谴责日本帝国主义的侵略行径，批判国民政府及东北当局的不抵抗政策，号召东北各界民众奋起斗争，“将帝国主义驱逐中国”。与此同时，被国民党重兵围剿、继续坚持苏区武装斗争的中国共产党审时度势，以天下兴亡、匹夫有责的爱国情怀，于9月20日以中共中央的名义发布《为日本帝国主义强暴占领东三省事件宣言》，同日，中华苏维埃共和国中央工农革命委员会也发表了《满洲事变宣言》。9月22日，中共中央又发表《关于日本帝国主义强占满洲事变的决议》。此后，中共中央又相继发布一系列告全国民众书以及宣言等文件。中共中央的一系列文件揭露日本帝国主义强占中国东北的目的和本质，批判国民政府的不抵抗政策，明确指出“只有广大群众的革命铁拳，才能制止帝国主义的暴行，驱逐帝国主义滚出中国”。

After the September 18th Incident, some Northeast Army soldiers and police, local gentry, workers, peasants, intellectuals, and even a few outlaw heroes who were unwilling to become slaves organized themselves and rushed to the anti-Japanese battlefields under various names such as Self-Defense Forces, National Salvation Armies, and Volunteer Armies, collectively known as the Northeast Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies[7]7 Northeast Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies (dongbei kangri yiyongjun): Unofficial armed forces spontaneously organized by various sectors of Chinese society in Northeast China after the September 18th Incident, including former soldiers, peasants, bandits, etc., to resist the Japanese occupation.. The CPC Manchuria Provincial Committee and Party organizations at all levels clearly realized that the volunteer armies springing up everywhere were an important force in resisting Japanese aggression, so they organized and dispatched more than 500 Communist Party members, Communist Youth League members, and some members of the Anti-Japanese Association[8]8 Anti-Japanese Association (fanri hui): A popular anti-Japanese mass organization established under the leadership of the Communist Party of China in the early 1930s, mostly active in Northeast China. and the Anti-Imperialist League[9]9 Anti-Imperialist League (fan di datongmeng): An anti-imperialist mass organization originally founded by the Communist International and active in China, often participating in anti-Japanese activities under CPC direction. to go deep into various volunteer armies, unite the lower-ranking officers and soldiers, establish Party organizations, and shoulder the historical mission of supporting, guiding, and directing the Northeast volunteer armies.

九一八事变后，一部分不甘做亡国奴的东北军警、地方士绅、工农民众、知识分子乃至部分绿林豪杰纷纷组织起来，以自卫军、救国军、义勇军等各种旗号奔赴抗日战场，时人统称为东北抗日义勇军。中共满洲省委及各级地方党组织清醒地意识到，各地蜂起的义勇军是抗击日本侵略的重要力量，遂组织派遣500余名共产党员、共青团员以及部分反日会、反帝大同盟成员深入各路义勇军之中，团结下级官兵、组建党的组织，担负起支持、引导和指导东北义勇军的历史使命。

Mainstay

中流砥柱：

Soldiers of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army[10]10 The Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army (dongbei kangri lianjun, often abbreviated as kanglian): A unified anti-Japanese guerrilla force led by the Communist Party of China in Northeast China from 1936 to 1945, consisting initially of eleven armies, and reaching up to 30,000 troops at its peak. It fought a protracted guerrilla war against the Japanese occupation. Spilled Their Blood in the White Mountains and Black Rivers

东北抗联将士血洒白山黑水

On September 22, 1931, in its "Resolution on the Forcible Occupation of Manchuria by Japanese Imperialism," the CPC Central Committee clearly put forward the slogan of "arming the masses" and instructed local Party organizations at all levels to "turn these armed groups into guerrilla units and workers' self-defense forces." In accordance with the instructions of the CPC Central Committee, the CPC Manchuria Provincial Committee and local Party organizations, while deepening the promotion of volunteer army anti-Japanese activities, quickly made the decision to establish anti-Japanese guerrilla forces under Party leadership. Successive heads of the military affairs department of the CPC Manchuria Provincial Committee, such as Yang Lin, Zhou Baozhong, Zhao Shangzhi[11]11 Zhao Shangzhi (1908-1946): A prominent leader of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, commander of the Third Army. He was captured and executed by the Japanese in 1946., Yang Jingyu[12]12 Yang Jingyu (1905-1940): A famous commander of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, leader of the First Army. He fought alone for months after his unit was surrounded and died in battle; his body was found to contain only tree bark and cotton., and Zhang Shoujian, personally went to various places to guide local Party organizations in the work of creating Party-led anti-Japanese armed forces. Feng Zhongyun, Tong Changrong, Li Yanlu, Cui Shiquan, Jin Ce, and Li Hongguang, a large number of outstanding Party cadres, went deep into rural mountainous areas, contacting workers, peasants, and intellectuals, and actively planning to establish Party-led anti-Japanese guerrilla units. By 1933, Communists had established more than ten anti-Japanese guerrilla units in places such as Panshi, Hailong, Wangqing, Yanji, Hunchun, Helong, Antu, Mishan, Suining, Ning'an, Raohe, Zhuhe, Bayan, Hailun, and Tangyuan. These anti-Japanese armed forces, with workers and peasants as their backbone, although small in number, poorly armed, and lacking combat experience, were loyal to the Party and tenacious in their will to fight. When the main volunteer forces failed in early 1933, the Party-led anti-Japanese armed forces rushed to the front line of resistance, holding aloft the great banner of Northeast resistance on their own, becoming the undisputed mainstay of the Northeast War of Resistance.

1931年9月22日，中共中央在《关于日本帝国主义强占满洲事变的决议》中，明确提出“武装群众”的口号，指示各级地方党组织“使这些武装的团体变为游击队与工人自卫队”。按照中共中央的指示精神，中共满洲省委及各地方党组织在深入推动义勇军抗日活动的同时，迅即作出建立党领导的反日游击队的决定。中共满洲省委历任军委负责人杨林、周保中、赵尚志、杨靖宇、张寿篯等人亲赴各地，指导地方党组织开展创建党领导的抗日武装工作。冯仲云、童长荣、李延禄、崔石泉、金策、李红光等一大批优秀党员干部深入农村山区，联络工农民众和知识分子，积极筹划创建党领导的反日游击队。截至1933年，共产党人在磐石、海龙、汪清、延吉、珲春、和龙、安图、密山、绥宁、宁安、饶河、珠河、巴彦、海伦、汤原等地创建起十几支反日游击队。这些以工农民众为骨干的抗日武装虽然人数少、武器简陋、缺乏战斗经验，但对党忠诚，战斗意志顽强。当1933年初义勇军主力失败后，中共领导的抗日武装冲上了抗日第一线，独自擎起东北抗日大旗，成为东北抗日战争当之无愧的中流砥柱。

Around 1935, in order to unite all forces that could be united and to establish the broadest possible anti-Japanese united front in Northeast China, and in accordance with the January 17 Declaration[13]13 January 17 Declaration (yi yi qi xuanyan): A statement issued on January 17, 1933, by the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic and the Revolutionary Military Committee of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, calling for a cease-fire and joint resistance against Japan between the CPC and the Nationalist forces. and the January 26 Directive Letter[14]14 January 26 Directive Letter (yi erliu zhishixin): A letter dated January 26, 1933, from the Communist International to the CPC Manchuria Provincial Committee, instructing the Party to form a broad anti-Japanese united front in the Northeast and to change the policy of establishing Soviets. from the CPC Central Committee in 1933, the various anti-Japanese guerrilla forces were successively renamed the Northeast People's Revolutionary Army, the Anti-Japanese United Army, or the Anti-Japanese Allied Army. In 1936, the CPC delegation to the Communist International issued a "Draft Resolution on Establishing the General Headquarters of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army" to Party organizations at all levels in the Northeast, instructing these armed forces to be uniformly reorganized into the "Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army." Therefore, from early 1936 onward, the various People's Revolutionary Armies, Allied Armies, and United Armies under Party leadership were successively renamed the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. Around the time of the July 7th Incident (the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937), a total of 11 armies were organized, reaching a peak of more than 30,000 men, and their sphere of activity expanded to over 70 counties, becoming a torch that ignited the people's determination to recover the lost territory and drive out the invaders during the period of the Northeast's occupation.

1935年前后，为了团结一切可以团结的抗日力量，建立起最广泛的东北抗日民族统一战线，遵照1933年《中华苏维埃临时中央政府、中国工农红军革命军事委员会宣言》（简称《一·一七宣言》）和《中共中央给满洲各级党部及全体党员的信——论满洲的状况和我们党的任务》（简称《一·二六指示信》）的指示精神，各反日游击队相继更名为东北人民革命军、抗日联合军或抗日同盟军。1936年，中共中央驻共产国际代表团给东北各级党组织发出《为建立全东北抗日联军总司令部决议草案》，指示东北各抗日武装将人民革命军统一改编为“东北抗日联军”。于是，从1936年初开始，中共领导的各人民革命军、同盟军、联合军等陆续改称为“东北抗日联军”。七七事变前后，计编成11个军，最盛时达到3万余人，活动范围扩展到70余个县，成为东北沦陷时期点燃民众收复国土、驱逐强盗的火炬。

In order to wipe out the anti-Japanese armed forces led by the Communist Party, the Japanese puppet authorities, in addition to constantly mobilizing large forces to carry out repeated "forest-combing"[15]15 "forest-combing" (bishu shanlin shi): A term used by Japanese forces to describe a thorough search of forested areas, like combing through hair, as part of their encirclement campaigns against anti-Japanese guerrillas. encirclement campaigns, also adopted so-called "fundamental cures." For example, they implemented the "mutual responsibility and collective punishment system"[16]16 Mutual responsibility and collective punishment system (baojia lianzuo fa): A Japanese-imposed system in occupied Northeast China that held entire families and villages responsible for any anti-Japanese activity by a member, with severe penalties., under which anyone involved in anti-Manchukuo or anti-Japanese activities would implicate his entire family and the whole village; they banned the planting of tall crops within 50 meters of railways and highways; they forcibly confiscated civilian weapons. What is more, the Japanese puppet authorities designated areas where anti-Japanese armed forces were active as "bandit areas" and "semi-bandit areas," forcing residents of these areas to move into "collective hamlets"[17]17 Collective hamlets (jituan buluo): Forcibly established settlements created by Japanese authorities in Northeast China to isolate the anti-Japanese guerrillas from the civilian population. Residents were moved into these guarded compounds., guarded day and night by Japanese puppet military police, who did not allow anyone to go out at will, in an attempt to completely sever the connection between the anti-Japanese forces and the people, and to starve, freeze, and exhaust the anti-Japanese armed forces to death in the deep mountains and forests. In the grim and cruel struggle situation and under extremely arduous conditions, the strength of the anti-Japanese coalition forces fell sharply from the peak of 30,000 to a little over 1,000, and a large number of outstanding anti-Japanese coalition soldiers shed their blood on the White Mountains and Black Rivers. Among the high-ranking commanders at the level of army commander (political commissar) alone, more than 30, including Yang Jingyu, Zhao Shangzhi, Wei Zhengmin, Wang Detai, Chen Hanzhang, Xu Hengzhi, Chai Shirong, Wang Yachen, Tong Changrong, Li Yanping, Chen Rongjiu, Xia Yunjie, Cao Yafan, Cao Guo'an, Wang Guangyu, He Zhongguo, Song Tieyan, Li Xuezhong, Hu Ren, and Hou Qigang, gave their lives for the country[18]18 These more than 30 high-ranking commanders at the level of army commander (political commissar) of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army were killed in action, including the previously noted Yang Jingyu and Zhao Shangzhi, as well as Wei Zhengmin, Wang Detai, Chen Hanzhang, and others.; more than 80 division-level cadres died on the battlefield; there were also the heroine Zhao Yiman[19]19 Zhao Yiman (1905-1936): A female Communist guerrilla leader and political commissar in the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. Captured by the Japanese, she was tortured and executed. and the moving story of the Eight Women Throwing Themselves into the River[20]20 The Eight Women Throwing Themselves into the River (ba nü toujiang): In 1938, eight female soldiers of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, led by Leng Yun, were surrounded by Japanese troops and chose to drown themselves in the Wusuli River rather than surrender., and thousands of anti-Japanese martyrs whose names are unknown. Countless soldiers of the anti-Japanese coalition forces, with their blood and lives, forged the anti-Japanese coalition spirit, which became a brilliant page in the spiritual genealogy of Chinese Communists and was recorded in the annals of the great spirit of resistance.

日伪当局为了剿灭中共领导的抗日武装，除了不断出动重兵反复进行“篦梳山林式”的围剿外，还采取了所谓的“治本”之策。诸如实施“保甲连坐法”，凡参与反满抗日活动者全家及全村屯连坐；禁止铁路公路沿线50米内种植高棵作物；强制收缴民间武器等。更有甚者，日伪当局将抗日武装活跃的区域划分“匪区”和“半匪区”，强制居住在这些地区的民众迁至“集团部落”，由日伪军警昼夜看守，任何人不准随意外出，企图彻底割裂抗联与民众的联系，把抗日武装困死、饿死、冻死在深山老林。在严峻残酷的斗争形势和极端艰难困苦的环境下，抗联队伍从最盛时的3万余人锐减到1000余人，大批优秀抗联将士把一腔热血洒在白山黑水。抗联军长（政委）级别的高级指挥员就有杨靖宇、赵尚志、魏拯民、王德泰、陈翰章、许亨植、柴世荣、汪雅臣、童长荣、李延平、陈荣久、夏云杰、曹亚范、曹国安、王光宇、何忠国、宋铁岩、李学忠、胡仁、侯启刚等30余人先后为国捐躯，另有80余名师级干部战死沙场，还有巾帼英雄赵一曼、可歌可泣的八女投江以及成千上万没有留下姓名的抗日英烈，无数抗联将士用鲜血和生命铸就了抗联精神，成为中国共产党人精神谱系的璀璨一页，载入伟大抗战精神的史册之中。

Trickles Merge into the Sea

涓流入海：

The Spirit of the Anti-Japanese Coalition Flows into the Great Spirit of Resistance

抗联精神汇入伟大抗战精神

From the September 18th Incident in 1931 to Japan's defeat and surrender in 1945, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army fought a life-and-death struggle against the Japanese invaders to defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Under the conditions of a stronger enemy and a weaker self, lack of reinforcements, and extremely difficult living and fighting environments, with their firm belief in infinite loyalty to the Party, the motherland, and the people, the national righteousness of braving national calamity, the heroic spirit of fighting to the bitter end, they forged the immortal spirit of the anti-Japanese coalition, which became a spiritual treasure inspiring the people of the Northeast region to forge ahead. Under the leadership and vanguard role of the Communist Party of China, along with heroes such as Yang Jingyu, Zhao Shangzhi, Zhao Yiman, and the Eight Women Throwing Themselves into the River, the full-scale War of Resistance also produced heroic individuals such as Zuo Quan[21]21 Zuo Quan, Peng Xuefeng, Tong Linge, Zhao Dengyu, Zhang Zizhong, and Dai Anlan were senior commanders from both the Communist Party (Zuo Quan and Peng Xuefeng) and the Nationalist Party (the other four) who died in the full-scale War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression., Peng Xuefeng[21]21 Zuo Quan, Peng Xuefeng, Tong Linge, Zhao Dengyu, Zhang Zizhong, and Dai Anlan were senior commanders from both the Communist Party (Zuo Quan and Peng Xuefeng) and the Nationalist Party (the other four) who died in the full-scale War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression., Tong Linge[21]21 Zuo Quan, Peng Xuefeng, Tong Linge, Zhao Dengyu, Zhang Zizhong, and Dai Anlan were senior commanders from both the Communist Party (Zuo Quan and Peng Xuefeng) and the Nationalist Party (the other four) who died in the full-scale War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression., Zhao Dengyu[21]21 Zuo Quan, Peng Xuefeng, Tong Linge, Zhao Dengyu, Zhang Zizhong, and Dai Anlan were senior commanders from both the Communist Party (Zuo Quan and Peng Xuefeng) and the Nationalist Party (the other four) who died in the full-scale War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression., Zhang Zizhong[21]21 Zuo Quan, Peng Xuefeng, Tong Linge, Zhao Dengyu, Zhang Zizhong, and Dai Anlan were senior commanders from both the Communist Party (Zuo Quan and Peng Xuefeng) and the Nationalist Party (the other four) who died in the full-scale War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression., Dai Anlan[21]21 Zuo Quan, Peng Xuefeng, Tong Linge, Zhao Dengyu, Zhang Zizhong, and Dai Anlan were senior commanders from both the Communist Party (Zuo Quan and Peng Xuefeng) and the Nationalist Party (the other four) who died in the full-scale War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression., and heroic groups such as the "Five Heroes of Langya Mountain"[22]22 The Five Heroes of Langya Mountain (langya shan wu zhuangshi): In 1941, five soldiers of the Eighth Route Army, led by Ma Baoyu, held off Japanese troops at Langya Mountain in Hebei and then jumped off a cliff rather than be captured. of the Eighth Route Army, the "Liulaozhuang Company"[23]23 The Liulaozhuang Company (liulaozhuang lian): In 1943, 82 soldiers of the New Fourth Army defending Liulaozhuang in Jiangsu fought to the death against a large Japanese force, with no survivors. of the New Fourth Army, and the "Eight Hundred Warriors"[24]24 The Eight Hundred Warriors (baba yongshi): In 1937, a battalion of 400 (later known as 800) Nationalist soldiers under Colonel Xie Jinyuan defended a warehouse in Shanghai against overwhelming Japanese forces for four days, becoming a symbol of resistance. of the Nationalist army. As typical representatives of the Chinese nation's anti-aggression war, they unhesitatingly charged to the front line of resistance, with the patriotic sentiment that "every individual is responsible for the rise and fall of the nation", the national integrity of facing death unflinchingly and preferring death to surrender, the heroism of defying brutal force and fighting to the bitter end, and the firm conviction of indomitable perseverance and victory, they forged the great spirit of resistance, proclaiming to the world that the Chinese nation cannot be conquered.

从1931年九一八事变，到1945年日本战败投降，在中国共产党的领导下，东北抗日联军为捍卫国家主权和领土完整，同日本侵略者进行了殊死搏斗，他们在敌强我弱、失去后援、生活和战斗环境极端艰难困苦的条件下，以对党、对祖国、对人民无限忠诚的坚定信念，勇赴国难的民族大义，血战到底的英雄气概，铸就了世代不朽的抗联精神，成为激励东北地区民众奋发进取的精神财富。在中国共产党的引领和先锋作用下，同杨靖宇、赵尚志、赵一曼、“八女投江”等东北抗联英雄人物一样，全面抗战中涌现出左权、彭雪枫、佟麟阁、赵登禹、张自忠、戴安澜，以及八路军“狼牙山五壮士”，新四军“刘老庄连”，国民党军“八百壮士”等英雄群体。他们作为中华民族反侵略战争的典型代表，义无反顾冲锋在抗战第一线，以天下兴亡、匹夫有责的爱国情怀，视死如归、宁死不屈的民族气节，不畏强暴、血战到底的英雄气概，百折不挠、坚韧不拔的必胜信念，铸就伟大抗战精神，向全世界昭示了中华民族是不可征服的。

Thus, it can be seen that the spirit of the Northeast anti-Japanese coalition nurtured in the early stage of the Northeast War of Resistance was both a trickle of the great spirit of resistance and continuously carried forward and enriched the connotation of the great spirit of resistance in the historical process of the full-scale War of Resistance. At the same time, the history of the victory of the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War also proclaims that justice will prevail, peace will prevail, and the people will prevail.

可见，东北抗战初期孕育的东北抗联精神，既是伟大抗战精神的一股涓流，又在全面抗战的历史过程中不断发扬光大，丰富和充实了伟大抗战精神的内涵。同时，中国人民抗日战争暨世界反法西斯战争胜利的历史也昭示了正义必胜、和平必胜、人民必胜。

Now that 80 years have passed since the victory of the War of Resistance, the spirit of the anti-Japanese coalition and the great spirit of resistance remain the driving force and spiritual wealth of the Chinese nation's progress, also inspiring future generations to forever inherit the spirit of the anti-Japanese coalition and the great spirit of resistance, to overcome all difficulties and obstacles, and to strive for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

如今，抗战胜利已过去80年，抗联精神以及伟大抗战精神依然是中华民族奋进的动力和精神财富，也激励后人永远继承抗联精神和伟大抗战精神，战胜一切艰难险阻，为实现中华民族伟大复兴而奋斗。

(The author is a research fellow at the Institute of History, Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者系黑龙江省社会科学院历史研究所研究员）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心