New Quality Productive Forces Lead the Construction of a Modernized Economic System

Economic modernization is an important component of national modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that “building a modernized economic system is a strategic goal for China’s development, and also an urgent requirement for transforming the economic development model, optimizing the economic structure, and converting the driving forces of economic growth.” [1]1 The 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) is China’s national economic and social development blueprint. The 20th National Congress of the CPC made strategic plans for accelerating the construction of a modernized economic system. The “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, [2]2 The “dual carbon” goals refer to China’s pledges to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. emphasized “building a modernized economic system” when explaining the reform objectives and tasks to be achieved by 2035. Developing new quality productive forces is an important pathway for resolving the new contradictions and new problems facing China’s economic and social development and for promoting the modernization of the economic system. Facing a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, we must seize opportunities, increase the intensity of innovation, and accelerate the construction of a modernized economic system, guided by new quality productive forces.

经济现代化是国家现代化的重要内容。习近平总书记指出，“建设现代化经济体系是我国发展的战略目标，也是转变经济发展方式、优化经济结构、转换经济增长动力的迫切要求”。党的二十大对加快建设现代化经济体系作出战略部署。党的二十届三中全会通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》在阐释到2035年的改革目标任务时，强调“建成现代化经济体系”。发展新质生产力是解决我国经济社会发展面临的新矛盾新问题、推动经济体系现代化的重要途径。面对新一轮科技革命和产业变革，我们必须抢抓机遇，加大创新力度，以新质生产力为引领加快建设现代化经济体系。

Scientifically Understanding the Main Components

科学理解主要构成

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “The modernized economic system is an organic whole composed of the interrelations and internal connections among all links, levels, and fields of social and economic activities.” [3]3 “Delegating power, improving regulation, and upgrading services” (放管服) is a reform slogan for streamlining administration, strengthening oversight, and improving government services. The construction of an economic system includes both aspects of productive forces and aspects of relations of production. Among these, productive forces determine the level and efficiency of economic development, while relations of production constitute the institutional framework for economic development. It can be said that the modernization of the economic system is the process of developing productive forces and forming relations of production that are compatible with them.

习近平总书记指出：“现代化经济体系，是由社会经济活动各个环节、各个层面、各个领域的相互关系和内在联系构成的一个有机整体。”经济体系建设，既包括生产力方面的内容，又包括生产关系方面的内容。其中，生产力决定经济发展的水平和效率，生产关系构成经济发展的制度框架。可以说，经济体系的现代化就是发展生产力并形成与其相适应的生产关系的过程。

It must be recognized that the contradictory movement of productive forces and relations of production determines the basic types of evolution of the economic system. Generally speaking, there are two basic situations in the contradictory movement of productive forces and relations of production: one is that the qualitative state of productive forces has not undergone a leap, and while relations of production are generally adapted to the development of productive forces, there are imperfect links, so the movement is toward continuous improvement; the other is that scientific and technological innovation brings about a leap in the qualitative state of productive forces, and many aspects of past relations of production have become difficult to adapt to the development of productive forces, necessitating adaptive reconstruction, requiring revolutionary changes in the links of production, distribution, circulation, and consumption. Currently, the evolution of the economic system driven by new quality productive forces is essentially an adaptive reconstruction of the economic system to accommodate the development of productive forces.

需要认识到，生产力和生产关系的矛盾运动，决定了经济体系演进的基本类型。一般来讲，生产力与生产关系的矛盾运动存在两种基本情况：一种是生产力的质态未发生跃升，生产关系总体上适应生产力发展但存在不完善的环节，因此要朝着不断完善的方向运动；另一种是科技创新带来生产力质态的跃升，过去生产关系的很多方面已难以适应生产力发展，必须要进行适应性重构，要在生产、分配、流通和消费等环节进行革命性变革。当前，由新质生产力所驱动的经济体系演进，实质上是经济体系为适应生产力发展而进行的适应性重构。

New quality productive forces are relative to traditional productive forces. They are formed by a leap in the level of productive forces brought about by scientific and technological innovation, especially original and disruptive technological breakthroughs. This leap will trigger fundamental changes in the form of the economic system, whose underlying logic, operational rules, and core architecture will all undergo systemic reshaping, profoundly altering the ways value is created, distributed, and circulated. In response, we are required to actively promote reforms of systems and mechanisms, and proactively construct a new type of institutional system that matches the development of advanced productive forces. This means that the modernized economic system China aims to build must take new quality productive forces as its core engine and new-type relations of production as its institutional support. It is a new-type economic system that implements the new development philosophy and meets the requirements of high-quality development. From a certain perspective, it can be understood as mainly composed of the following aspects.

新质生产力是相对于传统生产力而言的，它基于科技创新，尤其是原创性、颠覆性科技突破所带来的生产力水平跃升形成。这种跃升将引发经济体系形态的根本性变化，其底层逻辑、运行规则和核心架构都将经历系统性重塑，并深刻改变价值创造、分配与流通的方式。对此，要求我们积极推动体制机制改革，主动构建与先进生产力发展相匹配的新型制度体系。这意味着，我国要建设的现代化经济体系，既要以新质生产力为核心引擎，也要以新型生产关系为制度支撑，是贯彻新发展理念、适应高质量发展要求的新型经济系统。从某种角度说，可理解为主要由以下几方面构成。

A modernized production system. Production is the foundation of economic activities, determining the nature and form of other links. The essence of a modernized production system is an industrial system that carries new quality productive forces, characterized by innovation-driven development, coordinated development, green and low-carbon development, and open and mutually beneficial development. Specifically, a modernized production system, guided by scientific and technological innovation, continuously optimizes the methods of resource allocation and forms of production organization, promoting higher-efficiency development; it helps improve the deep-seated problems of unbalanced and uncoordinated economic development in China, continuously optimizing the layout of productive forces; it adheres to green, low-carbon, and circular development, improving resource utilization efficiency, achieving greater economic and social benefits with fewer resource and environmental costs; it fully utilizes the advanced scientific and technological achievements and beneficial management experience created by human society, forming a higher-level open economy.

现代化生产体系。生产是经济活动的基础，决定其他环节的性质和形式。现代化生产体系的本质是承载新质生产力的产业系统，具有创新驱动、协调发展、绿色低碳、开放共赢等特征。具体来看，现代化生产体系以科技创新为引领，不断优化资源配置方式、生产组织形式等，推动实现更高效率的发展；有助于改善我国经济发展不平衡不协调的深层次问题，持续优化生产力布局；坚持绿色低碳循环发展，提高资源利用效率，用更少的资源环境代价取得更大的经济社会效益；充分运用人类社会创造的先进科学技术成果和有益管理经验，形成更高层次的开放型经济。

A modernized distribution system. Distribution is one of the main contents of relations of production, directly affecting other links of social reproduction. A modernized distribution system, oriented toward adapting to the development of new quality productive forces, coordinates efficiency and fairness, optimizes the allocation of social resources and the flow of wealth, and forms a distribution mechanism of joint contribution and shared benefits at a higher level. First, it reflects a knowledge, technology, and human capital orientation, better stimulating the vitality of advanced production factors, and placing greater emphasis on knowledge innovation, technological contribution, and human capital value in income distribution. Second, it better leverages the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, evaluating the contribution of factors through changes in supply and demand of production factors. Third, it better reflects the requirements of fairness and justice, constructing a more reasonable income distribution system, taking efficiency as an important goal to fully stimulate the vitality of business entities, while taking fairness as a rigid constraint to fully consider the diverse value demands of stakeholders. To this end, it is necessary to focus on strengthening the precision of secondary distribution, while simultaneously unleashing the potential of tertiary distribution through institutional innovation, achieving a dynamic balance between efficiency and fairness.

现代化分配体系。分配是生产关系的主要内容之一，直接影响社会化再生产的其他环节。现代化分配体系以适应新质生产力发展为导向，统筹效率与公平，优化社会资源配置和财富流动，在更高水平上形成共建共享的分配机制。一是体现知识、技术、人力资本导向，更好激发高级生产要素活力，在收入分配上更加注重知识创新、技术贡献和人力资本价值。二是更好发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，通过生产要素的供求变化评价要素的贡献。三是更好体现公平正义的要求，构建更为合理的收入分配体系，将效率作为重要目标，充分激发经营主体活力，同时将公平作为刚性约束，充分考虑利益相关方的多元价值诉求。为此，需重点强化二次分配的精准性，同时通过制度创新释放三次分配潜能，实现效率与公平的动态平衡。

A modernized circulation system. Circulation is the “blood vessel” of large-scale socialized production. Market circulation plays an important role in optimizing resource allocation, deepening the social division of labor, and meeting market demand. A modernized circulation system is deeply integrated into the innovation ecosystem for developing new quality productive forces. Through technological innovation and institutional reform, it realizes a new type of commodity and service flow that efficiently connects production to consumption. To establish a modernized circulation system, it is necessary to accelerate the application of the latest scientific and technological achievements, and through technological empowerment, model innovation, and green transformation, reconstruct the flows of commerce, logistics, information, and capital. With the maturation of technologies such as artificial intelligence, autonomous driving, and digital twins, the circulation system is further evolving toward intelligence, unboundedness, and low-carbonization. At the same time, to establish a modernized circulation system, it is necessary to build a unified, open, competitive, and orderly market system. In a market economy, circulation depends on the market, and the market mechanism determines circulation efficiency through multiple dimensions such as resource allocation, institutional environment, and demand pull. To establish a unified, open, competitive, and orderly market system, it is necessary to eliminate institutional and mechanistic obstacles hindering the circulation of goods and services, establish a unified national market, deepen market-oriented reforms of production factors, improve the systems and rules for factor markets, and promote the efficient allocation of production factors.

现代化流通体系。流通是社会化大生产的“血管”，市场流通在优化资源配置、深化社会分工、满足市场需求等方面发挥着重要作用。现代化流通体系深度融入发展新质生产力的创新生态，通过技术创新和制度变革，实现从生产到消费高效衔接的新型商品服务流动。建立现代化流通体系，需加快应用最新科技成果，通过技术赋能、模式创新、绿色转型等，对商流、物流、信息流、资金流进行重构。随着人工智能、自动驾驶、数字孪生等技术的成熟，流通体系进一步向智慧化、无界化、低碳化方向演进。同时，建立现代化流通体系，需建设统一开放、竞争有序的市场体系。在市场经济中，流通依赖于市场，市场机制通过资源配置、制度环境、需求牵引等多个维度决定流通效率。建立统一开放、竞争有序的市场体系，要消除阻碍商品服务流通的体制机制障碍，建立全国统一大市场，深化生产要素市场化改革，完善要素市场制度和规则，推动生产要素高效配置。

A modernized consumption system. Consumption is a key link in the realization of commodity value. The commodities and services created in the production link must complete the “dangerous leap” through consumption to realize their value. [4]4 The "five unifications and one opening up" refers to a policy framework for building a unified national market: unifying basic market institutions, market infrastructure, government behavior standards, market supervision and law enforcement, and factor resource markets, while simultaneously expanding opening up both internally and externally. A modernized consumption system, through technological innovation, model transformation, and institutional optimization, carries out digital, intelligent, and ecological upgrading of traditional consumption behaviors, providing demand-side driving force and application scenarios for the development of new quality productive forces. From the perspective of consumption concepts, the traditional consumption logic centered on “ownership” and “functional satisfaction” is being replaced by more dynamic and emotional concepts, with consumption becoming a comprehensive practice of individual expression and social connection. From the perspective of consumption content, traditional consumption is undergoing profound changes from physical to virtual, from single to integrated, and from functional to experiential. New types of consumption, such as digital consumption, green and low-carbon consumption, experiential consumption, and personalized and customized consumption, have become important areas of consumption growth. From the perspective of consumption methods, consumption activities exhibit characteristics such as fragmentation, instantaneity, socialization, and intelligence. The popularization of technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things promotes the full-chain digitalization of consumption scenarios, greatly improving consumption efficiency, optimizing user experience, and promoting precise matching of supply and demand.

现代化消费体系。消费是商品价值实现的关键环节，生产环节创造的商品和服务，必须通过消费才能完成“惊险的跳跃”，实现其价值。现代化消费体系通过技术创新、模式变革和制度优化，对传统消费行为进行数字化、智能化和生态化升级，为新质生产力发展提供需求端驱动力和落地场景。从消费理念看，传统以“拥有”和“功能满足”为主的消费逻辑，正被更具动态化、情感化的理念所替代，消费成为个体表达、社会连接的综合性实践。从消费内容看，传统消费正经历从实体到虚拟、从单一到融合、从功能到体验的深刻变革，数字化消费、绿色低碳消费、体验型消费、个性化与定制化消费等新型消费成为消费增长的重要领域。从消费方式看，消费活动呈现碎片化、即时化、社交化和智能化等特征，5G、人工智能、物联网等技术普及推动消费场景全链路数字化，极大提升了消费效率，优化了用户体验，促进了供需精准匹配。

Deeply Understanding the Progress and Achievements

深刻认识进展成效

In recent years, China’s construction of a modernized economic system has made significant progress. It has not only achieved a substantial leap in the level of productive forces—new quality productive forces have already taken shape in practice and demonstrated strong impetus and support for high-quality development—but also realized important changes in relations of production. Comprehensive deepening of reform has advanced in depth, the socialist market economy system has become more mature and well-defined, and this has strongly promoted the healthy development of China’s economy and society.

近年来，我国现代化经济体系建设取得重大进展，不仅实现生产力水平的大幅跃升，新质生产力已经在实践中形成并展示出对高质量发展的强劲推动力、支撑力，而且实现了生产关系的重要变革，全面深化改革向纵深推进，社会主义市场经济体制更加成熟定型，有力推动了我国经济社会健康发展。

From the perspective of the production system, not only has total output grown steadily, but the industrial structure has also been continuously optimized, and the quality of development has significantly improved. In 2024, China’s gross domestic product (GDP) grew by 5% year-on-year, with total output exceeding 130 trillion yuan for the first time. Since the 14th Five-Year Plan [1]1 The 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) is China’s national economic and social development blueprint., China’s economy has weathered impacts such as the century-long pandemic and trade bullying, achieving an average growth rate of 5.5%, with its annual contribution to world economic growth remaining at around 30%. At the same time, the industrial structure has been continuously optimized, strategic emerging industries have developed rapidly, and new drivers and advantages for economic development are constantly being shaped. For example, the new energy industry has developed rapidly, with key components such as photovoltaic modules and wind turbines accounting for about 70% of the global market share; the new energy vehicle industry has risen strongly, with export value continuing to maintain a high growth trend; the level of industrial automation and intelligence has greatly improved, and the output and installation volume of industrial robots are at the leading level globally. In addition, China actively promotes the “dual carbon” goals [2]2 The “dual carbon” goals refer to China’s pledges to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060., and the green level of economic development has significantly improved. Technological innovation has become the core driving force for industrial development, and an innovation-driven development pattern is taking shape.

从生产体系看，不仅产出总量稳步增长，而且产业结构持续优化，发展质量显著提升。2024年，我国国内生产总值（GDP）同比增长5%，总量首次突破130万亿元人民币。“十四五”以来，我国经济经受世纪疫情、贸易霸凌等冲击，平均增速达到5.5%，每年对世界经济增长的贡献率保持在30%左右。同时，产业结构持续优化，战略性新兴产业快速发展，不断塑造经济发展新动能、新优势。例如，新能源产业发展迅速，光伏组件、风力发电机等关键部件占全球市场份额比重约70%；新能源汽车产业强势崛起，出口额持续保持高速增长态势；产业自动化与智能化水平大幅提升，工业机器人产量和安装量在全球处于领先水平。此外，我国积极推进“双碳”目标，经济发展绿色化水平显著提升。科技创新成为产业发展的核心动力，创新驱动发展格局正在形成。

From the perspective of the distribution system, residents’ incomes have grown steadily, the income gap has gradually narrowed, and the employment and social security systems have been continuously improved. In 2024, the national per capita disposable income of residents was 41,314 yuan, an increase of 9,125 yuan compared to 2020. The income gap between urban and rural residents has continued to narrow. In 2024, the per capita disposable income of rural residents was 23,119 yuan, and the urban-rural income ratio dropped from 2.56:1 in 2020 to 2.34:1 in 2024. The employment situation has been generally stable. Since the 14th Five-Year Plan, the number of new urban jobs has remained stable at over 12 million per year, with flexible employment and employment in new business forms serving as important supplements. The social security system has become more complete, with basic old-age insurance covering over 1.05 billion people, the basic medical insurance participation rate stable at over 95%, the world’s largest social security network continuously being woven more tightly and securely, and groups such as workers in new business forms gradually being included in the social security system.

从分配体系看，居民收入稳定增长，收入差距逐步缩小，就业和社会保障体系不断完善。2024年全国居民人均可支配收入41314元，比2020年增加9125元。城乡居民收入差距持续缩小，2024年农村居民人均可支配收入23119元，城乡居民收入比由2020年的2.56∶1降至2024年的2.34∶1。就业形势总体稳定，“十四五”以来，每年城镇新增就业稳定在1200万人以上，灵活就业、新业态就业成为重要补充。社会保障体系更加完善，基本养老保险覆盖超10.5亿人，基本医保参保率稳定在95%以上，全球最大的社会保障网不断织密织牢，新业态劳动者等群体逐步纳入社保体系。

From the perspective of the circulation system, infrastructure and circulation networks have been comprehensively upgraded, and positive results have been achieved in building a unified national market. China has built the world’s largest high-speed railway network and expressway network, and has also basically built a world-class port cluster, with the throughput of Shanghai Port and Ningbo Zhoushan Port leading the world for many consecutive years. Smart logistics has developed rapidly. In 2024, the volume of express delivery business exceeded 170 billion items, ranking first in the world for 11 consecutive years, and the rural express delivery coverage rate exceeded 90%. In recent years, China has accelerated the construction of a unified national market. Policy documents such as the “Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Accelerating the Construction of a Unified National Market” and the “National Unified Market Construction Guidelines (Trial)” have been successively issued, effectively breaking down institutional barriers such as local protection and market segmentation. The revision and implementation of the “Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China” has promoted the unification of national standards in areas such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit. The reform of “delegating power, improving regulation, and upgrading services” [3]3 “Delegating power, improving regulation, and upgrading services” (放管服) is a reform slogan for streamlining administration, strengthening oversight, and improving government services. has achieved remarkable results, the business environment has continuously improved, and the vitality of business entities has been continuously unleashed. Foreign investment access restrictions in manufacturing have been “cleared,” and the negative list for foreign investment access at the national level has been reduced to 29 items.

从流通体系看，基础设施和流通网络全面升级，全国统一大市场建设取得积极成效。我国建成全球最大的高速铁路网、高速公路网，同时，基本建成世界级港口群，上海港、宁波舟山港吞吐量连续多年全球领先。智慧物流快速发展，2024年快递业务量超1700亿件，连续11年稳居世界第一，农村快递覆盖率超90%。近年来，我国加快推进全国统一大市场建设。《中共中央国务院关于加快建设全国统一大市场的意见》《全国统一大市场建设指引（试行）》等政策文件陆续出台，有效破除了地方保护、市场分割等制度性障碍。《中华人民共和国反垄断法》的修订和实施推动了产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等领域全国性标准统一。“放管服”改革成效显著，营商环境持续改善，经营主体活力持续释放。制造业外资准入限制“清零”，全国版外资准入负面清单限制措施已缩减至29条。

From the perspective of the consumption system, the scale of consumption continues to expand, the structure is constantly upgrading, and new forms of consumption are flourishing. China has a super-large market with a population of over 1.4 billion, a middle-income group of over 400 million people, and huge consumption potential. In 2024, total retail sales of consumer goods exceeded 48.3 trillion yuan, firmly ranking as the world’s second-largest consumer market, with consumption contributing over 50% to economic growth, becoming the main driving force of economic growth. In recent years, the trend of consumption upgrading in China has been obvious. Service consumption such as education, medical care, culture, and tourism has developed rapidly, with its proportion in residents’ consumption expenditure increasing year by year. Consumers pay more attention to brand, quality, health, and environmental protection, and demand for high-end consumer goods and high-quality services is strong. Digital consumption has grown rapidly, with consumption in areas such as smart hardware, digital content, and software services showing rapid improvement. New business forms such as live-streaming e-commerce, social e-commerce, and instant retail have developed rapidly, becoming growth points leading consumption. Green consumption is booming, and the scale of consumption of green products such as new energy vehicles and energy-saving home appliances continues to expand.

从消费体系看，消费规模持续扩大、结构不断升级，消费新业态蓬勃发展。我国拥有14亿多人口的超大规模市场，中等收入群体超4亿人，消费潜力巨大，2024年社会消费品零售总额超48.3万亿元，稳居全球第二大消费市场，消费对经济增长的贡献率超50%，成为经济增长的主要驱动力。近年来，我国消费升级趋势明显，教育、医疗、文化、旅游等服务消费快速发展，占居民消费支出的比重逐年提高，消费者更加注重品牌、质量、健康、环保，高端消费品和高品质服务需求旺盛。数字消费增长迅速，智能硬件、数字内容、软件服务等领域消费呈现较快提升，直播电商、社交电商、即时零售等新业态快速发展，成为引领消费的增长点。绿色消费蓬勃兴起，新能源汽车、节能家电等绿色产品消费规模持续扩大。

While China’s construction of a modern economic system has made significant progress, various links still face some problems and challenges: In terms of the production system, industries are complete in categories, but many industries are at the middle and low end of the global value chain, and key core technologies are controlled by others; in terms of the distribution system, people’s living standards have improved, but the income distribution gap between different groups, urban and rural areas, and regions remains relatively large; in terms of the circulation system, infrastructure construction has achieved great success, but the overall efficiency and internationalization level of the circulation system are not yet high enough; in terms of the consumption system, there is the demand advantage of a super-large market, but the consumption structure, consumption environment, and consumption quality need to be optimized and upgraded. At the same time, coordination and cooperation between different links also need to be strengthened. For example, there is a problem of mismatch between supply and demand between the production system and the consumption system, with excess supply of ineffective output and insufficient supply of effective output coexisting in some industries; there is a structural imbalance between the distribution system and the consumption system, and the income gap among residents to a certain extent restricts the improvement of overall consumption capacity. Therefore, building a modern economic system requires not only focusing on improving the weak links in the production system, distribution system, circulation system, and consumption system but also paying attention to strengthening coordination and cooperation between different links.

我国现代化经济体系建设取得显著进展的同时，各个环节尚面临一些问题和挑战：生产体系方面，产业门类齐全，但许多产业处于全球价值链的中低端，关键核心技术受制于人；分配体系方面，人民生活水平得到改善，但不同群体、城乡、区域之间的收入分配差距仍然较大；流通体系方面，基础设施建设成就巨大，但流通体系的整体效率和国际化水平还不够高；消费体系方面，具有超大规模市场的需求优势，但消费结构、消费环境和消费品质有待优化升级。同时，不同环节之间的协同配合也还有待加强。例如，生产体系与消费体系之间存在供需错配的问题，部分产业无效供给过剩和有效供给不足并存；分配体系与消费体系之间存在结构失衡问题，居民收入差距在一定程度上制约了整体消费能力提升。为此，建设现代化经济体系不仅要着力完善生产体系、分配体系、流通体系和消费体系中的薄弱环节，还要注重加强不同环节之间的协同配合。

Accurately Grasping the Direction and Path

准确把握方向路径

The modern economic system is a complex system, and the fundamental driving force for its evolution is the development of new quality productive forces. Therefore, the key to building a modern economic system lies in vigorously developing new quality productive forces and constructing new relations of production that are compatible with them.

现代化经济体系是一个复杂的系统，其演化的根本动力是新质生产力的发展。因此，建设现代化经济体系的关键在于大力发展新质生产力，并构建与之相适应的新型生产关系。

Adhere to innovation-driven development and improve the modern production system. Facing the increasingly fierce international competition in science and technology, concentrate resources and efforts, focus on areas such as semiconductors, artificial intelligence, and biomedicine, promote the self-controllability of key core technologies, and concentrate efforts on breakthroughs in “bottleneck” technologies. At the same time, accelerate the industrial application of scientific and technological innovation achievements, and promote the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation with industrial innovation. On the one hand, actively cultivate strategic emerging industries such as new energy, new materials, advanced manufacturing, and electronic information, and prospectively lay out future industries such as the metaverse, brain-like intelligence, quantum information, and future networks. Especially for developed regions with a good industrial base, a high level of science and technology, and relatively rich human resources, strive to seize the opportunity in the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. On the other hand, use digital intelligence technology and green technology to transform traditional industries, carry out disruptive innovation on the original production model, and endow them with characteristics of high technology, high efficiency, high quality, and greenness. Accelerate the digital, intelligent, and green transformation of industries, and through methods such as “artificial intelligence +” and “data element ×”, deepen the application of artificial intelligence, big data, cloud computing, and the industrial internet in fields such as power systems, industrial and agricultural production, transportation, and building construction and operation, achieving digital technology empowerment for green transformation.

坚持创新驱动发展，完善现代化生产体系。面对日益激烈的国际科技竞争，集中资源和力量，重点投入到半导体、人工智能、生物医药等领域，推动关键核心技术自主可控，集中攻关突破“卡脖子”技术。同时，加快科技创新成果的产业化应用，推动科技创新与产业创新深度融合。一方面，积极培育新能源、新材料、先进制造、电子信息等战略性新兴产业，前瞻性布局元宇宙、类脑智能、量子信息、未来网络等未来产业。尤其是对于产业基础较好、科技水平较高、人才资源较为丰富的发达地区，要争取在新一轮科技革命和产业变革中抢占先机。另一方面，用数智技术、绿色技术改造传统产业，对原有生产模式进行颠覆性创新，使其具备高科技、高效能、高质量、绿色化特征。加快推进产业数字化智能化绿色化转型，通过“人工智能+”“数据要素×”等方式，深化人工智能、大数据、云计算、工业互联网等在电力系统、工农业生产、交通运输、建筑建设运行等领域的应用，实现数字技术赋能绿色转型。

Balancing efficiency and fairness, we must improve the modern distribution system. Adhere to the principle of distribution according to work as the mainstay, while allowing multiple forms of distribution to coexist, and construct a system of institutions in which primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution are coordinated and complementary. On the one hand, in primary distribution, better reflect the orientation toward knowledge, technology, and human capital, fully stimulating the vitality of all types of production factors. Strengthen the protection of property rights for various production factors, form institutional arrangements that clearly define property rights functions such as ownership, possession, control, use, income, and disposal, protect all types of property rights equally according to law, and improve the mechanism for production factors to participate in distribution according to their contribution. On the other hand, in redistribution and tertiary distribution, strengthen the requirements of the goal of common prosperity. Improve the tax and social security systems, enhance the precision of transfer payments, and optimize the supply of basic public services in areas such as education and health. Attach importance to the role of tertiary distribution, improve policies and measures for the development of public welfare and charitable causes, strengthen the institutional construction of modern charitable organizations, build an incentive-compatible tax system, activate social resources through market mechanisms, and mobilize the enthusiasm of social entities to participate. Pay special attention to vulnerable groups under the digital divide, and provide special consideration in transfer payments, social security, and public services.

统筹效率与公平，完善现代化分配体系。坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，构建初次分配、再分配、第三次分配协调配套的制度体系。一方面，在初次分配中更好体现知识、技术、人力资本导向，充分激发各类生产要素活力。加强对各类生产要素的产权保护，形成清晰界定所有、占有、支配、使用、收益、处置等产权权能的制度安排，依法平等保护各类产权，健全生产要素按贡献参与分配的机制。另一方面，在再分配、第三次分配中强化共同富裕目标要求。完善税收、社会保障制度，增强转移支付精准性，优化教育、卫生健康等领域基本公共服务的供给。重视发挥第三次分配作用，完善公益慈善事业发展政策措施，加强现代慈善组织制度建设，构建激励相容的税收制度，通过市场化机制激活社会资源，调动社会主体参与积极性。对于数字鸿沟下的弱势群体，进行重点关注，在转移支付、社会保障、公共服务等方面给予特殊照顾。

Implement the "five unifications and one opening up" [4]4 The "five unifications and one opening up" refers to a policy framework for building a unified national market: unifying basic market institutions, market infrastructure, government behavior standards, market supervision and law enforcement, and factor resource markets, while simultaneously expanding opening up both internally and externally., and improve the modern circulation system. Deeply advancing the construction of a unified national market is the key lever for improving the modern circulation system, with the basic requirement being the "five unifications and one opening up." In unifying the basic system of the market, we must improve the property rights protection system, market access system, fair competition system, and social credit system, establishing a set of market operation systems with unified standards, consistent rules, and coordinated implementation. In unifying market infrastructure, we must strengthen the integrated construction of transportation networks and build smart circulation systems, constructing unified and interconnected modern circulation networks, information exchange channels, and commodity trading platforms nationwide, creating a modern infrastructure system where "hard connectivity" and "soft connectivity" work in synergy. In unifying the scale of government behavior, we must straighten out the relationship between government and market, and between government and enterprises, strictly according to unified market economy laws and regulations, standardizing and unifying government procurement, bidding, investment attraction, governance of disorderly competition among enterprises, and promotion of the exit of backward production capacity across regions. In unifying market supervision and law enforcement, we must improve the national unified market supervision laws, ensure the uniformity of law enforcement standards and intensity, reduce the discretionary power of local governments in supervision and law enforcement, better maintain market order, promote fair competition, and protect consumer rights. In unifying the market for factors of production, we must strengthen the construction of a multi-level capital market system, integrate technology trading markets, deepen reforms of the household registration system and land transfer, improve the institutional systems for data collection, data trading, and data property rights, break administrative divisions and market barriers, and realize the free flow and efficient allocation of production factors such as labor, capital, technology, and data nationwide. At the same time, we must continue to expand opening up both internally and externally. Steadily expand institutional opening up, enhance the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, deeply integrate into the global economic system, promote efficient connectivity between domestic and international markets, and realize the mutual promotion of domestic and international dual circulation.

落实“五统一、一开放”，完善现代化流通体系。纵深推进全国统一大市场建设是完善现代化流通体系的关键抓手，基本要求是“五统一、一开放”。在统一市场基础制度方面，要完善产权保护制度、市场准入制度、公平竞争制度、社会信用制度等，建立一套标准统一、规则一致、执行协同的市场运行制度体系。在统一市场基础设施方面，要加强运输网络一体化建设和构建智慧流通系统，在全国范围建设统一互联的现代流通网络、信息交流渠道、商品交易平台，打造“硬联通”与“软联通”协同发力的现代化基础设施体系。在统一政府行为尺度方面，要理顺政府与市场、政府与企业的关系，严格按照统一的市场经济法律法规对各地政府采购和招标投标、招商引资、治理企业无序竞争、推动落后产能退出等方面进行规范和统一。在统一市场监管执法方面，要完善全国统一的市场监管法律，确保执法标准和力度的统一性，减少各地政府在监管执法中的自由裁量权，更好地维护市场秩序、促进公平竞争、保障消费者权益。在统一要素资源市场方面，要加强多层次资本市场体系建设，整合技术交易市场，深化户籍制度、土地流转等改革，完善数据采集、数据交易、数据产权等制度体系，打破行政分割和市场壁垒，实现劳动力、资本、技术、数据等生产要素在全国范围内的自由流动和高效配置。与此同时，还要持续扩大对内对外开放。稳步扩大制度型开放，提升贸易投资自由化便利化，深度融入全球经济体系，推动国内国际市场高效联通，实现国内国际双循环相互促进。

Emphasize both long-term and short-term policies, and improve the modern consumption system. Coordinate structural reform and cyclical regulation, while also focusing on institutional innovation and the stimulation of market vitality, striving to build a modern consumption system with positive interaction between supply and demand, and coordinated progress between consumption upgrading and social development. From the perspective of short-term policies, we must focus on precisely stimulating consumer demand. Directly enhance residents' purchasing power and boost market confidence through measures such as issuing consumption vouchers and reducing taxes and fees. Strengthen support for key industries and vulnerable groups to ensure basic consumption. Encourage enterprises to stabilize and expand employment, enhance workers' skills through social insurance subsidies or training subsidies, and increase the sustainability of income. From the perspective of long-term policies, we should focus on improving the systems and mechanisms for promoting consumption. Raise residents' income levels, improve the social security system, and enhance consumption expectations. Strengthen the construction of the consumer credit system, improve the environment for consumer finance development, innovate financial products and services, and meet diverse consumption needs. Advance the construction of a quality-oriented nation and a brand-oriented nation, expand the supply of high-quality goods, accelerate the formation of new consumption growth points such as new energy vehicles, smart homes, education and medical care, and cultural entertainment and tourism, and build a multi-level, multi-field, and diversified consumption supply system. Actively cultivate new consumption models, expand emerging fields such as green consumption, sharing consumption, and digital consumption, promote deep integration of online and offline, and enhance the digital and intelligent level of consumption. Optimize the regional layout of consumption, combine urban-rural integrated development, stimulate the consumption potential of county areas, promote the sinking of high-quality consumption resources, improve the convenience and quality of rural consumption, and build a more balanced and coordinated consumption pattern.

长期政策与短期政策并重，完善现代化消费体系。统筹兼顾结构性改革与周期性调控，同时注重制度创新与市场活力激发，努力打造供需良性互动、消费升级与社会发展协同推进的现代化消费体系。从短期政策看，要聚焦于精准刺激消费需求。通过发放消费券、减税降费等方式直接提升居民购买力，提振市场信心。加强对重点行业和弱势群体的支持，保障基本消费。鼓励企业稳岗扩岗，通过社保补贴或培训补贴提升劳动者技能，增强收入可持续性。从长期政策看，应聚焦于完善促进消费的体制机制。提升居民收入水平，健全社会保障体系，增强消费预期。加强消费信用体系建设，完善消费金融发展环境，创新金融产品和服务，满足多样化消费需求。推进质量强国、品牌强国建设，扩大优质供给，加快形成新能源汽车、智能家居、教育医疗、文娱旅游等消费新增长点，构建多层次、多领域、多样化的消费供给体系。积极培育新型消费模式，拓展绿色消费、共享消费、数字消费等新兴领域，推动线上线下深度融合，提升消费数字化、智能化水平。优化消费区域布局，结合城乡融合发展，激发县域消费潜力，推动优质消费资源下沉，提升农村消费便利度和品质，构建更加均衡协调的消费格局。

(The author is a Distinguished Research Fellow of the Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and Vice President of the Chinese Academy of History)

（作者系中国社会科学院习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心特约研究员、中国历史研究院副院长）

Online Editor: Huihui

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