Anti-Japanese Patriotic Propaganda of Overseas Chinese Publications in the Americas during the War of Resistance

After the September 18th Incident [1]1 The September 18th Incident (1931) was a staged event used by Japan as a pretext to invade and occupy Northeast China., vast territories in Northeast and North China fell to Japan, and the Chinese nation faced an unprecedented crisis. Japan's acts of aggression aroused the entire nation to rise up in resistance, and the Anti-Japanese National United Front gradually took shape, in which overseas Chinese played an indispensable role. Chinese students and overseas Chinese residing in North and South America, deeply concerned about their motherland, used their position abroad to establish publications in multiple languages, actively carrying out activities such as information dissemination, public opinion mobilization, and material donations. They played an important role in mobilizing and inspiring overseas Chinese communities, echoing public opinion in their host countries, and shaping the forces of international anti-fascist justice.

九一八事变后，中国东北、华北大片国土沦丧，中华民族面临空前危机。日本的侵略行径激起全民族奋起反抗，抗日民族统一战线逐渐形成，海外华侨在其中扮演的角色不可或缺。侨居在北美和南美的留学生和华侨心系祖国，他们利用身处异乡的条件，采用多种语言形式创办报刊，积极开展信息传播、舆论动员和捐助物资等活动，在华侨社区的动员鼓舞、所在国的舆论呼应和国际反法西斯正义力量塑造方面起到了重要作用。

Anti-Japanese Patriotic Propaganda of Overseas Chinese Publications in the United States

美国侨刊的抗日爱国宣传

The sponsors of overseas Chinese publications in the United States can be categorized into Chinese students residing in the U.S., long-term Chinese American residents, and Chinese cultural figures who came to the U.S. to establish publications. *The Chinese Students' Monthly* was an English-language journal run by the Chinese Students' Alliance in the United States, founded in 1905, with the purpose of reporting on major movements in China and publishing articles for discussion and sharp commentary. As Japan's ambitions to invade China expanded and its aggressive activities unfolded, the journal reported on the Japanese invasion of China and anti-Japanese movements at home and abroad, becoming an important platform for students to conduct anti-Japanese propaganda. For example, an article published in November 1928, "Japan and the Chinese Imbroglio," clearly pointed out Japan's ambition to invade China. Li Xiaomin wrote "Japan's Continued Encroachment in Shantung and the Failure of Sino-Japanese Negotiations," directly pointing out Japan's massive occupation of North China. An article in the March 1929 issue, "Japan and the 'Manchurian' Question," accused Japan of openly violating international law through its acts of aggression. In November 1930, it reported on "The Formosan Uprising," focusing on anti-Japanese activities in the Taiwan region and exposing Japan's "stigmatization" of the uprising. In June 1931, *The Chinese Students' Monthly* ceased publication.

美国侨刊的主办方可分为侨居美国的中国留学生、久居美国的华裔以及赴美创刊的中国文化人士等类别。《中国留美学生月报》是北美中国学生会主办的留学生英文期刊，1905年创刊，以报道中国重要运动为宗旨，刊发文章进行讨论锐评。随着日本侵华野心的膨胀以及侵略活动的开展，该刊报道日军侵华行径和国内外反日运动，成为留学生进行抗日宣传的重要平台。如1928年11月刊登文章《日本与中国的纷扰》，明确指出日本侵华的野心。李效民撰写《日本不断侵占山东以及中日协商失败》，直接指明日本对华北的大肆占领。1929年3月刊出的文章《日本与中国“满洲”问题》指责日本公然违反国际法的侵略行径。1930年11月，报道《台湾的起义》，着重关注台湾地区的抗日活动，并且揭露了日本对起义的“污名化”问题。1931年6月，《中国留美学生月报》停刊。

In November 1935, *Chinese Digest* was founded in San Francisco, California, by second-generation overseas Chinese Thomas W. Chinn. Published in English, its target audience was 75,000 overseas Chinese in the United States, especially the second and third generations born in the U.S. who spoke English. Its focus was on the Chinese culture of their ancestral homeland and developments in Japan's invasion of China. In 1936, Japan increased its troops in North China and continuously created incidents to find a pretext for a full-scale invasion of China. In the editor's note on April 17, the chief writers of *Chinese Digest*, Dr. James McClure Henry and Chou Souyu, used the headline "China Needs Air Force Now!" to introduce the actual state of war between China and Japan, actively reporting to overseas Chinese in the U.S. on the actions of the Nationalist government in preparing for armed resistance. The publication established a column titled "Truth is in Our Fight," striving to report specific information about Japan's invasion of China. It also excerpted articles from mainstream U.S. newspapers like *The New York Times* that exposed Japan's aggressive ambitions and supported the resistance of the Chinese military and civilians. For instance, on September 11, 1936, it reprinted "The New York Times Comments on China's Reconstruction Work," actively introducing news commentary from influential American media to inspire the overseas Chinese community. Additionally, *Chinese Digest* reported on the American Federation of Labor's boycott of Japan and published updates on the progress of the "China War Relief Fund" initiated by groups like the American Red Cross, providing a rare perspective on international aid for the War of Resistance. Published in English, *Chinese Digest*'s dissemination adapted to the common language of mainstream American society, reaching a broader audience.

1935年11月，《华美月刊》（Chinese Digest）创办于加州三藩市，创办人为侨二代陈参盛（Thomas W.Chinn）。该刊以英文出版，发行对象为7.5万名在美华侨，尤其是在美国出生的、会说英语的侨二代、三代，祖籍地的中华文化和日本侵华动态是其关注重点。1936年，日军增兵华北并不断制造事端，为全面侵华寻求借口。《华美月刊》主笔詹姆斯·亨利（Dr.James McClure Henry）和周苏瑜（Chou Souyu）在4月17日的主编按语中以“中国急需空军！”为题，介绍中日实际上的战争状态，积极向在美华侨报道国民党政府准备武装抗日的行动。该报刊设立“真相在于我们的战斗”栏目，努力报道日本侵华的具体信息。其还将《纽约时报》等美国主流报纸刊登关于揭露日本侵略野心、支持中国军民抵抗的专文予以摘录，如1936年9月11日转载的《纽约时报评中国重建工作》积极介绍美国影响力媒体的新闻评论，以此鼓舞侨心。此外，《华美月刊》报道美国劳工联合抵制日本的新闻，刊登美国红十字会等团体发起“救济中国战争基金”的进展情况，为抗战的国际援助提供难得的视角。《华美月刊》以英文形式发行，其传播适应了美国主流社会的通用语言，受众面更广泛。

The magazine *Free World* was founded in New York in 1942, published by the Free World Association. Its publication language was Chinese, and its target audience was the overseas Chinese community in the United States. Its purpose was to arouse overseas Chinese in the U.S. to support the anti-fascist struggle, actively expand the free forces suppressed and threatened by Japanese imperialism and fascist forces, and not only report on the anti-aggression movement but also "raise the cultural level of overseas compatriots" and actively "introduce and analyze the international situation." The specific content of the publication was handled by the New York branch of the editorial board of the Free World Association's Chinese Publishing House, whose members included prominent figures such as Li Shizeng, Lin Yutang, and Zhang Jingjiang [2]2 Li Shizeng, Lin Yutang, and Zhang Jingjiang were prominent Chinese intellectuals, writers, and political figures active in the early 20th century.. The publication mainly featured the statements and activities of important anti-fascist figures of the Allied powers, "summarizing the essence of the words of world-renowned scholars and celebrities," with the aim of "building a stronghold of fighting spirit." For example, the "Cosmic Commentary" section of Volume 1, Issue 2 called on overseas compatriots to "Donate! Donate! Donate!" Because of Sino-American cooperation in the War of Resistance, overseas Chinese in the U.S. should seize the opportunity to organize groups to conduct surveys, solicit shares, invest, and manage businesses in the United States, and embassies should also assist overseas Chinese groups in their work to promote the development of overseas Chinese enterprises. *Free World* also published reports on anti-fascist activities by Chinese students in France, attempting to echo anti-Japanese public opinion in Europe and America. The publication continued until 1943.

《自由世界》杂志于1942年在纽约创刊，由自由世界协会发行，出版语言为中文，发行对象为在美华侨群体，目的是在美国唤起华侨支持反法西斯的斗争，积极争取扩大受日本帝国主义与法西斯势力压制威胁的自由力量，不仅报道反侵略运动，更要提高“海外侨胞的文化水平”，积极“对国际大势进行介绍与分析”。刊物具体内容由自由世界协会中文出版社编委会纽约支部负责，成员包括李石曾、林语堂和张静江等知名人士。该刊物以刊登同盟国的反法西斯重要人物言论及活动为主，“汇总世界名流学者的言论精华”，其目的在于“打造战斗精神的大本营”。如第1卷第2期“宇宙评论”部分号召侨胞“捐输！捐输！捐输！”缘于中美合作抗日，在美侨胞要利用时机，组织团体在美国从事调查、招股、投资和经营，使馆也要协助侨团进行工作，推动美侨事业发展。《自由世界》也刊发留法学生在法国从事的反法西斯活动，试图呼应欧美的抗日舆论。该刊物发行一直延续至1943年。

*The Chinese Times* and Anti-Japanese Propaganda among Overseas Chinese in Canada

《大汉公报》与加拿大华侨的抗日宣传

The overseas Chinese community in Canada formed in the late 19th century. Influenced by the Gold Rush and the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Chinese laborers migrated to Canada, and the overseas Chinese community gradually took shape. *The Chinese Times* was the most influential Chinese-language newspaper in Canada, published for the local overseas Chinese community and serving as an important window to understand the motherland. Founded in Vancouver in 1907, it was acquired by the Chee Kung Tong [3]3 The Chee Kung Tong (Hongmen) is a Chinese fraternal organization with a long history, often involved in political and social activities among overseas Chinese. of Canada in 1909 as its official organ, and it continued publication until 1992. *The Chinese Times* was always concerned with national construction and the fate of the Chinese nation. After Japan presented the Twenty-One Demands [4]4 The Twenty-One Demands (1915) were a set of secret demands made by Japan to China, which would have reduced China to a Japanese protectorate. aimed at destroying China, *The Chinese Times* published articles criticizing Japan's China policy. An article titled "Discussing Japan's Long-Cherished Great Ambition" exposed Japan's ambition to occupy China under the guise of protecting peace in East Asia. *The Chinese Times* reported the opinions of far-sighted overseas Chinese on resisting Japan and saving the nation, promoting the ideas that "unifying the people's will and arousing the national spirit are the keys to national salvation" and "complete armaments are the means of national salvation." *The Chinese Times* ignited the patriotic fervor and sense of unity among overseas Chinese in Canada, leading to the emergence of patriotic groups and prompting overseas Chinese to take practical actions such as boycotting Japanese goods and promoting domestic products.

加拿大华侨群体形成于19世纪末，在淘金热、太平洋铁路建设等影响下，华工迁至加拿大，华侨社区初具规模。《大汉公报》是加拿大最具影响的中文报刊，面向当地华侨出版，是了解祖国的重要窗口。1907年该刊于温哥华创办，1909年加拿大致公堂收购其为机关报，直至1992年停刊。《大汉公报》始终关心国家建设和中华民族命运。日本提出意在灭亡中国的二十一条后，《大汉公报》刊文抨击日本对华政策，《论日本处心积虑之大欲》一文揭露日本名为保护东亚和平，实为图谋占领中国的野心。《大汉公报》报道华侨有识之士抗日救亡的意见，宣传“统一民心，发扬民气是救亡关键”“军械完备是救亡手段”。《大汉公报》激发了加拿大华侨爱国热情和团结意识，爱国团体纷纷涌现，华侨采取实际行动抵制日货、提倡国货。

After the September 18th Incident, *The Chinese Times* published the statements of eyewitness Zhang Xueliang [5]5 Zhang Xueliang was a Chinese warlord who was in command of the Northeastern Army at the time of the September 18th Incident., revealing to the public Japan's conspiracy of fabricating facts and making unreasonable provocations. In response to the continuous civil wars in China and the Nationalist government's passive resistance against Japan, *The Chinese Times* called for "to turn the tide and wash away the national humiliation, it is necessary to eliminate civil war, unite as one, and engage in long-term resistance against Japan." After the July 7th Incident [6]6 The July 7th Incident (1937) was a clash between Chinese and Japanese troops near Beijing that marked the beginning of the full-scale Second Sino-Japanese War., *The Chinese Times* set up special columns such as "War of Resistance Telegrams," analyzing the situation of China's War of Resistance, reporting on the victories of the Chinese military, and boosting morale. The publication mobilized overseas Chinese in Canada to establish fundraising organizations, actively donate money and goods, subscribe to national bonds, and encourage overseas Chinese with skills in fields such as aircraft piloting, medicine, and machinery to return to China to assist the war effort. *The Chinese Times* also offered suggestions on how to achieve victory in the War of Resistance. For example, "Carrying Out Work Against the Enemy on Multiple Fronts" conducted an in-depth discussion from three aspects: the enemy's rear battlefield, tactical choices, and diplomatic propaganda. As the official organ of the Hongmen Chee Kung Tong in Canada, *The Chinese Times* used the Hongmen spirit to inspire overseas Chinese. An article titled "From the Hongmen Revolution to Long-Term Resistance and Final Victory" emphasized, "Establish the determination that there can be no Japan if there is us, and no us if there is Japan. Be unwavering in resolve. Swear to achieve final victory before stopping," promoting confidence in long-term resistance. This became a unique banner of *The Chinese Times* in its anti-Japanese propaganda.

九一八事变后，《大汉公报》刊载亲历者张学良的言论，向公众揭露日本捏造事实，无理挑衅的阴谋。针对中国内战不断，国民党政府消极抗战的局势，《大汉公报》呼吁“欲挽狂澜，洗国耻，非消弭内战，一致联合起来，作长期抗日不可”。七七事变后，《大汉公报》特设抗战电讯等栏目，分析中国抗日局势，宣传中国军队胜利，鼓舞士气。该刊动员加拿大华侨成立筹饷机构，踊跃捐款捐物，认购国债，鼓励在飞机驾驶、医药和机械等领域有才能的侨胞回国为抗战助力。《大汉公报》还为如何取得抗战胜利建言献策，如《多方面开展对敌工作》从敌后战场、战术选择以及外交宣传三个方面进行深入讨论。作为加拿大洪门致公堂的机关报，《大汉公报》利用洪门精神激励华侨。《由洪门革命说到长期抵抗与最后胜利》一文强调，“立定有倭无我，有我无倭之决心。矢志不渝。誓获最后胜利而后已可也”，宣传坚持长期抗战的信心。这成为《大汉公报》在抗日宣传中的一面独特旗帜。

Anti-Japanese Propaganda of Overseas Chinese Publications in Peru, South America

南美秘鲁华侨刊物的抗日宣传

Overseas Chinese in Peru originated during the period of large-scale development after the Opium War, when 100,000 Chinese laborers were transported to Peru to work in the guano and rubber industries. By the early 20th century, overseas Chinese in Peru had taken root locally, forming a sizable overseas Chinese community. Peru’s *Gong Yan Bao* (Spanish: *LA VOZ DE LA COLONIA CHINA*) was founded in 1910, initially under the name *Xinghua Bao*. Its founding purpose was to reflect the aspirations and demands of overseas Chinese, to safeguard their interests through discourse, and to promote the prosperity and strength of the nation. As Japan’s aggression against China deepened, *Gong Yan Bao* increasingly focused on hometown and national conditions. In 1934, Zhou Jianchao from Hong Kong became the chief writer of *Gong Yan Bao*. The publication actively reported news of the War of Resistance, contacted scattered overseas Chinese to participate in fundraising. After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937,[7]7 The Marco Polo Bridge Incident (July 7, 1937) is generally regarded as the start of the full-scale Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). *Gong Yan Bao* published a large amount of domestic news and organized overseas Chinese to donate money and goods. According to the special commemorative issue *Peru’s Chinese General Association and the Chinese in Peru*, some overseas Chinese in Peru at the time also organized a clothing collection committee to directly support soldiers at the front. During the War of Resistance, *Gong Yan Bao* called on the broad masses of overseas Chinese in Peru to “contribute money if they have it, contribute effort if they have it, playing an important role in publicizing the resistance against Japan and effectively supporting the motherland’s War of Resistance.” The anti-Japanese propaganda of *Gong Yan Bao* had a positive impact among overseas Chinese in Peru. He Lianxiang, who had once participated in street charity performances and fundraising, later took on editorial work for *Gong Yan Bao* and continued to contribute to the friendship between China and Peru. Comrade Zhou Enlai once inscribed a tribute to the patriotic fundraising efforts of overseas Chinese in Peru: “Ten thousand li away, six thousand overseas compatriots coordinated loans and donations reaching two million Peruvian currency; this is a model for overseas compatriots and an honor for the War of Resistance.”

秘鲁华侨起源于鸦片战争后10万华工辗转秘鲁从事鸟粪、橡胶等行业大开发时期，至20世纪前期秘鲁华侨已经扎根当地，形成饶有规模的华侨社会。秘鲁《公言报》（西文为LA VOZ DE LA COLONIA CHINA）创办于1910年，初名为《兴华报》，其创刊旨在反映华侨的心声和要求，从言论上维护华侨利益，促进国家繁荣富强。随着日本对华侵略的加深，《公言报》对乡情国情日渐关注。1934年，来自香港的周健超担任《公言报》主笔。该刊积极报道抗战新闻、联络散居各地侨胞参与募捐。1937年卢沟桥事变发生后，《公言报》刊登大量国内动态，组织侨胞捐款捐物。据《秘鲁中华通惠总局与秘鲁华人》纪念特刊记载，当时秘鲁部分华侨还组织募衣委员会，直接支持前方战士。抗战期间，《公言报》号召广大旅秘侨众“有钱出钱，有力出力，为宣传抗日，有效地支援祖国人民的抗日战争起到重要作用”。《公言报》的抗战宣传在秘鲁侨胞中产生了良好影响，曾经参与街头义演募捐的何莲香后来承担《公言报》编辑工作，继续为中国与秘鲁友谊作出贡献。周恩来同志曾经给秘鲁华侨爱国筹款壮举题词：“万里外六千侨胞，统筹债捐达二百万秘币，是侨胞之模范，是抗战之光荣。”

At that time, the Peruvian Chinese community also had another publication—*Oriental Monthly* (Spanish: *REVISTA ORIENTAL*), founded by Chen Hanrong. The purpose of *Oriental Monthly* was to bridge the connection between Chinese communities in Peru and across Latin America and the motherland. *Oriental Monthly* was published bilingually in Chinese and Spanish, richly illustrated, and issued regularly. The publication recorded major events in Peru, China, and the world, “especially making an important contribution to spreading traditional Chinese culture.” After the outbreak of the War of Resistance, Chen Hanrong, as editor-in-chief, traveled extensively and made impassioned appeals, aiming to stir the patriotic fervor of overseas Chinese in Peru and engage them in the struggle to resist Japan and save the nation. Later, the anti-Japanese articles published also played a mobilizing role in the patriotism of overseas Chinese in Peru.

秘鲁华社当时还有一份刊物——《东方月报》（REVISTA ORIENTAL），其创立者为陈汉荣。《东方月报》宗旨为沟通秘鲁和全拉美的华人社会与祖国的联系。《东方月报》以中文、西文双语出版，图文并茂，定期发行，刊物记载了秘鲁、中国和世界大事，“特别是在传播中国传统文化方面，作出了重要贡献”。抗战爆发后，作为主编的陈汉荣四处奔走，大声疾呼，意在激起旅秘华侨的爱国热忱，投入抗战保国的斗争。后来，刊发的抗日文章对秘鲁华侨的爱国主义也有动员作用。

In summary, overseas Chinese publications abroad are important media founded by Chinese nationals in the communities where they live and work. They are an indispensable extension of China’s external communication. Because of their inherent originality and strong adaptability, they have become an important expansion of China’s soft power in international communication. The historical background of saving the nation during the War of Resistance and the special circumstances of averting national crisis inspired the patriotic sentiments of overseas Chinese communities. Using these newspaper and periodical platforms, overseas Chinese communities in the Americas employed multiple language media forms—Chinese, English, and Spanish—to expose Japan’s ambition to invade China, call on overseas Chinese to donate money and goods, and promote the spirit of patriotism. Thus, they wrote an American chapter in the great cause of the Chinese people, both at home and abroad, jointly seeking national salvation and survival during the War of Resistance.

综上所述，域外侨刊是中国侨民在其生活居住社区创办的重要媒体，是中国对外传播不可忽视的延伸力量，因其自身带有的原发性和较强的适应性，成为中国国际传播软实力的重要拓展。抗战救国的时代背景和挽救危局的特殊形势，激发了海外华侨群体的爱国主义情怀。美洲华侨社区利用这些报刊舆论平台，使用中文、英文和西班牙文等多种语言媒介形式，揭露日本的侵华野心、号召华侨捐款捐物、弘扬爱国主义精神，谱写了抗战时期海内外中华儿女共谋祖国救亡图存大业的美洲篇章。

(The author is a doctoral student at the Center for Latin American Studies, Nankai University)

（作者系南开大学拉丁美洲研究中心博士研究生）

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧