The Spiritual Characteristics and Practical Qualities of Comprehensively Deepening Reform in the New Era

Volume V of *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China*, together with the previously published Volumes I through IV, are authoritative works that centrally reflect Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

《习近平谈治国理政》第五卷和此前出版的第一卷至第四卷，是集中反映习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的权威著作。习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的重要篇目和重要思想，是全卷的主干内容之一，系统反映了习近平总书记对新时代我国改革发展道路的战略谋划和宏伟布局，全面展现了以习近平同志为核心的党中央团结带领全党全国各族人民推动全面深化改革的壮阔历程。把这五卷内容作为一个整体来学习，可以帮助我们更好地理解和把握习近平总书记领导的这场新时代的伟大革命具有鲜明的精神特质和实践品格。

———Helmsmanship and Steerage. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasises that upholding the Party's overall leadership is our greatest political advantage and the fundamental guarantee for the successful advancement of China's reform and opening up. Compared with the past, reform and opening up in the New Era has many new connotations and characteristics. Reform has entered a critical period and a deep-water zone, confronting more deeply embedded institutional and mechanistic issues, touching upon more profound interest contradictions, and facing a more complex situation of great struggle. What lies before our Party is a historic task of unprecedented arduousness and complexity. It is necessary to lead and promote broader and deeper reforms with great historical initiative, immense political courage, and a strong sense of responsibility. It is necessary to design the top-level plan and overall framework for reform with far-sighted strategic vision and a holistic perspective.

——领航掌舵。习近平总书记强调，坚持党的全面领导，这是我们的最大政治优势，是我国改革开放成功推进的根本保证。相比过去，新时代改革开放具有许多新的内涵和特点，改革进入攻坚期和深水区，更多面对的是深层次体制机制问题，触动的利益矛盾更加深刻，面临的伟大斗争形势更加复杂，摆在我们党面前的是一项艰巨性、复杂性前所未有的历史重任，必须以伟大的历史主动、巨大的政治勇气、强烈的责任担当，领导推动更大范围、更深层次改革，必须以宏阔深远的战略眼光和全局视野，对改革作出顶层设计、进行总体构架。

Facing the new situation and new requirements, General Secretary Xi Jinping, steadying the heavy rudder and bearing the immense burden, decided to establish the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform and personally served as its head, responsible for the top-level design, overall layout, coordinated advancement, and supervision of implementation of reform. The Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC decided to rename the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform as the Central Commission for Comprehensively Deepening Reform, with General Secretary Xi Jinping serving as its director. This is the first time our Party has established a leading body specifically responsible for reform work at the level of the Party Central Committee. In the 12 years since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has presided over more than 70 meetings of the Central Commission for Comprehensively Deepening Reform (Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform), deliberating important reform plans, studying major reform matters, and deploying the implementation of key tasks, with boldness and order, creatively planning and promoting reform and opening up in the New Era, advancing reforms in various fields and aspects with overwhelming momentum and irresistible force. In leading and promoting specific reform work, General Secretary Xi Jinping devises strategies and takes personal charge, personally overseeing and setting the direction on major issues such as political stance and principles, personally planning and coordinating major reforms and deployments, personally breaking new ground on reform tasks involving complex interests and major sensitivities, and personally demonstrating and promoting the precise focus and precise implementation of reforms, effectively enhancing the leadership and authority of the Party Central Committee over comprehensively deepening reform, and ensuring that the entire Party maintains unified thinking, firm will, coordinated action, and strong combat effectiveness in reform.

面对新形势新要求，习近平总书记稳掌重舵、力担千钧，决定成立中央全面深化改革领导小组并亲自担任组长，负责改革顶层设计、总体布局、统筹协调、整体推进、督促落实。党的十九届三中全会决定将中央全面深化改革领导小组改为中央全面深化改革委员会，习近平总书记担任主任。这是我们党第一次在党中央层面成立专司改革工作的领导机构。党的十八届三中全会以来的12年时间里，习近平总书记已主持召开70多次中央深改委（深改组）会议，审议重要改革方案、研究重大改革事项、部署重点任务落实，大开大合，有条不紊，创造性地谋划推动新时代改革开放，气势如虹、势如破竹地推进各领域各方面改革。在领导推动具体改革工作中，习近平总书记运筹帷幄、亲力亲为，在政治立场、方向原则等重大问题上亲自把关定向，在重大改革、重大部署上亲自统筹谋划，在利益关系复杂、重大敏感的改革任务上亲自开篇破题，在改革精准发力、精准落地上亲自示范推动，有力提升了党中央对全面深化改革的领导力和权威性，确保全党在改革上始终保持统一的思想、坚定的意志、协调的行动、强大的战斗力。

———Ideological Guidance. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that theoretical innovation has a major guiding role for practical innovation, and that comprehensively deepening reform must take theoretical innovation as its precursor. The glorious 40-plus-year history of China's reform and opening up is also a process in which our Party has continuously used ideological and theoretical innovation to lead the process of reform practice innovation. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has scientifically summarised historical experience, profoundly grasped the laws of reform, deeply analysed the reform situation, and creatively put forward a series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new theses on comprehensively deepening reform, constituting the reform chapter of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

——思想引领。习近平总书记指出，理论创新对实践创新具有重大先导作用，全面深化改革必须以理论创新为先导。我国改革开放40多年的光辉历程，也是我们党不断以思想理论创新引领改革实践创新的过程。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记科学总结历史经验，深刻把握改革规律，深入分析改革形势，创造性提出关于全面深化改革的一系列新思想新观点新论断，构成习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的改革篇。

General Secretary Xi Jinping has provided profound expositions on the essence of reform, the role of reform, the direction of reform, the goals of reform, the tasks of reform, the driving force of reform, and the methods of reform, emphasising that reform must uphold Party leadership; reform must be people-centered; reform must uphold fundamental principles and break new ground, neither taking the old path of closed-door rigidity nor the evil path of changing the banner; reform must adhere to the general goal of improving and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernisation of the national governance system and governance capacity; reform must adhere to a problem-oriented approach; reform must take economic system reform as the driving force; reform must be advanced on the track of the rule of law; reform must combine top-level design with crossing the river by feeling the stones; reform must correctly handle the relationship between reform, development, and stability; and so on. These important theses profoundly answer major theoretical and practical questions such as what banner to hold and what path to take in the New Era, why to comprehensively deepen reform, and how to comprehensively deepen reform. They are imbued with scientific dialectical thinking, systematic strategic layout, profound historical vision, broad global perspective, strong innovative spirit, and deep humanistic concern, reaching a new historical level in breadth, depth, and height. They demonstrate powerful truth charm and practical force in guiding new practice and leading new change, providing fundamental guidance for further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization.

习近平总书记从改革本质、改革作用、改革方向、改革目标、改革任务、改革动力、改革方法等方面作出深刻阐述，强调改革必须坚持党的领导；改革必须坚持以人民为中心；改革必须坚持守正创新，既不走封闭僵化的老路，也不走改旗易帜的邪路；改革必须坚持完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的总目标；改革必须坚持问题导向；必须坚持以经济体制改革为牵引；必须在法治轨道上推进改革；必须把顶层设计和摸着石头过河结合起来；必须正确处理改革发展稳定的关系；等等。这些重要论述深刻回答了在新时代举什么旗、走什么路，为什么要全面深化改革、怎样全面深化改革等重大理论和实践问题，贯穿着科学的辩证思维、系统的战略布局、深邃的历史眼光、宽广的全球视野、强烈的创新精神、深厚的人文关照，在广度、深度、高度上都达到了新的历史水平，在指导新实践、引领新变革中展现出强大的真理魅力和实践伟力，为进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化提供了根本遵循。

———Strategic Blueprint. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that the fundamental driving force for upholding and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era remains comprehensively deepening reform. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping, proceeding from the overall situation of the development of the cause of the Party and the state, has incorporated comprehensively deepening reform into the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, closely centring on the Party's central tasks, focusing on achieving the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and personally drawing up and continuing the grand blueprint for comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era.

——战略擘画。习近平总书记指出，新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，根本动力仍然是全面深化改革。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记从党和国家事业发展全局出发，把全面深化改革纳入“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局，紧紧围绕党的中心任务，聚焦实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，亲自擘画和续写了新时代全面深化改革的宏伟蓝图。

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC was epoch-making. It made deployments for economic system reform, political system reform, cultural system reform, social system reform, ecological civilisation system reform, national defence and military reform, and Party building system reform, determining the overall goal, strategic priorities, order of precedence, main direction of attack, working mechanisms, methods of advancement, timetable, and roadmap for comprehensively deepening reform, opening a new journey of comprehensively deepening reform and advancing reform through systematic overall design in the New Era. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC made the decision to comprehensively advance law-based governance, putting forward a large number of reform measures of great significance for law-based governance, forming a "companion piece" with the decision of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC. The Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC specially studied the issue of deepening the reform of Party and state institutions, deploying the improvement of the Party's leadership system, the government governance system, the armed forces system, and the mass organisation work system, promoting the systematic and holistic restructuring of the functions of Party and state institutions. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC specially studied upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernisation of the national governance system and governance capacity, systematically integrating the theoretical achievements, institutional achievements, and practical achievements of comprehensively deepening reform since the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC, outlining a clearer top-level design for comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era. The Second Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC studied and deployed the continued deepening of institutional reform in key areas, promoting the Party's leadership over socialist modernisation to be more scientific in institutional setup, more optimal in functional configuration, more complete in systems and mechanisms, and more efficient in operation and management. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC studied the issue of further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization, deploying more than 300 major reform measures, providing institutional and mechanistic guarantees for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-path modernization. In addition to these landmark meetings, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party's National Congresses and relevant Central Committee plenary sessions have made successive arrangements for reform, promoting the continuous deepening and progression of reform tasks, creating a new situation in which reform and opening up have driven historic achievements and historic changes in the various undertakings of the Party and the state.

党的十八届三中全会是划时代的，对经济体制改革、政治体制改革、文化体制改革、社会体制改革、生态文明体制改革、国防和军队改革、党的建设制度改革作出部署，确定全面深化改革的总目标、战略重点、优先顺序、主攻方向、工作机制、推进方式和时间表、路线图，开启了新时代全面深化改革、系统整体设计推进改革新征程。党的十八届四中全会作出全面推进依法治国的决定，提出一大批对依法治国具有重要意义的改革举措，同党的十八届三中全会决定形成了“姊妹篇”。党的十九届三中全会专题研究深化党和国家机构改革问题，部署健全党的领导体系、政府治理体系、武装力量体系、群团工作体系，推动党和国家机构职能实现系统性、整体性重构。党的十九届四中全会专题研究坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，系统集成党的十八届三中全会以来全面深化改革的理论成果、制度成果、实践成果，对新时代全面深化改革勾勒出更加清晰的顶层设计。党的二十届二中全会研究部署继续深化重点领域机构改革，推动党对社会主义现代化建设的领导在机构设置上更加科学、在职能配置上更加优化、在体制机制上更加完善、在运行管理上更加高效。党的二十届三中全会研究进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化问题，部署300多项重大改革举措，为以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业提供体制机制保障。除了这些具有标志性意义的会议，党的十八大以来党的代表大会和有关中央全会都对改革作出接续安排，推动改革任务不断递进深化，开创了以改革开放推动党和国家各项事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革的新局面。

— People first. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that reform carried out for the people is meaningful; reform carried out by relying on the people has momentum. In General Secretary Xi Jin

——人民至上。习近平总书记指出，为了人民而改革，改革才有意义；依靠人民而改革，改革才有动力。在习近平总书记心里，人民的分量最重，这在全面深化改革中得到了生动体现。习近平总书记始终站在人民立场上考虑问题，把促进社会公平正义、增进人民福祉作为改革出发点和落脚点，做到谋划改革汲取人民智慧、推进改革凝聚人民力量、检验改革依靠人民评判，使全面深化改革的过程成为人民广泛参与、普遍受益的过程。

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasizes identifying the entry points and breakthroughs for reform by addressing the most immediate and direct issues of concern to the masses, adhering to the principle of doing everything within our capacity while striving for the best, and rolling out a large number of effective, sustainable, and widely recognized hard measures and practical actions in areas such as income distribution, employment, education, healthcare, social security, elderly care and childcare, public culture, and grassroots governance. For example, in promoting reform of the household registration system, household registration has achieved urban-rural integration, the residence permit system has been fully implemented, and the problem of unregistered individuals left over from history has been basically resolved; in response to the widespread public concern over expensive and difficult access to medical care, comprehensive reform of public hospitals has been fully promoted, the mechanism of subsidizing medical services with drug markups has been dismantled, the over-60-year-old practice of adding markups on drugs and medical consumables has been abolished, the drug supply guarantee system has been improved, and the supply guarantee mechanism for drugs in short supply has been strengthened; during the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, in response to the shortcomings and deficiencies exposed in the healthcare system, we adhered to overall planning, systematic restructuring, and comprehensive upgrading, focusing on improving the mechanisms for preventing and controlling major epidemics and strengthening the national public health emergency management system, working to straighten out relationships and strengthen responsibilities at the institutional and mechanism levels, thereby effectively safeguarding the lives, health, and safety of the people; in response to the widespread social concern over educational equity, we have coordinated the promotion of high-quality and balanced development of compulsory education and urban-rural integration, optimized the allocation of regional educational resources, strengthened the inclusive development of preschool education and special education, improved the modern vocational education system, reduced the burden of homework and off-campus tutoring for students in the compulsory education stage, and continuously narrowed the educational gaps between urban and rural areas, regions, schools, and groups; in response to trend-based issues such as an aging population, declining birth rates, and regional population growth and decline differentiation, we have adjusted and improved policies on elderly care and childbirth, improved the population service system with a focus on "the elderly and the young," grasped the laws of population mobility, promoted the "following the people" approach for relevant public services, and facilitated the rational concentration and orderly flow of populations between urban and rural areas and regions, bringing a tangible sense of gain to the people.

习近平总书记注重从解决群众最关心最直接最现实的利益问题中，找准改革的切入点和突破口，坚持尽力而为、量力而行，在收入分配、就业、教育、医药卫生、社会保障、养老托幼、公共文化、基层治理等方面，推出一大批叫得响、立得住、群众认可的硬招实招。比如，推进户籍制度改革，户口登记实现城乡统一，全面实施居住证制度，历史遗留的无户口人员落户问题基本解决；针对老百姓反映强烈的看病贵、看病难问题，全面推开公立医院综合改革，破除以药补医机制，取消实行60多年的药品和耗材加成，完善药品供应保障制度，健全短缺药品供应保障机制；抗击新冠疫情期间，针对医药卫生体系暴露的短板和不足，坚持整体谋划、系统重塑、全面提升，围绕完善重大疫情防控体制机制、健全国家公共卫生应急管理体系，着力从体制机制层面理顺关系、强化责任，切实维护人民生命安全和身体健康；针对社会普遍关注的教育公平问题，统筹推进义务教育优质均衡发展和城乡一体化，优化区域教育资源配置，强化学前教育、特殊教育普惠发展，完善现代职业教育体系，减轻义务教育阶段学生作业负担和校外培训负担，城乡、区域、校际、群体之间的教育差距不断缩小；应对老龄化、少子化、区域人口增减分化等趋势性问题，调整完善养老、生育等政策措施，以“一老一小”为重点完善人口服务体系，把握人口流动规律，推动相关公共服务“随人走”，促进城乡、区域人口合理集聚、有序流动，带给人民群众实实在在的获得感。

—Striving to tackle tough challenges. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that reform is a revolution; it changes institutions and mechanisms and touches vested interests, so it cannot be done without real and substantive action. We must have the courage to gnaw on hard bones and wade through dangerous shoals, directing reform precisely where contradictions and problems are most acute. Since the 18th National Congress of the

——奋力攻坚。习近平总书记指出，改革是一场革命，改的是体制机制，动的是既得利益，不真刀真枪干是不行的。必须敢于啃硬骨头、涉险滩，做到哪里矛盾和问题最突出，就把改革指向哪里。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记以自我革命勇气和壮士断腕决心领导推动全面深化改革，向积存多年的顽瘴痼疾开刀，向最难攻的堡垒、最难过的险关进军，坚决破除各方面体制机制弊端，解决了许多长期想解决而没有解决的难题，办成了许多过去想办而没有办成的大事。

In response to the deep-seated contradictions and problems that had long existed in state-owned enterprises, General Secretary Xi Jinping, from the strategic height of consolidating the important material and political foundation for the development of the Party and the state, resolved to solve problems from the institutional and mechanistic level, strengthening and improving the Party's leadership over state-owned enterprises, promoting the optimal layout of the state-owned economy, perfecting the state-owned assets management system, strengthening supervision to prevent the loss of state-owned assets, and reasonably determining and strictly regulating the remuneration of persons in charge of state-owned enterprises. By breaking down barriers, tackling difficulties, working earnestly and practically, and advancing deeply, the Party's comprehensive leadership over state-owned enterprises was fundamentally strengthened, and the vitality, control, influence, and risk resistance of the state-owned economy were continuously enhanced. General Secretary Xi Jinping regarded ecological civilization construction as a fundamental plan concerning the sustainable development of the Chinese nation, incorporated it into the "Five-Sphere Integrated Plan" [2]2 Disciplinary inspection tours (巡视巡察) are internal Party supervision mechanisms where central or local inspection teams conduct on-site reviews of Party organizations to ensure compliance with Party discipline and central policies., and, starting from Party regulations, state laws, institutions, and mechanisms, adhered to all-round layout, systematic construction, and multi-level advancement, using the strictest systems and the most rigorous rule of law to protect the ecological environment. He deployed the compilation of an ecological environment code, formulated and revised the Environmental Protection Law and more than 30 ecological environment laws and regulations, and introduced major reform plans such as the Overall Plan for the Reform of the Ecological Civilization System, property rights and use control of natural resource assets, territorial space development and protection, ecological protection red lines, ecological environment zoning control, and compensation for ecological environmental damage. He perfected the ecological environment management system, established the central ecological environmental protection inspection system, and carried out a series of pioneering work. Ecological civilization construction has become a notable symbol of the historic achievements and historic transformations in the cause of the Party and the state in the New Era. Facing the complex external environment intertwined with changes unseen in a century and a once-in-a-century pandemic, General Secretary Xi Jinping examined the great changes with a broad vision, responded to great challenges with great boldness, and took comprehensively deepening reform as an important lever to respond to changes and open up new situations. He laid out plans in advance, acted proactively, and deepened reforms around key areas such as promoting high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, building a modern industrial system, developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, building a strong domestic market, expanding high-standard opening up, and smoothing the domestic and international dual circulations, injecting strong vitality into economic and social development.

针对国有企业长期以来存在的深层次矛盾问题，习近平总书记从夯实党和国家事业发展的重要物质和政治基础的战略高度，下决心从体制机制上解决问题，加强和改进党对国有企业的领导，推动国有经济优化布局，完善国有资产管理体制，强化监督防止国有资产流失，合理确定并严格规范国有企业负责人薪酬，破障闯关，真抓实干，深入推进，使党对国有企业的全面领导得到根本性加强，国有经济活力、控制力、影响力、抗风险能力不断提升。习近平总书记把生态文明建设作为关系中华民族永续发展的根本大计，纳入“五位一体”总体布局，从党规国法、制度机制入手，坚持全方位布局、系统化构建、多层次推进，用最严格制度最严密法治保护生态环境，部署编纂生态环境法典，制定修订环境保护法及30多部生态环境法律法规，出台生态文明体制改革总体方案、自然资源资产产权和用途管制、国土空间开发保护、生态保护红线、生态环境分区管控、生态环境损害赔偿等重大改革方案，完善生态环境管理体制，建立中央生态环境保护督察制度，开展了一系列开创性工作，生态文明建设成为新时代党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革的显著标志。面对百年变局和世纪疫情交织叠加的复杂外部环境，习近平总书记以大格局审视大变局，以大气魄应对大挑战，将全面深化改革作为应对变局、开拓新局的重要抓手，超前布局，主动作为，围绕推动高水平科技自立自强、建设现代化产业体系、因地制宜发展新质生产力、建设强大国内市场、扩大高水平对外开放、畅通国内国际双循环等重点领域深化改革，为经济社会发展注入强大生机活力。

—Advancing scientifically. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that reform and opening up is an unprecedented new undertaking and must adhere to the correct methodology and advance through continuous practice and exploration. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has profoundly grasped the laws of reform, deeply carried out investigation and research, used scientific methods to solve practical problems, adhered to the unity of reform and the rule of law, and reform and opening up, adhered to the dialectical unity of breaking and establishing, and paid attention to handling the relationships between emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, overall advancement and breakthroughs in key areas, top-level design and crossing the river by feeling the stones, being bold in vision and steady in steps, and deployment and implementation, opening up new paths and new methods for advancing reform scientifically and efficiently.

——科学推进。习近平总书记指出，改革开放是前无古人的崭新事业，必须坚持正确的方法论，在不断实践探索中推进。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记深刻把握改革规律，深入开展调查研究，运用科学方法解决实际问题，坚持改革和法治、改革和开放相统一，坚持破和立辩证统一，注重处理好解放思想和实事求是、整体推进和重点突破、顶层设计和摸着石头过河、胆子要大和步子要稳、部署和落实的关系，开辟了科学高效推进改革的新路径、新方法。

Adhering to being enterprising in strategy and steady and sure in tactics, centering on realizing the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform, coordinating the present and the long term, it proposed phased goals: achieving decisive results in reforms in important areas and key links by 2020, achieving notable results in making systems in all aspects more mature and more well-defined by the centenary of the founding of the Party, and further perfecting the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and basically realizing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity by 2035, advancing reform step by step and with focus. It organically combined overall planning and highlighting key points, focused on leveraging the leading role of economic system reform, and prioritized major reforms with a "four beams and eight pillars" [3]3 The "three distinctions" (三个区分开来) refers to a policy that distinguishes between mistakes made in exploratory reforms, errors due to lack of experience, and intentional violations, aiming to protect cadres who take initiative in reform. nature, such as state-owned assets and state-owned enterprises, science and technology, land, regional development, fiscal and tax systems, finance, green development, and opening up, playing a fundamental supporting role for other reforms. It selected key issues that would affect the whole situation as breakthroughs for reform, playing a role in driving the whole situation from a single point and activating the entire board. It paid attention to clarifying the logical relationships of major reforms, strengthening system integration, and launching a series of reform combinations in key areas, grasping not only the coordination of plans but also the coordination of implementation and effects, promoting the coordinated advancement, mutual support, and comprehensive implementation of related reform measures, and improving the overall effectiveness of reform. It paid attention to encouraging exploration and innovation. For reforms that had been determined to achieve breakthroughs but for which there was no practical experience yet, it deployed pilot projects, encouraged differentiated exploration, clarified both the target direction and bottom-line requirements, and gave full autonomy in reform, supporting local and grassroots innovation, and continuously creating and accumulating fresh, replicable, and scalable experience.

坚持战略上勇于进取、战术上稳扎稳打，围绕实现全面深化改革总目标，统筹当前和长远，提出到2020年在重要领域和关键环节改革上取得决定性成果，到建党一百周年时在各方面制度更加成熟更加定型上取得明显成效，到2035年中国特色社会主义制度更加完善、基本实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的阶段性目标，有步骤、有重点地推进改革。把统筹全局和突出重点有机结合起来，注重发挥经济体制改革牵引作用，优先推动国资国企、科技、土地、区域、财税、金融、绿色发展、对外开放等具有“四梁八柱”性质的重大改革，发挥对其他改革的基础支撑作用，选择牵一发而动全身的关键问题作为改革突破口，发挥以点带面、激活全盘的作用。注重理清重大改革的逻辑关系，强化系统集成，在重点领域打出一系列改革组合拳，既抓方案协同，也抓落实协同、效果协同，促进相关改革举措协调推进、相互支撑、全面落实，提高改革整体效能。注重鼓励探索创新，对已经确定必须取得突破但一时还没有实践经验的改革，部署开展试点，鼓励差别化探索，既明确目标方向和底线要求，又给予充分的改革自主权，支持地方基层开拓创新，不断创造和积累可复制、可推广的新鲜经验。

—Grasping implementation firmly. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that one part deployment, nine parts implementation; if one does not settle down to grasp implementation, no matter how good the goal, no matter how good the blueprint, it is just a flower in a mirror or the moon in the water. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has taken the lead and practiced what he pre

——狠抓落实。习近平总书记强调，一分部署、九分落实，如果不沉下心来抓落实，再好的目标，再好的蓝图，也只是镜中花、水中月。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记率先垂范、躬身践行，对关系全局的重大改革任务，对关乎群众切身利益的重要改革举措，始终扛在肩上、抓在手上、放在心上，以钉钉子精神一抓到底，推动改革落地见效，为全党作出了表率。

General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly presided over meetings of the Central Commission for Comprehensively Deepening Reform (Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform) to deliberate reports on the implementation of major reforms and pilot tasks, arranged special meetings to study reform implementation work, listened to reports from special task forces, lead departments, and local principal responsible comrades on the implementation of reforms, summarized and exchanged experiences, and deployed related work. Emphasis has been placed on leveraging the role of reform supervision, stressing the need to supervise tasks, progress, and results, as well as to examine understanding, responsibility, and work style, incorporating the implementation of major reforms into the scope of supervision, inspection, and disciplinary inspection tours [2]2 Disciplinary inspection tours (巡视巡察) are internal Party supervision mechanisms where central or local inspection teams conduct on-site reviews of Party organizations to ensure compliance with Party discipline and central policies., ensuring that the reform direction determined by the Party Central Committee does not deviate and that the reform tasks clearly defined by the Party Central Committee are not left unfulfilled. Emphasis has been placed on stimulating and mobilizing the initiative, enthusiasm, and creativity of all parties in reform implementation, combining the conduct of ideological and political work with the improvement of the employment orientation, strictly implementing the "three distinctions" [3]3 The "three distinctions" (三个区分开来) refers to a policy that distinguishes between mistakes made in exploratory reforms, errors due to lack of experience, and intentional violations, aiming to protect cadres who take initiative in reform., improving incentive and constraint mechanisms, strictly evaluating and assessing, and fostering a clear orientation that encourages cadres to forge ahead, take initiative, and start undertakings. Emphasis has been placed on carrying out reform publicity and guidance, promptly releasing reform policies and measures, vigorously publicizing reform progress and results, closely tracking hot and difficult issues of widespread social concern, strengthening authoritative interpretation, reasonably guiding expectations, and creating a favorable atmosphere for comprehensively deepening reform.

习近平总书记多次主持召开中央深改委（深改组）会议审议重要改革和试点任务落实情况报告，安排专题会议研究改革落实工作，听取专项小组、主责部门和地方主要负责同志抓改革落实情况汇报，总结交流经验，部署相关工作。注重发挥改革督察作用，强调既要督任务、督进度、督成效，也要察认识、察责任、察作风，将重大改革落实情况纳入监督检查和巡视巡察内容，确保党中央确定的改革方向不偏离、党中央明确的改革任务不落空。注重激发和调动各方面抓改革落实的积极性主动性创造性，把做好思想政治工作同完善用人导向结合起来，严格落实“三个区分开来”，完善激励约束机制，严格考核评价，推动形成激励干部开拓进取、干事创业的鲜明导向。注重开展改革宣传引导，及时发布改革政策举措，大力宣传改革进展成效，密切跟踪社会广泛关注的热点难点问题，加强权威解读，合理引导预期，为全面深化改革营造良好氛围。

China's reform and opening up, especially the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, is unprecedented and rarely seen in the world. Looking across the globe, no other country or political party possesses such political courage and historical responsibility, daring to make bold moves, turn inward, and engage in self-revolution, nor has any other country or political party been able to promote reforms of such scope, scale, and intensity in such a short time. This is fundamentally due to the leadership and navigation of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core and the scientific guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.

我国改革开放特别是新时代以来全面深化改革是前无古人、世所罕见的。放眼全世界，没有哪个国家和政党能有这样的政治气魄和历史担当，敢于大刀阔斧、刀刃向内、自我革命，也没有哪个国家和政党能在这么短时间内推动这么大范围、这么大规模、这么大力度的改革。这根本在于以习近平同志为核心的党中央领航掌舵，在于习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的科学引领。

The special topic "Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform" in the fifth volume of *Xi Jinping: The Governance of China* mainly collects important expositions by General Secretary Xi Jinping on further comprehensively deepening reform since the Second Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC [4]4 The Second Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in February 2023, focusing on the reform of Party and state institutions and preparations for the annual sessions of the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference., pointing out the direction, strategic priorities, and scientific pathways for continuing to advance reform. We must deeply study and comprehend General Secretary Xi Jinping's latest theoretical achievements on comprehensively deepening reform, systematically and comprehensively understand and grasp the scientific connotation and spiritual essence of General Secretary Xi Jinping's series of new ideas, new viewpoints, and new conclusions on comprehensively deepening reform, advance the great cause of comprehensively deepening reform with a stronger sense of historical initiative, and provide powerful momentum and institutional guarantees for Chinese-path modernization.

《习近平谈治国理政》第五卷的“进一步全面深化改革”专题，主要收录了党的二十届二中全会以来习近平总书记关于进一步全面深化改革的重要论述，为接续推进改革指明了前进方向、战略重点和科学路径。我们要深入学习领会习近平总书记关于全面深化改革的最新思想理论成果，系统全面地理解和把握习近平总书记关于全面深化改革一系列新思想新观点新论断的科学内涵和精神实质，以更加强烈的历史主动精神推进全面深化改革这项伟大事业，为中国式现代化提供强大动力和制度保障。

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧