Guarding Against the Revival of Japanese Militarism

As soon as Japan’s new Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba took office, he eagerly challenged the red line in Sino-Japanese relations over the Taiwan issue, and pushed for revisions to the “Peace Constitution,” Japan’s security policy, and the “Three Non-Nuclear Principles,” while increasing Japan’s military spending. Ishiba’s perverse actions not only severely worsen Sino-Japanese relations but will also lead Japan down a disastrous and irredeemable path.

日本新首相高市早苗上台伊始，就迫不及待地在台湾问题上挑战中日关系红线，并推动修改“和平宪法”、修改日本安保政策和“无核三原则”，提高日本军费。高市早苗的倒行逆施，不仅严重恶化了中日关系，也会将日本引入万劫不复的邪路。

The lessons of history must not be forgotten. Prewar Japan’s pursuit of militarism and foreign aggression brought immense catastrophe not only to the invaded countries and peoples but also inflicted great suffering on the Japanese people themselves. Although Japanese militarism was subjected to a certain degree of reckoning after the war, it was not thorough, leaving a foundation for its resurgence. In recent years, Japanese right-wing forces have engaged in historical revisionism, striving to overturn the verdict on Japan’s war of aggression and militarist history, building up arms and preparing for war. The danger of reviving militarism is growing and warrants our high vigilance.

历史的教训不可忘记，战前的日本走军国主义和对外侵略之路，不仅给被侵略国家和人民带来了巨大的灾难，也给日本国民造成了极大的痛苦。日本军国主义在战后虽然得到一定的清算，但并不彻底，残留了死灰复燃的基础。近年来日本右翼势力大搞历史修正主义，竭力为日本侵略战争和军国主义的历史翻案，搞扩军备战，复活军国主义的危险性正在增长，值得我们高度警惕。

I

一

Modern Japanese militarism took shape in the late 19th century, but its historical origins can be traced back to ancient times. Ancient Japan already possessed a martial spirit. From the mid-Heian period in the 9th century, as the centralized legal code system gradually disintegrated, the samurai began to emerge. Some came from imperial family members demoted to commoner surnames, some from military aristocrats, and more from private armed forces established by local lords or powerful clans for protecting their homes and masters. By the late Heian period, the imperial court’s power had weakened, and to suppress rebellions by local forces, it had to rely on samurai power. Samurai groups from various regions seized the opportunity to rise up, demanding greater political authority.

近代日本军国主义是在19世纪后期形成的，但其历史渊源可以追溯到古代。古代日本就有尚武精神。自9世纪平安时代中期起，随着中央集权下的律令制逐渐瓦解，武士开始出现。他们有的来自被降为臣姓的皇族成员，有的来自军事贵族，更多的来自地方领主或豪族建立起来的看家护主的私人武装。到了平安后期，朝廷力衰，为镇压地方势力的叛乱，不得不借助武士的力量，各地武士集团乘机蜂拥而起，要求拥有更高的政治权力。

In 1192, the samurai leader Minamoto no Yoritomo assumed the title of “Sei-i Taishōgun” (Great General Who Subdues the Barbarians), establishing the Kamakura shogunate, seizing political power, and beginning the shogunate era of samurai-class rule over the state. Thereafter, the warrior class, whose profession was warfare and killing, controlled state power for over six hundred years. The Edo shogunate, established in 1603, was Japan’s last samurai regime. During the shogunate era, the Japanese samurai class gradually developed and formed Bushidō. Bushidō, or the way of the warrior, was both the samurai’s worldview and outlook on life, as well as the feudal moral norms and behavioral codes of their duties and obligations. One of the main spirits of Bushidō was the veneration of martial valor, establishing oneself through arms, and esteeming martial prowess, loyalty, courage, and righteousness. After the Meiji Restoration, Bushidō was transformed into the spirit and ideology of Japanese soldiers, becoming an important component of modern Japanese militarism.

1192年武士首领源赖朝出任“征夷大将军”，建立了镰仓幕府，掌控了政权，开始了武士阶级统治国家的幕府时代。此后，以征战杀伐为职业的武家掌控国家权力长达六百多年。1603年建立的江户幕府是日本最后一个武家政权。日本武士阶级在幕府时代，逐渐发展和形成了武士道。武士道，即武士精神，它既是武士的人生观、世界观，又是武士应尽义务和职责等封建道德规范及行为准则。武士道的主要精神之一就是尚武，以武立世，崇尚武、忠、勇、义。明治维新后，武士道转化为日本军人的精神和思想，成为近代日本军国主义的重要组成部分。

During the centuries of samurai rule over Japan, aside from domestic warfare and slaughter, Japan also directed its aggression toward the Korean Peninsula and China. In the late 16th century, Toyotomi Hideyoshi seized control of Japan’s government. He severed tributary relations and official exchanges with the Ming Dynasty and personally led a massive army to invade the Korean Peninsula, claiming he would “sweep through the four hundred-plus prefectures of the Ming and make them part of the Imperial realm,” fully exposing the aggressive ambitions of feudal-era Japanese militarism. Japan’s 19th-century occupation of the Korean Peninsula, its launch of the Russo-Japanese War in the early 20th century, and its subsequent full-scale invasion of China can all trace their origins to Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s acts of aggression.

在武家政权统治日本的年代，除国内征战杀戮，日本还把侵略矛头指向朝鲜半岛和中国。16世纪末期丰臣秀吉掌控日本政权，他断绝了与明朝的朝贡关系和官方来往，并亲率大军征战朝鲜半岛，声称要“席卷明朝四百余州，以为皇国之版图”，充分暴露了封建时代日本军国主义的侵略野心。19世纪日本侵占朝鲜半岛和20世纪初发动日俄战争，以及后来发动对中国的全面侵略，都可以在丰臣秀吉的侵略行为中找到源头。

By the mid-to-late Edo period, Japanese intellectual circles, represented by figures such as Hayashi Shihei, Honda Toshiaki, Satō Nobuhiro, and Yoshida Shōin, put forward various theories of external expansion, such as annexing “Ezochi” (Hokkaido), conquering the Korean Peninsula, invading the Chinese mainland, and ultimately conquering the world. They advocated the “overseas soaring theory,” openly proposing the foreign policy of “compensating for losses to Europe and America by taking from Manchuria and Korea.” These became important ideological and historical sources of modern Japanese militarism.

到了江户时代中期以后，日本思想界以林子平、本多利明、佐藤信渊、吉田松阴等为代表，提出了各种对外扩张的思想和理论，如吞并“虾夷地”、征服朝鲜半岛、侵占中国大陆乃至最终征服世界等狂妄主张。他们鼓吹“海外雄飞论”，公开提出“失之于欧美，补偿于满鲜”的对外方针，这些都成为近代日本军国主义重要的思想和历史源流。

Facing the invasion of Western powers, anti-shogunate forces in Japan launched an armed coup in 1868, overthrowing the shogunate, establishing a modern Tennō-centered regime, and implementing the Meiji Restoration, making Japan the first modernized nation in Asia. After the establishment of the new Meiji government, while inheriting traditional militarist consciousness toward foreign countries, Japan adopted the slogans “Leave Asia, Enter Europe” and “Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Military,” learning from Euro-American colonialism the social Darwinist law of “the survival of the fittest,” actively planning foreign aggression and expansion, and forming the modern Japanese foreign aggression strategy—the Continental Policy.

面对西方列强的入侵，日本反幕势力于1868年发动武装政变，推翻幕府，建立了近代天皇制政权，实行明治维新，使日本成为亚洲第一个近代化国家。明治新政权建立后，日本在继承传统的军国主义对外意识的同时，“脱亚入欧”“富国强兵”，学习欧美殖民主义“弱肉强食”的社会达尔文主义法则，积极策划对外侵略扩张，并形成了近代日本的对外侵略战略——大陆政策。

II

二

Modern Japanese militarism went through three stages from formation, establishment, and development to its demise: the first stage was the formative period, roughly from the establishment of the Meiji government in 1868 to the end of the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877, i.e., the narrow Meiji Restoration period; the second stage was the period of establishing the modern Japanese militarist system, roughly from the issuance of the “Admonition to Soldiers” and the “Ordinance on the General Staff Office” in 1878 to the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894; the third stage was the period of development and demise, roughly from after the First Sino-Japanese War to Japan’s defeat and surrender in 1945. In the first stage, the formative period of militarism, the Meiji government made “Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Military” the top priority among its three major national policies, vigorously developing a modernized military. In 1871, it formed the Imperial Guard. In 1873, it promulgated the Conscription Ordinance, establishing a standing army. Shortly after its formation, Japan’s new army began armed aggression against weaker Asian countries and regions. In 1874, it launched an invasion of China

近代日本军国主义从形成、确立到发展及灭亡经历了三个阶段：第一阶段是形成阶段，大致从1868年明治政府成立起至西南战争结束的1877年即狭义的明治维新阶段；第二阶段是近代日本军国主义体制确立阶段，大体从1878年《军人训诫》和《参谋本部条例》发布至1894年甲午战争爆发；第三阶段是发展与灭亡阶段，大致从甲午战争后至1945年日本战败投降。在第一阶段即军国主义形成阶段，明治政府将“富国强兵”作为三大国策之首，大力发展近代化军队。1871年组建近卫军。1873年颁布《征兵令》，建立了常备军。日本新军成立不久，便开始对亚洲弱小国家和地区进行武装侵略。1874年发动对中国台湾的侵略战争，1875年又挑起侵略朝鲜的“江华岛事件”，并于1876年逼迫朝鲜签订了不平等的《江华条约》。在此期间，日本确立和巩固了以天皇为中心的军国主义武装力量和体制，并开始对外实行侵略扩张。

The second stage is the stage in which modern Japanese militarism established its system. Landmark events include the 1882 issuance of the *Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors*, which demanded that soldiers and sailors uphold loyalty, propriety, valor, faithfulness, and simplicity, and swear to die for the Emperor. This deepened the traditional spirit of *bushidō* and laid a solid ideological foundation for the development of Japanese militarism. In 1889, the *Constitution of the Empire of Japan* was promulgated, and in 1890, the *Imperial Rescript on Education* was issued. In 1890, Prime Minister Yamagata Aritomo proposed that "merely defending the sovereign line is no longer sufficient to maintain national independence; it is necessary to go further and protect the line of interest." The "line of interest" theory became an important basis for Japan's launching of the First Sino-Japanese War and represented the latest stage of development of Japan's continental policy. In 1893, the establishment of the military administration and military command departments for the Army and Navy was completed, and the modern military command system took shape. Japan established a militarist system in the political, military, economic, ideological, and cultural spheres. The independence of military command provided the institutional guarantee for the emergence and development of Japanese militarism.

第二阶段即近代日本军国主义体制确立阶段。标志性事件有1882年发布《军人敕谕》，要求军人讲求忠节、礼仪、武勇、信义、质朴，誓死效忠天皇，是对传统武士道精神的深化，为日本军国主义的发展奠定了坚实的思想基础。1889年颁布《大日本帝国宪法》，1890年发布《教育敕语》。1890年内阁总理山县有朋提出，“仅仅防守主权线已经不能够维护国家之独立，必须进而保护利益线”。“利益线”理论成为日本发动甲午战争的重要依据，也是日本大陆政策的最新发展阶段。1893年，陆海军军政军令部门设立完成，近代军部体制形成。日本在政治、军事、经济、思想文化各领域确立起军国主义体制。而军事统帅权独立，为日本军国主义的生成和发展提供了制度保障。

The third stage is the stage of development and demise. After the militarist system was established, Japan launched the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894. Thereafter, Japan's pace of external aggression never ceased; it successively launched the Russo-Japanese War, dispatched troops to Siberia, and invaded China's Shandong region, among other actions. Entering the 1930s, Japanese fascism merged with militarism to form fascist militarism. The outbreak of the September 18th Incident in 1931 opened a new stage of external aggression by Japanese fascist militarism. After the February 26th Incident in 1936, fascist militarism began to actually control state power. Japanese militarism expanded the war of aggression against China from a localized conflict in the Northeast to nearly all of China, and in 1941 launched the Pacific War, attempting to establish a "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" centered on Japan through military force. The frenzied aggression of Japanese militarism brought immense disaster to the peoples of Asian countries, represented by China; countless families and properties were destroyed in the flames of war, and tens of millions of people were brutally killed. At the same time, militarism also caused the Japanese people to suffer greatly.

第三阶段即发展与灭亡阶段。军国主义体制建立后，日本就在1894年发动甲午战争。之后日本对外侵略的步伐不曾停歇，又相继发动日俄战争、出兵西伯利亚、侵略我国山东等。进入20世纪30年代，日本法西斯与军国主义相结合，形成了法西斯军国主义。1931年九一八事变的爆发，开启了日本法西斯军国主义对外侵略的新阶段。1936年“二·二六”政变之后，法西斯军国主义开始实际掌控国家政权。日本军国主义将侵华战争从东北局部扩大到几乎全中国，并在1941年发动太平洋战争，企图以武力建立起以日本为中心的“大东亚共荣圈”。日本军国主义的疯狂侵略，给以中国为代表的亚洲各国人民带来了巨大的灾难，无数的家庭、财产毁于战火，数以千万计的人民惨遭杀害。与此同时，军国主义也使日本国民尝尽苦头。

Faced with the frenzied aggression and heinous war crimes of Japanese militarism, the anti-fascist Allied nations jointly resisted Japan and reached a consensus on eliminating Japanese militarism and eradicating the roots of aggressive war after the war. On July 26, 1945, the governments of China, the United States, and the United Kingdom issued the Potsdam Proclamation, urging Japan to surrender unconditionally immediately. The Proclamation stated, “There must be eliminated for all time the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest, for we insist that a new order of peace, security and justice will be impossible until irresponsible militarism is driven from the world,” and “We do not intend that the Japanese shall be enslaved as a race or destroyed as a nation, but stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals, including those who have visited cruelties upon our prisoners. The Japanese Government shall remove all obstacles to the revival and strengthening of democratic tendencies among the Japanese people. Freedom of speech, of religion, and of thought, as well as respect for the fundamental human rights shall be established.” On August 15, 1945, Japan was defeated and surrendered, and the militarist adventurism of Japanese militarism ultimately ended in failure.

面对日本军国主义的疯狂侵略和惨无人道的战争犯罪，反法西斯盟国共同抗日，并达成战后消除日本军国主义、消除侵略战争根源的共识。1945年7月26日，中、美、英三国政府发表《波茨坦公告》，敦促日本立即无条件投降。公告指出,“欺骗及错误领导日本人民使其妄欲征服世界者之权威及势力必须永久铲除，盖吾人坚持非将负责之穷兵黩武主义驱出世界，则和平安全及正义之新秩序势不可能建立”，“吾人无意奴役日本民族或消灭其国家，但对于战罪人犯（包括虐待吾人俘虏者在内）将处以法律之裁判。日本政府必须将阻止日本人民民主趋势之复兴及增强之所有障碍予以消除，言论宗教及思想自由以及对于基本人权之重视必须成立”。1945年8月15日，日本战败投降，日本军国主义的穷兵黩武最终以失败告终。

III

三

In the early postwar period, the Allies implemented an occupation policy toward Japan centered on demilitarization and democratization reforms. To eliminate the foundations of militarism and aggression, the Allies strictly pursued Japan’s responsibility for its war of aggression. There were two main means of pursuing this responsibility: first, the establishment of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East to try Japanese war criminals; second, the purge of extreme Japanese militarists and their organizations.

战后初期，盟国实施了以非军事化和民主化改革为核心的对日占领政策。为消除军国主义、侵略主义的基础，盟国严厉追究了日本的侵略战争责任。追究的手段主要有二：一是开设远东国际军事法庭审判日本战犯；二是对日本极端军国主义分子及其团体进行整肃。

From May 3, 1946, to November 12, 1948, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, established in Tokyo by the anti-fascist Allies, tried 28 war criminals, including Hideki Tojo and Kenji Doihara, who had committed heinous crimes and borne major leadership responsibility during World War II, charging them with crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. After a trial lasting two and a half years, on November 12, 1948, the Tribunal found all defendants guilty, with seven of the most heinous war criminals, including Tojo, sentenced to death by hanging, and the other defendants sentenced to life imprisonment or fixed-term imprisonment. These fanatical militarists who had provoked world war and launched and waged wars of aggression received the punishment they deserved.

1946年5月3日至1948年11月12日，反法西斯盟国在东京设立的远东国际军事法庭，对在第二次世界大战中犯有滔天罪行、负有重要领导责任的东条英机、土肥原贤二等28名战犯进行了审判，控告其犯有破坏和平罪、破坏战争法规罪和违反人道罪。经过长达两年半的法庭审理，1948年11月12日法庭宣布所有被告有罪，其中东条英机等7名罪大恶极的战犯被判处绞刑，其他被告被判处无期或有期徒刑。这些挑起世界大战、发动和实施侵略战争的狂热军国主义分子得到了应有的惩罚。

In addition to the public trial of war criminals, the Allies also carried out a “public office purge” and a “teaching profession purge” targeting Japanese militarists and their political organizations. The targets of the public office purge included not only politicians, civil servants, and military bureaucrats who had served in Japan’s central government and other departments during Japan’s war of external aggression, but also the core members of militarist organizations and related groups that had, as civilian organizations, incited war or conducted war propaganda during that period. As of March 1948, a total of 5,027 militarists and extreme nationalists had been purged and dismissed from public office. In addition, numerous public officials with lesser offenses left their posts in the form of “self-purge.” The total number of public officials subjected to purge treatment exceeded 200,000.

除公审战犯外，盟国还对日本军国主义分子及其政治团体进行了“公职整肃”和“教职整肃”。公职整肃对象所涉及的公职人员，既包括日本发动对外侵略战争期间在日本中央政府等部门任职的政治家、文官和军人官僚，也包括其间作为民间团体鼓动战争或进行战争宣传的军国主义团体骨干及相关团体。截至1948年3月，共有5027名军国主义分子和极端国家主义者受到整肃处理，被开除公职。此外，还有众多行为较轻的公职人员以“自我整肃”的形式离职。被整肃处理的公职人员总数超过了20万人。

Concurrent with the “public office purge,” a “teaching profession purge” was also carried out against militarism in the education sector. The Allies and the occupation authorities unanimously believed that the militarization of education was the core of Japanese militarism and required focused “cleansing.” To this end, the occupation authorities purged “all professional military personnel, fanatical militarists, and extreme nationalist advocates” among teaching staff. A total of 7,003 teachers and education officials were identified as having “fanatically advocated militarism” or “incited extreme nationalism” in teaching, writing, or educational administration, or as having “propagated Shinto ideology of national superiority,” and they were removed from their positions as teachers and education officials.

与“公职整肃”同时展开的还有对教育界军国主义的“教职整肃”。盟国及占领当局都一致认为，教育的军国主义化是日本军国主义的核心，需要进行重点“清洗”。为此，占领当局对教职员中“所有职业军人、狂热的军国主义和极端国家主义鼓吹者”进行整肃清理。7003名教员和教育官员被认定为在教学、著述及教育管理中“狂热地鼓吹军国主义”或“鼓动极端国家主义”，或“宣传民族主义优越论的神道思想”，他们被解除了教师及教育官员职务。

Through a series of democratization reform measures, including the Tokyo Trial, the purge from public office, and the promulgation of the “Peace Constitution,” Japanese militarism was strictly pursued and criticized. Under the “Peace Constitution,” Japan basically walked the path of peaceful development, achieving postwar recovery and rapid growth, and becoming a world economic power. Peaceful development brought Japan a prosperity and development that had not existed in the era of militarism.

通过东京审判、开除公职、颁布“和平宪法”等一系列民主化改革措施，日本军国主义受到严厉追究和批判。在“和平宪法”下，日本基本上走在和平发展的道路上，实现了战后复兴和高速发展，成为世界经济大国。和平发展给日本带来了军国主义时代所没有的繁荣和发展。

However, Japan’s postwar democratization reforms were not thorough. Particularly influenced by the Cold War and the shift in U.S. policy toward Japan, Japanese militarism was not as thoroughly pursued as in Germany. With the tacit approval and support of the United States, the Japanese government carried out large-scale reviews and reversals of the purges. A large number of purged militarists and their supporters were de-purged and returned to the political, financial, media, and educational spheres, boosting the development of conservative politics in Japan. The Tokyo Trial started strong but ended weakly; large numbers of Japanese war criminals were released without re-education, and many of them reappeared in Japanese politics, even taking the helm of the government and the ruling party, with Nobusuke Kishi being a representative example. These politicians, carrying the residual poison of militarism, used their power to vigorously reverse the verdict on the history of Japan’s militarist war of aggression, advocating the “Greater East Asia War” and beautifying Japan’s war of aggression as a “war of Asian national liberation.” Under the pretext of “self-defense,” they violated Article 9 of the Constitution, which stipulates that Japan shall not possess armed forces or renounce war as a means of settling disputes, and rebuilt Japan’s armed forces. In the 1970s, the memorial tablets of 14 Class-A war criminals were moved into Yasukuni Shrine, a symbol of modern Japanese militarism, and some prime ministers and Diet members vied to visit it, a practice that has not ceased. In the 1980s, the Nakasone administration explicitly called for a “general settlement of postwar politics.” In particular, the government manipulated the revision of history textbooks, denying or downplaying the history of militarism, which provoked strong opposition from Japan’s progressive forces and the international community.

但是，战后日本的民主化改革并不彻底，特别是受冷战的影响及美国对日政策的转变，日本军国主义并没有像德国那样受到彻底追究。在美国的默许和支持下，日本政府进行了大规模的整肃复查和解除活动，大批被整肃的军国主义分子及其支持者被解除整肃，重新回到政界、财界、言论界、教育界，助推了日本保守政治的发展。东京审判虎头蛇尾，大批日本战犯未经教育都被释放，其中不少人又重新出现在日本政坛，甚至执掌政党和国家大权，岸信介就是其代表。这些带着军国主义余毒的政客，利用手中的权力，大肆为日本军国主义侵略战争的历史翻案，鼓吹“大东亚圣战”，将日本的侵略战争美化为“亚洲民族解放战争”，并在“自卫”的幌子下，违背宪法第九条关于日本不得拥有军队和放弃战争手段解决争端的规定，重建日本武装。20世纪70年代，14名甲级战犯的灵位被移入到象征近代日本军国主义的靖国神社，一些首相或国会议员竞相参拜，不曾中断。80年代，中曾根政权明确提出要进行“战后政治总决算”。特别是政府操纵修改历史教科书，否定或弱化军国主义历史的介绍，引起日本进步力量和国际社会的强烈反对。

Shinzo Abe was the longest-serving prime minister in Japan’s constitutional history, and also a culmination of Japan’s postwar erroneous view of history and of words and deeds that downplay or deny Japan’s responsibility for its war of aggression. He was a representative figure of historical revisionism. [1]1 Historical revisionism: In the Japanese context, this refers to the movement to deny or whitewash Japan’s wartime atrocities, including the Nanking Massacre and forced labor, and to portray Japan’s imperialist expansion as a war of Asian liberation. Influenced politically from childhood by his maternal grandfather, Nobusuke Kishi, Abe believed in conservatism and ultranationalism. After entering politics, Abe’s words and deeds became even more blatant. His political creed was to revise the “Peace Constitution,” break free from the postwar system, emerge from the “shadow” of being a defeated nation, and make Japan, on the basis of being an economic power, a world political and military power. On historical issues, in order to shape the national image of a “beautiful Japan,” he sought to use “ex post facto law” to overturn the verdict of the postwar International Military Tribunal for the Far East on the nature of Japan’s war of aggression, denying the history of Japan’s war of aggression. Despite opposition from domestic and international communities, he repeatedly visited Yasukuni Shrine, which enshrines Class-A war criminals, to demonstrate his right-wing political stance and historical understanding. During his tenure, Abe vigorously pushed for the revision of the “Peace Constitution,” seeking to make Japan a “normal country.” He also pushed the Japanese Diet to pass the “new security legislation,” which legally lifted the ban on collective self-defense, paving the way for Japan to dispatch troops overseas. Abe held power for nearly nine years, leaving a huge negative political legacy for Japan, especially on issues such as historical understanding, war responsibility, constitutional revision, and military expansion, forming the Abe historical revisionist line, with far-reaching influence and great harm.

安倍晋三是日本宪政史上任期最长的首相，同时也是战后日本错误历史观、淡化或否定日本侵略战争责任言行的集大成者，是历史修正主义的代表人物。安倍晋三自幼受其外祖父岸信介的政治熏陶，信奉保守主义和极端民族主义。从政之后，安倍的言行更为露骨。他的政治信条是：修改“和平宪法”，摆脱战后体制，走出战败国“阴影”，使日本在经济大国的基础上，成为世界政治大国、军事大国。在历史问题上，为了塑造“美丽日本”的国家形象，他意欲以“事后法”推翻战后远东国际军事法庭对日本侵略战争性质的判决，否定日本侵略战争的历史；不顾国内和国际社会的反对，多次参拜供奉有甲级战犯的靖国神社，以表明其右翼政治立场和历史认识。安倍在任期间，全力推动修改“和平宪法”，图谋使日本成为“普通国家”；他还推动日本国会通过了“新安保法案”，从法律层面解禁了集体自卫权，为日本出兵海外铺平了道路。安倍执掌政权近9年之久，在政治上给日本留下了巨大的负面政治遗产，尤其在历史认识、战争责任、修宪、扩军等问题上，形成了安倍历史修正主义路线，影响长远、危害巨大。

After coming to power, Yoko Kamikawa has openly and high-profiled inherited Abe’s right-wing mantle, brazenly challenging the international order formed after the victory of the World Anti-Fascist War, especially challenging China’s red line on the Taiwan issue. [2]2 Yoko Kamikawa: A Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party, who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2023 to 2024. She is known for her hawkish stance on security issues and historical revisionism. Kamikawa vigorously stirs up nationalism, spreads the “China threat” theory, seeks to break through the “Three Non-Nuclear Principles,” increases military spending, openly expands armaments, and the signs of reviving militarism are becoming increasingly evident. [3]3 Three Non-Nuclear Principles: A Japanese policy, established in 1967, stating that Japan will not possess, produce, or permit the introduction of nuclear weapons on its territory. This trend of reviving militarism in Japan deserves high attention and active response from the international community. We must be vigilant against the resurgence of Japanese militarism, which endangers peace in East Asia and even world security, and risks repeating historical tragedies.

高市早苗上台后，高调公开继承安倍右倾主义衣钵，肆无忌惮地挑战世界反法西斯战争胜利后形成的国际秩序，特别是在台湾问题上挑战中国红线。高市大力鼓动民族主义，散布中国威胁论，图谋突破“无核三原则”，加大军费投入，公开扩张军备，复活军国主义的迹象日趋明显。日本这种复活军国主义的动向值得国际社会高度重视，积极应对，要警惕日本军国主义死灰复燃，危及东亚和平乃至世界安全，重演历史悲剧。

(Author: Song Zhiyong, Professor at the Institute of Japanese Studies, Nankai University)

（作者：宋志勇，系南开大学日本研究院教授）

Online Editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧