Promoting Agricultural and Rural Modernization with the Innovative Achievements of the Poverty Alleviation Campaign

After eight years of effort in the poverty alleviation campaign, China completely eliminated absolute poverty by the end of 2020. During the subsequent five-year transition period, the achievements of poverty alleviation have been continuously consolidated and expanded, and China has firmly held the bottom line of preventing large-scale relapse into poverty. 2026 marks the first year of the 15th Five-Year Plan [1]1 The "Ten Million Project" (千万工程) refers to the "Thousand Village Demonstration, Ten Thousand Village Renovation" project initiated in Zhejiang Province in 2003, a large-scale rural environment improvement and development initiative., and doing a good job of work related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers is of utmost importance. General Secretary Xi Jinping has issued important instructions, emphasizing “anchoring agricultural and rural modernization, solidly advancing comprehensive rural revitalization, and promoting integrated urban-rural development” and “continuing to consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation, incorporating normalized assistance into the overall implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, and holding the bottom line of preventing large-scale relapse into poverty.” Entering the period of the 15th Five-Year Plan, we must deeply understand the significance of winning the battle against poverty and holding the bottom line of preventing large-scale relapse into poverty, thoroughly summarize the practical and innovative achievements made in this great historical process, and provide guidance for continuing to advance agricultural and rural modernization on the new journey.

经过8年脱贫攻坚战的奋斗，我国2020年底全面消除绝对贫困。在之后的5年过渡期里，脱贫攻坚成果持续巩固拓展，我国牢牢守住了不发生规模性返贫致贫的底线。2026年是“十五五”开局之年，做好“三农”工作至关重要。习近平总书记作出重要指示，强调“锚定农业农村现代化，扎实推进乡村全面振兴，推动城乡融合发展”“要持续巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果，把常态化帮扶纳入乡村振兴战略统筹实施，守牢不发生规模性返贫致贫底线”。迈入“十五五”时期，必须深刻认识打赢脱贫攻坚战、守住不发生规模性返贫致贫底线的重要意义，深入总结这一伟大历史进程中取得的实践创新成果，为新征程上接续推进农业农村现代化提供指引。

Deeply Understanding the Historical Significance and Global Value

深刻认识历史意义和全球价值

Winning the battle against poverty and eliminating absolute poverty is a landmark event in the history of the development of the Chinese nation. Constrained by various factors such as the level of productive forces, the vast majority of working people were in a state of poverty for a long time, and for thousands of years they struggled to find a way out of poverty. After the founding of New China, the Communist Party of China united and led the people in arduous struggle to create a better life, promoting the rapid development of social productive forces and achieving a rapid improvement in material and cultural living standards. Nevertheless, by the end of 2012, there were still 98.99 million rural poor under the current poverty standard, with a poverty incidence rate of 10.2%, which became the biggest shortcoming in achieving the first centenary goal [2]2 The State Council is the chief administrative authority of the People's Republic of China, effectively the national cabinet.. In response, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core placed the poverty alleviation campaign in a prominent position in national governance and made it a baseline task for completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects, organizing and implementing a poverty alleviation campaign unprecedented in human history in scale, intensity, and the number of people benefited.

打赢脱贫攻坚战、消除绝对贫困是中华民族发展史上具有里程碑意义的大事件。受生产力水平等多种因素制约，广大劳动人民长期处于贫困状态，几千年来始终为摆脱贫困艰难求索。新中国成立后，中国共产党团结带领人民为创造美好生活进行艰苦奋斗，促进社会生产力快速发展，实现了物质文化生活水平的快速提高。尽管如此，截至2012年底，现行扶贫标准下尚有9899万农村贫困人口，贫困发生率为10.2%，这成为实现第一个百年奋斗目标的最大短板。对此，以习近平同志为核心的党中央把脱贫攻坚摆在治国理政的突出位置、作为全面建成小康社会的底线任务，组织实施了人类历史上规模空前、力度最大、惠及人口最多的脱贫攻坚战。

After eight years of effort, by the end of 2020, all 98.99 million rural poor under the current standard had been lifted out of poverty, all 832 impoverished counties had been removed from the poverty list, all 128,000 impoverished villages had been removed from the list, and regional overall poverty had been resolved, completing the arduous task of eliminating absolute poverty. After comprehensively winning the battle against poverty, the Party Central Committee established a five-year transition period to consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation. Since the 14th Five-Year Plan, the country has cumulatively identified and assisted over 7 million monitoring targets to stably eliminate the risk of relapse into poverty, and the scale of employment and work for the poverty-alleviated population has remained stable at over 30 million people. By winning the battle against poverty and holding the bottom line of preventing large-scale relapse into poverty, the Chinese nation has, for the first time in thousands of years of development history, eliminated absolute poverty as a whole, realizing a millennia-old dream and a century-old aspiration.

经过8年奋斗，到2020年底，现行标准下9899万农村贫困人口全部脱贫，832个贫困县全部摘帽，12.8万个贫困村全部出列，区域性整体贫困得到解决，完成了消除绝对贫困的艰巨任务。全面打赢脱贫攻坚战后，党中央设立5年过渡期，巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果。“十四五”以来，全国累计识别帮扶超700万监测对象稳定消除返贫致贫风险，脱贫人口务工就业规模持续稳定在3000万人以上。打赢脱贫攻坚战、守住不发生规模性返贫致贫底线，中华民族在几千年发展历史上首次整体消除绝对贫困，实现了千年梦想、百年夙愿。

The fact that China won the battle against poverty and eliminated absolute poverty stands in sharp contrast to the difficult and tortuous situation of global poverty reduction. In September 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by 193 member states of the United Nations, identified “ending poverty in all its forms everywhere” as its primary goal. China intensified its efforts to implement this agenda, winning the battle against poverty in 2020 and achieving the poverty reduction target ten years ahead of schedule. According to a report released by the World Bank, based on the standard of $2.15 per person per day (2017 purchasing power parity), the global extreme poverty population and poverty incidence rate in 2024 were still approximately 692 million people and 8.5%, respectively; if current trends continue, the global poverty incidence rate is projected to be 7.3% in 2030, failing to achieve the goal of eradicating extreme poverty set by the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Against the backdrop of slow global poverty reduction progress and even increases in the poverty population in some countries, China has created a Chinese model of poverty reduction governance, making a significant contribution to the global poverty reduction cause.

我国打赢脱贫攻坚战、消除绝对贫困，与全球减贫进程艰难曲折的态势形成鲜明对照。2015年9月，联合国193个成员国通过的联合国2030年可持续发展议程把“在全世界消除一切形式的贫困”确定为首要目标。我国加大力度落实此议程，在2020年打赢脱贫攻坚战，提前10年实现减贫目标。根据世界银行发布的报告，按每人每天生活费2.15美元（2017年购买力平价）标准计算，2024年全球极端贫困人口和贫困发生率仍分别约为6.92亿人和8.5%；如果按照目前趋势，2030年全球贫困发生率预计为7.3%，无法实现联合国2030年可持续发展议程设定的消除极端贫困目标。在全球减贫进展缓慢、一些国家甚至出现贫困人口增加的背景下，我国创造了减贫治理的中国样本，为全球减贫事业作出了重大贡献。

Great Practice Creates Rich Experience and Achievements

伟大实践创造丰富经验成果

Winning the battle against poverty and eliminating absolute poverty has not only brought about historic changes in the economic and social landscape of the poverty-alleviated population and regions but has also formed a theory of poverty reduction with Chinese characteristics and gained practical experience in gradually narrowing the urban-rural and regional development gaps and promoting common prosperity in the process of modernization.

打赢脱贫攻坚战、消除绝对贫困，不仅使脱贫人口和脱贫地区经济社会的面貌发生历史性巨变，而且形成了中国特色反贫困理论，取得了在现代化进程中逐步缩小城乡和区域发展差距、促进共同富裕的实践经验。

Persisting in anchoring goals and advancing precisely in stages and steps. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Determining goals in accordance with the laws of economic and social development and unswervingly anchoring goals and uniting in struggle is a distinctive feature and unique advantage of our Party.” China’s modernization drive has advanced in this way, and the elimination of absolute poverty has also been achieved in this way. In the early period of reform and opening up, the base of the rural poor population was large. In 1986, the poverty standard was set for the first time at an annual per capita net income of 206 yuan, corresponding to a poor population of 125 million. The “National Eight-Seven Poverty Alleviation Plan (1994-2000)” [3], issued in 1994, proposed to basically solve the food and clothing problems of the then 80 million rural poor nationwide within about seven years, from 1994 to 2000. After entering the 21st century, in response to the new characteristics of the poverty problem, the poverty standard was raised in 2001 to an annual per capita net income of 865 yuan, corresponding to a poor population of 94.228 million. The “Outline of China’s Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development (2001-2010)” [4], issued at that time, proposed to further improve the basic production and living conditions in poor areas and raise the quality of life and comprehensive quality of the poor population. In response to the deep-seated causes behind the poverty problem, the poverty standard was raised in 2011 to an annual per capita net income of 2,300 yuan, corresponding to a poor population of 122 million. The “Outline of China’s Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development (2011-2020)” [5], issued at that time, proposed phased goals such as “two assurances and three guarantees” [6]. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has

坚持锚定目标分阶段有步骤精准推进。习近平总书记指出，“按照经济社会发展规律确定奋斗目标，一以贯之锚定目标团结奋进，是我们党的一个鲜明特点和独特优势”。我国现代化事业是这样推进的，消除绝对贫困也是这样实现的。改革开放初期，农村贫困人口基数大，1986年首次制定年人均纯收入206元的扶贫标准，对应的贫困人口数量为1.25亿，1994年印发的《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划（1994—2000年）》提出，从1994年到2000年，力争用7年左右的时间，基本解决当时全国农村8000万贫困人口的温饱问题。进入21世纪后，针对贫困问题呈现出的新特征，2001年将扶贫标准提高到年人均纯收入865元，对应的贫困人口数量为9422.8万，印发的《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2001—2010年）》提出，进一步改善贫困地区的基本生产生活条件、提高贫困人口的生活质量和综合素质等。针对贫困问题背后的深层原因，2011年将扶贫标准提高到年人均纯收入2300元，对应的贫困人口数量为1.22亿，印发的《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2011—2020年）》提出“两不愁三保障”等阶段性目标。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央把贫困人口全部脱贫作为全面建成小康社会、实现第一个百年奋斗目标的底线任务和标志性指标，创造性提出“实事求是、因地制宜、分类指导、精准扶贫”的理念，组织实施脱贫攻坚战。实践表明，按照阶梯式递进、不断发展进步的思路制定目标，精准施策、稳步推进，就能凝聚力量、鼓舞士气、走向胜利。

We must persist in leveraging the regulatory role of redistribution. China fully utilizes the decisive role of the market in resource allocation to drive economic development and increase residents' incomes, with the majority of the impoverished population escaping poverty and achieving prosperity through industrialization and urbanization. However, influenced by multiple factors such as geographic location, resource endowments, and historical culture, some groups and regions have not fully participated in the economic development process. Helping them catch up requires both promoting the gradient transfer of industries to underdeveloped areas to enhance their "blood-generating" capacity and importing external resource elements to provide them with assistance. During the battle against poverty, central and local fiscal special poverty alleviation funds at all levels totaled nearly 1.6 trillion yuan, of which central fiscal funds amounted to 660.1 billion yuan; the nine eastern provinces and cities provided over 100.5 billion yuan in fiscal assistance and social donation funds to partner poverty alleviation regions; enterprises from eastern regions invested over 1 trillion yuan in partner poverty alleviation regions; and so on. During the transition period, vertical and horizontal fiscal transfer payments, credit issuance, and social donation fund investments continued to intensify, with central fiscal funds alone totaling 850.5 billion yuan for consolidating and advancing rural revitalization assistance. Such substantial investment has played a huge role in promoting coordinated urban-rural and regional development. Practice shows that as long as it is elevated to a national will, national strategy, and national action, it is possible to concentrate forces and accomplish major tasks such as eliminating absolute poverty.

坚持发挥再分配的调节作用。我国充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，推动经济发展、居民增收，大部分贫困人口随着工业化、城镇化的推进摆脱贫困、走向富裕。但受区位条件、资源禀赋、历史文化等多种因素影响，部分人群和地区未能充分参与经济发展进程。帮助他们赶上来，既需要促进产业向欠发达地区梯度转移，增强其“造血”能力，也需要从外部输入资源要素，为其提供助力。脱贫攻坚战期间，中央和地方各级财政专项扶贫资金累计投入近1.6万亿元，其中中央财政累计投入6601亿元；东部9省市共向扶贫协作地区投入财政援助和社会帮扶资金1005亿多元；东部地区企业赴扶贫协作地区累计投资1万多亿元；等等。过渡期内，纵向和横向财政转移支付、信贷投放、社会捐赠资金投入继续加力，仅中央财政累计投入衔接推进乡村振兴补助资金就达8505亿元。如此大力度的投入，对促进城乡和区域协调发展发挥了巨大作用。实践表明，只要上升为国家意志、国家战略、国家行动，就能集中力量，办好消除绝对贫困这样的大事。

Adhere to the close integration of investment in material goods and investment in people. To promote better development of low-income populations and underdeveloped regions, it is necessary not only to focus on investment in material goods, helping them build infrastructure and develop industrial projects, but also to focus on investment in people, helping them obtain basic public services and enhance human capital levels. In terms of investment in material goods, actively promote the construction of transportation networks in impoverished areas, strive to improve water conservancy infrastructure conditions, significantly enhance electricity supply conditions, and strengthen communication facility construction. During the battle against poverty, a total of over 300,000 various types of industrial bases were built, and 12,000 specialty agricultural product brands were created. During the transition period, all 832 counties that had been lifted out of poverty cultivated 2 to 3 characteristic leading industries each. In terms of investment in people, continuously improve the capacity for schools, student places, teachers, and financial aid in impoverished areas; over 200,000 school dropouts from poor families in compulsory education all returned to school; help over 8 million junior and senior high school graduates from poor families receive vocational education and training, and 5.14 million students from poor families receive higher education; key universities enrolled over 700,000 students from rural and impoverished areas through targeted admissions; carry out the health poverty alleviation project, making health poverty alleviation a key measure in the fight against poverty to prevent illness-induced poverty and return to poverty; vigorously promote employment-based poverty alleviation, supporting able-bodied poor people to work locally or outside, or start businesses, through free vocational skills training, labor export through east-west poverty alleviation cooperation, absorption by poverty alleviation workshops and leading enterprises, driving by returning entrepreneurs, and placement in public welfare poverty alleviation posts; increase the intensity of safety-net guarantees, with the national rural minimum living standard rising from 2,068 yuan per person per year in 2012 to 7,128 yuan in 2024. Emphasize combining poverty alleviation with supporting aspiration and supporting wisdom, enriching both pockets and minds, and encouraging poor people to rely on their hardworking hands and tenacious will to shake off poverty and change their destiny. Practice shows that investment in material goods can create basic conditions for changing backwardness, investment in people can stimulate endogenous development momentum, and combining the two can achieve integrated efficiency.

坚持投资于物和投资于人紧密结合。推动低收入人口和欠发达地区更好发展，不仅需注重投资于物，帮助其建设基础设施和发展产业项目，而且需注重投资于人，帮助其获得基本公共服务和提升人力资本水平。在投资于物方面，积极推进贫困地区建设交通运输网络，努力改善水利基础设施条件，大幅提升用电条件，加强通信设施建设。脱贫攻坚战期间，累计建成各类产业基地超过30万个，打造特色农产品品牌1.2万个。过渡期内，832个脱贫县均培育形成2个至3个特色主导产业。在投资于人方面，持续提升贫困地区学校、学位、师资、资助等保障能力，20多万名义务教育阶段的贫困家庭辍学学生全部返校就读，帮助800多万贫困家庭初高中毕业生接受职业教育培训、514万名贫困家庭学生接受高等教育，重点高校定向招收农村和贫困地区学生70多万人；开展健康扶贫工程，把健康扶贫作为脱贫攻坚重要举措，防止因病致贫返贫；大力推进就业扶贫，通过免费开展职业技能培训、东西部扶贫协作劳务输出、扶贫车间和扶贫龙头企业吸纳、返乡创业带动、扶贫公益性岗位安置等形式，支持有劳动能力的贫困人口在本地或外出务工、创业；加大兜底保障力度，全国农村低保标准从2012年每人每年2068元提高到2024年的7128元。注重实行扶贫和扶志扶智相结合，既富口袋也富脑袋，激励贫困群众依靠勤劳双手和顽强意志摆脱贫困、改变命运。实践表明，投资于物能为改变落后面貌创造基本条件，投资于人能激发内生发展动力，把两者结合起来就能实现集成增效。

Adhere to promoting the realization of ecological product value according to local conditions. Impoverished areas mostly have rich ecological resources and fragile ecological environments. This poses risks and challenges for following traditional development paths, but it is also a unique advantage for practicing the concept that lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets according to local conditions. Therefore, "lifting some out of poverty through ecological compensation" became an important measure of targeted assistance. During the battle against poverty, transfer payments to key ecological function areas were continuously increased, and the scope of policy implementation was expanded, allowing able-bodied poor people to become local ecological protection personnel such as forest rangers. At the same time, the utilization of ecological resources and the premium on ecological products became important advantages for economic development in impoverished areas. Poor people broadened their income channels by developing economic forest planting such as woody oil plants and forest tourism, and the good ecological environment enhanced the market competitiveness of agricultural and sideline products in impoverished areas. Practice shows that as long as the development mindset is changed, disadvantages can be turned into advantages, achieving both increased greenery and increased income.

坚持因地制宜推进生态产品价值实现。贫困地区大多拥有丰富的生态资源和脆弱的生态环境。这是走传统发展路径的风险和挑战，但也是因地制宜践行绿水青山就是金山银山理念的独特优势。因此，“生态补偿脱贫一批”成为精准帮扶的重要举措。脱贫攻坚战期间，持续增加重点生态功能区转移支付，不断扩大政策实施范围，让有劳动能力的贫困群众就地转为护林员等生态保护人员。同时，生态资源利用和生态产品溢价成为贫困地区经济发展的重要优势。贫困群众通过发展木本油料等经济林种植及森林旅游拓宽增收渠道，良好的生态环境增强了贫困地区农副产品的市场竞争力。实践表明，只要转变发展思路，就能变劣势为优势，实现既增绿又增收。

Adhere to following the laws to coordinate and optimize village and town layouts. In an era of self-sufficiency and minimal external contact, the principles for population settlement and village layout were to facilitate convenient local use of natural resources such as arable land, forests, and rivers, and to defend against external invasion. When the total population within a village area grows and the use of natural resources reaches its limit, the region may fall into a low-level equilibrium trap. With the rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization, this situation of population settlement and village layout is neither conducive to commodity exchange with external markets nor to promoting the construction of infrastructure and public service systems at affordable costs, and some places also face threats from frequent natural disasters such as mudslides. In response to this situation, "lifting some out of poverty through relocation" became an important measure of targeted assistance. During the battle against poverty, China built 35,000 centralized resettlement areas for relocation, and over 9.6 million poverty alleviation targets moved away from villages where "one side of the land cannot support one side of the people," many of which involved relocating entire villages or even entire townships. Such a large-scale relocation of households and villages significantly changed the village layout in impoverished areas and accelerated the urbanization process in these areas. Practice shows that it is necessary to adapt to changes in the underlying logic of population settlement and village layout, and to relocate households and villages facing such difficulties, in order to effectively improve the efficiency of poverty alleviation and achieve greater results.

坚持遵循规律统筹优化村镇布局。在自给自足、与外部极少联系的时代，人口聚居和村落布局以便于就地就近利用耕地、山林、河流等自然资源和防御外来侵袭为原则。当村落范围内人口总量增长，自然资源利用达到极限，这一地区可能会落入低水平均衡陷阱。随着工业化、城镇化快速推进，这种人口聚居和村落布局状况既不利于实现与外部市场进行商品交换，也不利于以可负担的成本推进基础设施和公共服务体系建设，有些地方还面临泥石流等自然灾害频发的威胁。针对这种情况，“易地搬迁脱贫一批”成为精准帮扶的重要举措。脱贫攻坚战期间，我国建设了3.5万个易地搬迁集中安置区，960多万扶贫对象搬离“一方水土养不好一方人”的村落，其中不少是整村甚至整乡进行搬迁。如此规模的农户和村庄搬迁，使贫困地区的村落布局发生了明显改变，加速了这些地区的城镇化进程。实践表明，必须顺应人口聚居和村落布局底层逻辑的变化，对面临此类困境的农户和村庄进行搬迁，才能有效提升脱贫攻坚效率，取得更大效果。

Provide reference for promoting agricultural and rural modernization

为推进农业农村现代化提供借鉴

Without agricultural and rural modernization, there is no modernization of the entire country. During the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan, to better advance Chinese-path modernization by accelerating agricultural and rural modernization, it is necessary to fully utilize the practical experience and achievements created by poverty alleviation, to achieve new progress in comprehensive rural revitalization and to reach a new level in agricultural and rural modernization.

没有农业农村现代化，就没有整个国家现代化。“十五五”时期，以加快农业农村现代化更好推进中国式现代化建设，就要充分运用脱贫攻坚创造的实践经验成果，推动乡村全面振兴取得新进展、农业农村现代化再上新台阶。

Anchor the overall goal of agricultural and rural modernization and advance in stages and steps. The overall goal of work on agriculture, rural areas, and farmers is to achieve agricultural and rural modernization, the overall lever is to promote comprehensive rural revitalization, and the overall policy is to adhere to the priority development of agriculture and rural areas. There are still five five-year plan periods until the middle of this century. We should follow a stepwise progression, based on the overall progress of Chinese-path modernization, and scientifically determine the phased goals and tasks of agricultural and rural modernization. The period of the 14th Five-Year Plan is a critical period for laying a solid foundation and making comprehensive efforts. Major breakthroughs should be made in improving the comprehensive agricultural production capacity and quality efficiency, promoting the construction of livable, workable, and beautiful villages, and enhancing the effectiveness of policies to strengthen agriculture, benefit farmers, and enrich them. We should learn from and apply the experience of the "Ten Million Project" [1]1 The "Ten Million Project" (千万工程) refers to the "Thousand Village Demonstration, Ten Thousand Village Renovation" project initiated in Zhejiang Province in 2003, a large-scale rural environment improvement and development initiative., grasp the scientific methodology contained within it, and complete with high quality the gradually progressive goals and tasks of agricultural and rural modernization for the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan, up to 2035, and up to the middle of this century.

锚定农业农村现代化总目标分阶段有步骤推进。“三农”工作的总目标是实现农业农村现代化，总抓手是推进乡村全面振兴，总方针是坚持农业农村优先发展。到本世纪中叶还有5个五年规划期，应遵循阶梯式递进，立足中国式现代化整体进展，科学确定农业农村现代化分阶段的目标任务。“十五五”时期是夯实基础、全面发力的关键时期，要在提升农业综合生产能力和质量效益、推进宜居宜业和美乡村建设、提高强农惠农富农政策效能等方面取得重大突破。要学习运用“千万工程”经验，把握蕴含其中的科学方法论，高质量完成“十五五”时期、到2035年和到本世纪中叶逐步递进的农业农村现代化建设目标任务。

Incorporate normalized assistance into the overall implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. The appearance of the population and areas that have been lifted out of poverty has undergone tremendous changes, but there are still obvious gaps compared with other populations and areas. Continuous efforts must be made to help them keep pace in the modernization process. From 2026, we will enter a new stage of normalized assistance. We should coordinate the establishment of a normalized mechanism to prevent a return to poverty, improve the normalized assistance policy system, and continue precise monitoring and precise assistance, achieving early detection, early intervention, and early assistance. The key is to promote the population and areas that have been lifted out of poverty to rely more on development to continuously consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation. We should provide tiered and categorized assistance to poor households that have been lifted out of poverty. For poor households lacking skills, the focus should be on strengthening labor skills training; for poor households with a "wait, rely, and ask for" mentality, the focus should be on improving incentive mechanisms and optimizing systems of rewards instead of subsidies and work instead of relief; for poor households without labor capacity, the focus should be on providing a safety-net guarantee. We should continue to support the development of underdeveloped areas, determine national and provincial key assistance counties in tiers and categories, establish positive incentive mechanisms, guide assistance counties to tap their own advantages and improve their endogenous development capabilities, and external assistance entities should make full use of their advantages in funds, platforms, and talents to help these areas eliminate obstacles to development.

把常态化帮扶纳入乡村振兴战略统筹实施。脱贫人口和脱贫地区的面貌已经发生了巨大变化，但与其他人群和地区相比还存在明显差距，必须持续发力，帮助其在现代化进程中不掉队。从2026年起进入常态化帮扶新阶段，要统筹建立常态化防止返贫致贫机制，健全常态化帮扶政策体系，继续精准监测、精准帮扶，做到早发现、早干预、早帮扶。关键是要推动脱贫人口和脱贫地区更多依靠发展来持续巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果。要分层分类帮扶脱贫农户，对于技能不足型脱贫户，重在加强劳动技能培训；对于“等靠要”型脱贫户，重在完善激励机制，优化以奖代补、以工代赈制度；对于无劳动能力型脱贫户，重在做好兜底保障。要接续支持欠发达地区发展，分层分类确定国家和省级重点帮扶县，建立正向激励机制，引导帮扶县挖掘自身优势、提高内生发展能力，外部帮扶主体应充分利用资金、平台、人才等优势帮助这些地区消除制约发展的障碍。

We must coordinate the advancement of a strong agricultural sector, a beautiful countryside, and prosperous farmers. We should build agriculture into a modernized large-scale industry, respond to society’s new demands for diversified and high-quality agricultural products, tap into the multiple functions of rural areas, and expand the development ideas for modern agriculture and rural specialty advantageous industries. We should strive to broaden the boundaries of agricultural production and enhance the capacity to supply diverse foods; extend the agricultural industry chain and improve the capacity for processing, transformation, and integrated development; promote innovation in agricultural management methods and raise the level of appropriately scaled agricultural operations. We must ensure that rural areas are basically equipped with modern living conditions, create high-quality living spaces in the countryside, and effectively improve the quality and efficiency of building a pleasant, livable, and beautiful countryside. On the one hand, we need to raise the level of completeness of rural infrastructure, the convenience of public services, the comfort of the living environment, and the civility of social customs. On the other hand, we must accurately grasp the laws of rural development and evolution, enhance the forward-looking nature of rural construction, scientifically formulate plans for the system of cities, towns, and villages within the county area, strengthen the functions of county-level comprehensive service centers and township-level regional service centers, and use infrastructure, public services, and the living environment to attract rural populations and industries to concentrate around central villages, market towns, and county seats. We must make farmers’ lives more prosperous and better, and promote stable income growth for farmers. In 2024, the urban-rural income ratio narrowed to 2.34:1. Further narrowing this ratio is a major matter related to promoting common prosperity and smoothing the domestic economic cycle. It must be placed in a prominent position in formulating and implementing plans to increase the income of urban and rural residents. We must simultaneously focus on increasing production and income, coordinate trade and production, promote the maintenance of reasonable price levels for grain and other important agricultural products, and expand the channels and methods for farmers to participate in industrial development. We should coordinate efforts to provide services and guarantees for migrant workers and support for returning home to start businesses and find employment. By improving vocational skills, we enhance migrant workers’ ability to adapt to changes in the job market. By ensuring factor guarantees such as land use and funding, we strengthen the ability of migrant workers returning home to start businesses and to drive more local farmers to find employment nearby or at home. At the same time, we should increase the intensity of redistribution toward farmers. Consideration could be given to further raising the minimum standard for basic old-age pensions for urban and rural residents, and steadily raising the minimum living standard guarantee for rural residents and other special assistance standards.

统筹推进农业强农村美农民富。要把农业建成现代化大产业，顺应社会对多样化优质农产品的新需求，挖掘乡村多种功能，拓展现代农业和乡村特色优势产业发展思路。着力拓宽农业生产边界，提升多元食物供给能力；延伸农业产业链，提升加工转化和融合发展能力；推进农业经营方式创新，提高农业适度规模经营水平。要使农村基本具备现代生活条件，创造乡村优质生活空间，切实提高宜居宜业和美乡村建设质效。既要提升农村基础设施完备度、公共服务便利度、人居环境舒适度、社会风尚文明度，又要准确把握乡村发展演变规律，提高乡村建设的前瞻性，科学编制县域内城、镇、村体系规划，强化县城综合服务中心和乡镇区域服务中心的功能，以基础设施、公共服务、人居环境吸引乡村人口和产业向中心村、集镇和县城周边集聚。要让农民生活更加富裕美好，促进农民稳定增收。2024年，城乡居民收入比缩小到2.34∶1，进一步缩小这个比值是关系促进共同富裕、畅通国内大循环的大事，必须将其放在制定实施城乡居民增收计划的突出位置。坚持增产增收一起抓、贸易生产相协调，促进粮食等重要农产品价格保持在合理水平，拓展农民参与产业发展的渠道和方式。统筹做好外出务工服务保障和返乡创业就业扶持，通过提高职业技能增强农民工适应就业市场变化的能力，通过做好用地和资金等要素保障增强农民工返乡创业和带动更多农民就地就近就业的能力。同时，加大面向农民的再分配力度，可考虑进一步提高城乡居民基础养老金最低标准，稳步提高农村居民最低生活保障标准和其他专项救助标准。

(The author is a former director and researcher of the Rural Economy Research Department of the Development Research Center of the State Council)

（作者系国务院发展研究中心农村经济研究部原部长、研究员）

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧