A New Development Model Supports the Steady and Long-Term Growth of the Chinese Economy

The proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan [1]1 The 15th Five-Year Plan (2026–2030) is the next in the series of national economic and social development plans formulated by the Chinese government. calls for promoting the formation of an economic development model that is more driven by domestic demand, propelled by consumption, and based on endogenous growth. This is a major strategic deployment based on changes in China’s development stage and development environment, conforming to the laws of development of large economies and the new trends in China’s economic development. It is an important support for continuing to write the new chapter of the two miracles [2]2 “The two miracles” refers to the simultaneous achievement of rapid economic growth and long-term social stability under the leadership of the CPC. of rapid economic development and long-term social stability, and for promoting the steady and long-term advancement of Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to deeply understand, from a strategic height, the importance and urgency of forming a new economic development model, and to comprehensively and systematically implement the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, so as to lay a solid foundation for gaining new competitive advantages in the future.

“十五五”规划建议提出，促进形成更多由内需主导、消费拉动、内生增长的经济发展模式。这是基于我国发展阶段和发展环境变化，顺应大国经济发展规律和我国经济发展新趋势而作出的重大战略部署，是续写经济快速发展和社会长期稳定两大奇迹新篇章、推动中国式现代化行稳致远的重要支撑。要从战略高度深刻认识形成新的经济发展模式的重要性和紧迫性，全面系统贯彻落实党中央决策部署，为赢得未来竞争新优势奠定坚实基础。

The Importance and Urgency Are Increasingly Prominent

重要性和紧迫性日益凸显

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that the characteristic of a large economy is that domestic demand is the leading factor and internal circulation is possible. [3]3 This is a paraphrase of a statement by Xi Jinping, emphasizing the importance of domestic demand and internal economic circulation for large countries. Currently, changes in the world unseen in a century are accelerating, the international situation is undergoing profound changes, uncertain and unpredictable factors are increasing, there are still blockages and obstacles in the domestic circulation, and insufficient effective demand has become the main factor restricting economic development. Against this background, adjusting the economic development model in response to changes in the situation, placing more emphasis on domestic demand as the leading factor, consumption as the driving force, and endogenous growth, is not only conducive to China’s ability to cope with external risk shocks and firmly grasp the initiative in development, but is also an inevitable requirement for maintaining the vitality and competitiveness of the economy.

习近平总书记指出，大国经济的特征都是内需为主导、内部可循环。当前，世界百年变局加速演进，国际形势深刻演变，不确定难预料因素增多，国内大循环仍存在卡点堵点，有效需求不足成为制约经济发展的主要因素。在此背景下，因应形势变化调整经济发展模式，更多强调内需主导、消费拉动、内生增长，既有利于我国应对外部风险冲击、牢牢把握发展主动权，也是保持经济发展活力和竞争力的必然要求。

This is a strategic choice for effectively responding to external risks and challenges. At present, the momentum of world economic growth continues to be insufficient, geopolitical conflicts are frequent and prone to occurring, the international economic and trade order is facing severe challenges, and protectionism and unilateralism are on the rise. The World Trade Organization predicts that the growth rate of global merchandise trade will drop from 2.4% in 2025 to 0.5% in 2026, significantly below the historical average, and the pressure from shrinking external demand continues to increase, bringing many uncertainties to China’s foreign trade development. At the same time, the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating and breaking through, competition among countries in frontier fields such as artificial intelligence, high-end manufacturing, and new energy is becoming more intense, and the complexity of major-power games is further highlighted. In a complex and severe external environment, a development model that relies excessively on external demand is easily affected by external factors such as fluctuations in the international market and geopolitical conflicts, making it difficult to ensure the stability and sustainability of economic development. China has a super-large market of over 1.4 billion people, with huge potential for domestic demand, which can form stronger economies of scale, economies of scope, and innovation spillover effects. This is the core characteristic that distinguishes it from small and medium-sized economies that rely on an external-demand circulation model, and it is also the solid foundation of our confidence in responding to external risks and challenges. By firmly implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand and forming a development model led by domestic demand, using the stability of the domestic market to hedge against the uncertainty of external demand, this is China’s strategic choice to enhance the economy’s ability to withstand external shocks.

这是有效应对外部风险挑战的战略选择。眼下，世界经济增长动能持续不足，地缘冲突易发多发，国际经济贸易秩序遭遇严峻挑战，保护主义、单边主义抬头。世界贸易组织预测全球货物贸易增速将从2025年的2.4%降至2026年的0.5%，大幅低于历史平均水平，外部需求收缩压力持续加大，给我国外贸发展带来诸多不确定性。同时，新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速突破，各国围绕人工智能、高端制造、新能源等前沿领域的竞争更趋激烈，大国博弈的复杂性进一步凸显。在复杂严峻的外部环境中，过度依赖外需的发展模式易受国际市场波动、地缘政治冲突等外部因素影响，难以保障经济发展的稳定性和可持续性。我国拥有14亿多人口的超大规模市场，内需潜力巨大，能够形成更强的规模经济效应、范围经济效应与创新溢出效应，这是区别于依赖外需循环模式的中小经济体的核心特征，也是我们应对外部风险挑战的坚实底气。通过坚定实施扩大内需战略，形成内需主导的发展模式，以国内市场的稳定性对冲外需的不确定性，是我国增强经济抗外部冲击能力的战略选择。

This is an inherent requirement for promoting high-quality development. The key to high-quality development is the transformation of the economic development mode from factor-driven to innovation-driven. This transformation is essentially a systemic upgrade of the growth paradigm. Currently, China has generally shifted from a stage of population growth to a stage of population decline, the speed of capital accumulation is gradually slowing, resource and environmental constraints are becoming increasingly tight, and the traditional factor-driven model is unsustainable. At the same time, China’s per capita GDP has exceeded US$13,000, the demand structure is undergoing profound changes, the investment structure is shifting from mainly investing in things to investing more in people, and the consumption structure of residents is shifting from survival-oriented to development-oriented and enjoyment-oriented. Promoting the formation of an economic development model that is more driven by domestic demand, propelled by consumption, and based on endogenous growth is not simply about expanding the scale of domestic demand, but about conforming to the trend of upgrading the demand structure, promoting more investment in people and development-oriented consumption such as education, accelerating the speed of human capital accumulation, thereby achieving a transformation from relying on the demographic dividend to relying on the talent dividend, forming a virtuous cycle of “upgrading the demand structure – accumulating human capital – improving the quality of economic development.”

这是推动高质量发展的内在要求。高质量发展的关键是经济发展方式从要素驱动向创新驱动转变，这一转变本质上是增长范式的系统性升级。当前，我国总体上已由人口增量发展转向减量发展阶段，资本积累速度逐步放缓，资源环境约束日益趋紧，传统的要素驱动模式难以为继。同时，我国人均GDP已经突破1.3万美元，需求结构正在发生深刻变革，投资结构从投资于物为主向更多投资于人转变，居民消费结构从生存型向发展型、享受型转变。促进形成更多由内需主导、消费拉动、内生增长的经济发展模式，并不是简单地扩大内需规模，而是顺应需求结构升级趋势，推动更多服务于人的投资和教育等发展型消费，提升人力资本积累速度，从而实现从依靠人口红利向依靠人才红利转变，形成“需求结构升级—人力资本积累—经济发展质量提升”的良性循环。

This is the prerequisite and foundation for smoothing the circulation of the national economy. The key to the circulation of the national economy is the dynamic balance between supply and demand. The smooth connection of the various links of production, distribution, circulation, and consumption is the prerequisite for the sustained and healthy development of the economy and society. Currently, the contradiction of strong supply and weak demand in China is prominent, and insufficient domestic demand, especially insufficient consumer demand, is a prominent shortcoming. Insufficient domestic demand will lead to oversupply and idle production capacity, which needs to be effectively addressed. The new economic development model emphasizes using demand as a guide to promote the precise adaptation of the supply system to the demand structure, which is conducive to forming a higher-level dynamic balance where demand drives supply and supply creates demand. On the one hand, the expansion of the scale and upgrading of the structure of domestic demand can guide enterprises to increase R&D investment, improve the quality and efficiency of supply, and promote industrial transformation and upgrading; on the other hand, innovative breakthroughs on the supply side can continuously generate new consumption, new business forms, and new models, expand the space for domestic demand growth, and achieve mutual promotion and a virtuous cycle between the supply and demand sides.

这是畅通国民经济循环的前提基础。国民经济循环的关键是供给与需求的动态平衡，生产、分配、流通、消费各环节的顺畅衔接是经济社会持续健康发展的前提。当前，我国供强需弱矛盾突出，内需不足尤其是消费需求不足是突出短板。内需不足会导致供给过剩、产能闲置，需要切实加以解决。新的经济发展模式，强调以需求为牵引，推动供给体系与需求结构精准适配，有利于形成需求牵引供给、供给创造需求的更高水平动态平衡。一方面，国内需求的规模扩张和结构升级，能够引导企业加大研发投入，提升供给质量和效率，推动产业转型升级；另一方面，供给侧的创新突破又能不断催生新消费、新业态、新模式，拓展内需增长空间，实现供需两端相互促进、良性循环。

Grasp the Laws of Development and Connotative Characteristics

把握发展规律和内涵特质

Forming an economic development model that is more driven by domestic demand, propelled by consumption, and based on endogenous growth is a universal law of the development of large economies and an inevitable trend as China’s economy develops to a certain stage. It has objective regularity and historical inevitability, and presents rich connotative characteristics.

形成更多由内需主导、消费拉动、内生增长的经济发展模式，是大国经济发展的普遍规律，也是我国经济发展到一定阶段的必然趋势，具有客观规律性和历史必然性，并呈现出丰富的内涵特质。

Domestic demand as the leading factor is a universal law when large economies develop to a certain stage. When a large economy develops to a certain stage, it must inevitably achieve a profound transformation from relying on external demand to being led by domestic demand. After the per capita GDP of developed countries exceeded US$10,000, the characteristic of economic growth relying on domestic demand became more obvious. Since reform and opening up, China has rapidly integrated into economic globalization and participated in the international circulation, creating a miracle of rapid economic growth that has attracted worldwide attention. Since 2010, China’s total economic output has firmly ranked second in the world, possessing the world’s most potential super-large market. A strong domestic market is the advantage of a large economy, and domestic demand has gradually become the main driving force and stable anchor for pulling economic growth. From 2013 to 2024, the average contribution rate of domestic demand to economic growth reached 93.1%. Of course, domestic demand and external demand are not a substitutional relationship of one rising while the other falls. Domestic demand is the basic foothold of economic development. The smoother the domestic circulation, the stronger the gravitational field it can form for global resource factors. At the same time, opening up to the outside world plays an important role in improving economic efficiency, transforming growth drivers, and optimizing the economic structure. External demand is also an important driving force for economic development. We must adhere to the coordination of expanding opening up and deepening reform, so that the domestic market and the international market can be better connected, achieving a positive interaction between domestic demand and external demand at a higher level of opening up.

内需主导是大国经济发展到一定阶段的普遍规律。大国经济发展到一定阶段，必然要实现从依赖外需到内需主导的深刻转型。发达国家人均GDP突破1万美元后，经济增长依赖内需拉动的特征更加明显。改革开放以来，我国迅速融入经济全球化、参与国际大循环，创造了举世瞩目的经济快速增长奇迹。2010年以来，我国经济总量稳居世界第二位，拥有全球最具潜力的超大规模市场，强大的国内市场是大国经济优势所在，内需已逐步成为拉动经济增长的主动力和稳定锚，2013年至2024年内需对经济增长的平均贡献率达到93.1%。当然，内需和外需也并非此消彼长的替代关系，内需是经济发展的基本立足点，国内循环越顺畅就越能形成对全球资源要素的引力场，同时对外开放在提升经济效率、转换增长动力、优化经济结构等方面具有重要作用，外需也是经济发展的重要动力。要坚持扩大对外开放和深化改革相协同，使国内市场和国际市场更好联通，在更高水平对外开放中实现内需和外需良性互动。

Consumption-driven growth is the evolutionary direction of the development model for large economies. Consumption is not only a result of economic development but also a driving force for it, and it constitutes the most critical component of domestic demand. Observing the economic development history of multiple countries reveals that the consumption rate, as an important indicator measuring the role of consumption in economic development, exhibits a U-shaped trend as the stage of development changes. In the early stages of a country's economic development, the consumption rate is relatively high but belongs to subsistence consumption. During the rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization, large-scale investment often temporarily suppresses the growth of the consumption rate, but once large-scale construction is completed, the consumption rate re-enters an upward channel. A consumption-driven economy is a common direction for the evolution of economic development models across countries, and this is particularly prominent in the development of large economies. Internationally, when per capita GDP reaches over US$10,000, the pulling effect of consumption on the economy rapidly strengthens, while the pulling effect of investment continuously declines. For example, after Germany and Japan reached a per capita GDP of over US$10,000 in 1979 and 1981 respectively, their final consumption rates both continuously increased, and their economic growth models underwent a major shift from investment-led to consumption-driven. In recent years, China's economic development model has also been shifting from investment-led to consumption-driven. From 2013 to 2024, the average contribution rate of final consumption expenditure to economic growth reached 55%, 16.9 percentage points higher than the average contribution rate of gross capital formation to economic growth over the same period. In 2019, China's per capita GDP exceeded US$10,000 for the first time. During the 14th Five-Year Plan period [1]1 The 15th Five-Year Plan (2026–2030) is the next in the series of national economic and social development plans formulated by the Chinese government., the average contribution rate of final consumption expenditure to economic growth reached about 60%, an increase of about 10 percentage points compared to the 13th Five-Year Plan period [2]2 “The two miracles” refers to the simultaneous achievement of rapid economic growth and long-term social stability under the leadership of the CPC., further highlighting the main engine role of consumption in driving economic growth. Of course, consumption and investment are not a binary opposition. Consumption is final demand, while investment is current demand and future supply. Whether investment can match consumption is key to sustained, stable, and healthy economic development. It is necessary to adapt to the trend of consumption upgrading, identify the points of integration between investment and consumption, promote positive interaction between consumption and investment, and strengthen the foundational role of consumption in economic development and the key role of investment in optimizing the supply structure.

消费拉动是大国经济发展模式的演进方向。消费既是经济发展的结果，也是经济发展的动力，还是内需最为关键的部分。观察多个国家的经济发展史发现，消费率作为衡量消费在经济发展中作用的重要指标，随着发展阶段变化呈现U型趋势。一国经济发展初期，消费率较高但属于生存型消费。进入工业化、城镇化快速推进期，大规模投资往往阶段性抑制消费率增长，而待大规模建设完成后，消费率则重新步入上升通道。消费拉动型经济是各国经济发展模式演进的共同方向，这一点在大国经济发展中体现得尤为突出。国际上，当人均GDP达到1万美元以上时，消费对经济的拉动作用快速增强，而投资的拉动效应持续下降。比如，德国、日本分别于1979年、1981年人均GDP达到1万美元后，最终消费率均不断提高，经济增长模式发生从投资主导转向消费拉动的重大变化。近年来，我国经济发展模式也正在由投资主导转向消费拉动，2013年至2024年最终消费支出对经济增长的平均贡献率达到55%，高于同期资本形成总额对经济增长的平均贡献率16.9个百分点。2019年我国人均GDP首次超过1万美元，“十四五”时期最终消费支出对经济增长的平均贡献率达到60%左右，比“十三五”时期提高10个百分点左右，消费拉动经济增长的主引擎作用进一步凸显。当然，消费和投资不是二元对立关系。消费是最终需求，投资是当期的需求和未来的供给，投资能否匹配消费，是经济持续稳定健康发展的关键。需适应消费升级趋势，找准投资和消费的结合点，促进消费和投资良性互动，增强消费对经济发展的基础性作用和投资对优化供给结构的关键性作用。

Endogenous growth is an effective pathway for the sustained development of large economies. The sustained, stable growth and high-quality development of a large economy has never relied on external forces, but rather on the endogenous impetus generated by the total supply system and the total demand system as they continuously adapt in dynamic adjustment, upgrade in mutual interaction, and balance in internal and external environments. Innovation plays an important role in the spiral process of promoting new demand to lead new supply and new supply to create new demand. Economic growth theory indicates that increases in labor input, capital accumulation, and total factor productivity improvement are all important factors promoting economic growth. From the development trajectory of advanced economies, in the early and middle stages of industrialization, economic growth was mainly driven by inputs of capital and labor factors. However, in the middle and late stages of industrialization, the main factor driving economic growth shifts to relying on total factor productivity improvement. Currently, China has entered the late stage of industrialization, and economic growth is shifting from relying on increased inputs of traditional production factors such as labor and capital to relying on technological innovation-driven growth. Total factor productivity improvement is becoming the main driving force for economic growth. China's innovation capacity and level are also continuously improving. In 2024, the R&D investment intensity reached 2.68%, exceeding the average level of EU countries. In 2025, the innovation index ranking placed China 10th globally, providing a solid foundation for new supply to create new demand and new demand to lead new supply, and also injecting lasting impetus for economic development to rely more on endogenous growth.

内生增长是大国经济持续发展的有效途径。大国经济持续稳定增长和高质量发展从来都不是依靠外部力量，而是依靠总供给体系和总需求体系在动态调整中不断适配、在相互作用中不断升级、在内外环境中不断平衡的内生动力。创新在推动以新需求引领新供给、以新供给创造新需求的螺旋式上升过程中发挥着重要作用。经济增长理论表明，劳动投入增加、资本积累以及全要素生产率提升，都是促进经济增长的重要因素。从发达经济体发展历程看，工业化初期和中期驱动经济增长主要依赖资本和劳动要素投入，而到了工业化中后期驱动经济增长的主要因素就转向依靠全要素生产率提升。当前，我国已经进入工业化后期，经济增长正在由依靠劳动力和资本等传统生产要素投入增加转向依靠技术创新驱动，全要素生产率提升正成为推动经济增长的主要动力。我国创新能力和水平也在不断提升，2024年研发投入强度达到2.68%，超过欧盟国家平均水平，2025年创新指数排名居全球第10位，为新供给创造新需求、新需求引领新供给提供了坚实基础，也为经济发展更多依靠内生增长注入了持久动力。

Adhere to a systems perspective to enhance development vitality

坚持系统观念增强发展活力

Standing at a new starting point, focusing on forming a new economic development model requires not only coordinating supply and demand, balancing the immediate and the long-term, and balancing investment and consumption, but also innovating policy tools and methods, grasping the intensity and rhythm of policies, improving the effectiveness of macroeconomic governance, and continuously strengthening development momentum and social vitality.

站上新起点，聚焦形成新的经济发展模式，既要统筹供给和需求、兼顾当前和长远、平衡投资和消费，还要创新政策手段方式、把握政策力度和节奏，提升宏观经济治理效能，持续增强发展动力和社会活力。

Closely integrate investment in physical assets with investment in people, and strive to expand effective investment. Pay attention not only to capital investment but also to the construction of the investment environment, accelerate the improvement of long-term investment mechanisms, maintain reasonable investment growth, and improve investment efficiency. On the one hand, focus on optimizing the investment structure. Adapt to the needs of optimizing regional economic layouts and changes in population structure and migration patterns, and optimize the layout of infrastructure and public service facilities such as education and healthcare. Focus on the urgent and difficult problems of the masses, and strengthen investment in social and livelihood areas such as basic education, elderly care facilities, and housing security. Adapt to the trend of consumption upgrading, increase investment in the development of new consumption scenarios, and promote the upgrading of consumption facilities such as culture, tourism, and sports. On the other hand, strive to stimulate the vitality of private investment. Further break down implicit barriers to private investment, clear blockages, difficulties, and pain points in areas such as market access, factor acquisition, fair law enforcement, and rights protection, systematically plan policies and measures to promote private investment, and improve the long-term mechanism for private enterprises to participate in major project construction. Implement the relevant requirements of the Law on Promoting the Private Economy [3]3 This is a paraphrase of a statement by Xi Jinping, emphasizing the importance of domestic demand and internal economic circulation for large countries., solidly carry out special actions to regulate enterprise-related law enforcement, and stabilize the policy expectations and development confidence of private enterprises. At the same time, optimize the structure of government investment, strengthen the systematic integration of "hard investment" and "soft construction" [4]4 "Hard investment" refers to physical infrastructure projects, while "soft construction" refers to institutional mechanisms, regulations, and management systems that support the effective operation of such investments., and promote with high quality the implementation of major national strategies and the construction of security capacity projects in key areas. Strengthen constraints on government investment decision-making, strengthen whole-process management, and improve the efficiency of government investment.

坚持投资于物和投资于人紧密结合，着力扩大有效投资。既注重资金投入，也注重投资环境建设，加快健全投资长效机制，保持投资合理增长，提高投资效益。一方面，着重优化投资结构。适应区域经济布局优化、人口结构和流动方向变化的需要，优化基础设施和教育、医疗等公共服务设施布局。聚焦群众急难愁盼问题，加强基础教育、养老设施、住房保障等社会民生领域投资。适应消费升级趋势，加大对消费新场景开发投资，推动文化、旅游、体育等消费设施升级。另一方面，着力激发民间投资活力。进一步破除民间投资隐性壁垒，在市场准入、要素获取、公平执法、权益保护等方面，打通堵点、难点、痛点，系统谋划促进民间投资的政策措施，完善民营企业参与重大项目建设长效机制。落实民营经济促进法有关要求，扎实开展规范涉企执法专项行动，稳定民营企业政策预期和发展信心。同时，优化政府投资结构，加强“硬投资”和“软建设”系统集成，高质量推进国家重大战略实施和重点领域安全能力项目建设。强化对政府投资决策的约束，加强全过程管理，提高政府投资效益。

Closely integrate improving people's livelihoods with promoting consumption, and better boost consumption. Accelerate the improvement of the policy environment for "being able to consume," "daring to consume," and "willing to consume," improve the long-term mechanism for expanding consumption, and fully unleash the consumption potential of urban and rural residents. First, focus on enhancing residents' consumption capacity. Coordinate the promotion of employment, income growth, and stable expectations, deeply implement the employment-first strategy, improve employment promotion mechanisms, build an employment-friendly development model, and promote high-quality and full employment for key groups. Implement plans to increase the income of urban and rural residents, effectively increase the income of low-income groups, and steadily expand the size of the middle-income group. Second, continuously eliminate worries about consumption. Rationally increase the proportion of public service expenditure in fiscal expenditure, steadily promote the equalization of basic public services, and improve the education, childcare, elderly care, housing, and medical security systems. Appropriately increase basic pensions for retirees, increase basic pensions for urban and rural residents, increase the financial subsidy standard for urban and rural residents' medical insurance, and improve residents' consumption expectations. Third, create an environment conducive to consumption. Expand the supply of high-quality consumer goods and services, cultivate new growth points for service consumption, promote the expansion and upgrading of commodity consumption, and create a number of new consumption scenarios with broad driving effects and high visibility. Clean up unreasonable restrictive measures on consumption such as automobiles and housing, establish and improve management methods suitable for new consumption formats, new models, and new scenarios, strengthen the protection of consumer rights and interests, and create a good consumption environment.

坚持惠民生和促消费紧密结合，更好提振消费。加快完善“能消费”“敢消费”“愿消费”的政策环境，健全扩大消费长效机制，全面激发城乡居民消费潜能。一是着力增强居民消费能力。统筹促就业、增收入、稳预期，深入实施就业优先战略，健全就业促进机制，构建就业友好型发展方式，促进重点群体高质量充分就业。实施城乡居民增收计划，有效增加低收入群体收入，稳步扩大中等收入群体规模。二是持续消除消费后顾之忧。合理提高公共服务支出占财政支出比重，稳步推进基本公共服务均等化，完善教育、托育、养老、住房、医疗保障体系。适当提高退休人员基本养老金，提高城乡居民基础养老金，提高城乡居民医保财政补助标准，改善居民消费预期。三是营造愿消费的环境。扩大优质消费品和服务供给，培育服务消费新增长点，推动商品消费扩容升级，打造一批带动面广、显示度高的消费新场景。清理汽车、住房等消费不合理限制性措施，建立健全适应消费新业态新模式新场景的管理办法，强化消费者权益保护，创造良好消费环境。

Closely integrate scientific and technological innovation with deepening reform, and stimulate endogenous growth momentum. Reform and innovation are the fundamental driving forces for economic and social development, and also the key measures to promote the formation of a new economic development model. It is necessary to deeply implement the innovation-driven development strategy, accelerate high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, promote the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation, and create new demand with new supply. Highlight the demand orientation, strengthen research for application and the integration of research and application, improve the new system for mobilizing resources nationwide [5]5 The "new system for mobilizing resources nationwide" (新型举国体制) is a contemporary Chinese concept for organizing national scientific and technological efforts, combining state strategic direction with market mechanisms and enterprise participation, updated from the earlier planned-economy model., coordinate the construction of national strategic scientific and technological forces, strengthen the strategic, forward-looking, and systematic layout of basic research, and make every effort to break through key common technologies, frontier leading technologies, modern engineering technologies, and disruptive technological innovations. Strengthen the guiding role of the market in the direction of R&D and the selection of technical routes, leverage the role of the government as an innovation organizer and ecosystem builder, create an open innovation ecosystem with global competitiveness, and promote the concentration of innovation resources in enterprises. At the same time, better leverage the leading role of economic system reform, deepen reforms in key areas such as market-based allocation of production factors and integrated urban-rural development, advance the construction of a unified national market in depth, improve the macroeconomic governance system, and form an economic order that is both "vibrant through liberalization" and "well-managed through regulation." Expand high-standard opening up, further expand space for bilateral investment cooperation, promote innovative development of trade, and thereby enhance the linkage effect of the two markets and two types of resources [6]6 "Two markets and two types of resources" refers to the domestic market and the international market, and domestic resources and international resources..

坚持科技创新和深化改革紧密结合，激发内生增长动力。改革创新是经济社会发展的根本动力，也是促进形成新的经济发展模式的关键之举。要深入实施创新驱动发展战略，加快高水平科技自立自强，推动科技创新和产业创新深度融合，以新供给创造新需求。突出需求导向，强化研以致用、研用一体，完善新型举国体制，统筹国家战略科技力量建设，加强基础研究战略性、前瞻性、体系化布局，全力突破关键共性技术、前沿引领技术、现代工程技术、颠覆性技术创新。强化市场在研发攻关方向、技术路线选择方面的引导作用，发挥政府创新组织者和生态营造者作用，打造具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态，推动创新资源向企业集聚。同时，更好发挥经济体制改革牵引作用，深化要素市场化配置、城乡融合发展等重点领域改革，纵深推进全国统一大市场建设，完善宏观经济治理体系，形成既“放得活”又“管得好”的经济秩序。扩大高水平对外开放，进一步拓展双向投资合作空间，推动贸易创新发展，以此增强两个市场、两种资源联动效应。

(The author is Vice President of the Academy of Macroeconomic Research, National Development and Reform Commission)

（作者系国家发展改革委宏观经济研究院副院长）

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧