Advancing the Construction of a Unified National Market in Depth

Advancing the construction of a unified national market in depth is a major decision and deployment made by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core from an overall and strategic perspective. The *Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development* (hereinafter referred to as the *Proposal*) makes the important deployment of “resolutely breaking through the sticking points and blockages hindering the construction of a unified national market.” On the new journey, we must adhere to the combination of an effective market and a competent government, accurately grasp and resolutely break through the sticking points and blockages, advance the construction of a unified national market in depth, enhance our country’s confidence in calmly responding to risks and challenges, and continuously inject strong impetus into promoting high-quality development.

纵深推进全国统一大市场建设，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央从全局和战略高度作出的重大决策部署。《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》（以下简称《建议》）作出“坚决破除阻碍全国统一大市场建设卡点堵点”重要部署。新征程上，我们要坚持有效市场和有为政府相结合，准确把握并坚决破除卡点堵点，纵深推进全国统一大市场建设，增强我国从容应对风险挑战的底气，不断为推动经济高质量发展注入强劲动力。

Breaking Through Blockages

打通堵点

The inherent requirement of deepening market-oriented reforms of factors of production and building a high-standard market system. “Building a unified national market, deepening market-oriented reforms of factors of production, and building a high-standard market system” is the strategic deployment proposed by the 20th National Congress of the CPC. These three elements constitute a spiral-up mechanism of “reform—market—system.” Among them, the essence of market-oriented reforms of factors of production is to adjust the relations of distribution of production factors, focusing on the construction and improvement of markets for factors such as land, labor, capital, technology, and data. The degree of their development directly determines the “high-standard” quality of the market system. Building a unified national market takes breaking down barriers to factor mobility as its core. By unifying basic systems such as property rights protection, market access, fair competition, and social credit, it provides the necessary spatial carrier and institutional soil for market-oriented reforms of factors of production and the construction of a high-standard market system, and also lays a solid foundation for building a high-level socialist market economy system.

深化要素市场化改革、建设高标准市场体系的内在要求。“构建全国统一大市场，深化要素市场化改革，建设高标准市场体系”是党的二十大提出的战略部署，三者构成“改革—市场—制度”的螺旋上升机制。其中，要素市场化改革的本质是调整生产要素的分配关系，聚焦于土地、劳动力、资本、技术、数据等要素市场的建设与完善，其发育程度直接决定市场体系的“高标准”成色。建设全国统一大市场是以破除要素流动壁垒为核心，通过统一产权保护、市场准入、公平竞争、社会信用等基础制度，为要素市场化与高标准市场体系建设提供必要的空间载体和制度土壤，也为构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制夯实基础。

A solid support for better cultivating new quality productive forces and striving to promote high-quality development. Currently, the domestic market has sticking points and blockages such as obstacles to factor mobility, non-uniform market rules, and poor connectivity of infrastructure, which have become key bottlenecks restricting high-quality development and the cultivation of new quality productive forces. Building a unified national market is essentially a systematic reshaping of those relations of production that are incompatible with the development requirements of advanced productive forces. It can release the advantages of a super-large-scale market, enhance the efficiency of factor resource allocation, and strengthen incentives for fair competition, helping to guide revolutionary breakthroughs in technology, promote the innovative allocation of production factors, and drive industrial transformation and upgrading, thereby accelerating the cultivation and development of new quality productive forces and promoting high-quality economic development.

更好培育新质生产力、着力推动高质量发展的坚实支撑。当前国内市场存在要素流动障碍、市场规则不统一和基础设施联通不畅等卡点堵点，成为制约高质量发展和新质生产力培育的关键瓶颈。建设全国统一大市场，本质上是对这些不适应先进生产力发展要求的生产关系进行系统性重塑。它能够释放超大规模市场优势、提升要素资源配置效率和强化公平竞争激励，有助于引导技术革命性突破、促进生产要素创新性配置和推动产业转型升级，加快培育和发展新质生产力，推动经济高质量发展。

The key path to accelerating the construction of a new development pattern and unleashing the potential of the super-large-scale market. Accelerating the construction of a new development pattern is China’s strategic choice to respond to global changes and seize the initiative in development. Building a unified national market, on the one hand, can break through the sticking points and blockages of the domestic economic cycle, promote the efficient circulation of goods, factors, and resources, enable all links of production, distribution, circulation, and consumption to achieve a virtuous cycle more by relying on the domestic market, and fully unleash the potential of the domestic super-large-scale market; on the other hand, it can leverage the attractiveness and influence of China’s super-large-scale market, steadily advance institutional opening up, better align with high-standard international economic and trade rules, enhance the discourse power in international economic governance, promote the coordinated allocation of both domestic and international markets and resources, and better promote the mutual reinforcement of domestic and international dual circulations.

加快构建新发展格局、激发超大规模市场潜能的关键路径。加快构建新发展格局是我国应对全球变局、把握发展主动权的战略选择。建设全国统一大市场，一方面，能够打通国内大循环的卡点堵点，促进商品要素资源高效流通，使生产、分配、流通、消费各环节更多依托国内市场实现良性循环，充分激发国内超大规模市场潜能；另一方面，能够发挥我国超大规模市场的吸引力和影响力，稳步推进制度型开放，更好对接国际高标准经贸规则，提升国际经济治理话语权，促进国内国际两个市场、两种资源的联动配置，更好推动国内国际双循环相互促进。

Factors of Sticking Points and Blockages

卡点堵点因素

Institutional barriers have not been completely broken, and the problem of non-uniform rules still exists. Institutional barriers are the core obstacles restricting the construction of a unified national market, mainly manifested in the non-uniformity of basic market system rules, making it difficult to form a unified national institutional environment. In terms of property rights protection, there are still cases of inconsistent law enforcement and judicial standards in property rights dispute cases across different regions, as well as differences in the intensity of property rights protection for different forms of ownership, affecting the stable expectations of business entities. In terms of market access, some regions still use implicit thresholds such as qualification recognition and local registration to restrict the entry of enterprises from other regions. In terms of fair competition, different regions and units have insufficient understanding of the importance of fair competition review, and some reviews are mere formalities. In terms of the social credit system, credit information sharing across different regions is insufficient, and there are regional differences in the mechanisms for joint incentives for trustworthiness and joint punishment for dishonesty. These institutional barriers restrict the free flow and fair competition of factor resources.

制度性壁垒尚未完全破除，规则不统一问题依然存在。制度性壁垒是制约全国统一大市场建设的核心障碍，主要表现为市场基础制度规则不统一，难以形成全国统一的制度环境。在产权保护方面，不同地区还存在涉产权纠纷案件执法司法标准不统一的情况，也存在不同所有制经济产权保护力度有差异等情况，影响经营主体的稳定预期。在市场准入方面，有些地区还存在通过资质认定、本地注册等隐性门槛限制外地企业进入等情况。在公平竞争方面，不同地区和单位对公平竞争审查的重要性认识不足，有些审查流于形式。在社会信用制度方面，不同地区信用信息共享不充分，守信联合激励和失信联合惩戒机制存在区域差异。这些制度性壁垒制约了要素资源的自由流动和公平竞争。

Insufficient “soft connectivity” of market facilities, not matching the level of “hard connectivity.” In recent years, China has achieved leapfrog development in hardware infrastructure such as transportation, logistics, and communications, but the problem of insufficient “soft connectivity” such as market rules has become increasingly prominent, not matching the level of “hard connectivity.” In terms of the circulation system, logistics standards are not uniform across different regions, multimodal transport connections are not smooth, there are still shortcomings in the connection of urban and rural logistics distribution systems, and there is room for reducing cross-regional logistics costs. In terms of trading platform construction, information sharing among various commodity trading markets and public resource trading platforms is insufficient, functional complementarity is not obvious, and cross-regional trading coordination is insufficient. In terms of the standards system, there are regional differences in areas such as commodity quality, inspection and testing, and certification and accreditation, increasing the compliance costs for enterprises operating across regions. In terms of digital infrastructure, digital platform technical standards and data specifications vary across regions, and the interconnection and intercommunication of data resources are insufficient, restricting the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy. Insufficient “soft connectivity” makes it difficult to fully leverage the effectiveness of “hard connectivity,” affecting the circulation efficiency of the unified national market.

市场设施“软联通”不足，与“硬联通”水平不匹配。近年来，我国交通、物流、通信等硬件基础设施建设实现跨越式发展，但市场规则等“软联通”不足问题日益凸显，与“硬联通”水平不相匹配。在流通体系方面，不同地区物流标准不统一，多式联运衔接不畅，城乡物流配送体系衔接还存在短板，跨区域物流成本还有降低空间。在交易平台建设方面，各类商品交易市场和公共资源交易平台信息共享不够充分、功能互补不够明显，跨区域交易协同性不足。在标准体系方面，商品质量、检验检测、认证认可等领域存在区域差异，增加了企业跨区域经营的合规成本。在数字基础设施方面，各地数字平台技术标准和数据规范不统一，数据资源互联互通不足，制约了数字经济与实体经济的深度融合。“软联通”不足导致“硬联通”的效能难以充分发挥，影响全国统一大市场的流通效率。

The regulatory coordination mechanism is not yet sound, and the scale of regulatory enforcement is not sufficiently uniform. In terms of regulatory rules, there are gaps in the regulatory system for some new business forms and cross-regional business fields, regulatory standards vary significantly across different regions, and online and offline regulatory rules have not yet been unified, leading enterprises to face problems such as “multiple regulators” and “duplicate regulation.” In terms of law enforcement collaboration, the coordination mechanism for cross-regional and cross-departmental regulatory enforcement is not sound, mechanisms such as law enforcement information sharing and mutual recognition of processing results have not been effectively implemented, and the efficiency of investigating and dealing with cross-regional illegal and irregular activities is low. In terms of smart regulation, the level of technological regulation varies across regions, the application of regulatory technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence is insufficient, and the level of intelligent and precise regulation needs to be improved. Insufficient regulatory coordination and non-uniform law enforcement scales can easily damage the market environment for fair competition and increase the uncertainty of enterprise operations.

监管协同机制尚不健全，监管执法尺度不够统一。在监管规则方面，部分新业态和跨区域经营领域监管制度存在空白，不同地区监管标准差异较大，线上线下监管规则尚未统一，导致企业面临“多头监管”“重复监管”等问题。在执法协作方面，跨区域、跨部门监管执法协同机制不健全，执法信息共享、处理结果互认等机制未能有效落实，对跨区域违法违规行为的查处效率不高。在智慧监管方面，各地科技监管水平参差不齐，大数据、人工智能等监管技术应用不充分，监管智能化、精准化水平有待提升。监管协同不足和执法尺度不统一，容易破坏公平竞争的市场环境，增加企业经营的不确定性。

Local protection and market segmentation behaviors still exist to varying degrees. In recent years, overt forms of protection such as creating “policy depressions” through financial awards and subsidies, tax and fee preferences have been basically eliminated, but the phenomenon of some localities protecting local enterprises and industries through hidden and mutated forms still exists. In addition, factors such as insufficient local financial resources and imperfect performance assessment systems have also exacerbated the tendency towards local protectionism, hindering the full play of China’s super-large-scale market advantages.

地方保护、市场分割行为还不同程度存在。近年来，通过财政奖补、税费优惠等方式制造“政策洼地”的显性保护形式已基本消除，但部分地方通过隐形变异方式保护本地企业和产业的现象仍然存在。此外，地方财力不足、政绩考核体系不完善等因素，也加剧了地方保护主义倾向，阻碍了我国超大规模市场优势的发挥。

Countermeasure Suggestions for Creating Comprehensive Synergistic Effects

创造综合效能的对策建议

Strengthen Party leadership and resolutely break local protection behaviors. We must adhere to the combination of an effective market and a competent government, with upper and lower levels acting in concert and central-local coordination, to break local protection behaviors. First, in top-level design, establish and improve a coordinated mechanism for the overall planning of unified national market construction, improve the central-local coordination mechanism, strengthen the overall awareness of local governments, and summarize and promote the experience of regional market integration in areas such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the Yangtze River Delta. Second, in the legal and regulatory system, revise and improve relevant laws and regulations such as the *Anti-Monopoly Law*, study and formulate regulations for the unified national market, and add penalty and accountability clauses targeting market barriers set by local governments. Third, in the assessment mechanism, improve systems such as statistics, fiscal and taxation, and performance assessment that are conducive to the construction of a unified national market, strengthen special reviews by inspection, auditing, and supervision of hidden protection clauses in local policies, and comprehensively rectify “involution-style” competition.

加强党的领导，坚决破除地方保护行为。要坚持有效市场和有为政府相结合，上下联动、央地协同，破除地方保护行为。一是在顶层设计上，建立健全全国统一大市场建设统筹协调机制，完善央地协同机制，强化地方政府全局意识，总结推广京津冀、长三角等区域市场一体化建设经验。二是在法规体系上，修订完善《反垄断法》等相关法律法规，研究制定全国统一大市场条例，增设针对地方政府设置市场壁垒的罚则和问责条款。三是在考核机制上，完善有利于统一大市场建设的统计、财税、政绩考核等制度，强化巡视、审计、督察对地方政策中隐性保护条款的专项审查，全面综合整治“内卷式”竞争。

Adhere to the combination of breaking and establishing, and unify the basic systems and rules of the market. First, the property rights protection system. Continuously improve the institutional system for equally and permanently protecting the property rights of all forms of ownership in accordance with the law, establish a cross-regional property rights protection cooperation mechanism, improve the system of punitive damages for infringement, and strengthen the full-chain protection of intellectual property rights. Second, the market access and exit system. Clean up and abolish various hidden market access thresholds in various regions, strictly implement the "one national list" management model, establish and improve the market entity exit mechanism, and achieve orderly entry and exit of market entities. Third, the fair competition system. Strengthen the rigid constraints of the fair competition review system, and explore the establishment of an independent and professional third-party evaluation mechanism. Fourth, the social credit system. Accelerate the construction of a national credit information sharing platform, promote cross-regional and cross-departmental credit information sharing, and unify credit evaluation standards and application rules.

坚持破立结合，统一市场基础制度规则。一是产权保护制度。持续完善依法平等长久保护各种所有制经济产权的制度体系，建立跨区域产权保护协作机制，完善侵权惩罚性赔偿制度，强化知识产权全链条保护。二是市场准入和退出制度。清理废除各地隐性市场准入门槛，严格落实“全国一张清单”管理模式，建立健全市场主体退出机制，实现市场主体进退有序。三是公平竞争制度。强化公平竞争审查制度刚性约束，探索建立独立专业的第三方评估机制。四是社会信用制度。加快建设国家信用信息共享平台，推动跨区域、跨部门信用信息共享，统一信用评价标准和应用规则。

Strengthen facility support and enhance the level of connectivity. Focus on making up for the shortcomings of "soft connectivity" and promote the coordinated development of "hard connectivity" and "soft connectivity." First, improve the modern circulation network, build integrated comprehensive transportation hubs, and achieve unified standards, interconnected facilities, interoperable ticketing, mutual recognition of security checks, and compatible payments between regions. Second, promote the optimization and upgrading of trading platforms, accelerate the digital and intelligent transformation of commodity markets, establish and improve a unified national public resource trading platform system, and enhance the convenience of transactions for business entities. Third, enhance the level of digital infrastructure connectivity, promote the secure sharing of cross-regional data resources, and build a smart circulation system.

强化设施支撑，提升互联互通水平。要聚焦补齐“软联通”短板，推动“硬联通”与“软联通”协同发力。一是完善现代流通网络，建设一体化综合交通枢纽，实现区域间标准统一、设施互联、票制互通、安检互信、支付兼容。二是推动交易平台优化升级，加快商品市场数字化、智能化改造，建立健全全国统一的公共资源交易平台体系，提升经营主体交易便利度。三是提升数字基础设施互联互通水平，推动跨区域数据资源安全共享，构建智慧流通体系。

Unify supervision and law enforcement, and maintain fair competition order. Innovate supervision concepts and models, and promote the unification of supervision rules and efficient coordination of law enforcement. First, unify supervision rules, and unify cross-regional, cross-industry, and online and offline supervision rules. Second, improve the law enforcement coordination mechanism, and establish cross-regional and cross-departmental law enforcement cooperation mechanisms. Third, promote technology-empowered supervision, build a unified national market supervision information platform, and strengthen supervision technology support.

统一监管执法，维护公平竞争秩序。要创新监管理念和模式，推动监管规则统一、执法协同高效。一是统一监管规则，统一跨区域、跨业态和线上线下监管规则。二是健全执法协同机制，建立跨区域、跨部门执法协作机制。三是推进科技赋能监管，构建全国统一的市场监管信息平台，强化监管技术支撑。

Continuously expand opening up, and promote market unification through internal and external linkages. First, continue to focus on opening up to the domestic market, break down barriers to opening up between regions, promote the equal participation of various types of market entities in regional cooperation, actively align with high-standard international economic and trade rules, force the optimization and upgrading of domestic rules, and enhance the standardization level of the domestic market. Second, expand high-level opening up to the outside world, transform the successful experience of building a unified domestic market into the supply of international rules, and enhance China's voice and influence in the formulation of global economic rules. Third, strengthen the linkage between domestic and foreign markets, promote the integrated development of domestic and foreign trade, and facilitate the efficient linkage of the two markets and two resources at home and abroad. Actively participate in global economic governance, promote the establishment of a more just and reasonable international economic order, and create a favorable external environment for the construction of a unified national market.

持续扩大开放，内外联动促进市场统一。一是继续抓好对内开放，打破区域间开放壁垒，推动各类市场主体平等参与区域合作，积极对接国际高标准经贸规则，倒逼国内规则优化升级，提升国内市场规范化水平。二是扩大高水平对外开放，将国内统一大市场建设的成功经验转化为国际规则供给，增强我国在全球经济规则制定中的话语权和影响力。三是强化内外市场联动，推动内外贸一体化发展，促进国内国际两个市场、两种资源高效联动。积极参与全球经济治理，推动建立更加公正合理的国际经济秩序，为全国统一大市场建设营造良好的外部环境。

(The authors are, respectively, Vice President of the Fujian Academy of Social Sciences; and Distinguished Researcher of the National Research Center for Political Economy of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics, Fujian Normal University)

（作者系福建社会科学院副院长；福建师范大学全国中国特色社会主义政治经济学研究中心特约研究员）