Make Good Use of the Valuable Experience Gained in Formulating and Implementing Five-Year Plans

General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at the opening ceremony of a study session for principal leading officials at the provincial and ministerial level on studying and implementing the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China [1]1 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024, focusing on comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization., systematically elaborating on the great significance of formulating and implementing five-year plans, making in-depth explanations around comprehensively, deeply, accurately understanding and grasping the strategic deployment of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, and setting forth clear requirements for striving to improve the Party’s ability and level in leading economic and social development. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [2]2 This is a standard formulation used by Xi Jinping to emphasize the need for subnational units to align their work with the central government's overall strategy., through the successive development of the “12th Five-Year Plan” [3]3 The principle of statutory planning (规划法定原则) refers to the legal requirement that the formulation, approval, implementation, and modification of national plans must follow established laws and regulations, ensuring their authority and stability., “13th Five-Year Plan” [4]4 The "long-term strategy—development plan—annual plan" (长期战略—发展规划—年度计划) mechanism describes how China's strategic goals (e.g., the Two Centenary Goals) are translated into actionable Five-Year Plans, which are then broken down into annual targets for implementation and evaluation., and “14th Five-Year Plan” [5]5 The “Five Persistences” (五个坚持) refer to a set of principles emphasized in the formulation and implementation of China’s Five-Year Plans, typically including persisting in the Party’s overall leadership, persisting in a people-centered development philosophy, persisting in deepening reform and opening up, persisting in a systems-thinking approach, and persisting in seeking truth from facts. periods, our Party has successfully advanced and expanded Chinese-path modernization, the new journey toward the second centenary goal [6] has achieved a good start, and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is an unstoppable trend. At the opening ceremony, General Secretary Xi Jinping summarized the experience with “five upholds” [7], pointing out that “in the long-term practice of formulating and implementing five-year plans, our Party has created and accumulated rich experience, including upholding the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, upholding proceeding from reality, upholding the national chessboard approach, upholding the promotion of democracy and pooling of wisdom, and upholding the principle of statutory planning.” To deeply study and understand the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech, we must accurately grasp and make good use of the valuable experience of the “five upholds,” scientifically plan and draw up a new development blueprint, ensure a good start and solid beginning for the “15th Five-Year Plan” [8], and continue to write new chapters in the two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability.

习近平总书记在省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻党的二十届四中全会精神专题研讨班开班式上发表重要讲话，系统阐述制定和实施五年规划的重大意义，围绕全面深刻准确领会和把握党的二十届四中全会战略部署作出深入阐述，对着力提高党领导经济社会发展能力和水平提出明确要求。党的十八大以来，经过“十二五”“十三五”“十四五”时期的接续发展，我们党成功推进和拓展了中国式现代化，第二个百年奋斗目标新征程实现良好开局，中华民族伟大复兴势不可挡。在开班式上，习近平总书记用“五个坚持”总结经验，指出“在制定实施五年规划的长期实践中，我们党创造积累了丰富经验，包括坚持党中央集中统一领导，坚持从实际出发，坚持全国一盘棋，坚持发扬民主、集思广益，坚持规划法定原则等”。深入学习领会习近平总书记的重要讲话精神，要准确把握和用好“五个坚持”的宝贵经验，科学谋划好、绘制好新的发展蓝图，确保“十五五”开好局、起好步，续写经济快速发展和社会长期稳定两大奇迹新篇章。

Upholding the Centralized and Unified Leadership of the Party Central Committee

坚持党中央集中统一领导

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “For a Party and a country as large as ours, if the Party Central Committee cannot exercise strong and effective centralized and unified leadership, a situation of each going its own way and acting willfully will emerge, and then nothing can be accomplished.” Upholding the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee is the fundamental basis for our continuous victories and provides the fundamental guarantee for the formulation and implementation of five-year plans.

习近平总书记指出：“我们这么大一个党、这么大一个国家，如果党中央不能实行坚强有力的集中统一领导，就会出现各自为政、自行其是的局面，那就什么事情也干不成。”坚持党中央集中统一领导，是我们不断取得胜利的根本所在，为五年规划的制定实施提供了根本保障。

After the founding of New China, from the “First Five-Year Plan” [9] to the “14th Five-Year Plan,” the formulation and implementation of five-year plans (programs) have always adhered to the Party’s leadership, comprehensively implemented the Party’s line, principles, and policies, and made phased deployments and arrangements for socialist modernization within the planning period. After years of exploration, we have formed a set of standardized procedures and practices in practice: the Party Central Committee proposes planning suggestions, pointing out the direction and setting the tone for the plan’s formulation; the State Council, based on the suggestions, organizes relevant departments to draft the outline of the plan, refining the content of the Party Central Committee’s suggestions into specific indicators and task measures; finally, it is submitted to the National People’s Congress for review, approval, and public announcement for implementation, making the five-year plan a common program of action for all the people. Through institutionalized means, the five-year plan transforms the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee into governance practice, providing a fundamental guarantee for socialist modernization.

新中国成立后，从“一五”到“十四五”，五年规划（计划）的制定实施始终坚持党的领导，全面贯彻党的路线方针政策，对规划期内社会主义现代化建设进行阶段性部署和安排。经过多年探索，我们在实践中形成了一套规范的程序和做法：党中央提出规划建议，为规划制定指明方向、确定基调；国务院根据建议组织有关部门编制规划纲要草案，将党中央建议内容细化为具体的指标和任务举措；最后提交全国人民代表大会审查批准并向社会公布实施，使五年规划成为全体人民共同的行动纲领。五年规划通过制度化方式将党中央集中统一领导转化为治理实践，为社会主义现代化建设提供了根本保证。

Since the New Era, General Secretary Xi Jinping has personally planned, personally

新时代以来，习近平总书记亲自谋划、亲自部署、亲自推动国家发展规划工作，担任规划建议文件起草组组长。“十三五”规划以新发展理念为主线进行谋篇布局，体现了我们党关于发展的政治立场、价值导向等重大问题。“十四五”规划将立足新发展阶段、贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局作为逻辑主线，体现了我们党对未来发展的深邃思考。

The proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan is laid out around the central tasks of the Party in the New Era and the new journey, and throughout it implements the systematic planning and deployment of Chinese-path modernization by the 20th National Congress of the CPC, fully reflecting the new thinking and new intentions of the Party Central Committee in promoting economic and social development. For example, centering on developing new quality productive forces in light of local conditions, it makes systematic arrangements for accelerating high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology, requiring the coordinated construction of a strong education system, a strong science and technology system, and a strong talent system, enhancing the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system, comprehensively strengthening independent innovation capabilities, and seizing the commanding heights of scientific and technological development. The important deployments in the proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan regarding expanding domestic demand and building a strong domestic market were refined and deployed as key tasks for this year's economic work at the Central Economic Work Conference held at the end of last year, becoming an important focal point for promoting a good start to the 15th Five-Year Plan. At the same time, the proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan prominently emphasizes upholding and strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, improving the Party's ability and level to lead economic and social development, and continuously using the Party's innovative theories to unify thinking, unify will, and unify action.

“十五五”规划建议围绕新时代新征程党的中心任务进行布局，通篇贯彻党的二十大对中国式现代化的系统谋划和部署，充分体现了党中央推动经济社会发展的新思路、新意图。比如，围绕因地制宜发展新质生产力，对加快高水平科技自立自强进行系统部署，要求统筹教育强国、科技强国、人才强国建设，提升国家创新体系整体效能，全面增强自主创新能力，抢占科技发展制高点等。“十五五”规划建议中关于扩大内需、建设强大国内市场等方面的重要部署，在去年底举行的中央经济工作会议上被细化部署为今年经济工作的重点任务，成为推动“十五五”实现良好开局的重要着力点。同时，“十五五”规划建议突出强调坚持和加强党中央集中统一领导，提高党领导经济社会发展能力和水平，持续用党的创新理论统一思想、统一意志、统一行动。

Through the overall planning of economic and social development, the Five-Year Plan has become one of the important means for the Party Central Committee to set the direction, plan the overall situation, formulate policies, and promote reform, effectively transforming the Party's propositions into the will of the state and the common action of the whole society, and stimulating the vitality of the whole society to start undertakings, innovate, and create.

通过对经济社会发展的总体谋划，五年规划成为党中央把方向、谋大局、定政策、促改革的重要手段之一，将党的主张有效转化为国家意志和全社会共同行动，激发全社会干事创业、创新创造活力。

Adhere to Proceeding from Reality

坚持从实际出发

At the opening ceremony of the special seminar for major leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial levels on studying and implementing the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly expounded on the correct outlook on political performance, requiring "adhering to proceeding from reality and acting according to laws." [1]1 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024, focusing on comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization. China has a vast territory, with different conditions and endowments in various places. At the same time, the current development faces a severe and complex domestic and international environment. Only by adhering to proceeding from reality and integrating theory with practice can we obtain a correct understanding of truth that reflects objective laws and formulate scientific decisions that conform to objective laws. This also clarifies the basic focus for the formulation and implementation of the Five-Year Plan.

习近平总书记在省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻党的二十届四中全会精神专题研讨班开班式上对正确政绩观作出深刻阐述，要求“坚持从实际出发、按规律办事”。我国幅员辽阔，各地情况不同、禀赋各异，同时，当前发展面临严峻复杂的国内外环境。坚持从实际出发，理论联系实际，才能获得正确反映客观规律的真理性认识，才能制定出符合客观规律的科学决策。这也为五年规划的制定实施明确了基本着眼点。

Adhering to proceeding from reality is reflected in the fact that the planning compilation process is also a process of in-depth investigation and research and scientific demonstration. The compilation of the Five-Year Plan attaches great importance to the practicality of goals and tasks, and by transforming macro goals into measurable and assessable indicators, it achieves specific guidance for the implementation of the plan. During the drafting stage of the proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan, the Party Central Committee organized six research groups to conduct special investigations in 12 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government; it commissioned relevant departments, units, and think tanks to carry out 35 key research projects on major issues of economic and social development. The proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan not only fully considers the changes and developments in the economic situation, clarifying the bottom line for stable growth, but also highlights the orientation of developing new quality productive forces, putting forward several new requirements to drive technological innovation and industrial development based on new trends in industrial development; it not only highlights the value orientation of putting the people first, increasing efforts to ensure and improve people's livelihoods, but also highlights the orientation of green and low-carbon development, strengthening the deployment for actively and steadily promoting and achieving carbon peak, and internalizing the requirements for promoting the continuous improvement of the quality of the ecological environment within the development goals. It is precisely on the basis of going deep into reality and conducting extensive research that the guiding principles of the proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan are scientific and precise, the main goals are clear and definite, and the tasks and measures are pragmatic.

坚持从实际出发，体现在规划编制过程也是深入调查研究、开展科学论证的过程。五年规划的编制高度重视目标任务的务实性，通过把宏观目标转化为可测量、可考核的指标，实现对规划实施的具体引导。在“十五五”规划建议起草阶段，党中央组织6个调研组，赴12个省区市进行专题调研；委托相关部门、单位和智库，就经济社会发展重大问题开展35项重点课题研究。“十五五”规划建议既充分考虑经济形势发展变化，明确稳增长的底线，又突出发展新质生产力导向，根据产业发展新趋势，提出若干牵引科技创新和产业发展的新要求；既突出坚持人民至上的价值取向，加大保障和改善民生力度，又突出绿色低碳导向，强化对积极稳妥推进和实现碳达峰的部署，把推进生态环境质量持续改善的要求内化在发展目标中。正是在深入实际、广泛调研的基础上，“十五五”规划建议的指导方针科学精准、主要目标清晰明确、任务举措求真务实。

Adhering to proceeding from reality is also reflected in the fact that the guidance of the proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan for local development focuses on differentiated policies and differentiated promotion, avoiding sweeping generalizations and empty abstractions. For example, important measures in the proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan, such as improving the regional innovation system, creating diverse forms of open highlands, and improving the implementation mechanism for rural construction in light of local conditions, contain the idea of promoting development according to local conditions. By "opening one lock with one key," it both serves and integrates into the overall national development situation and closely combines with one's own reality, providing important guidance for practicing the correct outlook on political performance and implementing the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in light of actual conditions. This can effectively prevent problems that may arise in the planning compilation process, such as departing from reality, blindly following trends, escalating requirements layer by layer, acting rashly and hastily, simply "outsourcing," and producing shoddy work.

坚持从实际出发，也体现在“十五五”规划建议对地方发展的指导注重分类施策、分类推进，不搞大而化之、空洞抽象。比如，“十五五”规划建议中完善区域创新体系、打造形态多样的开放高地、因地制宜完善乡村建设实施机制等重要举措，蕴含着因地制宜谋发展的思想。通过“一把钥匙开一把锁”，既服务和融入全国发展大局，又紧密结合自身实际，为践行正确政绩观、结合实际贯彻落实党的二十届四中全会精神提供了重要遵循，能够有效防止在规划编制中可能出现的脱离实际、盲目跟风，层层加码、急躁冒进，简单“外包”、粗制滥造等问题。

Adhere to the National Chessboard as a Whole

坚持全国一盘棋

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "We must firmly establish the thinking of the national chessboard as a whole. Planning and promoting the work of our own regions and departments must take implementing the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee as the premise, carry out work creatively, and achieve both adding luster to one's own domain and contributing to the overall situation." [2]2 This is a standard formulation used by Xi Jinping to emphasize the need for subnational units to align their work with the central government's overall strategy. The Five-Year Plan has outstanding comprehensiveness and holism, making overall arrangements nationwide. Adhering to the national chessboard as a whole clarifies the layout principle for the formulation and implementation of the Five-Year Plan.

习近平总书记指出：“要牢固树立全国一盘棋思想，谋划和推动本地区本部门工作要以贯彻党中央决策部署为前提，创造性开展工作，做到既为一域增光、又为全局添彩。”五年规划具有突出的综合性和全面性，在全国范围统筹部署。坚持全国一盘棋，为五年规划的制定实施明确了布局原则。

Through the overall planning of key areas and major tasks, the five-year plan establishes a priority order for resource allocation, enabling the state to concentrate its forces in critical periods and important fields to advance major projects and reform tasks of a holistic and foundational nature. For example, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, through the implementation of 165 major projects in the 13th Five-Year Plan and 102 major projects in the 14th Five-Year Plan, we have concentrated our forces to win the battle against poverty, historically resolving absolute poverty; integrated superior scientific and technological resources to carry out joint research on key core technologies, significantly accelerating the pace of achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement, with the global innovation index ranking leaping to 11th place. [3]3 The principle of statutory planning (规划法定原则) refers to the legal requirement that the formulation, approval, implementation, and modification of national plans must follow established laws and regulations, ensuring their authority and stability. Another example is that in recent five-year plans, great importance has been attached to the development and protection of territorial space. By clarifying the layout of new-type urbanization, agricultural and rural development, and ecological security, the spatial attributes of the plans have been strengthened, promoting the coordinated development of the economy, population, and resources and the environment, laying a solid foundation for the distribution of productive forces. Fully leveraging the powerful driving role of this series of major projects can both provide support for currently expanding domestic demand and stabilizing economic operations, and help accumulate new momentum and cultivate competitiveness for future development.

通过对重点领域和重大任务的统筹安排，五年规划为资源配置确立了优先顺序，使国家能够在关键时期、重要领域集中投入力量，推进具有全局性和基础性的重大工程与改革任务。比如，党的十八大以来，通过“十三五”165项、“十四五”102项重大工程项目的推进实施，我们集中力量打赢脱贫攻坚战，历史性解决绝对贫困问题；整合优势科技资源，开展关键核心技术联合攻关，实现高水平科技自立自强的步伐明显加快，全球创新指数排名跃升至第十位。又如，近几个五年规划对国土空间开发保护十分重视，通过明确新型城镇化、农业农村发展和生态安全等方面的布局，强化规划的空间属性，促进经济、人口和资源环境的协调发展，为生产力布局奠定坚实基础。充分发挥这一系列重大工程项目的强大牵引作用，既能够为当前扩大内需、稳定经济运行提供支撑，又有利于为未来发展积聚新动能、培育竞争力。

The proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan adheres to the principle of nationwide coordination, making overall plans for all regions, departments, and fields. For example, in building a strong domestic market, by regulating local governments’ economic promotion behaviors, breaking down local protection and market segmentation, etc., it guides changes in the ways local governments promote development, while adhering to the strategic basis of expanding domestic demand, insisting on the close integration of benefiting people’s livelihoods and promoting consumption, and investing in things and investing in people, so that the super-large market continuously becomes an important advantage for China’s development; in terms of regional layout, it optimizes and combines regional strategies, emphasizing the synergistic effect of the regional coordinated development strategy, major regional strategies, the main functional area strategy, and the new-type urbanization strategy, which is conducive to optimizing the distribution of major productive forces and better promoting the coordinated development of the east, central, west, south, and north regions with a systematic approach.

“十五五”规划建议坚持全国一盘棋，统筹协调各地区、各部门、各领域。比如，在建设强大国内市场方面，通过规范地方政府经济促进行为、破除地方保护和市场分割等，引导地方推动发展的方式发生改变，同时坚持扩大内需这个战略基点，坚持惠民生和促消费、投资于物和投资于人紧密结合，使超大规模市场不断成为我国发展的一个重要优势；在区域布局方面，对区域战略进行优化组合，强调发挥区域协调发展战略、区域重大战略、主体功能区战略、新型城镇化战略叠加效应，这有利于优化重大生产力布局，以系统观念更好促进东中西、南北方协调发展。

Adhering to nationwide coordination, by integrating forces from all sides, coordinating various interests, and making overall plans for various tasks, while encouraging all regions, departments, and fields to carry out work creatively, can truly ensure that the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee are implemented effectively, forming a dynamic pattern of complementary advantages and linked development among all regions, departments, and fields.

坚持全国一盘棋，通过整合各方力量、协调各种利益、统筹各项工作，同时鼓励各地区、各部门、各领域创造性开展工作，能够真正让党中央决策部署落地见效，形成各地区、各部门、各领域优势互补、联动发展的生动格局。

Adhere to Promoting Democracy and Pooling Wisdom from All Sides

坚持发扬民主、集思广益

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Promoting democracy, pooling wisdom from all sides, and extensively listening to opinions from all quarters are the consistent practice and fine tradition of the CPC Central Committee in studying major issues and formulating important documents.” The formulation of the five-year plan concerns the national economy and people’s livelihoods, involves all aspects of economic and social development, and is closely related to the production and life of the people. The process of formulating the five-year plan is a process of extensively promoting democracy, concentrating the wisdom of the entire Party and the whole country, and listening to voices from all sides. Unifying the strengthening of top-level design with adhering to soliciting ideas from the people, adhering to promoting democracy and pooling wisdom from all sides, and encouraging the broad masses of the people and all sectors of society to offer suggestions and ideas in various ways have become a distinctive feature and valuable experience of the five-year plan formulation work.

习近平总书记指出：“发扬民主、集思广益，广泛听取各方面意见，是中共中央研究重大问题、制定重要文件的一贯做法和优良传统。”五年规划编制事关国计民生，涉及经济社会发展方方面面，同人民群众生产生活息息相关。五年规划编制的过程，是广泛发扬民主、集中全党全国智慧、倾听各方声音的过程。把加强顶层设计和坚持问计于民统一起来，坚持发扬民主、集思广益，鼓励广大人民群众和社会各界以各种方式建言献策，已经成为五年规划编制工作的鲜明特点和宝贵经验。

To do a good job in formulating the 13th Five-Year Plan, General Secretary Xi Jinping visited farmhouses, entered enterprises, and toured industrial parks, observed people’s conditions, and sought good strategies. He successively presided over symposiums in Zhejiang, Guizhou, and Jilin, listening to the opinions and suggestions of leading officials from 18 provinces. To do a good job in formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan, General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over 7 special symposiums, gathering together with experts and scholars, people from new social strata, truck drivers, migrant workers, etc., for sincere interaction.

为做好“十三五”规划编制工作，习近平总书记访农家、进企业、走园区，察民情、问良策，先后在浙江、贵州、吉林主持召开座谈会，听取18个省份主要领导同志的意见和建议。为做好“十四五”规划编制工作，习近平总书记主持召开7场专题座谈会，与专家学者、新的社会阶层人士、货车司机、农民工等齐聚一堂，真诚互动。

The drafting of the proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan is likewise a process of opening the door to seek advice and pooling wisdom and strength. The Party Central Committee has run the principle of promoting democracy and pooling wisdom from all sides through the entire process of drafting the document, extensively soliciting opinions from all sides. In January 2025, the Party Central Committee issued the “Notice on Soliciting Opinions on the Study of the Proposal for the 15th Five-Year Plan at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee,” soliciting opinions within and outside the Party to a certain extent. General

“十五五”规划建议的起草，同样是开门问策、集智聚力的过程。党中央把发扬民主、集思广益贯穿文件起草工作全过程，广泛征求各方意见。2025年1月，党中央发出《关于对党的二十届四中全会研究“十五五”规划建议征求意见的通知》，在党内外一定范围征求意见。习近平总书记对“十五五”规划编制工作作出重要指示，要求“坚持科学决策、民主决策、依法决策”“广泛凝聚共识，以多种方式听取人民群众和社会各界的意见建议，充分吸收干部群众在实践中创造的新鲜经验”。习近平总书记在上海主持召开部分省区市“十五五”时期经济社会发展座谈会，听取7个省区市主要负责同志的意见和建议，并委托中央领导同志先后主持召开3场座谈会，听取经济界、科技界和基层代表的意见。“十五五”规划编制工作还开展网络征求意见活动，累计收到网民建言超过311.3万条。

The process of drafting the Five-Year Plan adheres to promoting democracy, soliciting opinions from the public, and pooling wisdom from all sides. It extensively absorbs suggestions and opinions from all sectors of society, building the greatest policy consensus. This becomes a vivid embodiment of intra-Party democracy and whole-process people's democracy, enabling the "things the Party and government want to do" and "the aspirations of the common people" to resonate at the same frequency. Precisely because of this, the Five-Year Plan centrally embodies the common development vision of the entire people, coalescing a powerful joint force for advancing Chinese-path modernization.

五年规划编制过程坚持发扬民主、开门问策、集思广益，广泛吸纳社会各界意见和建议，凝聚最大政策共识，成为党内民主和全过程人民民主的生动体现，能够让“党和政府要干的”和“老百姓心里所盼的”同频共振。正因如此，五年规划集中体现全体人民的共同发展愿景，凝聚起推进中国式现代化的强大合力。

Adhere to the Principle of Statutory Planning

坚持规划法定原则

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: "Give play to the strategic guiding role of the national development plan" and "Improve the national strategic planning system and the mechanism for policy coordination and alignment." Implementing the national development plan fully reflects the organic unity of upholding Party leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance; it is a distinct advantage of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Adhering to the principle of statutory planning provides legal safeguards for the formulation and implementation of the Five-Year Plan.

习近平总书记指出：“发挥国家发展规划的战略导向作用”“完善国家战略规划体系和政策统筹协调机制”。实施国家发展规划，充分体现了坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，是中国特色社会主义制度的显著优势所在。坚持规划法定原则，为五年规划的制定实施提供了法治保障。

The planning system, with the national development plan at its core, has a development process closely linked to the legalization of planning. After the founding of New China, the types of plans (plans) in our country gradually increased, and the levels of plans (plans) became increasingly clear. Currently, our country is establishing and improving a national planning system that is led by the national development plan, based on spatial plans, and supported by specialized plans and regional plans. It is jointly composed of national, provincial, city, and county-level plans, with accurate positioning, clear boundaries, complementary functions, and unified coordination. Horizontally, major spatial layouts are implemented through spatial plans; deployments in various fields are refined through specialized plans for those fields; and tasks crossing administrative regions are coordinated and deployed through regional plans. Vertically, by strengthening guidance for the drafting of Five-Year Plans in various localities, the quality and level of local plans are improved, achieving effective implementation and enforcement of national development tasks. In recent years, we have particularly emphasized planning guidance, policy coordination, and work synergy, insisting that plans set the direction, finance provides the guarantee, finance serves as the support, and other policies are coordinated. By decomposing the main indicators of the national development plan into the annual indicator system and ensuring balance between years, a systematic advancement and closed-loop implementation mechanism of "long-term strategy—development plan—annual plan" has been formed.

以国家发展规划为核心的规划体系，其发展进程是与规划法治化进程紧密联系在一起的。新中国成立后，我国的规划（计划）种类逐渐增多、规划（计划）层级日益清晰。当前，我国正在建立健全以国家发展规划为统领，以空间规划为基础，以专项规划、区域规划为支撑，由国家、省、市县级规划共同组成，定位准确、边界清晰、功能互补、统一衔接的国家规划体系。从横向看，涉及空间的重大布局通过空间规划落地，对各领域的部署通过该领域的专项规划进行细化，跨行政区的任务通过区域规划进行协调部署；从纵向看，通过加强对各地五年规划编制的指导，提升地方规划质量和水平，实现对国家发展任务的有效贯彻落实。近年来，我们特别强调规划引领、政策协调和工作协同，坚持规划定方向、财政作保障、金融为支撑、其他政策相协调。通过将国家发展规划的主要指标分解纳入年度指标体系并做好年度间平衡，形成了“长期战略—发展规划—年度计划”的体系化推进和闭环落实机制。

Adhering to the principle of statutory planning, fixing mature practices as legal systems, and using the rule of law to guide and guarantee the construction of a unified planning system is conducive both to maintaining the internal coordination and unity of the planning system, enhancing the consistency of macro-policy orientations, and forming a synergy in planning, and to further improving the implementation guarantee mechanism of the national development plan, providing institutional support for better exerting its strategic guiding role. Currently, the legislative process for the national development plan is steadily advancing, and the legalization of planning in our country will enter a new stage. Using the rule of law to guide and guarantee the construction of a unified planning system will better transform our country's institutional advantages into governance effectiveness.

坚持规划法定原则，将成熟做法固定为法律制度，通过法治引领和保障统一规划体系建设，既有利于保持规划体系的内部协调统一，增强宏观政策取向一致性，形成规划合力，也有利于进一步健全国家发展规划的实施保障机制，为更好发挥其战略导向作用提供制度支撑。当前，国家发展规划立法进程持续推进，我国规划法治化建设将进入新的阶段。以法治引领和保障统一规划体系建设，将把我国的制度优势更好转化为国家治理效能。

A scientific summary and generalization of the valuable experience of the “Five Persistences” [5]5 The “Five Persistences” (五个坚持) refer to a set of principles emphasized in the formulation and implementation of China’s Five-Year Plans, typically including persisting in the Party’s overall leadership, persisting in a people-centered development philosophy, persisting in deepening reform and opening up, persisting in a systems-thinking approach, and persisting in seeking truth from facts. has further enriched and developed General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on development strategies and planning, elevating our Party’s understanding of the laws governing medium- and long-term development planning to a new height. Looking at the world, how to properly handle the relationship between short-term development and medium- and long-term development has always been a global challenge. General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on development strategies and planning have enriched and perfected the theoretical doctrine on development planning, achieving a systematic construction from strategic planning to strategic implementation, deepening our Party’s understanding of the laws governing the Communist Party’s governance, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of human social development. They are an important intellectual crystallization of the political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics and also a major contribution to the theory of world development economics. They not only provide scientific guidance for China’s economic and social development but also offer valuable experience and important references for developing countries exploring development paths suited to their own conditions.

对“五个坚持”的宝贵经验进行科学总结概括，进一步丰富和发展了习近平总书记关于发展战略和规划的重要论述，把我们党对中长期发展规划的规律性认识提升到新的高度。放眼世界，如何处理好短期发展和中长期发展的关系始终是一项世界性难题。习近平总书记关于发展战略和规划的重要论述，丰富和完善了关于发展规划的理论学说，实现了从战略谋划到战略落地的体系化构建，深化了我们党对共产党执政规律、社会主义建设规律、人类社会发展规律的认识，是中国特色社会主义政治经济学的重要思想结晶，也是对世界发展经济学理论作出的重大贡献，不仅为我国经济社会发展提供了科学指引，也为发展中国家探索适合自己的发展路径提供了宝贵经验和重要参考。

On the New Era’s new journey, we must strengthen confidence in our system, firmly grasp and make good use of the valuable experience of the “Five Persistences,” comprehensively, profoundly, and accurately understand the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, accurately grasp the general trend of development, scientifically plan objectives and tasks, precisely formulate policy measures, pragmatically make specific arrangements, and continuously enhance the forward-looking, guiding, and innovative nature of the plan. This will inject strong momentum into achieving major breakthroughs in strategic tasks related to the overall situation of Chinese-path modernization and ensuring decisive progress in basically realizing socialist modernization.

新时代新征程，我们要坚定制度自信，牢牢把握和用好“五个坚持”的宝贵经验，全面深刻准确领会党中央决策部署，准确把握发展大势，科学谋划目标任务，精准制定政策举措，务实作出具体部署，不断增强规划的前瞻性、指导性、创新性，为推动事关中国式现代化全局的战略任务取得重大突破、确保基本实现社会主义现代化取得决定性进展注入强劲动能。

(The author is Executive Vice Dean of the Institute for China Development Planning at Tsinghua University)

（作者为清华大学中国发展规划研究院常务副院长）