Coordinately Advancing High-Quality Development and High-Efficiency Governance in the Process of Chinese-Path Modernization

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China’s economic and social development has achieved remarkable accomplishments, and the stage of development has gradually shifted from high-speed growth to high-quality development. Facing increasingly complex international and domestic situations, the importance of high-efficiency governance has become ever more prominent. In the process of modernization, the Chinese system, Chinese governance, and Chinese development have achieved a high degree of integration, forming a virtuous cycle of promoting development through reform, promoting stability through development, and using stability to provide a good social environment and foundation for further reform and development, thereby realizing the organic unity of development and governance, and the organic unity of vitality and order. In May 2025, during an inspection in Henan, Xi Jinping emphasized the need to “strive to write a new chapter of Chinese-path modernization on the Central Plains with high-quality development and high-efficiency governance,” profoundly revealing that high-quality development and high-efficiency governance are powerful supports and guarantees for advancing Chinese-path modernization. Currently, under the dual challenges of profound changes in the global governance system and the domestic transformation towards high-quality development, how to further enhance the effectiveness of national governance to better promote high-quality development has become an important proposition for ensuring the steady and sustained progress of Chinese-path modernization.

党的十八大以来，我国经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的成就，发展阶段也逐步从高速增长转向高质量发展。面对日益复杂的国际国内形势，高效能治理的重要性愈发凸显。在现代化进程中，中国制度、中国之治和中国发展实现了高度整合，形成了以改革促发展，以发展促稳定，以稳定为进一步改革和发展提供良好的社会环境和基础的良性循环，实现了发展与治理的有机统一、活力和秩序的有机统一。2025年5月，习近平在河南考察时强调，要“以高质量发展和高效能治理奋力谱写中原大地推进中国式现代化新篇章”，深刻揭示了高质量发展与高效能治理是推进中国式现代化进程的有力支撑和保障。当前，全球治理体系深刻变革与国内高质量发展转型的双重挑战下，如何进一步提升国家治理效能更好推进高质量发展，已成为推动中国式现代化行稳致远的重要命题。

I. The Organic Unity of High-Quality Development and High-Efficiency Governance

一、高质量发展和高效能治理有机统一

“The real content of all epoch-making systems is formed by the needs of the era that produced them.” [1]1 This is a paraphrase of a passage from Engels’ *Anti-Dühring* (Part III, Chapter II: “Theory of Force”). Rooted in the New Era, the coordinated advancement of high-quality development and high-efficiency governance is precisely a major systemic innovation that responds to changes in China’s principal social contradiction and the needs of modernization construction. The Communist Party of China, closely following the necessities of development and the urgencies of governance, deeply integrates the practical requirements of high-quality development with the institutional guarantees of high-efficiency governance in the autonomous process of institutional construction. It uses governance effectiveness to consolidate the foundation of development and tests governance effectiveness through the quality of development. This not only responds to the theoretical tension between development and governance in contemporary China but also solidifies the practical support for the modernization of national governance.

“一切划时代的体系的真正的内容都是由于产生这些体系的那个时期的需要而形成起来的。”立足新时代，高质量发展与高效能治理的协同推进，正是顺应我国社会主要矛盾变化、现代化建设需求的重大体系创新。中国共产党紧扣发展所需与治理所急，在自主推进制度建构中，将高质量发展的实践要求与高效能治理的制度保障深度融合，以治理效能夯实发展根基，以发展质量检验治理成效，不仅回应了当代中国发展与治理的理论张力，也为国家治理现代化筑牢实践支撑。

(I) The Connotations of High-Quality Development and High-Efficiency Governance

（一）高质量发展和高效能治理的内涵

“High-quality development is development that can well meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life, is development that embodies the new development philosophy, and is development where innovation becomes the primary driving force, coordination becomes an endogenous characteristic, green becomes a universal form, openness becomes the only path, and sharing becomes the fundamental goal.” Its core lies in achieving a more efficient, more balanced, and more sustainable development model through systemic transformation, marking a key shift in the Chinese economy from a stage of quantitative accumulation to a stage of qualitative breakthrough. The proposal of this strategy is based on changes in China’s principal social contradiction and the transformation of the economic stage; the logic of development must inevitably shift from the past extensive model pursuing scale and speed to an intensive model prioritizing quality and efficiency. Marx pointed out in *Capital*: “Social forces work exactly like natural forces: blindly, forcibly, destructively, so long as we do not understand them and fail to take them into account. But once we understand them, once we grasp their action, their direction, their effects, it depends only upon ourselves to subject them more and more to our will and to attain our ends through them.” [2]2 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform’” (November 2013). High-quality development is precisely a profound grasp and active application of the laws of economic development. By proactively adjusting development strategies, it makes economic development better serve the people’s needs and the long-term interests of the nation. First, high-quality development emphasizes a fundamental improvement in the efficiency of resource allocation. By deepening supply-side structural reform, it corrects resource misallocation and establishes a market-based allocation mechanism for factors of production characterized by “effective incentives for property rights, free flow of factors, flexible price responses, fair and orderly competition, and survival of the fittest for enterprises.” At the same time, addressing market failures in areas with strong externalities, such as basic research, it strengthens the construction of the national innovation system. Through government guidance and market coordination, it breaks through key core technologies, injecting innovative momentum into efficiency improvement. Second, it emphasizes the coordination of development. By implementing the coordinated regional development strategy and the rural revitalization strategy, it promotes the rational flow of resources to the central and western regions and rural areas. Finally, it pursues the sharing of development achievements. By continuously improving the quality of education, employment quality, and the level of social security, it ensures that the fruits of development benefit all the people more and more fairly, especially low-income groups. This is not only a manifestation of the essential characteristic of common prosperity under the socialist system but also a practical transformation of the requirement that “letting the people live a good life is the starting point and落脚点 of all our work.” [3]3 Marx and Engels, *The German Ideology* (1845-1846). This transcendence of pure economic efficiency does not negate efficiency itself but rather achieves a dynamic balance between market efficiency and social equity. It can be seen that high-quality development is the concretization of the new development philosophy. It requires both giving full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and compensating for market deficiencies and achieving broader social benefits through institutional innovation and policy guidance, ultimately serving the construction of a modernized economic system and the formation of a new development pattern.

“高质量发展，就是能够很好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的发展，是体现新发展理念的发展，是创新成为第一动力、协调成为内生特点、绿色成为普遍形态、开放成为必由之路、共享成为根本目的的发展。”其核心在于通过系统性变革实现更高效、更均衡、更可持续的发展模式，标志着中国经济从量的积累阶段向质的突破阶段的关键转换。这一战略的提出是基于我国社会主要矛盾的变化和经济阶段的转换，发展逻辑必然从过去追求规模速度的粗放模式，转向质量效益优先的集约模式。马克思在《资本论》中指出：“社会力量完全像自然力一样，在我们还没有认识和考虑到它们的时候，起着盲目的、强制的和破坏的作用。但是，一旦我们认识了它们，理解了它们的活动、方向和作用，那么，要使它们越来越服从我们的意志并利用它们来达到我们的目的，就完全取决于我们了。”高质量发展正是对经济发展规律的深刻把握与主动运用，通过主动调整发展策略，让经济发展更好服从于人民需求与国家长远利益。首先，高质量发展强调资源配置效率的根本性提升，通过深化供给侧结构性改革纠正资源错配问题，建立“产权有效激励、要素自由流动、价格反应灵活、竞争公平有序、企业优胜劣汰”的要素市场化配置机制；同时，针对市场经济在基础研究等外部性较强领域的失灵问题，加强国家创新体系建设，通过政府引导与市场协同，突破关键核心技术，为效率提升注入创新动能。其次，注重发展的协调性，通过实施区域协调发展战略、乡村振兴战略，推动资源向中西部和农村地区合理流动。最后，追求发展成果的共享性，通过持续提升教育质量、就业质量、社会保障水平，让发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民，特别是低收入群体，这既是社会主义制度共同富裕本质特征的体现，也是“让老百姓过上好日子是我们一切工作的出发点和落脚点”要求的实践转化。这种对单纯经济效率的超越并非否定效率本身，而是实现市场效率与社会公平的动态平衡。可见，高质量发展是新发展理念的具象化，既要求充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，又需要通过制度创新和政策引导弥补市场缺陷、实现更广泛的社会效益，最终服务于现代化经济体系构建与新发展格局形成。

Governance refers to the dynamic process of decision-making, implementation, and supervision of public affairs through the collaborative cooperation of multiple subjects, including the government, social organizations, enterprises, and citizens. Its core is the decentralization of power and the sharing of responsibility, and its scope of practice covers local, national, and international levels. National governance refers to the process by which the state, through tools such as institutions, policies, and laws, coordinates multiple subjects including the government, social organizations, and citizens to jointly manage public affairs, maintain social order, and promote public interests. The essence of national governance lies in regulating power and optimizing the allocation of social resources. It covers various fields including politics, economy, society, culture, and ecology; includes levels such as global and regional governance, national governance, local governance, and grassroots social governance; involves sectors such as government, market, and society; includes links such as decision-making, support, implementation, evaluation, and supervision; and is divided into normal governance and abnormal governance. “Effectiveness” is composed of “effect” and “capability,” referring to the ability of an actor to exert their talents to achieve goals. High efficiency means being effective and having actions conducive to goal attainment. High-efficiency governance, as a multi-dimensional integrated governance system, takes governance concepts, subjects, goals, methods, paths, and patterns as its core elements. Through policy scientificity, implementation efficiency, and systemic systematicity, it achieves a dynamic balance between national development and social stability. Governance subjects, by establishing goals, constructing a governance system, and designing institutional norms, guide the people to identify with governance concepts and recognize development goals, promoting the coordinated development of the state and society. Its key elements include the authority of governance subjects, the guiding nature of concepts, the leading nature of goals, and the systematic nature of the governance system and capacity. It emphasizes the role of top-level design and the linkage between institutional norms and people’s recognition. Through the synergistic relationship of various elements, it achieves an interactive balance between governance subjects and objects, a synergistic transformation of concepts and practices, an organic integration of value pursuits and goal setting, and a dialectical unity of governance purposes and instrumental means. High-efficiency governance is not a product of theoretical deduction but an original concept that condenses the practical experience and wisdom of China’s national governance. It takes the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics as its fundamental support, adheres to the people-centered value stance, and constructs a collaborative governance model with Party committee leadership, government dominance, and active participation of multiple subjects.

治理是指通过政府、社会组织、企业、公民等多元主体的协同合作，对公共事务进行决策、执行和监督的动态过程，核心是权力分散化与责任共担，实践范围涵盖地方、国家和国际三个层面。国家治理指国家通过制度、政策、法律等工具，统筹政府、社会组织、公民等多元主体共同管理公共事务、维护社会秩序、促进公共利益的过程。国家治理的本质在于规范权力、优化社会资源配置，涵盖政治、经济、社会、文化、生态等衡量领域，包括全球与区域治理、全国性治理、地方治理及基层社会治理等层级，涉及政府、市场、社会等部门，包含决策、支持、执行、评估、监督等环节，分常态治理与非常态治理。“效能”由“效”与“能”组成，指行为主体为实现目标发挥才能，高效能即有效用且行动有利于目标实现。高效能治理作为多维一体的治理体系，以治理理念、主体、目标、方法、路径及格局为核心要素，通过政策科学性、执行高效性与体系系统性实现国家发展与社会稳定的动态平衡。治理主体通过确立目标、构建治理体系、设计制度规范，引导人民认同治理理念、认可发展目标，推动国家与社会协调发展。其关键要素包括治理主体权威性、理念指导性、目标引领性及治理体系与能力的系统性，注重顶层设计作用，强调制度规范与人民认同的联动，通过各要素协同关系达成治理主体与客体的互动平衡、理念与实践的协同转化、价值追求与目标设定的有机融合、治理目的与工具手段的辩证统一。高效能治理并非理论推演的产物，而是凝聚我国国家治理实践经验与智慧的原创概念，以中国特色社会主义制度为根本支撑，坚持以人民为中心的价值立场，构建起党委领导、政府主导、多元主体主动参与的协同治理模式。

(II) High-Quality Development and High-Efficiency Governance Complement Each Other

（二）高质量发展和高效能治理二者相辅相成

High-quality development and high-efficiency governance are an organic whole that is deeply coupled and synergistically advanced in the process of modernizing national governance. From theoretical origins to practical logic, the two not only have a dialectical unity relationship where development determines governance needs and governance guarantees development quality, but also jointly serve the fundamental value orientation of being “people-centered.”

高质量发展与高效能治理是在国家治理现代化进程中深度耦合、协同共进的有机整体。从理论渊源到实践逻辑，二者既存在发展决定治理需求、治理保障发展质量的辩证统一关系，又共同服务于“以人民为中心”的根本价值取向。

1. Theoretical Logic: The Two Are Unified in the Essential Requirements of Modernizing the National Governance System

1. 理论逻辑：二者统一于国家治理体系现代化的本质要求

From the perspective of Marxist state theory, “political rule everywhere is based on the performance of some social function, and political rule can only persist when it performs this social function.” [1]1 This is a paraphrase of a passage from Engels’ *Anti-Dühring* (Part III, Chapter II: “Theory of Force”). High-efficiency governance, as the core means by which the state fulfills its social functions, has as its fundamental goal the provision of a stable institutional environment and public services for development; high-quality development, as the core carrier for the realization of social functions, has its development quality and direction determine the focus and path of governance. In the contemporary Chinese context, high-quality development is the theme of China’s economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period and beyond, while high-efficiency governance is a key component of modernizing the national governance system and governance capacity. Both are rooted in the soil of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and unified within the modernization of the national governance system. Xi Jinping clearly pointed out: “To modernize the national governance system and governance capacity means to adapt to the changes of the times, both reforming institutional mechanisms, laws, and regulations that do not meet the requirements of practical development, and continuously constructing new institutional mechanisms, laws, and regulations, so that systems in all aspects become more scientific and more complete, achieving the institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization of the governance of Party, state, and social affairs.” [2]2 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform’” (November 2013). This further clarifies that the core of high-efficiency governance lies in providing systematic guarantees for development in various fields through institutional improvement and process optimization; while high-quality development’s pursuit of quality priority and the unity of efficiency and fairness, in turn, drives the continuous optimization of the governance system. At the theoretical level, the two form a progressive logic of demand, response, and optimization, jointly promoting the continuous evolution of the national governance system toward a more scientific and more complete direction.

从马克思主义国家学说视角看，“政治统治到处都是以执行某种社会职能为基础，而且政治统治只有在它执行了它的这种社会职能时才能持续下去”。高效能治理作为国家履行社会职能的核心方式，其根本目标是为发展提供稳定的制度环境与公共服务；而高质量发展作为社会职能实现的核心载体，其发展质量与方向又决定了治理的重心与路径。在当代中国语境下，高质量发展是“十四五”乃至更长时期我国经济社会发展的主题，而高效能治理是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的关键内容，二者共同植根于中国特色社会主义制度土壤，统一于国家治理体系现代化。习近平明确指出：“推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，就是要适应时代变化，既改革不适应实践发展要求的体制机制、法律法规，又不断构建新的体制机制、法律法规，使各方面制度更加科学、更加完善，实现党、国家、社会各项事务治理制度化、规范化、程序化。”进一步阐明高效能治理的核心在于通过制度完善与流程优化，为各领域发展提供系统性保障；而高质量发展对质量优先、效率与公平统一的追求，又反向推动治理体系不断优化。二者在理论层面形成需求、回应、优化的递进逻辑，共同推进国家治理体系朝着更科学、更完善的方向持续演进。

2. Practical Logic: High-Efficiency Governance Is an Important Guarantee for High-Quality Development, and High-Quality Development Is the Value Orientation of High-Efficiency Governance

2. 实践逻辑：高效能治理是高质量发展的重要保障，高质量发展是高效能治理的价值依归

On the one hand, high-efficiency governance provides a triple guarantee of institutional support, resource coordination, and risk prevention for high-quality development. “Institutions are nothing but the product of the intercourse among individuals that has existed up to the present.” [3]3 Marx and Engels, *The German Ideology* (1845-1846). The core function of high-efficiency governance is to regulate the order of intercourse and reduce development costs through institutional design and implementation, specifically manifested in perfecting the property rights protection system and the market-based allocation system for factors of production, creating a fair competitive environment for market entities, and stimulating innovation and creativity; constructing a scientific development assessment and evaluation system, breaking the “GDP-only” orientation, and guiding local governments to shift their focus to quality improvement and structural optimization. “High-quality development is the primary task of building a modern socialist country in all respects,” and to achieve this primary task, it is necessary to rely on the resource coordination capacity of high-efficiency governance. By coordinating the relationships between central and local governments, government and market, short-term goals and long-term interests, it avoids fragmentation and short-sightedness in development, ensuring the systematic nature and sustainability of high-quality development. On the other hand, high-quality development provides the value orientation and capacity testing standard for high-efficiency governance. High-efficiency governance is not an abstract concept but is measured by the effectiveness of high-quality development. Whether governance is efficient depends crucially on whether it can promote the improvement of development quality and whether it can solve the problems of unbalanced and inadequate development. The ultimate goal of high-efficiency governance is to remove obstacles for high-quality development by optimizing governance processes and improving governance effectiveness, thereby meeting the people’s needs for a better life; at the same time, the new development concepts of innovation, coordination, green, openness, and sharing in high-quality development also set specific goals for high-efficiency governance. High-quality development and high-efficiency governance form a relationship of mutual guarantee and guidance in practice, jointly promoting economic and social development toward higher quality, greater efficiency, more fairness, and more sustainability.

一方面，高效能治理为高质量发展提供制度支撑、资源统筹与风险防范三重保障。“制度只不过是个人之间迄今所存在的交往的产物。”高效能治理的核心功能是通过制度设计与执行，规范交往秩序、降低发展成本，具体体现为完善产权保护制度、要素市场化配置制度，为市场主体营造公平竞争的环境，激发创新与创造活力；构建科学的发展考核评价制度，破除“唯GDP”导向，引导地方政府将重心转向质量提升与结构优化。“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务”，而要实现这一首要任务，必须依托高效能治理的资源统筹能力，通过统筹中央与地方、政府与市场、短期目标与长期利益的关系，避免发展中的碎片化与短视化问题，确保高质量发展的系统性与持续性。另一方面，高质量发展为高效能治理提供价值依归与能力检验标准。高效能治理并非抽象概念，而是以高质量发展的成效为衡量尺度。治理是否高效，关键看其能否推动发展质量提升、能否解决发展中的不平衡不充分问题。高效能治理的最终目的，是通过优化治理过程、提升治理成效为高质量发展扫清障碍，进而满足人民对美好生活的需求；同时，高质量发展中创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，也为高效能治理设定了具体目标。高质量发展与高效能治理在实践中形成保障与引领并重的关系，共同推动经济社会向更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续的方向发展。

3. Value Logic: Both Serve the Fundamental Stance of “People-Centered”

3. 价值逻辑：二者共同服务于“以人民为中心”的根本立场

Marx and Engels pointed out in the *Communist Manifesto*: “The proletarian movement is the independent movement of the immense majority, in the interests of the immense majority.” This establishes the value foundation of socialist development and governance. In contemporary China, high-quality development is not only reflected in the quality of economic growth but also in the quality of sharing the fruits of development. Its core goal is to meet the people’s needs for better education, more stable jobs, more reliable social security, and higher-level medical and health services through development; high-efficiency governance is not simply efficiency-oriented but takes people’s satisfaction as the fundamental standard, solving the people’s urgent, difficult, and anxious problems by optimizing governance processes and improving service levels. High-quality development answers the question of what to develop for the people, focusing on the content and quality of development, creating richer material and spiritual wealth for the people by improving development quality; high-efficiency governance answers the question of how to guarantee the people’s development, focusing on the guarantees and paths of development, providing the people with fairer development opportunities and higher-quality public services by optimizing governance effectiveness. High-quality development and high-efficiency governance always take the people’s interests as the fundamental starting point and ultimate goal, jointly manifesting the distinctive characteristics of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.

马克思恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中指出：“无产阶级的运动是绝大多数人的，为绝大多数人谋利益的独立的运动。”这就确立了社会主义发展与治理的价值底色。在当代中国，高质量发展不仅体现为经济增长的质量，更体现为发展成果的共享质量，其核心目标是通过发展满足人民对更好教育、更稳定工作、更可靠社会保障、更高水平医疗卫生服务的需求；而高效能治理并非单纯的效率导向，而是以人民满意为根本标准，通过优化治理流程、提升服务水平，解决人民群众急难愁盼问题。高质量发展回答为人民发展什么的问题，聚焦于发展的内容与质量，通过提升发展质量，为人民群众创造更丰富的物质财富与精神财富；高效能治理回答如何保障人民发展的问题，聚焦于发展的保障与路径，通过优化治理效能，为人民群众提供更公平的发展机会与更优质的公共服务。高质量发展与高效能治理始终以人民利益为根本出发点与落脚点，共同彰显中国特色社会主义制度的鲜明特征。

II. Basic Experience of High-Quality Development and High-Efficiency Governance in the Process of Chinese-Path Modernization

二、中国式现代化进程中高质量发展和高效能治理的基本经验

In the process of Chinese-path modernization, it is necessary to scientifically coordinate the five pairs of relationships: economy and society, government and market, efficiency and fairness, vitality and order, and development and security. This not only reveals the underlying logic of economic and social operations but also clarifies the value orientation and practical path of national governance, providing theoretical guidance for advancing high-quality development and high-efficiency governance.

在中国式现代化进程中，要科学统筹经济与社会、政府与市场、效率与公平、活力与秩序、发展与安全这五对关系，既要揭示经济社会运行的底层逻辑，又要明确国家治理的价值取向与实践路径，为推进高质量发展、高效能治理提供理论指导。

(A) Correctly Handling the Relationship between Economy and Society

（一）正确处理好经济和社会的关系

Correctly handling the relationship between economy and society in the process of modernization is the core link maintaining the deep integration of high-quality development and high-efficiency governance. It not only determines the stability of the national development pattern but also directly relates to the vital interests of the people. On the one hand, economic growth provides the necessary material support for social development. A strong economic foundation is the basis for improving the social security system, raising the level of public services, and promoting scientific and technological innovation and other social construction. Marx profoundly pointed out in the *Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy*: “The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life.” This clarifies the foundational position of economic construction in social development. From establishing the development policy centered on economic construction in the early period of reform and opening up to focusing on high-quality economic development in the New Era, China has always taken liberating and developing social productive forces as its core task. Through measures such as industrial structure optimization, scientific and technological innovation breakthroughs, and market vitality stimulation, the national economic strength has continuously improved, providing solid resource guarantees for the development of social undertakings such as education popularization, medical upgrading, and social security improvement. On the other hand, the counter-effect of social development on economic growth is equally undeniable. A stable social order, a high-quality labor force, and a fair development environment are important supports for sustained and healthy economic development. In the field of education, from the literacy campaign to the consolidation and improvement of nine-year compulsory education and the popularization of higher education, a large number of professional talents have been cultivated for economic transformation and upgrading; in the field of social security, from the exploration of the welfare system in the early days of the founding of New China to the national pooling of old-age insurance and the wide coverage of medical insurance, this has not only enhanced the people’s sense of gain and security but also released consumption potential, injecting momentum into domestic demand-driven growth; in the field of social governance, from relying mainly on administrative forces in the early stage to currently constructing a governance system with coordinated participation of multiple entities including government, society, enterprises, and the public, empowered by science and technology, risks and conflicts have been effectively resolved, creating a stable and orderly social environment for economic development. At the same time, in handling the relationship between economy and society, China has always been guided by a systemic perspective. “At no time should we forget a truth: economic development and social security are like a boat and the water level; shallow water carries a small boat, deep water carries a large ship; violating the law will lead to running aground or capsizing.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, speech on promoting the high-quality development of social security undertakings (February 2021). Based on the basic national condition of being in the primary stage of socialism, we reasonably determine the goals and tasks of social construction, while ensuring and improving people’s livelihoods, we avoid exceeding economic carrying capacity, ensuring the sustainability of economic and social development.

在现代化建设的进程中正确处理经济与社会的关系，是维系高质量发展与高效能治理深度融合的核心纽带，不仅决定着国家发展格局的稳定性，也直接关联到人民群众的切身利益。一方面，经济增长为社会发展提供必要的物质支撑，雄厚的经济实力是完善社会保障体系、提升公共服务水平、促进科技创新等社会建设的根基。马克思在《〈政治经济学批判〉序言》中深刻指出：“物质生活的生产方式制约着整个社会生活、政治生活和精神生活的过程。”明确了经济建设在社会发展中的基础性地位。从改革开放初期确立以经济建设为中心的发展方针，到新时代聚焦经济高质量发展，我国始终将解放和发展社会生产力作为核心任务。通过产业结构优化、科技创新突破、市场活力激发等举措，国家经济实力持续提升，为教育普及、医疗升级、社会保障完善等社会事业发展提供坚实的资源保障。另一方面，社会发展对经济增长的反作用同样不可忽视。稳定的社会秩序、高素质的劳动力群体、公平的发展环境，是经济持续健康发展的重要支撑。教育领域，从扫盲运动到九年义务教育巩固提升、普及高等教育，为经济转型升级培育大量专业人才；社会保障领域，从新中国成立初期的福利制度探索到养老保险全国统筹、医疗保险广覆盖，既增强群众获得感与安全感，更释放消费潜力，为内需驱动注入动力；社会治理领域，从早期多依赖行政力量，到当下构建起政府、社会、企业、民众等多元主体协同参与，科技赋能的治理体系，有效化解风险矛盾，为经济发展营造了稳定、有序的社会环境。与此同时，我国在处理经济与社会关系时，始终以系统观念为指导。“什么时候都不能忘记一个道理，经济发展和社会保障是水涨船高的关系，水浅行小舟，水深走大船，违背规律就会搁浅或翻船。”我们立足社会主义初级阶段这一基本国情，合理确定社会建设的目标与任务，在保障和改善民生的同时，避免超越经济承受能力，确保经济与社会发展的可持续性。

(B) Correctly Handling the Relationship between Government and Market

（二）正确处理好政府和市场的关系

In the process of Chinese-path modernization, through the scientific adjustment of the relationship between government and market, we have effectively avoided both the economic fluctuations and social imbalances caused by market failure and the efficiency losses caused by excessive government intervention, thereby achieving organic synergy between government and market. From a theoretical logic perspective, although the classical Marxist writers did not directly discuss the relationship between government and market under the conditions of a socialist market economy, Marx’s analysis of the laws governing the operation of a commodity economy in Volume I of *Capital* provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the basic role of the market in resource allocation; Engels’ exposition on the functions of the state in the chapter “On Violence” in *Anti-Dühring*—namely, that “political rule everywhere rests on the performance of some social function, and political rule can only persist when it performs this social function”—also provides an intellectual source for the government’s role in macroeconomic regulation. Deng Xiaoping, based on China’s reform practice, broke through traditional cognitive limitations and clearly stated: “Whether there is more planning or more market is not the essential distinction between socialism and capitalism. A planned economy is not equivalent to socialism, for capitalism also has planning; a market economy is not equivalent to capitalism, for socialism also has markets. Both planning and market are economic means.” This laid the theoretical foundation for correctly handling the relationship between government and market. Xi Jinping emphasized: “Economic system reform is the focus of comprehensively deepening reform, and the core issue is to properly handle the relationship between government and market, enabling the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation and allowing the government to better play its role.” This further elevates our Party’s understanding of the laws governing the socialist market economy and guides China’s practice in continuously optimizing the pattern of government-market synergy. From a historical perspective, in the early days of the founding of New China, facing a situation of widespread ruin, China implemented a planned economic system, where the government played a key role in concentrating resources to advance industrialization and lay the foundation for the national economy, accumulating preliminary experience in government economic regulation. After reform and opening up, as market-oriented reforms gradually advanced—from a planned economy as the mainstay supplemented by market regulation, to establishing the goal of a socialist market economy system, and then to clearly defining the decisive role of the market in resource allocation and the better role of the government—China continuously explored the reasonable boundaries of the government-market relationship in practice, achieving deep synergy between an effective market and a competent government. From the perspective of summarizing experience, China’s practice both respects market laws, relying on the market to stimulate the vitality of entities to promote high-quality development, and emphasizes the government’s functions of macroeconomic regulation and public services, providing guarantees for high-efficiency governance through formulating development plans, improving institutional supply, and maintaining market order, thereby achieving a positive interaction between economic development and social governance.

在中国式现代化进程中，通过对政府与市场关系的科学调适，既有效规避了市场失灵引发的经济波动与社会失衡，又切实克服了政府过度干预造成的效率损耗问题，进而实现政府与市场的有机协同。从理论逻辑看，马克思主义经典作家虽未直接论述社会主义市场经济条件下的政府与市场关系，但马克思在《资本论》第一卷中对商品经济运行规律的分析，为认识市场配置资源的基础性作用提供了理论基石；恩格斯在《反杜林论》“暴力论”章节中关于国家职能的阐述，即“政治统治到处都是以执行某种社会职能为基础，而且政治统治只有在它执行了它的这种社会职能时才能持续下去”，也为政府发挥宏观调控作用提供了思想渊源。邓小平立足中国改革实践，突破传统认知局限，明确指出：“计划多一点还是市场多一点，不是社会主义与资本主义的本质区别。计划经济不等于社会主义，资本主义也有计划；市场经济不等于资本主义，社会主义也有市场。计划和市场都是经济手段。”为正确处理政府和市场关系奠定了理论基础。习近平强调：“经济体制改革是全面深化改革的重点，核心问题是处理好政府和市场的关系，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用。”这就进一步升华了我们党对社会主义市场经济规律的认识，指引着我国在实践中持续优化政府与市场协同发力的格局。从历史角度看，新中国成立初期，面对百废待兴的局面，我国实行计划经济体制，政府在集中资源推进工业化、奠定国民经济基础方面发挥关键作用，积累了政府调控经济的初步经验。改革开放后，随着市场化改革逐步推进，从计划经济为主、市场调节为辅到确立社会主义市场经济体制目标，再到明确使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用，我国在实践中不断探索政府与市场关系的合理边界，实现了有效市场与有为政府的深度协同。从经验总结看，我国实践中既尊重市场规律，依托市场激发主体活力以推动高质量发展；又注重政府宏观调控与公共服务职能，通过制定发展规划、完善制度供给、维护市场秩序，为高效能治理提供保障，达成经济发展与社会治理的良性互动。

(3) Correctly Handle the Relationship between Efficiency and Fairness

（三）正确处理好效率和公平的关系

Correctly handling the relationship between efficiency and fairness is essentially about achieving a match between national governance capacity and governance needs through institutional adjustment. Huntington pointed out in *Political Order in Changing Societies*: “Modernity breeds stability, but the process of modernization breeds turmoil.” By dynamically balancing efficiency and fairness, China has avoided the traps of development imbalance and governance failure in the modernization process. On the one hand, enhancing efficiency strengthens the material foundation and institutional flexibility of national governance, ensuring that the governance system is capable of responding to social needs; on the other hand, ensuring fairness consolidates social consensus, reduces conflicts and contradictions in development, and provides social support for high-efficiency governance. This experience of efficiency supporting development and fairness guaranteeing governance offers Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions for global governance that balance development and fairness. The formation of this experience is inseparable from the rich practical achievements accumulated by the Chinese Communist Party in adjusting governance strategies around the dialectical relationship between efficiency and fairness at different stages of development. In the early days of the founding of New China, facing a situation of widespread ruin, China used the planned economic system to ensure basic fairness, leveraged the institutional advantage of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks to lay the industrial foundation, and while achieving preliminary development efficiency, built a basic public service system covering both urban and rural areas, securing a baseline of fairness for subsequent development. After reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping proposed: “Let some regions and some people get rich first, to drive and help other regions and other people, gradually achieving common prosperity.” This clarified the development approach of prioritizing efficiency while considering fairness: unleashing development potential by stimulating market vitality to promote rapid growth of the total economic volume; and focusing on curbing the widening of disparities through means such as tax adjustments and regional cooperation, preventing the erosion of the development foundation by fairness imbalances, thereby providing flexible space for high-efficiency governance. Entering the New Era, as the principal contradiction in Chinese society has transformed, the Party’s grasp of the relationship between efficiency and fairness has become more precise, incorporating their unity into the overall framework of high-quality development and high-efficiency governance. Xi Jinping emphasized: “Achieving common prosperity is not only an economic issue but also a major political issue concerning the Party’s governing foundation.” This clarifies the value positioning of efficiency and fairness in the New Era, and subsequently, by improving the distribution system and constructing a coordinated institutional system of primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution, it both maintains the decisive role of the market in resource allocation to enhance efficiency, narrows income gaps through redistribution means such as taxation, social security, and transfer payments, and promotes equalization of basic public services by tilting education, healthcare, and elderly care resources toward grassroots, rural, and underdeveloped areas, achieving a positive interaction between economic development and social governance.

正确处理效率与公平的关系，本质上是通过制度调适实现国家治理能力与治理需求的匹配。亨廷顿在《变化社会中的政治秩序》中指出：“现代性孕育着稳定，而现代化过程却滋生着动乱。”我国通过动态平衡效率与公平，规避了现代化进程中发展失衡和治理失效的陷阱。一方面，以效率提升增强国家治理的物质基础与制度弹性，确保治理体系有能力回应社会需求；另一方面，以公平保障凝聚社会共识，减少发展中的矛盾冲突，为高效能治理提供社会支持。这种效率支撑发展、公平保障治理的经验，为全球治理提供了兼顾发展与公平的中国智慧、中国方案。这一经验的形成，离不开中国共产党在不同发展阶段围绕效率与公平的辩证关系调整治理策略所积累的丰富实践成果。新中国成立初期，面对百废待兴的局面，我国以计划经济体制保障基本公平，通过集中力量办大事的制度优势奠定工业基础，在实现初步发展效率的同时，构建了覆盖城乡的基本公共服务体系，为后续发展筑牢公平底线。改革开放后，邓小平提出：“一部分地区、一部分人可以先富起来，带动和帮助其他地区、其他的人，逐步达到共同富裕。”这就明确了效率优先、兼顾公平的发展思路：通过激发市场活力释放发展潜能，推动经济总量快速增长；注重通过税收调节、区域协作等手段抑制差距扩大，避免公平失衡对发展根基的侵蚀，为高效能治理提供了弹性空间。进入新时代，随着我国社会主要矛盾转化，党对效率与公平关系的把握更为精准，将二者的统一纳入高质量发展与高效能治理的整体框架。习近平强调：“实现共同富裕不仅是经济问题，而且是关系党的执政基础的重大政治问题。”这就明确了效率与公平在新时代的价值定位，进而通过完善分配制度，构建初次分配、再分配、第三次分配协调配套的制度体系，既保持市场在资源配置中的决定性作用以提升效率，又通过税收、社保、转移支付等再分配手段缩小收入差距，还通过强化公共服务均等化，推动教育、医疗、养老等资源向基层、农村、欠发达地区倾斜，实现了经济发展与社会治理的良性互动。

(4) Correctly Handle the Relationship between Vitality and Order

（四）正确处理好活力和秩序的关系

Marx pointed out: “Social forces, like natural forces, act blindly, forcibly, and destructively before we recognize and consider them. But once we recognize them, understand their activities, direction, and effects, it depends entirely on us to make them increasingly subject to our will and to use them to achieve our purposes.” The vitality of economic and social development must be guided by scientific order to avoid blindness and destructiveness and to transform into constructive forces. In the process of Chinese-path modernization, we both break down institutional and mechanistic constraints through reform to unleash economic and social vitality, and strengthen the foundation of social order through institutional construction and governance innovation, using social order to ensure the orderly release of social vitality, and using social vitality to enhance the endogenous driving force of social governance, so that vitality is always transformed into development effectiveness within a controllable and orderly framework.

马克思指出：“社会力量完全像自然力一样，在我们还没有认识和考虑到它们的时候，起着盲目的、强制的和破坏的作用。但是，一旦我们认识了它们，理解了它们的活动、方向和作用，那么，要使它们越来越服从我们的意志并利用它们来达到我们的目的，就完全取决于我们了。”经济社会发展的活力需以科学的秩序引导，才能避免盲目性与破坏性，转化为建设性力量。中国式现代化进程中既通过改革破除体制机制束缚以释放经济社会活力，又通过制度建设与治理创新筑牢社会秩序根基，以社会秩序保障社会活力的有序释放，以社会活力提升社会治理的内生动力，使活力始终在可控、有序的框架内转化为发展效能。

On the one hand, market-oriented reforms activate economic vitality, and law-based construction maintains market order, achieving a balance between economic vitality and market order. Deng Xiaoping once pointed out: "To achieve the four modernizations, we must have two hands; one hand alone will not do. The so-called two hands mean one hand grasps construction, and the other grasps the legal system." [12]12 Deng Xiaoping, "Emancipate the Mind, Seek Truth from Facts, and Unite as One to Look to the Future" (December 13, 1978), in *Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping*, vol. 2. The "four modernizations" refer to the modernization of agriculture, industry, national defense, and science and technology. The experience of "grasping with both hands" is precisely to delineate boundaries and provide guarantees for economic vitality through the rule-of-law order, ensuring that high-quality economic development is always advanced on a standardized track. Since reform and opening up, China has established a socialist market economy system, breaking the rigid constraints of the planned economy, allowing the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation, and stimulating the innovation drive and competitive vitality of various market entities; it has gradually improved the legal system of the market economy, from the Civil Code to the revision of the Anti-Monopoly Law, from the property rights protection system to the improvement of the market supervision mechanism—all of these use the rule-of-law order to regulate market behavior, maintain fair competition, and prevent vitality from degenerating into disorderly competition. On the other hand, social governance innovation coordinates social vitality with social order, building a social governance community where everyone has responsibility, everyone fulfills their duty, and everyone enjoys the benefits. In the early period of reform and opening up, as the social structure shifted from the highly centralized form of the planned economy to diversified differentiation, China began to relax some management authority in the social sphere, cultivating grassroots self-governing organizations such as neighborhood committees and village committees, initially releasing the vitality of social self-regulation and self-service. Entering the New Era, facing the new situation of profound adjustments in the pattern of social interests and an increase in contradictions and risks, while continuing to broaden channels for citizen participation in public affairs and supporting the development of social organizations to deepen the release of social vitality, China has also continuously improved the social governance system, strengthened the leadership role of Party committees and the guiding role of the government, improved risk prevention and control mechanisms and conflict resolution mechanisms, and consolidated the foundation of social stability and order. The evolutionary process from loosening constraints and releasing vitality to improving quality and standardizing has broken through the limitation of the traditional planned economy, which prioritized order over vitality, and conforms to the practical logic of Chinese-path modernization, which seeks progress while maintaining stability.

一方面，以市场化改革激活经济活力，以法治建设维护市场秩序，实现经济活力与市场秩序的平衡。邓小平曾指出：“搞四个现代化一定要有两手，只有一手是不行的。所谓两手，即一手抓建设，一手抓法制。”“两手抓”的经验，正是通过法治秩序为经济活力划定边界、提供保障，确保经济高质量发展始终在规范轨道上推进。改革开放以来，我国通过确立社会主义市场经济体制，打破计划经济的刚性约束，让市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，激发各类市场主体的创新动力与竞争活力；逐步完善市场经济法治体系，从《民法典》到《反垄断法》的修订，从产权保护制度到市场监管机制的健全，这些都是以法治秩序规范市场行为、维护公平竞争，避免活力异化为无序竞争。另一方面，以社会治理创新协调社会活力与社会秩序，建设人人有责、人人尽责、人人享有的社会治理共同体。改革开放初期，伴随社会结构从计划经济时期的高度集中向多元分化转变，我国开始放开社会领域部分管理权限，培育居委会、村委会等基层自治组织，初步释放社会自我调节、自我服务的活力。进入新时代，面对社会利益格局深刻调整、矛盾风险增多的新形势，我国在持续拓宽公民参与公共事务渠道、支持社会组织发展以深化社会活力释放的同时，不断完善社会治理体系，强化党委领导和政府主导作用，健全风险防控机制与矛盾化解机制，筑牢社会稳定秩序的根基。从松绑释活到提质规范的演进过程，突破了传统计划经济重秩序轻活力的局限，契合中国式现代化稳中求进的实践逻辑。

(5) Correctly Handle the Relationship Between Development and Security

（五）正确处理好发展和安全的关系

"Security is the prerequisite for development; development is the guarantee of security." Security lays a stable foundation for development, providing an orderly field for the progress of productive forces and the release of social vitality; development is the material basis of security, building a security shield through the enhancement of comprehensive national power and governance capacity. The dynamic balance between the two is both the value goal of high-quality development and the key benchmark of high-efficiency governance. Since the founding of New China, facing profound and complex internal and external environments at different stages, and in the process of catching up with modernization under conditions of parallel superposition and time-space compression, China has always treated development and security as a dialectically unified governance proposition. Through systematic prevention and control mechanisms, it has effectively resolved major risks in various fields, placing national security and the foundation of development on a more solid footing, and achieving a dynamic balance between high-quality development and high-level security. In the early period of New China, to consolidate the foundation for the start of modernization, institutional design was characterized by prioritizing security and building the foundation through development. Facing imperialist blockades and threats from residual domestic forces, the state achieved centralized allocation of resources by constructing a planned economic system, embedded national defense security considerations into the strategy of prioritizing heavy industry development, completed the initial accumulation of industrialization while consolidating the new regime, and balanced the layout of regional security and development through special deployments such as the "Third Front Construction," [13]13 "Third Front Construction" was a major national defense-oriented industrial relocation and development program initiated by Mao Zedong in the mid-1960s, moving key industries from coastal and border areas to China's inland provinces to prepare for potential war. laying a basic security framework for subsequent reforms. After reform and opening up, modernization entered an accelerated phase, and the focus of governance shifted to development leading and security adapting, emphasizing that "economic work is the biggest political task, and economic issues are political issues that override everything else." [14]14 Deng Xiaoping, "Emancipate the Mind, Seek Truth from Facts, and Unite as One to Look to the Future" (December 13, 1978), in *Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping*, vol. 2. Market-oriented reforms released development vitality, driving a rapid leap in total economic output, providing solid material support for national security. As reforms deepened, the importance of security became increasingly prominent: "For China, the issue that overrides everything else is the need for stability. Without a stable environment, nothing can be accomplished, and the achievements already made will be lost." [15]15 Deng Xiaoping, "Stability Overrides Everything" (February 26, 1989), in *Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping*, vol. 3. How to maintain security and stability amid rapid development and how to use security and stability to safeguard development became an important era-defining issue facing China. Entering the New Era, Chinese-path modernization has moved toward the stage of high-quality development, and the governance pattern of dynamic balance between development and security has been fully formed, becoming a distinctive feature of high-efficiency governance. Facing changes unseen in a century, the holistic approach to national security has expanded the security domain to 16 dimensions, including the economy, science and technology, and ecology, constructing a grand security framework through institutional innovations such as the National Security Law. In practice, while the "dual circulation" strategy ensures the security of industrial and supply chains, technological self-reliance and self-improvement are used to solve "bottleneck" problems; while the bottom line of preventing systemic financial risks is held, rural revitalization consolidates the foundation of grassroots security. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC [16]16 The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024, focusing on further deepening reform comprehensively to advance Chinese-path modernization. clearly stated that "national security is an important foundation for the steady and long-term progress of Chinese-path modernization. It is necessary to fully implement the holistic approach to national security, improve the systems and mechanisms for maintaining national security, achieve a positive interaction between high-quality development and high-level security, and effectively ensure the long-term stability and security of the country." [17]17 *Communiqué of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China* (July 18, 2024). This deployment marks the institutionalized integration of the two from a relationship of priority ordering to one of synergistic coexistence, providing a more sustainable governance plan for the modernization process.

“安全是发展的前提，发展是安全的保障。”安全为发展筑牢稳定根基，为生产力进步与社会活力释放提供有序场域；发展是安全的物质基础，它通过综合国力提升和治理能力筑牢安全屏障。二者的动态平衡，既是高质量发展的价值目标，也是高效能治理的关键标尺。新中国成立以来，面对不同阶段深刻复杂的内部外部环境，在并联叠加、时空压缩的现代化追赶中，我国始终将发展与安全作为辩证统一的治理命题，通过系统性防控机制有效化解各领域重大风险，将国家安全与发展基础建立在更稳固的基石之上，实现高质量发展和高水平安全的动态平衡。新中国成立初期，为夯实现代化起步根基，制度设计以安全优先、发展筑基为特征。面对帝国主义封锁与国内残余势力威胁，国家通过构建计划经济体制实现资源集中配置，在重工业优先发展战略中嵌入国防安全考量，既完成了工业化初步积累，又巩固了新生政权，并通过“三线建设”等专项部署平衡区域安全与发展布局，为后续改革奠定了基本安全框架。改革开放后，现代化进入加速推进阶段，治理重心转向发展引领、安全适配，强调“经济工作是当前最大的政治，经济问题是压倒一切的政治问题”，通过市场化改革释放发展活力，推动经济总量快速跃升，为国家安全提供了坚实物质支撑。随着改革深入，安全的重要性日益突出，“中国的问题，压倒一切的是需要稳定。没有稳定的环境，什么都搞不成，已经取得的成果也会失掉”。如何在快速发展中维护安全稳定、以安全稳定护航发展，成为中国所面临的重要时代课题。进入新时代，中国式现代化迈向高质量发展阶段，发展与安全动态平衡的治理格局全面形成，成为高效能治理的鲜明特征。面对百年变局，总体国家安全观将安全领域拓展至经济、科技、生态等16个维度，通过《国家安全法》等制度创新构建大安全格局。在实践中，既以“双循环”战略保障产业链供应链安全，又通过科技自立自强破解“卡脖子”难题；既守住不发生系统性金融风险的底线，又以乡村振兴夯实基层安全根基。党的二十届三中全会明确“国家安全是中国式现代化行稳致远的重要基础。必须全面贯彻总体国家安全观，完善维护国家安全体制机制，实现高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动，切实保障国家长治久安”，这一部署标志着二者从优先排序转向协同共生的制度化融合，为现代化进程提供了更可持续的治理方案。

3. Continuously Improve the Effectiveness of National Governance to Promote High-Quality Development and Ensure the Steady and Long-Term Progress of Chinese-Path Modernization

三、不断提升国家治理效能推进高质量发展，推动中国式现代化行稳致远

Xi Jinping pointed out: "The national governance system and governance capacity are the concentrated embodiment of a country's system and its implementation capacity." [18]18 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the Conference Celebrating the 60th Anniversary of the Founding of the National People's Congress" (September 5, 2014). In the new stage of development, facing complex and changing domestic and international situations and the people's growing needs for a better life, only by continuously optimizing the national governance system and improving governance capacity can we effectively respond to various challenges and promote sustained and healthy economic and social development.

习近平指出：“国家治理体系和治理能力是一个国家制度和制度执行能力的集中体现。”在新发展阶段，面对复杂多变的国内外形势和人民日益增长的美好生活需要，只有不断优化国家治理体系，提高治理能力，才能有效应对各种挑战，推动经济社会持续健康发展。

(1) Build a Solid Institutional Foundation for Industrial Upgrading and Market Fairness with an Efficient Rule-of-Law System

（一）以高效法治体系筑牢产业升级与市场公平的制度根基

In modern national governance, the rule of law not only delineates clear boundaries and provides stable expectations for various economic activities, effectively avoiding the uncertainties brought by policy changes and market fluctuations, but also injects lasting institutional momentum into high-quality development by regulating the relationship between the government and the market, optimizing the efficiency of resource allocation, and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of innovation entities. "The rule of law is the best business environment." [19]19 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the Central Economic Work Conference" (December 18, 2018). In practice, it is necessary to work on the entire chain of legislation, law enforcement, judiciary, and law-abiding, transforming the advantages of the rule of law into the effectiveness of national governance, and providing systematic institutional support for high-quality development.

在现代国家治理中，法治不仅为各类经济活动划定清晰边界、提供稳定预期，有效规避政策变动与市场波动带来的不确定性，还能通过规范政府与市场关系、优化资源配置效率、保障创新主体合法权益，为高质量发展注入持久的制度性动力。“法治是最好的营商环境。”实践中需从立法、执法、司法、守法全链条发力，将法治优势转化为国家治理效能，为高质量发展提供系统性制度支撑。

At the legislative level, perfecting a system of laws and regulations oriented toward high-quality development is the institutional prerequisite. Adhering to scientific legislation, democratic legislation, and law-based legislation, keeping pace with industrial upgrading trends, focusing on emerging industries and the digital economy sector, we must accelerate the formulation of specialized laws and regulations covering technical R&D norms, data property rights, and AI ethics, to fill regulatory gaps in new business forms. At the same time, the legislative process must smooth the channels for market entities to participate, incorporating opinions from enterprises, industry associations, and the public through hearings and demonstrations, ensuring that rules align with national strategic direction and manifest fairness and justice, thereby providing clear legal boundaries and sustained impetus for industrial upgrading. At the law enforcement level, strengthening effectiveness is the key to the implementation of the rule of law. It is necessary to establish cross-departmental and cross-regional law enforcement coordination mechanisms, unify standards and procedures, and avoid multiple or duplicate enforcement interfering with market entities; increase the severity of punishment for acts that undermine market fairness, such as monopolies, false advertising, and infringement and piracy, break up administrative monopolies and local protectionism, and safeguard a unified competitive market; advance the informatization of law enforcement, using big data and blockchain to achieve full-process traceable supervision, enhance the precision of law enforcement, reduce law enforcement costs, strengthen legal authority, and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of market entities. At the judicial level, optimizing safeguards is the final line of defense for upholding fairness. “Institutional issues are more fundamental, overarching, stable, and long-term.” [20]20 A quotation from Deng Xiaoping, “On the Reform of the Leadership System of the Party and the State” (1980), emphasizing the fundamental importance of institutional design. The optimization of the judicial system concerns market confidence and the investment environment, providing stable expectations for industrial upgrading. It is necessary to enhance the precision and professionalism of services, establish specialized bodies such as intellectual property courts and financial courts, cultivate compound judicial talent with both legal knowledge and industrial expertise, optimize the trial procedures for industrial disputes and market competition cases, and shorten the cycle; strengthen supervision over administrative actions, correct acts that illegally set market access restrictions or interfere with the autonomous operation rights of enterprises, and ensure the decisive role of the market in resource allocation. At the law-abiding level, universal law-abiding is the social foundation for the sustainability of the rule of law. Through policy interpretation and case-based publicity, we must strengthen legal propaganda, guide enterprises to incorporate upgrading and innovation into the legal framework, establish compliance incentive mechanisms, and provide policy and credit preferences to law-abiding enterprises; at the same time, disseminate the concept of the rule of law, enhance citizens’ legal awareness, and form an ecosystem where the government regulates according to law, enterprises operate according to law, and society supervises according to law.

在立法层面，完善以高质量发展为导向的法律法规体系是制度前提。坚持科学立法、民主立法、依法立法，紧跟产业升级趋势，聚焦新兴产业及数字经济领域，加快制定涵盖技术研发规范、数据产权、人工智能伦理的专门法律法规，弥补新业态监管空白。同时，立法过程须畅通市场主体参与渠道，通过听证、论证吸纳企业、行业协会及公众意见，确保规则符合国家战略导向、彰显公平正义，为产业升级提供清晰法治边界与持续动力。在执法层面，强化效能是法治落地的关键。须建立跨部门、跨区域执法联动机制，统一标准与程序，避免多头、重复执法干扰市场主体；加大对垄断、虚假宣传、侵权盗版等破坏市场公平行为的惩处力度，破除行政垄断与地方保护，维护统一竞争市场；推进执法信息化，运用大数据、区块链实现全过程留痕监督，提升执法精准度，降低执法成本，增强法律权威，切实维护市场主体合法权益。在司法层面，优化保障是维护公平的最后防线。“制度问题更带有根本性、全局性、稳定性和长期性。”司法制度优化关乎市场信心与投资环境，为产业升级提供稳定预期。须提升服务精准性与专业性，建立知识产权法庭、金融法庭等专门机构，培养兼具法律素养与产业知识的复合型司法人才，优化产业纠纷与市场竞争案件审理流程、缩短周期；加强对行政行为的监督，纠正违法设定市场准入限制、干预企业经营自主权等行为，保障市场在资源配置中的决定性作用。在守法层面，全民守法是法治可持续的社会基础。通过政策解读、案例宣讲强化法治宣传，引导企业将升级创新纳入法治框架，建立合规激励机制，对守法企业给予政策、信用倾斜；同时传播法治理念，增强公民法治意识，形成政府依法监管、企业依法经营、社会依法监督的生态。

(II) Unblocking the Effectiveness Bottlenecks of Data-Driven and Government Services through Digital Government Construction

（二）以数字政府建设打通数据驱动与政务服务的效能堵点

Since the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC [21]21 Held in October 2019, this plenary session of the CPC Central Committee focused on upholding and improving the socialist system with Chinese characteristics and modernizing the national governance system and governance capacity. explicitly proposed the concept of “digital government,” China’s government informatization construction has entered a new stage of systematic advancement. In 2021, Xi Jinping pointed out in a congratulatory letter to the World Internet Conference Wuzhen Summit: “We must stimulate the vitality of the digital economy, enhance the effectiveness of digital government, optimize the digital social environment, build a pattern of digital cooperation, and strengthen the digital security barrier, so that digital civilization can benefit the people of all countries.”

自党的十九届四中全会明确提出“数字政府”概念以来，我国政府信息化建设迈入系统性推进新阶段。2021年，习近平在致世界互联网大会乌镇峰会的贺信中指出：“要激发数字经济活力，增强数字政府效能，优化数字社会环境，构建数字合作格局，筑牢数字安全屏障，让数字文明造福各国人民。”

Digital government construction, by reconstructing governance models through digital technology, optimizing service supply, and enhancing the scientific nature of decision-making, has become a key breakthrough in advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. In practice, the deep integration of digital technology into government governance processes and the data-driven optimization of public services both answer the needs of the times for digital transformation and effectively meet the public’s expectations for precise and intelligent services, continuously accelerating the process of modernizing governance capacity. However, facing the new requirements of Chinese-path modernization, China’s digital government construction still faces problems such as unbalanced regional development and asynchronous construction timelines, giving rise to practical challenges such as difficulty in sharing government data, difficulty in interconnecting systems, difficulty in business coordination, and difficulty in reengineering governance processes, which constrain the full realization of digital government’s utility. First, it is necessary to build an overall and collaborative digital governance system, break down departmental barriers under the traditional bureaucratic hierarchy, achieve full-cycle management of government data and the upgrade of government services to intelligent decision-support systems, promote the shift of governance from fragmentation to holism, and at the same time accelerate the formulation of specialized regulations and the construction of a full-chain institutional framework, supporting digital governance with institutional change. Second, it is necessary to advance the market-oriented allocation of data elements and the improvement of the governance system, establish a scientific mechanism for data opening and protection, and rely on the synergy of marketization and the rule of law to clarify the boundaries of rights and obligations of the government, enterprises, and citizens in the digital space. Finally, strengthen the coordinated adaptation of technology and institutions, promote the deep integration of new infrastructure and governance, and simultaneously improve the ethical norms and risk prevention and control systems for digital governance, ensuring that governance innovation advances on a stable and orderly track.

数字政府建设通过数字技术重构治理模式、优化服务供给、提升决策科学性，成为推进国家治理现代化的关键突破口。在实践中，数字技术对政府治理流程的深度整合与数据驱动的公共服务优化，既回答了数字化转型的时代需求，又有效满足了公众对精准化、智能化服务的期待，推动治理能力现代化进程持续提速。然而，面对中国式现代化的新要求，我国数字政府建设仍面临区域发展不平衡、建设时序不同步等问题，衍生出政务数据共享难、系统互联互通难、业务协同难、治理流程再造难等现实挑战，制约了数字政府效用的充分发挥。首先，要构建整体协同的数字化治理体系，打破传统科层制下的部门壁垒，实现政务数据全周期管理与政务服务向智能化决策支持系统升级，推动治理从碎片化转向整体性，同时加快专项法规制定与全链条制度框架构建，以制度变革支撑数字治理。其次，要推进数据要素市场化配置与治理体系完善，建立科学的数据开放与保护机制，依托市场化与法治协同明晰数字空间中政府、企业、公民的权利义务边界。最后，强化技术与制度协同适配，推动新型基础设施与治理深度融合，同步完善数字治理的伦理规范与风险防控体系，确保治理创新在稳定有序的轨道上推进。

(III) Activating the Momentum of Diverse Entities’ Participation in Economic and Social Construction through a Pattern of Joint Contribution, Joint Governance, and Shared Benefits

（三）以共建共治共享格局激活多元主体参与经济社会建设的动能

Joint contribution, joint governance, and shared benefits are the core lever for activating the momentum of diverse entities such as the government, the market, and society to participate in economic and social construction, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of national governance and promoting high-quality development. Building a governance pattern of coordinated interaction among diverse entities can both unleash the vitality of social innovation, ensure the fairness and inclusiveness of economic and social construction, and gather the joint forces of all parties to consolidate the foundation of modernization, achieving a simultaneous improvement in governance effectiveness and development quality. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC [22]22 Held in October 2022, this congress set the strategic tasks for the next five years and beyond under Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. explicitly made “improving the social governance system, perfecting the social governance system of joint contribution, joint governance, and shared benefits, and enhancing the effectiveness of social governance” a strategic deployment, directly linking to the logic of coordination among diverse entities in economic and social construction. On the one hand, based on institutional guarantees, we must delineate clear paths for diverse entities to participate in economic and social construction. At the level of rule-of-law guarantees, focusing on the core areas of economic and social construction, we must clarify through legislation the boundaries of power and the scope of responsibility of entities such as the government, enterprises, social organizations, and the public. It is necessary both to perfect supporting laws and regulations for social organizations to participate in fields such as industrial development, rural revitalization, and public services, reducing the institutional participation costs for market entities and social forces, and to establish a system of government power lists and responsibility lists, avoiding excessive interference by administrative power in the allocation of market resources, ensuring that all types of entities participate in an orderly manner according to law, and achieving a benign interaction between government regulation, market autonomy, and social coordination. On the other hand, taking mechanism innovation as a breakthrough, we must activate the momentum of diverse entities’ participation from the key dimensions of economic and social construction. First, promote the simultaneous downward delegation of governance responsibilities and construction authority, stimulating the vitality of participation by grassroots entities. In the economic construction field, clarify the boundaries of power and responsibility between the central and local governments in industrial layout and regional development, achieving precise alignment between top-level design and local practice; in the social construction field, guide social organizations to participate in livelihood projects such as community services, elderly care, and childcare in the role of “micro-cells,” [23]23 A metaphor used in Chinese governance discourse to describe grassroots social organizations as the basic, active units that permeate and serve society, analogous to cells in a living organism. guarantee the public’s right to supervise and make suggestions on public affairs, and promote the transformation of enterprises and residents from onlookers to participants, forming a shared responsibility and joint force for economic and social construction. Second, innovate cross-regional coordination mechanisms, breaking down geographical barriers to economic and social construction. In response to the problem of unbalanced regional development, rely on digital platforms to achieve cross-regional sharing of industrial resources and livelihood service information, and establish a regional interest balancing mechanism under the unified leadership of the Party. Third, focus on the junction of people’s well-being and industrial development, and perfect the mechanism of joint contribution and shared benefits. In the public service field, construct an “Internet + government services” model, integrate resources in education, healthcare, and elderly care, allowing the public to directly enjoy high-quality services in the process of joint contribution; in the social development field, through multiple distribution systems such as tax adjustment and charitable guidance, ensure that development achievements are tilted toward workers and innovators, while using big data to match enterprise support policies, smooth channels for public participation in industrial planning, and activate the endogenous motivation for diverse entities to continue participating.

共建共治共享是激活政府、市场、社会等多元主体参与经济社会建设动能，进而提升国家治理效能、推动高质量发展的核心抓手。构建多元主体协同联动的治理格局，既能释放社会创新活力、保障经济社会建设的公平性与普惠性，又能凝聚各方合力筑牢现代化建设根基，实现治理效能与发展质量的同步提升。党的二十大报告明确将“完善社会治理体系，健全共建共治共享的社会治理制度，提升社会治理效能”作为战略部署，直接关联经济社会建设中多元主体的协同逻辑。一方面，以制度保障为基础，为多元主体参与经济社会建设划定清晰路径。在法治保障层面，聚焦经济社会建设的核心领域，通过立法明确政府、企业、社会组织、公众等主体的权力边界与责任范围。既要完善社会组织参与产业发展、乡村振兴、公共服务等领域的配套法规，降低市场主体与社会力量的制度性参与成本，又要建立政府权力清单与责任清单制度，避免行政权力对市场资源配置的过度干预，确保各类主体依法有序参与，实现政府调控与市场自主、社会协同的良性互动。另一方面，以机制创新为突破，从经济社会建设的关键维度激活多元主体参与动能。其一，推动治理责任与建设权限同步下沉，激发基层主体参与活力。在经济建设领域，厘清中央与地方在产业布局、区域发展中的权责边界，实现顶层设计与地方实践的精准衔接；在社会建设领域，引导社会组织以“微细胞”角色参与社区服务、养老托育等民生项目，保障公众对公共事务的监督权与建议权，推动企业、居民从旁观者转变为参与者，形成经济社会建设的责任共担合力。其二，创新跨区域协同机制，打破经济社会建设的地域壁垒。针对区域发展不平衡问题，依托数字化平台实现产业资源、民生服务信息的跨区域共享，在党的统一领导下建立区域利益平衡机制。其三，聚焦民生福祉与产业发展的结合点，完善共建共享机制。在公共服务领域，构建“互联网+政务服务”模式，整合教育、医疗、养老等资源，让公众在共建中直接享有优质服务；在社会发展领域，通过税收调节、慈善引导等多元分配体系，保障发展成果向劳动者、创新者倾斜，同时借大数据匹配企业扶持政策，畅通公众参与产业规划的渠道，激活多元主体持续参与的内生动力。

(IV) Realizing Development Achievements Better Benefiting the People by Enhancing People’s Well-Being

（四）以增进民生福祉实现发展成果更好惠及人民群众

As an important support for advancing Chinese-path modernization, the enhancement of national governance efficiency must take the substantive improvement of people’s livelihood and well-being as its core testing yardstick. Governance efficiency, as a key link in the transformation of institutional advantages into practical outcomes, is highly consistent in its value orientation with the logic of improving people’s livelihood and well-being. From a theoretical dimension, governance efficiency is not an abstract concept; its fundamental criterion for evaluation is always formulated around the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security. Governance practice divorced from the improvement of people’s livelihood would lose its value anchor. From a practical dimension, every institutional innovation and process optimization in governance modernization must ultimately be verified through actual results in areas of people’s livelihood such as employment security, educational equity, and medical service upgrades. On the new journey, consistently adhering to “the people’s aspiration for a better life is our goal” [24]24 A well-known formulation by Xi Jinping, first stated in 2012 after his election as General Secretary of the CPC, expressing the Party’s commitment to addressing the concrete needs of the people. and taking the enhancement of people’s livelihood and well-being as the starting point and ultimate goal of improving governance efficiency is precisely the inevitable choice for deeply integrating governance theory with livelihood practice, manifesting the value foundation of the governance system with Chinese characteristics. Specifically, by constructing a governance framework that integrates demand orientation, institutional supply, and efficiency transformation, the improvement of people’s livelihood and well-being is systematically transformed into an objective yardstick for testing governance effectiveness. At the level of demand orientation, a dynamic mechanism for identifying people’s livelihood demands is established. By integrating multi-source livelihood data through big data technology, a demand map for people’s livelihood covering areas such as education, healthcare, elderly care, and housing is constructed, and a social policy simulation system is used to grade demands and prioritize them. On this basis, a cross-departmental collaborative response platform for livelihood issues is established, achieving a transformation from passive response to active governance. This governance model, based on precise identification, can effectively solve the problem of supply-demand mismatch existing in traditional livelihood policies. At the level of institutional supply, structural reforms of the livelihood security system are promoted as a priority. A multi-tiered social security system is constructed, the process of national pooling of old-age insurance is accelerated, and reforms of medical insurance payment methods are advanced; the mechanism for equalizing basic public services is improved, a dynamic adjustment system for the list of basic public services is established, and the model of government procurement of services is innovated; the reform of the income distribution system is deepened, a reasonable wage growth mechanism is perfected, and a knowledge-value-oriented distribution policy is explored. At the level of efficiency transformation, an evaluation network involving the participation of multiple entities including the government, the market, and society is constructed, third-party evaluation mechanisms are introduced, and a big data monitoring platform is established to achieve dynamic tracking and precise optimization of governance outcomes. This testing mechanism, with people’s livelihood and well-being as the core efficiency, requires the governance system to possess the rapid response capability for livelihood demands, the dynamic optimization capability for institutional innovation, and the precise execution capability for efficiency transformation. By concretizing abstract governance efficiency into quantifiable and perceptible livelihood indicators, it reconstructs the value coordinate system of modern governance and strengthens the practical orientation of governance practice.

作为推进中国式现代化的重要支撑，国家治理效能的提升必须以民生福祉的实质性改善作为核心检验标尺。治理效能作为制度优势向实践成果转化的关键环节，其价值指向与民生福祉的提升逻辑高度一致。从理论维度看，治理效能并非抽象概念，其根本评判标准始终围绕人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感制定，脱离民生改善的治理实践会失去价值锚点；从实践维度看，治理现代化的每一项制度创新、流程优化，最终都需通过就业保障、教育公平、医疗服务升级等民生领域的实际成效来验证。在新征程中，始终坚持“人民对美好生活的向往，就是我们的奋斗目标”，把增进民生福祉作为提升治理效能的出发点和落脚点，正是将治理理论与民生实践深度融合的必然选择，彰显了中国特色治理体系的价值底色。具体而言，通过构建需求导向、制度供给、效能转化为一体的治理框架，系统性地将民生福祉提升转化为检验治理成效的客观标尺。在需求导向层面，建立动态化的民生诉求识别机制。通过大数据技术整合多源民生数据，构建覆盖教育、医疗、养老、住房等领域的民生需求图谱，运用社会政策模拟系统进行需求分级与优先序排序。在此基础上，建立跨部门协同的民生问题响应平台，实现从被动应对向主动治理的转变。这种以精准识别为基础的治理模式，能够有效破解传统民生政策中存在的供需错配问题。在制度供给层面，重点推进民生保障体系的结构性改革。构建多层次社会保障体系，加快养老保险全国统筹进程，推进医保支付方式改革；完善公共服务均等化机制，建立基本公共服务清单动态调整制度，创新政府购买服务模式；深化收入分配制度改革，健全工资合理增长机制，探索知识价值导向的分配政策。在效能转化层面，构建包含政府、市场、社会多元主体参与的评估网络，引入第三方评估机制并建立大数据监测平台，实现治理成效的动态追踪与精准优化。这种以民生福祉为核心效能的检验机制，要求治理体系兼具民生诉求的快速响应能力、制度创新的动态优化能力和效能转化的精准执行能力，通过将抽象治理效能具象化为可量化、可感知的民生指标，重构现代化治理的价值坐标体系，强化治理实践的现实指向。