Taking High-Quality Development as the Theme during the 15th Five-Year Plan Period: Historical Evolution, Theoretical Connotation and Practical Requirements

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC that “high-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects,” and stressed at the Central Economic Work Conference in December 2023 that “we must adhere to high-quality development as the hard truth of the New Era.” These major judgments profoundly reveal the historic transformation of China’s economic development stage after socialism with Chinese characteristics entered the New Era. The Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (hereinafter referred to as the “Proposal”), adopted at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, [1]1 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC was held in July 2024. The “Proposal” refers to the document adopted at that session to guide the formulation of the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026–2030). clearly establishes high-quality development as the theme of economic and social development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. This is not only a precise grasp of the stage-specific characteristics of China’s development but also a strategic choice oriented toward the goal of basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035.

习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中指出：“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务”,2023年12月在中央经济工作会议上强调：“必须把坚持高质量发展作为新时代的硬道理”。这些重大论断深刻揭示了中国特色社会主义进入新时代后经济发展阶段的历史性转变。党的二十届四中全会通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》（以下简称《建议》），明确将高质量发展确立为“十五五”时期经济社会发展的主题，这既是对我国发展阶段性特征的精准把握，更是面向2035年基本实现社会主义现代化目标的战略抉择。

The 15th Five-Year Plan period occupies an important position in the historical process of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It connects the sustained development since reform and opening up, especially the in-depth implementation of the 14th Five-Year Plan, and paves the way for the goal of basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035. It is a critical period for consolidating the foundation and exerting full force. At this historic juncture linking the past and the future, deeply understanding and accurately grasping the rich connotation and practical requirements of “taking high-quality development as the theme” is of vital theoretical value and practical significance for scientifically planning the development blueprint of the 15th Five-Year Plan and continuing to write new chapters in the two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability. [2]2 “Two miracles” refers to the rapid economic development and long-term social stability achieved by China since reform and opening up. This paper focuses on three core issues: first, how the ideological concept of high-quality development germinated, took shape, and was established as the theme of economic and social development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period in the practice of successive five-year plans (programs); second, the multi-dimensional theoretical connotation of high-quality development and its internal logical relationship with the new development philosophy, the new development pattern, new quality productive forces, etc.; third, the practical requirements and realization paths for promoting high-quality development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Through systematic review and in-depth analysis, it constructs a comprehensive analytical framework that integrates the historical logic, theoretical logic, and practical logic of understanding high-quality development, providing academic support for China’s economic and social development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period and beyond.

“十五五”时期在中华民族伟大复兴历史进程中具有重要地位，上承改革开放以来我国持续发展特别是“十四五”规划的深入实施，下启2035年基本实现社会主义现代化目标，是夯实基础、全面发力的关键时期。在这一承前启后的历史节点，深刻领会、准确把握“以推动高质量发展为主题”的丰富内涵和实践要求，对于科学谋划“十五五”发展蓝图、续写经济快速发展和社会长期稳定两大奇迹新篇章具有至关重要的理论价值和现实意义。本文聚焦三个核心问题：一是高质量发展的思想理念是如何在历次五年规划（计划）的实践中萌芽、形成并确立为“十五五”时期经济社会发展主题的；二是高质量发展的多维理论内涵及其与新发展理念、新发展格局、新质生产力等的内在逻辑关系；三是“十五五”时期推动高质量发展的实践要求及实现路径。通过系统梳理和深入剖析，构建理解高质量发展历史逻辑、理论逻辑、实践逻辑相统一的综合分析框架，为“十五五”时期乃至今后更长时期我国经济社会发展提供学理支撑。

I. Historical Evolution of the Theme of High-Quality Development

一、高质量发展主题的历史演进

The major concept and practice of high-quality development has undergone a gradual process from exploration to formation. Establishing this theme in the five-year plans (programs) is a strategic choice that inherits historical experience, responds to practical needs, and faces future trends. Its evolution roughly goes through three stages.

高质量发展这一重大理念和实践，经历了从探索到形成的渐进过程。在五年规划（计划）中确立这一主题，是传承历史经验、回应现实需要、面向未来趋势的战略选择，其演变大致经历三个阶段。

(A) Initial Exploration Stage (1st Five-Year Plan to 5th Five-Year Plan, 1953–1980): Restoring the National Economy and Building the Industrial System

（一）初期探索阶段（“一五”至“五五”计划，1953—1980年）：恢复国民经济与构建工业体系

In the early days after the founding of New China, facing a situation of “poverty and blankness,” the Party’s primary task was to restore the national economy and consolidate the new regime. In 1950, the Third Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the CPC proposed “striving for a fundamental improvement in the state’s financial and economic situation.” In 1956, the Eighth National Congress of the CPC correctly pointed out that “the domestic principal contradiction is the contradiction between the people’s rapid need for economic and cultural development and the current inability of the economy and culture to meet the people’s needs,” and proposed concentrating efforts on developing the productive forces. The five-year plans of this period aimed to establish an independent and complete industrial system, with a focus on developing heavy industry. The 1st Five-Year Plan concentrated on building 156 key projects, initially laying the foundation for socialist industrialization. Although the period from the 2nd to the 5th Five-Year Plan experienced twists and turns, it consistently adhered to the industrial development strategy, gradually forming a complete range of industrial systems.

新中国成立初期，面对“一穷二白”的局面，党的首要任务是恢复国民经济、巩固新生政权。1950年党的七届三中全会提出“为争取国家财政经济状况的基本好转而斗争”;1956年党的八大正确提出“国内主要矛盾是人民对于经济文化迅速发展的需要同当前经济文化不能满足人民需要的状况之间的矛盾”，提出集中力量发展社会生产力。这一时期的五年计划以建立独立完整的工业体系为目标，重点发展重工业。“一五”计划集中建设156个重点项目，初步奠定了社会主义工业化基础；“二五”至“五五”时期虽历经曲折，但始终坚持工业发展战略，逐步形成门类齐全的工业体系。

The practical feature of this stage was “restoration-type economic construction,” and the main task was to solve the problem of “whether there is or is not.” By concentrating limited resources to develop heavy industry, it shook off the backward industrial situation of old China and laid the foundation for the long-term development of New China. However, due to insufficient understanding of the laws of socialist construction and the influence of complex and volatile domestic and international environments at the time, errors such as the “Great Leap Forward” and the “Cultural Revolution” occurred, and the national economy developed amidst twists and turns. [3]3 The “Great Leap Forward” (1958–1961) was a campaign for rapid industrialization and collectivization; the “Cultural Revolution” (1966–1976) was a political movement that caused severe social and economic disruption.

这一阶段的实践特征是“恢复型经济建设”，主要任务是解决“有没有”的问题。通过集中有限资源发展重工业，摆脱旧中国工业落后局面，为新中国的长远发展奠定基础。但是，由于对社会主义建设规律认识不足及当时复杂多变的国内国外环境影响等因素，出现了“大跃进”“文化大革命”等错误，国民经济在曲折中发展。

(B) Reform Exploration Stage (6th Five-Year Plan to 12th Five-Year Plan, 1981–2015): Taking Economic Construction as the Center and the Scientific Outlook on Development

（二）改革摸索阶段（“六五”至“十二五”规划，1981—2015年）：以经济建设为中心与科学发展观

In 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC achieved a great historic turn, making the historic decision to “shift the focus of the Party and state work to economic construction and implement reform and opening up.” In 1981, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC formally proposed that the principal contradiction in Chinese society was “the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing material and cultural needs and backward social production.” Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out: “The primary task of socialism is to develop the productive forces and gradually improve the people’s material and cultural living standards.” “The superiority of socialism must ultimately be reflected in its productive forces developing faster and at a higher level than those of capitalism, and on the basis of developing the productive forces, continuously improving the people’s material and cultural life.” These important judgments provided theoretical support for the establishment of relevant policies. During this period, from the rural household contract responsibility system to urban economic system reform, from establishing special economic zones to joining the World Trade Organization, and then to establishing and improving the socialist market economy system, all major reforms revolved around the center of economic construction. Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s Southern Tour Talks in 1992 proposed that “development is the hard truth,” which, under specific historical conditions, emphasized the fundamental role of economic growth in solving China’s problems, promoting decades of rapid economic growth for the national economy. [4]4 Deng Xiaoping’s Southern Tour Talks in early 1992 reaffirmed the direction of market-oriented reforms and accelerated economic growth.

1978 年党的十一届三中全会实现伟大历史转折，作出“把党和国家工作中心转移到经济建设上来、实行改革开放”的历史性决策。1981年党的十一届六中全会正式提出我国社会主要矛盾是“人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾”。邓小平同志指出：“社会主义的首要任务是发展生产力，逐步提高人民的物质和文化生活水平。”“社会主义的优越性归根到底要体现在它的生产力比资本主义发展得更快一些、更高一些，并且在发展生产力的基础上不断改善人民的物质文化生活”。这些重要论断为相关政策的确立提供了理论支撑。这一时期，从农村家庭联产承包责任制到城市经济体制改革，从设立经济特区到加入世界贸易组织，再到建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制，所有重大改革都围绕经济建设这个中心展开。邓小平同志1992年南方谈话提出“发展才是硬道理”，在特定历史条件下强调了经济增长对解决中国问题的根本性作用，推动了国民经济长达数十年的高速增长。

Since reform and opening up, our Party’s concept of economic development has continuously evolved: The 12th National Congress of the CPC proposed “correctly implementing the principle of taking the planned economy as the mainstay and market regulation as a supplement is a fundamental issue in economic system reform,” opening the curtain on economic system reform centered on unleashing the role of the market. The 13th National Congress of the CPC explicitly proposed the basic line for the primary stage of socialism of “one center, two basic points,” formally emphasizing “taking economic construction as the center.” [5]5 “One center, two basic points” refers to taking economic construction as the center, upholding the Four Cardinal Principles, and adhering to reform and opening up. The 14th National Congress of the CPC established the reform goal of establishing a socialist market economy system, providing the basic institutional and mechanism guarantee for economic development. The 15th National Congress of the CPC proposed that “centering on economic construction, economic system reform must achieve new breakthroughs.” The 16th National Congress of the CPC proposed that “development is the Party’s top priority in governing and rejuvenating the country,” continuing to emphasize unswervingly taking economic construction as the center. The 17th National Congress of the CPC proposed the “Scientific Outlook on Development,” requiring “adhering to a people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable development concept.” During this period, the five-year plans (programs) gradually germinated the concept of focusing on development quality while promoting rapid economic growth: The 6th Five-Year Plan was the first to use “National Economic and Social Development Plan” as the plan name, beginning to emphasize the coordinated development of the economy and society. The 7th Five-Year Plan took improving economic efficiency as one of its core objectives, shifting from emphasizing development speed to placing equal emphasis on speed and efficiency. The 8th Five-Year Plan established the reform goal of the socialist market economy system, accurately grasping the key to promoting and ensuring economic development. The 9th Five-Year Plan proposed “realizing a fundamental shift in the mode of economic growth,” opening the path of exploring the transformation of the development mode. The 10th Five-Year Plan emphasized the strategic adjustment of the economic structure, promoting the transformation of the economic growth mode from extensive to intensive, further clarifying the direction and goal of the transformation of the economic growth mode. The 11th Five-Year Plan was the first to replace “plan” with “program,” setting the reduction of energy consumption per unit of GDP as a binding indicator, emphasizing requirements such as energy conservation and environmental protection. While continuing to promote rapid economic development, it began to shift toward comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable development. The 12th Five-Year Plan emphasized “taking scientific development as the theme and accelerating the transformation of the economic development mode as the main line,” comprehensively implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development. The Party’s understanding of the laws of economic development entered a higher-level stage.

改革开放以来，我们党关于经济发展的理念不断演进：党的十二大提出“正确贯彻计划经济为主、市场调节为辅的原则，是经济体制改革中的一个根本性问题”，开启了以发挥市场作用为核心的经济体制改革大幕；党的十三大明确提出“一个中心、两个基本点”的社会主义初级阶段的基本路线，正式强调“以经济建设为中心”；党的十四大确定建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标，为经济发展提供基本的体制机制保证；党的十五大提出“围绕经济建设这个中心，经济体制改革要有新的突破”；党的十六大提出“发展是党执政兴国的第一要务”，继续强调坚持以经济建设为中心不动摇；党的十七大提出“科学发展观”，要求“坚持以人为本，树立全面、协调、可持续的发展观”。这一时期的五年规划（计划），逐渐萌发在推动经济高速增长的同时注重发展质量的理念：“六五”计划首次将“国民经济和社会发展计划”作为计划名称，开始注重经济与社会的协调发展；“七五”计划将提高经济效益作为核心目标之一，从强调发展速度向速度与效益并重转变；“八五”计划确立社会主义市场经济体制改革目标，准确把握了推动和保障经济发展的关键所在；“九五”计划提出“实现经济增长方式根本转变”，开启了发展方式转变的探索之路；“十五”计划强调经济结构战略性调整，推动经济增长方式从粗放型向集约型转变，进一步明确了经济增长方式转变的方向和目标；“十一五”规划首次用“规划”替代“计划”，将单位GDP能耗降低作为约束性指标，强调节能环保等要求，在继续推动经济快速发展的同时，开始转向全面、协调、可持续的发展；“十二五”规划强调“以科学发展为主题，以加快转变经济发展方式为主线”，全面贯彻落实科学发展观，党对经济发展的规律性认识进入了一个更高水平的阶段。

The development themes of this stage exhibit a distinctly progressive character: from the pursuit of “growth in total economic output” to an emphasis on “development quality and efficiency”; from the singular goal of economic growth to the gradual establishment of the “Five-Sphere Integrated Plan”; from “letting some get rich first to drive others” to a focus on “overall consideration and balance”; and so forth. Because the Party accurately grasped the stage-specific features and themes of development, China’s economy experienced nearly four decades of high-speed growth, its total economic output leaped to second place in the world, its comprehensive national strength was comprehensively enhanced, and the people’s living standards were markedly improved.

这一阶段的发展主题呈现出鲜明的递进特征：从追求“经济总量增长”到注重“发展质量与效益”；从单纯经济增长目标到逐步确立“五位一体”总体布局；从“先富带后富”到注重“统筹兼顾”；等等。因为准确把握了发展的阶段性特征和主题，中国经济历经近四十年的高速增长，经济总量跃居世界第二，综合国力全面提升，人民生活水平显著提高。

(III) The Stage of Formation of High-Quality Development (the 13th Five-Year Plan to the 14th Five-Year Plan, 2016–2025): New Development Concepts, New Development Paradigm, and High-Quality Development

（三）高质量发展形成阶段（“十三五”至“十四五”规划，2016—2025年）：新发展理念、新发展格局与高质量发展

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the domestic and international environments have undergone profound and complex changes. Internationally, the global economic landscape is undergoing deep adjustment, scientific and technological innovation is advancing with each passing day, and competition among major powers is becoming increasingly fierce; domestically, problems such as the pressure on resources and the environment brought about by the past high-speed growth model reliant on scale expansion have become prominent, the people’s demands for quality of life, the ecological environment, and other aspects have continuously risen, and the principal contradiction in Chinese society has transformed into the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core accurately grasped the new stage-specific features of China’s economic development, successively put forward a series of major original ideas and theories, and led economic and social development to comprehensively shift to the stage of high-quality development.

党的十八大以来，国内外环境发生深刻复杂变化。从国际看，全球经济格局深度调整，科技创新日新月异，大国竞争日趋激烈；从国内看，过去依赖规模扩张的高速增长模式带来的资源环境压力等问题凸显，人民群众对生活质量、生态环境等方面的要求不断提高，我国社会主要矛盾转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。以习近平同志为核心的党中央准确把握我国经济发展新的阶段性特征，先后提出一系列重大原创性思想和理论，引领经济社会发展全面转向高质量发展阶段。

In May 2014, during an inspection tour in Henan, General Secretary Xi Jinping first proposed the “new normal” of economic development; in December of the same year, at the Central Economic Work Conference, he first proposed “supply-side structural reform”; in October 2015, in the “Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for Formulating the 13th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development” adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, he first proposed the “New Development Concepts”; in October 2017, the 19th National Congress of the CPC made the major judgment that the principal contradiction in Chinese society had transformed into “the contradiction between the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development,” and first proposed that “China’s economy has shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development”; in December of the same year, the Central Economic Work Conference systematically elaborated on the core connotation and practical requirements of high-quality development; in October 2022, the 20th National Congress of the CPC established high-quality development as the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects and wrote it into the Party Constitution; in December 2023, the Central Economic Work Conference proposed that “we must adhere to taking high-quality development as the absolute principle of the New Era”; in April 2020, at the seventh meeting of the Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs, it was first proposed to “create a new development paradigm with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other”; in August of the same year, at a symposium of experts in the economic and social fields, it was first proposed that China would enter a “new stage of development”; in October 2020, in the “Recommendations of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China for Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives for 2035” adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, it was clarified that the new stage of development is precisely the stage of building a modern socialist country in all respects and advancing toward the second centenary goal, and systematic planning and strategic deployment were made for constructing the new development paradigm; since July 2023, during inspection tours in Sichuan, Heilongjiang, and other places, General Secretary Xi Jinping first proposed “new quality productive forces,” and subsequently made profound expositions on multiple occasions regarding the characteristics, connotation, and development requirements of new quality productive forces.

习近平总书记2014年5月在河南考察时，首次提出经济发展“新常态”；同年12月，在中央经济工作会议上首次提出“供给侧结构性改革”；2015年10月，在党的十八届五中全会通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》中首次提出“新发展理念”；2017年10月党的十九大作出我国社会主要矛盾转化为“人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾”的重大判断，并首次提出“我国经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段”，同年12月中央经济工作会议系统阐释了高质量发展的核心内涵和实践要求,2022年10月党的二十大将高质量发展确立为全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务并写入党章,2023年12月中央经济工作会议提出“必须把坚持高质量发展作为新时代的硬道理”;2020年4月中央财经委员会第七次会议上首次提出：“构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局”；同年8月在经济社会领域专家座谈会上首次提出我国将进入“新发展阶段”；同年10月党的十九届五中全会通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》中，明确新发展阶段就是全面建设社会主义现代化国家、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军的阶段，并对构建新发展格局作出系统谋划和战略部署；2023年7月以来，习近平总书记在四川、黑龙江等地考察时首次提出“新质生产力”，之后多次对新质生产力的特征、内涵、发展要求等作出深刻阐述。

From the entry of China’s economy into a stage of high-speed growth after the strategic decision of reform and opening up in 1978, to the 19th National Congress of the CPC in 2017 proposing that China’s economy had shifted to a stage of high-quality development; from Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s talk during his southern tour in 1992 proposing that “development is the absolute principle,” to General Secretary Xi Jinping in 2023 proposing that “high-quality development is the absolute principle of the New Era,” our Party’s understanding and practice of economic and social development have achieved a qualitative leap. The ideological concept of high-quality development and its theoretical system have gradually taken shape, providing a scientific and correct direction and path for building a strong country and achieving national rejuvenation.

从1978年改革开放战略决策作出后中国经济进入高速发展阶段，到2017年党的十九大提出我国经济已转向高质量发展阶段；从1992年邓小平同志南方谈话提出“发展是硬道理”，到2023年习近平总书记提出“高质量发展是新时代的硬道理”，我们党对经济社会发展的认识和实践实现了质的飞跃，高质量发展的思想理念及其理论体系逐渐形成，为强国建设、民族复兴找到了科学正确的方向和路径。

II. The Theoretical Connotation of High-Quality Development

二、高质量发展的理论内涵

High-quality development possesses a multi-dimensional and profound theoretical connotation. It is a completely new development theory for socialism with Chinese characteristics entering the New Era. It has greatly enriched and developed the basic principles of Marxism concerning productive forces and relations of production, economic base and superstructure, and economic development and social development, making major original contributions.

高质量发展具有多维而深刻的理论内涵，是中国特色社会主义进入新时代的全新发展理论，对马克思主义关于生产力与生产关系、经济基础与上层建筑、经济发展与社会发展等基本原理都进行了极大丰富和发展，作出了重大原创性贡献。

(I) Based on Epistemology: High-Quality Development Is Development That Embodies the New Development Concepts

（一）基于认识论：高质量发展是体现新发展理念的发展

Marxism holds that matter determines consciousness, and consciousness reacts upon matter; human knowledge comes from practice and in turn acts upon and guides practice. High-quality development is development under the guidance of the New Development Concepts, and is development that fully, accurately, and comprehensively implements the New Development Concepts. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out that high-quality development is “development in which innovation becomes the primary driving force, coordination becomes an endogenous characteristic, green becomes a universal form, openness becomes the only path, and sharing becomes the fundamental goal.” This important exposition profoundly reveals the basic connotation of high-quality development from the five dimensions of the New Development Concepts.

马克思主义认为，物质决定意识，意识反作用于物质；人的认识从实践中来，又作用于实践、指导实践。高质量发展是在新发展理念指导下的发展，是完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念的发展。习近平总书记指出，高质量发展是“创新成为第一动力、协调成为内生特点、绿色成为普遍形态、开放成为必由之路、共享成为根本目的的发展”。这一重要论述，从新发展理念的五个维度，深刻揭示了高质量发展的基本内涵。

Innovative development is the primary driving force of high-quality development. High-quality development places innovation at the core, achieving “effective qualitative improvement” in economic development through the enhancement of total factor productivity. Innovation refers not only to scientific and technological innovation but also to institutional innovation, management innovation, model innovation, scenario innovation, and so forth. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, “Innovation is the primary driving force for development. To pursue innovation is to pursue development; to plan for innovation is to plan for the future.” “If we grasp innovation, we grasp the ‘ox nose’ that drives the overall situation of economic and social development.” This emphasizes the key role of innovation in breaking through development bottlenecks, highlights the pivotal position of innovation in the coordinated advancement of the “Five-Sphere Integrated Plan,” and requires innovation-driven development to be taken as the core of economic transformation.

创新发展是高质量发展的第一动力。高质量发展将创新置于核心地位，通过全要素生产率的提升实现经济发展“质的有效提升”。创新不仅指科技创新，还包括制度创新、管理创新、模式创新、场景创新等。习近平总书记指出，“创新是引领发展的第一动力。抓创新就是抓发展，谋创新就是谋未来。”“抓住了创新，就抓住了牵动经济社会发展全局的‘牛鼻子’。”强调创新对突破发展瓶颈的关键作用，突出了创新在协调推进“五位一体”总体布局中的枢纽地位，要求将创新驱动作为经济转型的核心。

Coordinated development is an endogenous characteristic of high-quality development. High-quality development aims to solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “There is still a long way to go to solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development, narrow the development gap between urban and rural areas and between regions, and achieve the well-rounded development of all people and common prosperity for all.” Coordinated development between urban and rural areas, coordinated development between regions, and coordinated development between the economy and society, between material civilization and cultural-ethical progress, and between industries are inherent requirements of high-quality development. High-quality development “is not a requirement only for economically developed regions, but a requirement that must be implemented in the development of all regions.”

协调发展是高质量发展的内生特点。高质量发展旨在解决发展不平衡不充分问题。习近平总书记指出：“解决发展不平衡不充分问题、缩小城乡区域发展差距、实现人的全面发展和全体人民共同富裕，仍然任重道远”。城乡协调发展、区域协调发展以及经济与社会、物质文明与精神文明、产业与产业之间的协调发展，是高质量发展的应有之义。高质量发展“不是只对经济发达地区的要求，而是所有地区发展都必须贯彻的要求”。

Green development is the universal form of high-quality development. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Accelerate the green transformation of the development mode. Promoting the greening and low-carbon transformation of economic and social development is a key link in achieving high-quality development.” “Green development is the background of high-quality development, and new quality productive forces themselves are green productive forces.” High-quality development requires that ecological and environmental protection be integrated throughout the entire cycle and process of economic development, dialectically unifying the ecological environment with economic development, forming green productive forces and green modes of production and living, and achieving harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature.

绿色发展是高质量发展的普遍形态。习近平总书记指出：“加快发展方式绿色转型。推动经济社会发展绿色化、低碳化是实现高质量发展的关键环节”。“绿色发展是高质量发展的底色，新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力。”高质量发展要求将生态环境保护贯穿于经济发展全周期全过程，将生态环境与经济发展辩证统一起来，形成绿色生产力和绿色生产方式、生活方式，实现人与自然和谐共生。

Open development is the only path for high-quality development. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Practice has proven that China’s economic development over the past 40 years was achieved under conditions of openness, and in the future, achieving high-quality development in China’s economy must also proceed under conditions of greater openness.” High-quality development involves coordinating both domestic and international markets and both types of resources, taking domestic circulation as the mainstay, and integrating into the global economy at a deeper level and with a higher degree of openness. Against the backdrop of rising anti-globalization sentiment and increasing protectionism, it is even more necessary to unswervingly promote high-level opening up, steadily expand institutional opening up, actively align with international rules, and, through the combination of “bringing in” and “going out,” create an open, smooth, and stable institutional environment, using openness to promote reform, development, and innovation.

开放发展是高质量发展的必由之路。习近平总书记指出：“实践证明，过去40年中国经济发展是在开放条件下取得的，未来中国经济实现高质量发展也必须在更加开放条件下进行。”高质量发展是统筹国内国际两个市场两种资源，以国内大循环为主体，更深层次、更高水平融入全球经济的发展。在逆全球化思潮抬头、保护主义上升的背景下，更要坚定不移推进高水平对外开放，稳步扩大制度型开放，主动对接国际规则，通过“引进来”和“走出去”相结合，营造开放、畅通、稳定的制度环境，以开放促改革、促发展、促创新。

Shared development is the fundamental purpose of high-quality development. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Promoting fairness and justice and enhancing the well-being of the people are the starting point and ultimate goal of China’s reform and development.” [13]13 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Speech on the ‘CPC Central Committee Decision on Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Some Major Issues’” (November 9, 2013), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, vol. 1, p. 496. High-quality development is development that relies on the people, is for the people, and shares the fruits of development with the people. It is necessary to adhere to a people-centered development philosophy, take the people’s aspiration for a better life as the goal of struggle, ensure and improve people’s livelihoods in the course of development, solidly advance common prosperity in the course of development, and allow the fruits of development to benefit all the people more fully and equitably.

共享发展是高质量发展的根本目的。习近平总书记指出：“促进公平正义、增进人民福祉，是我国改革发展的出发点和落脚点”。高质量发展是依靠人民、为了人民、发展成果由人民共享的发展。必须坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，把人民对美好生活的向往作为奋斗目标，在发展中保障和改善民生，在发展中扎实推进共同富裕，让发展成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。

(II) Based on Methodology: High-Quality Development Is the Effective Enhancement of Quality and the Reasonable Growth of Quantity

（二）基于方法论：高质量发展是质的有效提升和量的合理增长

Dialectical materialism is the basic methodology of Marxist philosophy. High-quality development embodies the laws of dialectical materialism such as the unity of opposites and the mutual transformation of quality and quantity, and is the dialectical unity of “the effective enhancement of quality and the reasonable growth of quantity.” General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Economic development is a spiraling upward process; the upward movement is not linear. When quantity accumulates to a certain stage, it must turn to quality enhancement. China’s economic development must also follow this law.”

唯物辩证法是马克思主义哲学的基本方法论。高质量发展体现了唯物辩证法对立统一、质量互变等规律，是“质的有效提升和量的合理增长”的辩证统一。习近平总书记指出：“经济发展是一个螺旋式上升的过程，上升不是线性的，量积累到一定阶段，必须转向质的提升，我国经济发展也要遵循这一规律。”

The effective enhancement of quality is the key to high-quality development. The “quality” here is reflected not only in economic indicators, environmental constraint indicators, and social development indicators, but also in the advanced nature, rationality, and stability of different industrial structures and economic structures, including the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, the improvement of total factor productivity, the enhancement of innovation capacity, the increase in resource utilization efficiency, the improvement of the ecological environment, the rationalization of income distribution, and so on. Without the effective enhancement of quality, the growth of quantity is difficult to sustain.

质的有效提升是高质量发展的关键。这里的“质”不仅体现在经济指标、环境约束指标、社会事业指标等，还体现在不同产业结构和经济结构的先进性、合理性、稳定性，包括产业结构的优化升级、全要素生产率的提高、创新能力的增强、资源利用效率的提升、生态环境的改善、收入分配的合理化，等等。没有质的有效提升，量的增长难以持续。

The reasonable growth of quantity is the foundation of high-quality development. As a large developing country with a population of over 1.4 billion, it is necessary to maintain a reasonable economic growth rate in order to better address employment, improve people’s livelihoods, and enhance comprehensive national strength. In 2025, China’s per capita GDP will reach over US$14,000; to reach the level of moderately developed countries (per capita GDP over US$20,000) by 2035, it is necessary to maintain an average annual “reasonable growth of quantity” of over 4.17%. Only in this way can some contradictions and problems be resolved in the course of development, providing a safeguard for the effective enhancement of quality.

量的合理增长是高质量发展的基础。作为拥有14亿多人口的发展中大国，需要保持合理的经济增长速度，以更好解决就业、改善民生、增强综合国力。2025年我国人均GDP将达到1.4万美元以上，到2035年达到中等发达国家水平（人均GDP2万美元以上），必须保持年均4.17%以上“量的合理增长”。只有这样，才能在发展中化解一些矛盾和问题，为质的有效提升保驾护航。

The relationship between quality and quantity is one of mutual promotion and complementarity. High-quality development pursues a high-level dynamic balance between quality and quantity. By continuously increasing the contribution rate of factors such as science and technology, talent, knowledge, management, and data, optimizing the rational combination of various factor resources, and raising total factor productivity, it drives sustained and healthy economic growth. The industries, employment, fiscal revenue, public services, and infrastructure construction brought about by a reasonable growth rate in turn provide material and talent foundations for factor supply, scientific and technological innovation, and so on. During the 15th Five-Year Plan period, it is necessary to fully leverage the advantages of China’s huge economic volume, market capacity, strong industrial supporting capacity, super-large market, and rich application scenarios to accelerate the transformation from quantitative change to qualitative change in various fields and aspects of the economy and society, culminating in a systematic and comprehensive high-quality development transformation, thereby laying a solid foundation for basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035.

质与量的关系是相互促进、相辅相成的。高质量发展追求质与量的高水平动态平衡，通过不断提升科技、人才、知识、管理、数据等要素贡献率，优化各要素资源的合理组合，提高全要素生产率，从而推动经济持续健康增长。合理的增速所带来的产业、就业、财政、公共服务、基础设施建设等又为要素供给、科技创新等提供物质、人才基础。“十五五”时期要充分利用我国巨大经济体量、市场容量和强大产业配套能力以及超大规模市场和丰富应用场景优势，加快实现经济社会各领域各方面从量变到质变直至系统性全局性的高质量发展变革，为2035年基本实现社会主义现代化夯实基础。

(III) Based on Axiology: High-Quality Development Is Development That Meets the People’s Ever-Growing Needs for a Better Life

（三）基于价值论：高质量发展是满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的发展

The proletarian movement is the movement of the vast majority of people, and Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all the people. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “High-quality development is development that can well meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life.” This assertion closely links economic development with the people’s needs and the all-round development of the individual, embodying the fundamental value orientation of the Marxist view of development.

无产阶级运动是绝大多数人的运动，中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。习近平总书记指出：“高质量发展，就是能够很好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要的发展。”这一论断将经济发展与人民需要和人的全面发展紧密联系，体现了马克思主义发展观的根本价值取向。

Being people-centered is the starting point and ultimate goal of high-quality development. High-quality development is not growth for growth’s sake; it has a stance and principles. It is aimed at enabling the people to live a good life, transforming the fruits of development into a sense of gain, happiness, and security that the people can feel and access. The transformation of the principal contradiction in society is the problem orientation of high-quality development. High-quality development is aimed at resolving the principal contradiction in the New Era of “the ever-growing needs of the people for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development.” It has strong pertinence and directionality, and is another vivid embodiment of using the arrow of contemporary Chinese Marxism to shoot at the target of the times. Chinese-path modernization is the goal requirement of high-quality development. One of the essential characteristics of Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all the people. This is not only a development goal but also a civilizational choice—it rejects the Western “elite modernization” that sacrifices the interests of the majority, blazing a new path of socialist modernization that features a huge population scale, the unity of fairness and efficiency, the coordination of material and cultural-ethical progress, harmony between humanity and nature, and peaceful and stable development.

以人民为中心是高质量发展的出发点和落脚点。高质量发展不是为增长而增长，而是有立场、有原则的，是为了让人民过上好日子，将发展成果转化为人民群众可感可及的获得感、幸福感、安全感。社会主要矛盾的转化是高质量发展的问题导向。高质量发展是为了解决“人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展”这个新时代主要矛盾的，具有很强的针对性、指向性，是用当代中国马克思主义之矢射时代之的的又一生动体现。中国式现代化是高质量发展的目标要求。中国式现代化的本质特征之一是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。这不仅是一种发展目标，更是一种文明选择——它拒绝以牺牲多数人利益为代价的西方“精英现代化”，走出一条人口规模巨大、公平效率统一、物质精神协调、人与自然和谐、和平稳定发展的社会主义现代化新路。

From the perspective of the history of economic thought, high-quality development achieves a transcendence of traditional development concepts. For a considerable period after World War II, the concept that “growth equals development” dominated, and the one-sided pursuit of economic growth led to problems such as overexploitation of resources, severe environmental pollution, and widening income gaps. After the 1970s, factors such as the all-round development of the individual, ecological protection, and fair distribution were gradually incorporated into the scope of development. The Human Development Index (HDI) compiled by the United Nations Development Programme became an important indicator for measuring the level of development. The HDI is based on three indicators: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, and gross national income per capita, with a value range from 0 to 1; the higher the value, the higher the level of development. China’s HDI rose from 0.713 in 2012 to 0.788 in 2023, moving from the “high human development” group (HDI range 0.700–0.799) toward “very high human development” (≥0.800). The transformation to high-quality development since the 18th National Congress of the CPC has been fully evident. [14]14 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in November 2012, marking the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping’s leadership. More importantly, China’s high-quality development not only includes the HDI indicators concerning health, education, and a decent standard of living (measured by income) but also emphasizes other key elements such as scientific and technological innovation, social civility, institutional governance, cultural prosperity, the ecological environment, and national security. In particular, “taking meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life as the fundamental purpose” makes China’s theory of high-quality development more comprehensive, more in line with laws, and more people-oriented, representing a comprehensive transcendence of Western economic development theories.

从经济思想史看，高质量发展实现了对传统发展观念的超越。二战后相当长时期内，“增长即发展”的观念占主导地位，片面追求经济增长带来了资源过度开采、环境严重污染、收入差距扩大等问题。20世纪70年代后，人的全面发展、生态保护、公平分配等因素逐步被纳入发展范畴，联合国开发计划署编制的人类发展指数（HDI）成为衡量发展水平的重要指标。HDI基于人均预期寿命、平均受教育年限、人均国民总收入三大指标，取值范围为0到1，数值越高表示发展水平越高。中国的HDI从2012年0.713升至2023年0.788，从“高人类发展水平”组（HDI区间为0.700–0.799）向“极高人类发展水平”（≥0.800）迈进，党的十八大以来高质量发展转型成色尽显。更重要的是，中国的高质量发展，不仅包含HDI中关于健康、教育、体面生活（以收入衡量）等指标，还强调科技创新、社会文明、制度治理、文化繁荣、生态环境、国家安全等其他关键要素，特别是“以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要为根本目的”，使中国的高质量发展理论更为全面、更合规律、更具人民性，是对西方经济发展理论的全面超越。

(IV) Based on the Marxist Theory of Productive Forces: Accelerating the Development of New Quality Productive Forces Is the Intrinsic Requirement and Important Focal Point for Promoting High-Quality Development

（四）基于马克思主义生产力理论：加快发展新质生产力是推动高质量发展的内在要求和重要着力点

High-quality development requires guidance from a new theory of productive forces. Facing the accelerating scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation in the 21st century, the formation and qualitative state of productive forces are undergoing profound changes. The times call for a 21st-century Marxist theory of productive forces that corresponds to them. On the basis of a profound insight into the changes unseen in a century in the world and a deep grasp of the historical laws of the development of human social productive forces, General Secretary Xi Jinping creatively put forward the theory of new quality productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “New quality productive forces are driven by revolutionary technological breakthroughs, innovative allocation of production factors, and deep industrial transformation and upgrading. Their basic connotation is the leap in the quality of laborers, means of labor, objects of labor, and their optimal combination, and their core marker is a substantial increase in total factor productivity.”

高质量发展需要新的生产力理论来指导。面对二十一世纪加速演进的科技革命和产业变革，生产力的形成和质态正在发生深刻变化，时代呼唤与之相适应的二十一世纪马克思主义生产力理论。习近平总书记在深刻洞察世界百年未有之大变局，深刻把握人类社会生产力发展历史规律的基础上，创造性地提出了新质生产力理论。习近平总书记指出：“新质生产力由技术革命性突破、生产要素创新性配置、产业深度转型升级而催生，以劳动者、劳动资料、劳动对象及其优化组合的跃升为基本内涵，以全要素生产率大幅提升为核心标志。”

The “new” in new quality productive forces is manifested in multiple aspects. First, a new technological revolution, marked by major breakthroughs in biotechnology, intelligent technology, new materials technology, and other areas, not only reshapes traditional industrial forms but also spawns new industries, new models, and new drivers, becoming a new engine driving economic leaps. Second, new factors of production, including technology, knowledge, data, management, talent, and other novel production factors, break through traditional resource constraints through efficient integration, significantly enhancing resource allocation efficiency and economic growth potential. Third, new laborers, including innovative talents and highly skilled personnel, are higher-quality laborers who serve as key carriers of technological innovation and the transformation of achievements; their creativity and adaptability directly determine the level at which new quality productive forces are realized. Fourth, new instruments of labor, such as the internet, artificial intelligence, industrial robots, and industrial software—intelligent tools—greatly extend human labor capacity, driving the transformation of production processes toward automation, intelligence, flexibility, and greening. Fifth, new means of labor and objects of labor, such as data resources, virtual space, biological genes, nanomaterials, new energy, computing power, outer space, and the deep sea, expand the boundaries of exploitable resources for humanity, open up entirely new spaces for value creation, and provide a material foundation for sustainable development and strategic competition. Sixth, new permutations and combinations, primarily referring to the mutual empowerment among new technologies, new factors, new tools, and new objects, which enhance total factor productivity through different optimized combinations. This systematic, synergistic, and dynamic restructuring breaks linear growth paths and generates multiplier effects; it is the essential characteristic that distinguishes new quality productive forces from traditional productive forces.

新质生产力之“新”体现在多个方面。一是新技术革命，以生物技术、智能化技术、新材料技术等重大突破为标志的科技革命和产业变革，不仅重塑传统产业形态，更催生新产业、新模式、新动能，成为驱动经济跃升的新的动力引擎。二是新生产要素，包括技术、知识、数据、管理、人才等在内的新型生产要素，通过高效整合，突破传统资源约束，显著提升资源配置效率和经济增长潜力。三是新劳动者，包括创新型人才、高技能型人才在内的更高素质劳动者，是技术创新与成果转化的关键载体，其创造力和适应力直接决定新质生产力的实现水平。四是新劳动工具，互联网、人工智能、工业机器人、工业软件等智能化工具极大延伸了人类劳动能力，推动生产过程向自动化、智能化、柔性化、绿色化转型。五是新劳动资料和劳动对象，如数据资源、虚拟空间、生物基因、纳米材料、新能源、算力、太空、深海等领域，拓展人类可开发资源边界，开辟全新价值创造空间，为可持续发展和战略竞争提供物质基础。六是新排列组合，主要指新技术新要素新工具新对象之间相互赋能，通过不同的优化组合提升全要素生产率，这种系统性协同性动态重构，打破了线性增长路径，形成乘数效应，是新质生产力区别于传统生产力的本质特征。

The “high” in high-quality development and the “new” in new quality productive forces are interconnected and mutually reinforcing. The new characteristics of new quality productive forces are precisely the new drivers for promoting high-quality development, while high-quality development in turn provides an innovation environment and material conditions for new quality productive forces. New quality productive forces are not a simple patch-up of traditional productive forces but a systematic leap driven by a technological revolution, supported by institutional reform, and oriented toward a people-centered approach. By developing new quality productive forces, it is possible to bring about changes in the quality, efficiency, and drivers of economic development, thereby better promoting high-quality development.

高质量发展之“高”与新质生产力之“新”相通共促。新质生产力的新特征正是推动高质量发展的新动力，高质量发展又为新质生产力提供创新环境和物质条件。新质生产力不是对传统生产力的简单修补，而是一场由科技革命驱动、制度变革支撑、以人为本导向的系统性跃迁。通过发展新质生产力，可以带来经济发展的质量变革、效率变革、动力变革，从而更好推动高质量发展。

(V) Based on Marxist Political Economy: Accelerating the Construction of a New Development Pattern Is the Strategic Foundation of High-Quality Development

（五）基于马克思主义政治经济学：加快构建新发展格局是高质量发展的战略基点

Marx pointed out in *Capital* that production (supply) is the starting point and foundation of economic activity; it determines subsequent links such as distribution, exchange, and consumption, while the need for consumption determines production, and this determining role is realized under the conditions created by production. In Volume II, Part III of *Capital*, Marx specifically studied “The Reproduction and Circulation of the Aggregate Social Capital,” constructing a classic theoretical framework for macroeconomic circulation. The “dual circulation” theory of the new development pattern proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping is precisely an inheritance and development of the Marxist theory of macroeconomic circulation. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Looking to the future, we must take meeting domestic demand as the starting point and goal of development, accelerate the construction of a complete domestic demand system, … focus on unblocking the links of production, distribution, circulation, and consumption, gradually form a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, and cultivate new advantages for China’s participation in international cooperation and competition under the new circumstances.”

马克思在《资本论》中指出，生产（供给）是经济活动的起点和基础，它决定分配、交换和消费等后续环节，而消费的需要决定着生产，且这种决定作用是在生产所创造的条件下实现的。马克思在《资本论》第二卷第三篇专门研究了“社会总资本的再生产和流通”，构建了宏观经济循环经典理论框架。习近平总书记提出的新发展格局“双循环”理论正是对马克思主义宏观经济循环理论的继承和发展。习近平总书记指出：“面向未来，我们要把满足国内需求作为发展的出发点和落脚点，加快构建完整的内需体系，……着力打通生产、分配、流通、消费各个环节，逐步形成以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，培育新形势下我国参与国际合作和竞争新优势。”

Domestic circulation is the fundamental guarantee of high-quality development. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The smoother the domestic circulation, the more it can form a gravitational field for global resource factors, the more conducive it is to building a new development pattern with domestic circulation as the mainstay and domestic and international circulations reinforcing each other, and the more conducive it is to forming new advantages for participating in international competition and cooperation.” The *Proposal* [15]15 The *Proposal* refers to the “CPC Central Committee’s Proposal on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035,” adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 20th CPC Central Committee in October 2025. emphasizes “promoting the formation of more economic development models led by domestic demand, driven by consumption, and based on endogenous growth.” Domestic circulation means expanding effective domestic demand from both the supply and consumption ends, using domestic demand to drive the unblocking of production, distribution, circulation, and consumption links, dynamically matching the supply system with the demand structure, thereby guiding resources toward high-tech, high-value-added, green, and low-carbon fields. At the same time, relying on the unique advantages of a large country, it attracts global resource factors, accelerates technological iteration and the diffusion of innovation achievements, promotes the integration of technological innovation and industrial innovation, facilitates the continuous optimization and upgrading of industrial and economic structures, and enhances the endogeneity, resilience, and sustainability of economic development.

国内大循环是高质量发展的根本保障。习近平总书记指出：“国内循环越顺畅，越能形成对全球资源要素的引力场，越有利于构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，越有利于形成参与国际竞争和合作新优势。”《建议》强调，“促进形成更多由内需主导、消费拉动、内生增长的经济发展模式”。国内大循环就是从供给和消费两端扩大有效内需，通过内需拉动，畅通生产、分配、流通、消费各环节，使供给体系与需求结构动态适配，从而引导资源向高技术、高附加值、绿色低碳领域集聚。同时，依托大国独特优势，吸引全球资源要素，加速技术迭代与创新成果扩散，推动科技创新与产业创新相融合，促进产业结构、经济结构不断优化升级，增强经济发展的内生性、韧性和可持续性。

The mutual reinforcement of domestic and international circulations is an important support for high-quality development. High-quality development is by no means closed development or self-circulation; rather, it achieves efficient allocation of factors and an upward shift in the position of the global value chain through opening up at a higher level. The international circulation compensates for domestic shortcomings and forces industrial upgrading by introducing high-end technology, management experience, talent capital, and high-quality goods and services; it expands market space and enhances the position of Chinese enterprises in the global industrial chain, supply chain, and innovation chain through deep participation in the global division of labor and rule-making. Especially against the backdrop of intensifying global technological competition, the mutual reinforcement of domestic and international circulations can enhance the linkage effect of the two markets and two types of resources [16]16 “Two markets and two types of resources” refers to the domestic market and the international market, and domestic resources and international resources., effectively integrate into the global innovation network, obtain spillover effects from cutting-edge knowledge, accelerate breakthroughs in key core technologies, and form a new development pattern characterized by “taking ourselves as the mainstay, linking internal and external factors, achieving self-reliance and self-strengthening, and ensuring security and efficiency.”

国内国际双循环相互促进是高质量发展的重要支撑。高质量发展绝非封闭式发展、自我循环，而是在更高水平开放中实现要素高效配置与全球价值链位势跃升。国际循环通过引进高端技术、管理经验、人才资本和优质商品服务等，弥补国内短板，倒逼产业升级；通过深度参与全球分工与规则制定，拓展市场空间，提升中国企业在全球产业链、供应链、创新链中的地位。尤其在全球科技竞争加剧背景下，国内国际双循环相互促进，可以增强国内国际两个市场两种资源联动效应，有效融入全球创新网络，获取前沿知识溢出效应，加速关键核心技术突破，形成“以我为主、内外联动、自立自强、安全高效”的发展新格局。

In summary, high-quality development is a multi-dimensional, systematic, and complex transformation project involving many aspects such as development concepts, development patterns, development drivers, development modes, development paths, and development purposes. Its connotation is extremely rich and profound, requiring continuous summarization, refinement, and development in both theory and practice.

总之，高质量发展是涉及发展理念、发展格局、发展动力、发展方式、发展路径、发展目的等众多方面的多维度、系统性复杂变革工程，其内涵十分丰富而深刻，需要在理论和实践中不断总结、提炼并加以发展。

III. Practical Requirements for High-Quality Development during the 15th Five-Year Plan Period

三、“十五五”时期高质量发展的实践要求

The *Proposal* puts forward the important orientation of the “Five Priorities” [17]17 The “Five Priorities” (五个以) are a set of guiding principles for the 15th Five-Year Plan period, listed in the sentence that follows. in the guiding principles for the 15th Five-Year Plan period: adhering to economic construction as the central task, taking high-quality development as the theme, taking reform and innovation as the fundamental driving force, taking meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life as the fundamental purpose, and taking comprehensive and strict governance of the Party as the fundamental guarantee. In the second section, the discussion part, targeting key issues of overall and long-term significance, it deploys strategic tasks and major measures for the 15th Five-Year Plan period across twelve areas. These constitute the practical requirements for high-quality development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period.

《建议》在“十五五”时期指导方针中提出了“五个以”的重要导向：坚持以经济建设为中心、以推动高质量发展为主题、以改革创新为根本动力、以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要为根本目的、以全面从严治党为根本保障；在第二板块分论部分，瞄准关系全局和长远的重点问题，从十二个方面分领域部署“十五五”时期的战略任务和重大举措，这些构成了“十五五”时期高质量发展的实践要求。

(I) Taking Economic Construction as the Central Task: Consolidating the Material Foundation for High-Quality Development

（一）以经济建设为中心：夯实高质量发展的物质根基

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Taking economic construction as the central task is the key to rejuvenating the country.” Listing this as the first of the important orientations is an inevitable requirement for accurately grasping the historical position of the 15th Five-Year Plan period, effectively responding to profound and complex changes in the international and domestic environment, and consolidating the economic foundation and laying a solid material foundation for continuing to advance Chinese-path modernization. “Taking economic construction as the central task” requires insisting on grasping economic work as the “ox nose” [18]18 “Ox nose” (牛鼻子) is a Chinese idiom meaning the key link or crucial point that, when grasped, can drive the whole situation. that drives and supports all other work, ensuring that other work consciously obeys and serves this central task.

习近平总书记指出：“以经济建设为中心是兴国之要”。将此作为重要导向的第一条，是准确把握“十五五”时期历史方位，有效应对国际国内深刻复杂环境变化，为接续推进中国式现代化夯实经济基础、打牢物质根基的必然要求。“以经济建设为中心”要求坚持把经济工作作为带动和支撑其他各项工作的“牛鼻子”来抓，确保其他工作自觉服从和服务于这一中心工作。

1. Persist in Focusing the Efforts of Economic Development on the Real Economy, and Place the High-Quality Development of Manufacturing in an Even More Prominent Position

1. 坚持把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，把制造业高质量发展放到更加突出的位置

When the real economy is stable, the economy is stable; when the real economy is strong, the economy is strong. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “The real economy is the foundation of a country’s economy.” On the one hand, China possesses the world’s most complete industrial system. Since the 14th Five-Year Plan period, the annual added value of manufacturing has exceeded 30 trillion yuan, maintaining the global top spot in manufacturing for 15 consecutive years, with the output of more than 200 major industrial products ranking first in the world, building a solid foundation and strong confidence for the real economy. On the other hand, some areas of the real economy still face problems such as “big but not strong” and “comprehensive but not refined,” with “external blockades” coexisting with “internal involution” [19]19 “Internal involution” (内卷) is a term used in contemporary Chinese discourse to describe excessive, zero-sum competition within a closed system, leading to stagnation rather than genuine progress.. During the 15th Five-Year Plan period, only by firmly grasping the focus of developing the real economy, maintaining a reasonable proportion of manufacturing, accelerating the construction of a manufacturing powerhouse, a quality powerhouse, an aerospace powerhouse, a transportation powerhouse, and a cyber powerhouse, and continuously consolidating and strengthening the foundation of the real economy, can we gain the initiative in the volatile international competition and inject lasting momentum into high-quality development.

实体稳则经济稳，实体强则经济强。习近平总书记指出，“实体经济是一国经济的立身之本”。一方面，我国拥有全球最完整的产业体系，“十四五”以来，每年制造业增加值都超过30万亿元，连续15年稳坐全球制造业“头把交椅”，200多种主要工业品产量世界第一，构筑起实体经济的坚实基础和雄厚底气。另一方面，一些实体经济领域仍面临“大而不强”“全而不精”等问题，“外堵”与“内卷”并存。“十五五”时期唯有牢牢把握发展实体经济这个着力点，保持制造业合理比重，加快建设制造强国、质量强国、航天强国、交通强国、网络强国等，不断巩固壮大实体经济根基，才能在风云变幻的国际竞争中赢得主动，为高质量发展注入持久动能。

2. Accelerate the Construction of a Modern Industrial System to Provide High-Quality Supply for High-Quality Development

2. 加快构建现代化产业体系，为高质量发展提供优质供给

Building a modernized industrial system is an important support for promoting high-quality development and is also a key task on the supply side during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Accelerate the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries. Consolidate and enhance the status and competitiveness of industries such as mining, metallurgy, chemicals, light industry, textiles, machinery, shipbuilding, and construction in the global industrial division of labor. Use new technologies, new processes, and new management models to carry out “whole-industry-chain” transformation of traditional industries, raising their level of intelligence and green development, so that they radiate new vitality. Through the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, it is preliminarily estimated that in the next five years, approximately 10 trillion yuan of new market space will be added, releasing enormous development momentum and benefits for people’s livelihoods. Proactively plan the layout of strategic emerging industries and future industries. Build new infrastructure moderately ahead of demand, and promote the renewal and digital-intelligent transformation of traditional infrastructure. Turn new energy, new materials, aerospace, low-altitude economy, etc., into new pillar industries, and proactively plan the layout of future industries such as quantum technology, biomanufacturing, hydrogen energy and nuclear fusion energy, brain-computer interfaces, embodied intelligence, and sixth-generation mobile communications. Promote the high-quality and efficient development of the service industry. Push producer services toward specialization and extension to the high end of the value chain, and upgrade consumer services toward high quality and diversification, raising the level of integrated development of modern services with advanced manufacturing and modern agriculture, and advancing the digital-intelligent transformation of the service industry.

建设现代化产业体系是推动高质量发展的重要支撑，也是“十五五”时期供给方面的重点任务。加快传统产业改造升级。巩固提升矿业、冶金、化工、轻工、纺织、机械、船舶、建筑等产业在全球产业分工中的地位和竞争力。运用新技术、新工艺、新管理模式对传统产业进行“全产业链”改造，提升智能化、绿色化水平，使其焕发新的生机。通过传统产业改造升级，初步估计未来5年会新增10万亿元左右的市场空间，释放出巨大的发展动能和民生红利。前瞻布局战略性新兴产业和未来产业。适度超前建设新型基础设施，推进传统基础设施更新和数智化改造。将新能源、新材料、航空航天、低空经济等打造成新的支柱产业，前瞻布局量子科技、生物制造、氢能和核聚变能、脑机接口、具身智能、第六代移动通信等未来产业。促进服务业优质高效发展。推动生产性服务业向专业化和价值链高端延伸，生活性服务业向高品质和多样化升级，提高现代服务业与先进制造业、现代农业融合发展水平，推进服务业数智化。

3. Build a strong domestic market and stimulate the demand potential of high-quality development

3. 建设强大国内市场，激发高质量发展的需求潜力

A strong domestic market is the stabilizer and power source for promoting high-quality development, and is the strategic foundation of Chinese-path modernization. Adhere to the strategic basis of expanding domestic demand. Closely combine benefiting people’s livelihoods with promoting consumption, and investment in things with investment in people, vigorously boosting consumption. Expand effective investment, stimulate the vitality of private investment, use new demand to lead new supply, use new supply to create new demand, and promote a virtuous cycle between consumption and investment, and between supply and demand. Build a unified national market. Fully implement the key tasks of “five unifications and one opening,”[20]20 The “five unifications and one opening” refers to the requirements for building a unified national market: unified basic system rules, unified market facilities connectivity, unified factor and resource markets, unified commodity and service markets, unified market supervision, and further opening of the market to the outside world. accelerate the cleanup and abolition of various regulations and practices that hinder a unified market and fair competition, remove blockages and bottlenecks that impede the construction of a unified national market, promote the free flow and equal exchange of goods and factors, and improve the efficiency of resource allocation.

强大国内市场是推动高质量发展的稳定器和动力源，是中国式现代化的战略依托。坚持扩大内需这个战略基点。坚持惠民生和促消费、投资于物和投资于人紧密结合，大力提振消费。扩大有效投资，激发民间投资活力，以新需求引领新供给，以新供给创造新需求，促进消费和投资、供给和需求良性互动。建设全国统一大市场。全面落实“五统一、一开放”重点任务，加快清理废除妨碍统一市场和公平竞争的各种规定和做法，破除阻碍全国统一大市场建设的卡点堵点，促进商品和要素自由流动、平等交换，提高资源配置效率。

(II) Take reform and innovation as the fundamental driving force: activate the powerful engine of high-quality development

（二）以改革创新为根本动力：激活高质量发展的强大引擎

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “Reform and opening up is a crucial move that determines the fate of contemporary China, and it is also a crucial move that determines the realization of the ‘Two Centenary Goals’[21]21 The “Two Centenary Goals” are the goals of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC’s founding in 2021 and building a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China’s founding in 2049. and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” Reform focuses on the improvement of systems and mechanisms, including perfecting the socialist market economy system, expanding high-level opening up, and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. Innovation emphasizes technological breakthroughs and industrial upgrading, covering the entire chain from basic research, technology development, to achievement transformation. Reform provides institutional guarantees for innovation, and innovation provides directional guidance for reform; the two promote each other and jointly stimulate development vitality. To promote high-quality development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, we must seek momentum from reform, focus on building a high-level socialist market economy system, and achieve a better combination of an effective market and a competent government; we must seek momentum from innovation, place innovation at the core of the overall national development, and develop new quality productive forces according to local conditions.

习近平总书记指出：“改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键一招，也是决定实现‘两个一百年’奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的关键一招。”改革聚焦体制机制完善，包括完善社会主义市场经济体制、扩大高水平开放、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化等。创新侧重科技突破和产业升级，涵盖基础研究、技术开发、成果转化等全链条。改革为创新提供制度保障，创新为改革提供方向引领，二者相互促进，共同激发发展活力。“十五五”时期推动高质量发展，必须向改革要动力，着力构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，实现有效市场和有为政府更好结合；必须向创新要动力，把创新摆在国家发展全局的核心位置，因地制宜发展新质生产力。

1. Accelerate the achievement of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening

1. 加快实现高水平科技自立自强

Chinese-path modernization must be supported by scientific and technological modernization. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “To promote high-quality development, the most important thing is to accelerate high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, and actively develop new quality productive forces.” He further pointed out, “New quality productive forces are advanced productive forces with high technology, high efficiency, and high quality, led by innovation, breaking away from traditional economic growth modes and paths of productive forces development, and conforming to the new development concept.” Their innovativeness lies in no longer being limited to traditional production factor inputs, but taking new factors such as data, technology, and knowledge as key variables, highlighting the core position of innovation in driving economic development. Seize the opportunity to break through the “bottleneck” of key core technologies, leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources,[22]22 The “new nationwide system for mobilizing resources” (新型举国体制) refers to a state-led mechanism for concentrating resources on major scientific and technological tasks, adapted to the market economy context. and strengthen original innovation and tackling of key core technologies. Promote the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation with industrial innovation, open up the “last mile” from the “laboratory” to the “industrial chain,” and push more scientific and technological achievements from the “laboratory” to the “production line.” Advance the integrated development of education, science and technology, and talent, coordinate the construction of an education powerhouse, a science and technology powerhouse, and a talent powerhouse, and enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system. Deeply advance the construction of Digital China, fully implement the “Artificial Intelligence+” action, use artificial intelligence to lead the transformation of scientific research paradigms, and empower all industries in all aspects.

中国式现代化要靠科技现代化作支撑。习近平总书记强调，“推动高质量发展，最重要是加快高水平科技自立自强，积极发展新质生产力”。他进一步指出，“新质生产力是创新起主导作用，摆脱传统经济增长方式、生产力发展路径，具有高科技、高效能、高质量特征，符合新发展理念的先进生产力质态”，其创新性在于不再局限于传统生产要素投入，而是将数据、技术、知识等新型要素作为关键变量，突出创新在驱动经济发展中的核心地位。抓紧突破关键核心技术“卡脖子”问题，发挥新型举国体制优势，加强原始创新和关键核心技术攻关。促进科技创新与产业创新深度融合，打通从“实验室”到“产业链”的“最后一公里”，将更多科技成果从“实验室”推向“生产线”。一体推进教育科技人才发展，统筹教育强国、科技强国、人才强国建设，提升国家创新体系整体效能。深入推进数字中国建设，全面实施“人工智能+”行动，以人工智能引领科研范式变革，全方位赋能千行百业。

2. Accelerate the construction of a high-level socialist market economy system

2. 加快构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制

Building a high-level socialist market economy system is the institutional guarantee for high-quality economic development. The core is to properly handle the relationship between the government and the market, achieving both “vitality in release” and “good management,” realizing “an effective and orderly market, a competent and measured government.” Give full play to the decisive role of the market in resource allocation, further deepen reforms comprehensively, and remove institutional and mechanism obstacles that hinder high-quality development. Better play the role of the government, improve macro governance, and strengthen strategic guidance and public services. Fully stimulate the vitality of all types of business entities, adhere to and implement the “two unswervinglys,”[23]23 The “two unswervinglys” (两个毫不动摇) refer to the policy of unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. promote the “three concentrations”[24]24 The “three concentrations” (三个集中) refer to concentrating state capital in key industries and fields related to national security and the lifeline of the national economy, in forward-looking strategic industries, and in public services and people’s livelihoods. of state capital, and continuously strengthen, optimize, and expand state capital and state-owned enterprises. Implement the law on promoting the private economy, and guarantee from the legal and institutional levels that private enterprises can participate in market competition and use production factors on an equal footing.

构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制是经济高质量发展的体制保障。核心是处理好政府和市场的关系，既“放得活”又“管得好”，实现“市场有效有序、政府有为有度”。充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，进一步全面深化改革，破除制约高质量发展的体制机制障碍。更好地发挥政府作用，完善宏观治理，加强战略引导和公共服务。充分激发各类经营主体活力，坚持和落实“两个毫不动摇”，推动国有资本“三个集中”，持续推动国有资本和国有企业做强做优做大。落实民营经济促进法，从法律和制度上保障民营企业公平参与市场竞争、平等使用生产要素。

3. Expand high-level opening up to the outside world

3. 扩大高水平对外开放

Opening up to the outside world is China’s basic national policy. The “Proposal”[25]25 The “Proposal” (《建议》) refers to the CPC Central Committee’s Proposal for Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035. places “expanding high-level opening up and creating a new situation of win-win cooperation” in a more important position. Steadily expand institutional opening up, proactively align with internationally accepted rules, uphold the multilateral trading system, and expand international circulation. Optimize the environment for foreign investment, expand market access and open areas with a focus on the service industry, attract more high-quality foreign capital to participate in the construction of the modernized industrial system, and achieve mutual benefit and win-win results. Promote the high-quality joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative to go deeper and more solid. Vigorously develop service trade, innovatively develop digital trade, and promote the quality and efficiency improvement of foreign trade.

对外开放是我国的基本国策。《建议》将“扩大高水平对外开放，开创合作共赢新局面”放在更加重要的位置。稳步扩大制度型开放，主动对接国际通行规则，维护多边贸易体制，拓展国际循环。优化外商投资环境，以服务业为重点扩大市场准入和开放领域，吸引更多高质量外资参与现代化产业体系建设，实现互利共赢。推动高质量共建“一带一路”走深走实。大力发展服务贸易，创新发展数字贸易，促进外贸提质增效。

(III) Take meeting the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life as the fundamental purpose: uphold the value orientation of high-quality development

（三）以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要为根本目的：坚持高质量发展的价值取向

The people’s aspiration for a better life is our goal of struggle. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “In planning economic and social development for the 15th Five-Year Plan period, we must not forget our original aspiration, take benefiting the people as the fundamental value orientation, adhere to ensuring and improving people’s livelihoods through development, and steadily promote common prosperity.” The “Proposal” prominently emphasizes in its guiding ideology that solid steps should be taken toward common prosperity for all the people; this is an overall requirement guiding economic and social development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period.

人民对美好生活的向往就是我们的奋斗目标。习近平总书记指出：“谋划‘十五五’时期经济社会发展，要不忘初心，把造福人民作为根本价值取向，坚持在发展中保障和改善民生，稳步推动共同富裕。”《建议》在指导思想中突出强调全体人民共同富裕迈出坚实步伐，这是指导“十五五”时期经济社会发展的一个总体性要求。

1. Promote high-quality full employment and improve the income distribution system

1. 促进高质量充分就业和完善收入分配制度

Employment is the foundation of people’s livelihoods, and income is the source of people’s livelihoods. Deeply implement the employment-first strategy, improve the employment promotion mechanism, and build an employment-friendly development model. Optimize the income distribution structure, improve the institutional system for the coordinated matching of primary distribution, redistribution, and tertiary distribution, and promote the synchronous growth of residents’ income with economic development. Adhere to the principle of distribution according to work as the mainstay, with multiple forms of distribution coexisting, raise the share of residents’ income in the national income distribution, raise the share of labor remuneration in primary distribution, and improve the redistribution adjustment mechanism with taxation, social security, transfer payments, etc., as main means. Implement a plan to increase the income of urban and rural residents, effectively increase the income of low-income groups, steadily expand the size of the middle-income group, reasonably regulate high incomes, ban illegal incomes, promote the formation of an olive-shaped distribution pattern, and solidly advance common prosperity.

就业是民生之本，收入是民生之源。深入实施就业优先战略，健全就业促进机制，构建就业友好型发展方式。优化收入分配结构，健全初次分配、再分配、第三次分配协调配套的制度体系，促进居民收入增长与经济发展同步。坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重，健全以税收、社保、转移支付等为主要手段的再分配调节机制。实施城乡居民增收计划，有效增加低收入群体收入，稳步扩大中等收入群体规模，合理调节高收入，取缔非法收入，推动形成橄榄型分配格局，扎实推进共同富裕。

2. Improve the multi-level social security system

2. 健全多层次社会保障体系

Social security is a basic institutional guarantee for maintaining social fairness and enhancing the well-being of the people. China has built the world’s largest social security system. We will continue to improve and implement the national unified basic old-age insurance pooling system, and accelerate the development of a multi-level, multi-pillar old-age insurance system. We will improve the multi-level medical security system, promote provincial-level unified pooling of basic medical insurance, and perfect the three-tier system of basic medical insurance, serious illness insurance, and medical assistance. We will expand the coverage of unemployment insurance and work-related injury insurance, and raise the participation rate of flexible employment personnel, migrant workers, and workers in new forms of employment. We will improve the social assistance system, strengthen dynamic monitoring and regular assistance for low-income populations, secure the bottom line of basic livelihood, and make the social security network denser and more complete.

社会保障是维护社会公平、增进人民福祉的基本制度保障。我国已建成世界上规模最大的社会保障体系。继续完善并落实基本养老保险全国统筹制度，加快发展多层次、多支柱养老保险体系。健全多层次医疗保障体系，推进基本医疗保险省级统筹，完善基本医保、大病保险、医疗救助三重制度保障。扩大失业、工伤保险覆盖面，提高灵活就业人员、农民工、新就业形态人员参保率。健全社会救助体系，加强低收入人口动态监测和常态化帮扶，兜牢基本民生底线，让社会保障网络织得更密、更完善。

3. Improving the Quality of Public Services

3. 提升公共服务质量

Improving the public service system is an inevitable requirement for safeguarding and improving people’s livelihood. We will run education that satisfies the people, promote the expansion and quality improvement of basic education, expand the enrollment scale of high-quality undergraduate education, and explore extending the length of compulsory education. We will build a Healthy China, strengthen public health capacity, deepen the reform of public hospitals, promote the inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine, and comprehensively improve the people’s health level. We will promote high-quality population development, and in response to challenges such as population aging and declining fertility rates, optimize fertility support policies, accelerate the construction of a fertility-friendly society, and effectively reduce the costs of family childbearing, child-rearing, and education. We will actively develop elderly human resources and develop the silver economy. We will coordinate the balanced development of urban and rural areas and regions, improve the system for equalizing basic public services, and perfect the national basic public service system.

完善公共服务体系是保障和改善民生的必然要求。办好人民满意的教育，推动基础教育扩优提质，扩大优质本科教育招生规模，探索延长义务教育年限。建设健康中国，强化公共卫生能力，深化公立医院改革，推进中医药传承创新，全方位提升人民健康水平。促进人口高质量发展，针对人口老龄化、生育率下降等挑战，优化生育支持政策，加快建设生育友好型社会，有效降低家庭生育养育教育成本。积极开发老年人力资源，发展银发经济。统筹城乡区域协调发展，完善基本公共服务均等化制度，健全国家基本公共服务体系。

4. Promoting Common Prosperity in People’s Spiritual Life

4. 促进人民精神生活共同富裕

Chinese-path modernization is a modernization in which material civilization and cultural-ethical progress are coordinated. The people’s need for a better life includes both a richer material life and a better spiritual life. We will promote and practice the core socialist values, strengthen the ideological construction of the people, and enhance the people’s civic literacy and the level of social civility. We will vigorously prosper cultural undertakings, accelerate the development of the cultural industry, improve the quality of literary and artistic creation, perfect the cultural management system, and accelerate the construction of an independent knowledge system for Chinese philosophy and social sciences. We will enhance the communication power and influence of Chinese civilization, improve the systems and mechanisms for international communication, make good use of new media means, construct a Chinese discourse and Chinese narrative system, and enhance the affinity and effectiveness of international communication.

中国式现代化是物质文明和精神文明相协调的现代化。人民对美好生活的需要，既包括更丰富的物质生活，也包括更美好的精神生活。弘扬和践行社会主义核心价值观，加强人的思想建设，提升人民文明素养和社会文明程度。大力繁荣文化事业，加快发展文化产业，提高文艺创作质量，完善文化管理体制，加快构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系。提升中华文明传播力影响力，完善国际传播体制机制，用好新媒体手段，构建中国话语和中国叙事体系，提升国际传播亲和力和实效性。

(IV) Taking Comprehensive and Strict Governance of the Party as the Fundamental Guarantee: Consolidating the Political Guarantee for High-Quality Development

（四）以全面从严治党为根本保障：筑牢高质量发展的政治保证

“To govern the country, the Party must first be governed; only when the Party thrives can the country be strong.” Upholding and strengthening the Party’s overall leadership is the fundamental guarantee for socialist modernization. The *Proposal* [26]26 The *Proposal* refers to the “Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035,” adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee in October 2020. emphasizes the extreme importance of upholding the Party’s leadership and strengthening Party building in the guiding ideology for economic and social development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, the “Six Upholds” principles that must be followed, and the key tasks and major measures. It requires adhering to the Party’s self-revolution to lead social revolution, persistently advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, enhancing the Party’s political leadership, ideological guidance, mass organization, and social appeal, improving the Party’s ability and level to lead economic and social development, and providing a fundamental guarantee for the smooth progress of various tasks during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.

“治国必先治党，党兴才能国强。”坚持和加强党的全面领导是社会主义现代化建设的根本保证。《建议》在“十五五”时期经济社会发展的指导思想、必须遵循的“六个坚持”原则以及重点任务重大举措中都强调坚持党的领导、加强党的建设的极端重要性。要求坚持以党的自我革命引领社会革命，持之以恒推进全面从严治党，增强党的政治领导力、思想引领力、群众组织力、社会号召力，提高党领导经济社会发展能力和水平，为“十五五”时期各项任务的顺利推进提供根本保障。

1. Upholding and Strengthening the Centralized and Unified Leadership of the Party Central Committee

1. 坚持和加强党中央集中统一领导

The key to running China’s affairs well lies in the Party. We will further improve the Party’s leadership system that oversees the overall situation and coordinates all parties, perfect the implementation mechanism for the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, and ensure vertical coherence and effective execution. We will unswervingly use Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era to consolidate the soul and strengthen the will, and continuously use the Party’s innovative theories to unify thought, will, and action. We will develop intra-Party democracy, improve and implement democratic centralism, and adhere to scientific, democratic, and law-based decision-making. We will tighten the Party’s organizational system, enhance the political and organizational functions of Party organizations, coordinate and promote the building of primary-level Party organizations in all fields, prominently focus on Party building in new economic organizations, new social organizations, and new employment groups, give full play to the vanguard and exemplary role of Communist Party members, and ensure that the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee is “like the body commanding the arm, and the arm commanding the fingers.” [27]27 This is a classical Chinese allusion from the *Book of Documents* (Shangshu), meaning that the central command can direct subordinate bodies with perfect coordination and control.

办好中国的事情，关键在党。进一步健全总揽全局、协调各方的党的领导制度体系，完善党中央重大决策部署落实机制，确保上下贯通、执行有力。坚持不懈用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想凝心铸魂，持续用党的创新理论统一思想、统一意志、统一行动。发展党内民主，健全和落实民主集中制，坚持科学决策、民主决策、依法决策。严密党的组织体系，增强党组织政治功能和组织功能，统筹推进各领域基层党组织建设，突出抓好新经济组织、新社会组织、新就业群体党的建设，充分发挥共产党员先锋模范作用，使党中央的集中统一领导“如身使臂、如臂使指”。

2. Persistently Advancing Comprehensive and Strict Governance of the Party

2. 持之以恒推进全面从严治党

The more effective the governance of the Party and the Party’s discipline, the more powerful the guarantee for economic and social development. We will implement the general requirements for Party building in the New Era, take the Party’s political construction as the guide, comprehensively strengthen ideological construction, organizational construction, work style construction, and discipline construction, integrate institutional construction throughout, and deeply advance the fight against corruption. We will unswervingly implement the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulations of the Central Committee, and promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of work style construction. We will adhere to grasping Party spirit, Party discipline, and Party conduct together, integrate rectifying conduct, enforcing discipline, and combating corruption, and increase the intensity of simultaneous investigation and treatment of misconduct and corruption. We will advance the integrated approach of ensuring that officials do not dare to be corrupt, cannot be corrupt, and do not want to be corrupt, and resolutely fight the tough, protracted, and overall battle against corruption. We will improve the Party and state supervision system, take intra-Party supervision as the lead, and promote the coordination and connection of various types of supervision. We will strengthen the regulation and supervision of the allocation and operation of power, perfect a system and mechanism that unifies authorization, use of power, and control of power, is clear, transparent, and traceable, truly confine power in the cage of institutions, and create a clean and upright political ecosystem.

管党治党越有效，经济社会发展的保障就越有力。贯彻新时代党的建设总要求，以党的政治建设为统领，全面加强思想建设、组织建设、作风建设、纪律建设，把制度建设贯穿其中，深入推进反腐败斗争。锲而不舍落实中央八项规定精神，推进作风建设常态化长效化。坚持党性党风党纪一起抓，正风肃纪反腐相贯通，加大风腐同查同治力度。一体推进不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐，坚决打好反腐败斗争攻坚战、持久战、总体战。完善党和国家监督体系，以党内监督为主导，促进各类监督贯通协调。加强对权力配置、运行的规范和监督，健全授权用权制权相统一、清晰透明可追溯的制度机制，真正把权力关进制度的笼子，营造风清气正的政治生态。

3. Improving the Ability of the Cadre Contingent for Modernization Construction

3. 提高干部队伍现代化建设本领

Once the political line is determined, cadres are the decisive factor. We will implement the standards for good cadres in the New Era, adhere to the correct orientation for selecting and employing people, put political standards first, and strictly check political integrity, conduct, ability, work style, and integrity. We will establish and practice a correct outlook on political performance, improve the cadre assessment and evaluation mechanism, perfect the working mechanism for effectively preventing and correcting deviations in the outlook on political performance, adjust cadres who are not competent for their current positions, and promote the normalization of the system for leading cadres to be able to move up and down. We will strengthen cadre education, training, and practical exercise, improve the mechanism for regular training, especially basic training, and comprehensively enhance cadres’ ability for modernization construction. We will adhere to combining strict management with care and incentives with constraints, strengthen all-round management and regular supervision of cadres, create a good environment conducive to entrepreneurship, stimulate the endogenous motivation and overall vitality of the cadre contingent, and provide a strong guarantee of cadres and talents for completing the goals of the 14th Five-Year Plan.

政治路线确定之后，干部就是决定的因素。贯彻新时代好干部标准，坚持正确用人导向，把政治标准放在首位，严把政治关、品行关、能力关、作风关、廉洁关。树立和践行正确政绩观，完善干部考核评价机制，健全有效防范和纠治政绩观偏差工作机制，调整不胜任现职干部，推进领导干部能上能下常态化。加强干部教育培训和实践锻炼，健全常态化培训特别是基本培训机制，全面提高干部现代化建设能力。坚持严管厚爱结合、激励约束并重，加强对干部全方位管理和经常性监督，营造有利于干事创业的良好环境，激发干部队伍内生动力和整体活力，为完成“十五五”规划目标提供坚强干部人才保证。

Conclusion

结语

High-quality development is a long-term and arduous task, requiring us to continuously deepen theory, build a more complete independent Chinese economic knowledge system; continuously innovate in methods, use more advanced policy tools to observe and regulate complex economic situations; and strive for precision in practice, promote the formation of synergy among various tasks and measures and their implementation. The 14th Five-Year Plan period is a critical period for China to consolidate the foundation and make comprehensive efforts to basically achieve socialist modernization. Adhering to “taking high-quality development as the theme” has significant and far-reaching historical and practical significance. High-quality development not only concerns China’s own development but also contributes Chinese wisdom and provides Chinese solutions for human development. As the world’s largest developing country, we have successfully embarked on a path of Chinese-path modernization with high-quality development as the theme, which has great world significance for breaking the myth that “modernization equals Westernization” and expanding the path for developing countries to achieve modernization. With the complete, accurate, and comprehensive implementation of the new development philosophy, the accelerated construction of the new development pattern, and the continuous formation of new quality productive forces, China’s economic and social development will surely achieve a higher level of effective qualitative improvement and reasonable quantitative growth, and the great cause of building a strong country and rejuvenating the nation will surely be smoothly realized.

高质量发展是一项长期而艰巨的任务，要求我们在理论上持续深化，构建更加完备的中国自主经济学知识体系；在方法上不断创新，运用更先进的政策工具洞察调节复杂经济形势；在实践上务求精准，推动各项任务举措形成合力并落到实处。“十五五”时期是我国基本实现社会主义现代化夯实基础、全面发力的关键时期，坚持“以推动高质量发展为主题”，具有重大而深远的历史和现实意义。高质量发展不仅关乎中国自身发展，也为人类发展贡献了中国智慧、提供了中国方案。作为世界上最大的发展中国家，我们成功走出一条以推动高质量发展为主题的中国式现代化道路，对于打破“现代化等于西方化”的迷思，拓展发展中国家走向现代化的途径，具有重大世界意义。随着新发展理念的完整准确全面贯彻，新发展格局的加快构建，新质生产力的持续形成，中国经济社会发展必将实现更高水平质的有效提升和量的合理增长，强国建设、民族复兴伟业必定能够顺利实现。

Author’s Brief Introduction: Zhang Peng, Executive Deputy Dean of the China Executive Leadership Academy, Jinggangshan.

作者简介：张鹏，中国井冈山干部学院分管日常工作的副院长。