The Notable Advantages of China’s Governance as Seen from the “15th Five-Year Plan”

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Scientifically formulating and successively implementing five-year plans is an important experience of our Party in governing the country, and also a notable political advantage of socialism with Chinese characteristics.” The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC deliberated and adopted the *Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development* (hereinafter referred to as the *Proposal*), which deeply analyzes the domestic and international situation and makes systematic plans and strategic deployments for China’s economic and social development over the next five years. From the decision-making model that integrates top-level design with the gathering of popular wisdom, to the strategic rhythm of long-term layout and successive advancement, from the global vision that is rooted in national conditions and embraces the world, to the transformation of blueprint planning into effective implementation, the “15th Five-Year Plan,” through its scientific formulation logic and working mechanisms for promoting implementation, profoundly interprets the notable advantages of China’s governance.

习近平总书记指出：“科学制定和接续实施五年规划，是我们党治国理政一条重要经验，也是中国特色社会主义一个重要政治优势。”党的二十届四中全会审议通过《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》（以下简称《建议》），深入分析国内外形势，对未来五年我国经济社会发展作出系统谋划和战略部署。从顶层设计与民智汇聚的决策模式，到长远布局与接续推进的战略节奏，从立足国情与拥抱世界的全局视野，到蓝图擘画与促进落实的效能转化，“十五五”规划通过科学的编制逻辑和推动实施的工作机制，深刻诠释着中国之治的显著优势。

I. Scientific Decision-Making: The Unity of Top-Level Design and Soliciting Opinions from the People

一、科学决策：顶层设计与问计于民相统一

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Scientific planning is the greatest benefit, planning errors are the greatest waste, and planning disruptions are the greatest taboo.” The entire process of formulating the “15th Five-Year Plan” is permeated by the dual logic of “precise orientation through top-level design and consensus-building through soliciting opinions from the people.” This is not only a vivid practice of whole-process people’s democracy but also a fundamental guarantee that decisions align with national conditions and public opinion, achieving a high degree of unity between scientific and democratic decision-making.

习近平总书记指出：“规划科学是最大的效益，规划失误是最大的浪费，规划折腾是最大的忌讳。”“十五五”规划编制全过程贯穿着“顶层设计精准定向、问计于民凝聚共识”的双重逻辑，这既是全过程人民民主的生动实践，也是确保决策符合国情民意的根本保障，实现了决策科学性与民主性的高度统一。

The forward-looking and systematic nature of top-level design is the prerequisite guarantee for scientific decision-making. The “15th Five-Year Plan” period holds an important position of linking the past and the future in the process of basically realizing socialist modernization. Formulating and implementing the “15th Five-Year Plan” well will lay a more solid foundation for basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035. Starting from this basic orientation, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee planned and deployed economic and social development for the “15th Five-Year Plan” period. It not only maintains continuity with the concepts and ideas proposed in the “14th Five-Year Plan,” but also accurately grasps the major trends in China’s development over the next five years, clarifying the overall thinking, major principles, main objectives, and strategic tasks, and putting forward the “Six Upholds” [1]1 The “Six Upholds” (六个坚持) refer to upholding the Party’s comprehensive leadership, the people-centered development philosophy, deepening reform and opening up, the systems and institutions of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the underlying principle of pursuing progress while ensuring stability, and the systems and mechanisms for promoting common prosperity. as important principles that must be followed. This top-level design did not emerge from a vacuum; it is based on the fundamental judgment that China’s economic foundation is stable, with many advantages, strong resilience, great potential, and that the supporting conditions and basic trends for long-term improvement remain unchanged. It is also based on a precise grasp of the international situation, characterized by a world in turmoil and the deep development of a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. It was proposed on the basis of coordinating both domestic and international imperatives, grasping the historical juncture and development stage of the Party and the state’s undertakings, and analyzing the profound and complex changes in China’s development environment. It is rich in content and strong in guiding significance. This kind of top-level design, which is grounded in the overall situation and connects the past and the future, stems from our Party’s profound grasp of the laws of economic and social development, and even more so from the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, which can transcend departmental interests and short-term demands to achieve comprehensive and long-term planning for national development.

顶层设计的前瞻性与系统性，是科学决策的前提保障。“十五五”时期在基本实现社会主义现代化进程中具有承前启后的重要地位，制定和实施好“十五五”规划，就能为2035年基本实现社会主义现代化奠定更加坚实的基础。从这个基本定位出发，党的二十届四中全会谋划部署“十五五”时期经济社会发展，既同“十四五”规划提出的理念和思路保持连续性，又准确把握未来五年我国发展大势，明确了总体思路、重大原则、主要目标、战略任务，提出了必须遵循的“六个坚持”重要原则。这一顶层设计并非凭空产生，而是基于对我国经济基础稳、优势多、韧性强、潜能大，长期向好的支撑条件和基本趋势没有变的基本判断，基于对世界变乱交织、新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展的国际形势的精准把握，是在统筹国内国际两个大局、把握党和国家事业所处的历史方位和发展阶段、分析我国发展环境面临的深刻复杂变化基础上提出来的，内涵丰富、指导性强。这种立足全局、衔接前后的顶层设计，源于我们党对经济社会发展规律的深刻把握，更源于党中央的集中统一领导能够超越部门利益与短期诉求，实现对国家发展的全局性、长远性谋划。

The breadth and depth of soliciting opinions from the people is the vital source of scientific decision-making. Whole-process people’s democracy is the broadest, most genuine, and most effective form of democracy. During the formulation of the “15th Five-Year Plan,” this concept was carried through from beginning to end, forming a multi-level, multi-channel system for gathering public opinion. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core integrated the promotion of democracy and the pooling of collective wisdom throughout the entire process of drafting the *Proposal* document, conducting in-depth research and extensively soliciting opinions from all sides. From the Party Central Committee issuing the *Notice on Soliciting Opinions on the Study of the “15th Five-Year Plan” Proposal by the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee* on January 22, to the Party Central Committee organizing six research teams in late February to conduct special investigations in 12 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities, and then to the online opinion solicitation activity for the plan’s formulation from May 20 to June 20, and the Party Central Committee distributing the draft of the *Proposal* to all regions, departments, and relevant units for comments on August 4. The opinion solicitation activities had high participation and broad coverage. Experts and scholars offered suggestions on medical reform, agricultural entrepreneurs proposed specific ideas for rural revitalization, and the business community actively voiced opinions on optimizing the business environment, among others. Opinions and suggestions from different groups were fully absorbed into the plan’s formulation. This approach of formulating the plan with an open door makes the plan both conform to the national strategic direction and meet the actual needs of the people, turning the decision-making process into a process of building consensus and pooling strength, greatly enhancing the plan’s scientific nature and feasibility.

问计于民的广泛性与深入性，是科学决策的活力源泉。全过程人民民主是最广泛、最真实、最管用的民主。“十五五”规划编制过程中，这一理念被贯穿始终，形成了多层次、多渠道的民意征集体系。以习近平同志为核心的党中央把发扬民主、集思广益贯穿《建议》文件起草工作全过程，深入开展调查研究，广泛征求各方意见。从1月22日党中央发出《关于对党的二十届四中全会研究“十五五”规划建议征求意见的通知》，到2月下旬党中央组织6个调研组，赴12个省区市进行专题调研，再到5月20日至6月20日规划编制开展网络征求意见活动，8月4日党中央将《建议》的征求意见稿印发各地区、各部门、各有关单位征求意见。征求意见活动参与度高、覆盖面广，专家学者围绕医疗改革建言献策、农创客为乡村振兴提出具体思路、企业界聚焦营商环境优化积极发声等等，来自不同群体的意见建议被充分吸收到规划编制中。这种开门编规划的做法，让规划既符合国家战略方向，又贴合群众实际需求，使决策过程成为凝聚共识、汇聚力量的过程，极大提升了规划的科学性和可行性。

The positive interaction between top-level design and soliciting opinions from the people—first democracy, then centralism, then democracy again, then centralism again—ensures that the “15th Five-Year Plan” both satisfies the interests and needs of the people and conforms to long-term development goals and the overall interests of the country. This fully embodies the organic unity of the Party’s leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance, highlighting the characteristics and advantages of our Party’s governance of the country.

顶层设计与问计于民的良性互动，先民主、后集中，再民主、再集中，使“十五五”规划既满足人民群众的利益和需要，又符合长远发展目标和国家整体利益，充分体现了党的领导、人民当家作主和依法治国的有机统一，彰显了我们党治国理政的特点和优势。

II. Strategic Coordination: The Unity of Long-Term Layout and Successive Struggle

二、战略协同：长远布局与接续奋斗相统一

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Realizing socialist modernization is a historical process of stepwise progression and continuous development and progress, requiring unremitting efforts and successive struggle.” Through systematic planning that anchors long-term goals, connects historical practices, and solves phased problems, the “15th Five-Year Plan” demonstrates our Party’s strategic wisdom in coordinating the short term with the long term, and the partial with the whole, achieving a high degree of coordination in planning development that “carries out a single blueprint to the end.”

习近平总书记指出：“实现社会主义现代化是一个阶梯式递进、不断发展进步的历史过程，需要不懈努力、接续奋斗。”“十五五”规划通过锚定长远目标、衔接历史实践、破解阶段难题的系统谋划，展现了我们党统筹短期与长期、局部与整体的战略智慧，实现了规划发展“一张蓝图绘到底”的高度协同。

The stepwise progression of the long-term layout provides clear guidance for successive struggle. From the implementation of the first five-year plan in 1953 to the present, the successive implementation of 14 five-year plans (or programs) has propelled China from establishing an independent and relatively complete industrial system, to building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, and then to marching towards the basic realization of socialist modernization, always revolving around the long-term goal of “building China into a great modern socialist country.” The fact that China has developed from a country that “could not even make a single automobile or airplane” into the world’s largest manufacturing country in just over 70 years confirms the important role of long-term layout for national development. The 20th National Congress of the CPC clarified the “two-step” strategic arrangement for comprehensively building a great modern socialist country and advancing towards the second centenary goal [2]2 The “second centenary goal” (第二个百年奋斗目标) is to build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, the centenary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China.. Basically realizing socialist modernization by 2035 is the first step, which requires the successive advancement of three five-year plans, from the “14th Five-Year Plan” to the “16th Five-Year Plan.” Among them, the “14th Five-Year Plan” period is the five years for getting off to a good start, the “15th Five-Year Plan” period is the five years for consolidating the foundation and making comprehensive efforts, and the “16th Five-Year Plan” period is the five years for concentrating efforts on tackling key problems and achieving a comprehensive conclusion. This stepwise planning design transforms the long-term goal of basically realizing socialist modernization from a distant vision into decomposable, implementable, and verifiable phased tasks.

长远布局的阶梯式递进，为接续奋斗提供清晰指引。从1953年第一个五年计划实施至今，14个五年规划（计划）的接续实施，推动我国从建立独立的比较完整的工业体系，到全面建成小康社会，再到向着基本实现社会主义现代化迈进，始终围绕“把我国建设成为社会主义现代化强国”这一长远目标展开。我国能够在70余年间从“一辆汽车、一架飞机都不能造”发展成为制造业第一大国，印证了长远布局对于国家发展的重要作用。党的二十大明确了全面建成社会主义现代化强国、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军“两步走”的战略安排，到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化是第一步，需要从“十四五”到“十六五”3个五年规划的接续推进来完成。其中，“十四五”是开局起步的五年，“十五五”是夯实基础、全面发力的五年，“十六五”是聚力攻坚、全面收官的五年。这一阶梯式的规划设计，让基本实现社会主义现代化的长远目标不再是遥不可及的愿景，而是可分解、可落实、可检验的阶段性任务。

The practical character of successive struggle turns long-term blueprints into tangible achievements. During the “14th Five-Year Plan” period, China’s economic increment is expected to exceed 35 trillion yuan, per capita GDP has exceeded US$13,000 for two consecutive years, and the coverage rates of basic old-age insurance and basic medical insurance have remained stable at over 95%. These achievements have laid a solid foundation for successive struggle during the “15th Five-Year Plan” period. The implementation of the “15th Five-Year Plan” must not only consolidate and expand advantages, break through bottleneck constraints, and shore up weak points and shortcomings to further consolidate the development foundation, but also focus on the comprehensive and coordinated efforts of the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy to achieve major breakthroughs in strategic tasks related to the overall situation of Chinese-path modernization. This successive struggle is not a simple repetition; it is innovation in inheritance and development in innovation. For example, facing the arduous task of transitioning between old and new growth drivers during the “15th Five-Year Plan” period, the *Proposal*, while consolidating the foundation of previous industrial development, proposes developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions, and cultivating and expanding emerging industries and future industries. Addressing the weaknesses and shortcomings in people’s livelihood security, on the basis of improving the social security system, it emphasizes introducing a series of livelihood policy measures with strong balance and accessibility. This spirit of successive struggle, which focuses on long-term development, is the driving force behind China’s ability to withstand the pressure of international changes and maintain healthy and sustained development.

接续奋斗的实践品格，让长远蓝图转化为现实成就。“十四五”时期，我国经济增量预计超过35万亿元，人均GDP连续两年超过1.3万美元，基本养老保险、基本医疗保险参保率稳定在95%以上，这些成就为“十五五”时期的接续奋斗奠定了坚实基础。“十五五”规划的实施，既要巩固拓展优势、破除瓶颈制约、补强短板弱项，进一步夯实发展根基，又要聚焦“五位一体”总体布局和“四个全面”战略布局全面协同发力，推动事关中国式现代化全局的战略任务取得重大突破。这种接续奋斗并非简单重复，而是在传承中创新、在创新中发展。比如，面对“十五五”时期新旧动能转换的艰巨任务，《建议》在夯实以往产业发展基础的同时，提出因地制宜发展新质生产力、培育壮大新兴产业和未来产业等；针对民生保障的短板弱项，在健全社会保障体系的基础上，强调推出一系列均衡性可及性强的民生政策举措。这种着眼长远发展的接续奋斗精神，是我国能够顶住国际风云变幻的压力持续健康发展的动力源泉。

The institutional guarantee of strategic coordination provides guidance for long-term planning and sustained effort. The overall leadership of the Party is the fundamental guarantee for achieving strategic coordination. By perfecting the implementation mechanism for major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, it can ensure that all regions and departments, when advancing the implementation of the plan, always revolve around the overall national objectives, avoiding each fighting for itself. At the same time, the establishment of a monitoring and evaluation mechanism for plan implementation can track task progress in a timely manner and dynamically adjust measures according to actual conditions. This not only ensures the stability of the strategic direction but also enhances the flexibility of execution. This institutional design ensures that long-term planning does not become disconnected and that sustained effort does not slacken, making the “15th Five-Year Plan” an important bridge connecting history, the present, and the future, steadily advancing Chinese-path modernization.

战略协同的制度保障，为长远布局与接续奋斗提供遵循。党的全面领导是实现战略协同的根本保证，通过完善党中央重大决策部署落实机制，能够确保各地各部门在推进规划实施时始终围绕国家整体目标，避免各自为战。同时，规划实施监测评估机制的建立，能够及时跟踪任务进展，根据实际情况动态调整举措，既保证了战略方向的稳定性，又增强了执行的灵活性。这种制度设计，让长远布局不脱节、接续奋斗不松劲，使“十五五”规划成为连接历史、现实与未来的重要桥梁，推动中国式现代化稳步向前。

III. Overall Planning: The Unity of Rooting in China and Looking Out to the World

三、统筹全局：立足中国与放眼世界相统一

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Leading cadres must keep in mind two overall situations: one is the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and the other is the changes unseen in a century in the world. This is the basic starting point for our Party’s work planning.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Studying and Implementing the Spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee,” October 29, 2020. The “15th Five-Year Plan,” focusing on “coordinating development and security, coordinating both the domestic and international overall situations,” both insists on handling its own affairs well based on the country’s actual conditions and embraces the world with an open and inclusive mindset. It vividly demonstrates a governance pattern of a major country that unifies rooting in China with looking out to the world.

习近平总书记指出：“领导干部要胸怀两个大局，一个是中华民族伟大复兴的战略全局，一个是世界百年未有之大变局，这是我们党谋划工作的基本出发点。”“十五五”规划，着眼“统筹发展和安全、统筹国内国际两个大局”，既坚持立足本国国情办好自己的事，又秉持开放包容的心态拥抱世界，生动展现了立足中国与放眼世界相统一的大国治理格局。

Rooting in China’s reality, we consolidate the solid foundation for high-quality development. During the “15th Five-Year Plan” period, China is in a critical stage of transitioning from a middle-income country to a high-income country, and then advancing towards a moderately developed country. The conditions for development and the growth model are undergoing profound changes. The “15th Five-Year Plan” soberly recognizes the prominent problems of unbalanced and inadequate domestic development and continues to identify promoting high-quality development as the theme of economic and social development for the next five years. In response to the blockages and obstacles in the domestic economic circulation, the *Proposal* [4]4 The *Proposal* refers to the *CPC Central Committee’s Proposal on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035*. proposes accelerating the construction of a unified national market, stimulating the potential of domestic demand, and fully releasing the dividends of the ultra-large-scale market, among other things. It highlights the leading role of scientific and technological innovation, making deployments in building a modern industrial system, accelerating high-level self-reliance and strength in science and technology, and accelerating the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development. These overall plans based on national conditions avoid the blindness of copying other countries’ models, optimize resource allocation through “a game of chess for the whole country,” concentrate strength to overcome development difficulties, and demonstrate the advantage of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics in concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks.

立足中国实际，筑牢高质量发展的坚实根基。“十五五”时期，我国正处于从中等收入国家向高收入国家跨越、进而向中等发达国家迈进的关键阶段，发展条件和增长模式发生深刻变化。“十五五”规划清醒认识到国内发展不平衡不充分的突出问题，继续把推动高质量发展确定为未来五年经济社会发展的主题。针对国内大循环存在的卡点堵点，《建议》提出加快建设全国统一大市场，激发内需潜力，充分释放超大规模市场红利等；突出科技创新的引领作用，在建设现代化产业体系、加快高水平科技自立自强、加快经济社会发展全面绿色转型等方面作出部署，等等。这些立足国情的统筹谋划，既避免了照搬他国模式的盲目性，又通过“全国一盘棋”优化资源配置，集中力量攻克发展难题，彰显了中国特色社会主义制度集中力量办大事的优势。

Looking out to the world stage, we expand the broad space for opening up to the outside world. While insisting on rooting in domestic development, the “15th Five-Year Plan” consistently upholds the concept of open cooperation and actively promotes the common development of China and the world. Currently, the global balance of power is undergoing profound adjustments, unilateralism and protectionism are on the rise, and the international economic and trade order faces challenges. However, the *Proposal* clearly states the insistence on expanding opening up, demonstrating China’s firm determination for win-win development with the world. In the trade field, it promotes a higher level of trade facilitation, expands trade cooperation with countries jointly building the Belt and Road Initiative, and cultivates new trade formats such as cross-border e-commerce. In the investment field, it continuously optimizes the business environment, attracts global high-quality resources, and simultaneously supports Chinese enterprises in going global in an orderly manner to participate in international production capacity cooperation. The “15th Five-Year Plan” both introduces advanced technology and management experience through opening up to assist domestic industrial upgrading and, by sharing development opportunities, promotes the implementation of the Global Development Initiative, making China’s development a stabilizer and power source for world economic growth. This demonstrates the global vision and major-country responsibility of China’s governance.

放眼世界舞台，拓展对外开放的广阔空间。“十五五”规划在坚持立足国内的同时，始终秉持开放合作的理念，积极推动中国与世界共同发展。当前，全球力量对比深刻调整，单边主义、保护主义抬头，国际经济贸易秩序面临挑战，但《建议》明确提出坚持扩大对外开放，展现了中国与世界共赢发展的坚定决心。在贸易领域，推动更高水平贸易便利化，拓展与共建“一带一路”国家的贸易合作，培育跨境电商等新型贸易业态；在投资领域，持续优化营商环境，吸引全球优质资源，同时支持中国企业有序“走出去”，参与国际产能合作。“十五五”规划既通过开放引进先进技术与管理经验，助力国内产业升级，又通过共享发展机遇，推动全球发展倡议落地见效，使中国发展成为世界经济增长的稳定器与动力源，展现了中国之治的世界情怀与大国担当。

Rooting in China and looking out to the world, coordinating development and security is of utmost importance. Currently, the world is intertwined with chaos and change, with intensifying turbulence. Geopolitical conflicts are frequent and prone to occurring, and major-power games are more complex and intense. At the same time, structural, institutional, and cyclical problems in China’s development process are intertwined, and the complexity and difficulty of national security issues have significantly increased. In the next five years, various uncertain and unpredictable risk factors in China will markedly increase, making the task of coordinating development and security more arduous. The *Proposal*, focusing on advancing the modernization of the national security system and capacity, proposes improving the national security system, strengthening national security capacity building in key areas, raising the level of public safety governance, and perfecting the social governance system. Focusing on high-quality advancement of national defense and military modernization, it proposes accelerating the construction of advanced combat capabilities, advancing the modernization of military governance, and consolidating and improving the integrated national strategic system and capability. These strategic measures are forward-looking plans based on China’s development stage. They are of great significance for effectively responding to various domestic and international risks and challenges, building a solid security barrier, and ensuring the stable and long-term progress of modernization during the “15th Five-Year Plan” period.

立足中国与放眼世界，统筹发展和安全至关重要。当前，世界变乱交织、动荡加剧，地缘冲突易发多发，大国博弈更加复杂激烈，同时我国发展进程中结构性、体制性、周期性问题相互交织，国家安全问题的复杂程度、艰巨程度明显加大。未来5年，我国各种不确定难预料的风险因素将明显增多，统筹发展和安全任务更加艰巨。《建议》围绕推进国家安全体系和能力现代化，提出健全国家安全体系，加强重点领域国家安全能力建设，提高公共安全治理水平，完善社会治理体系；围绕高质量推进国防和军队现代化，提出加快先进战斗力建设，推进军事治理现代化，巩固提高一体化国家战略体系和能力。这些战略举措是立足我国发展阶段的前瞻谋划，对于有效应对国内国际各种风险挑战，筑牢安全屏障，确保“十五五”时期现代化建设行稳致远，具有重要意义。

IV. Efficiency Transformation: The Unity of Far-reaching Planning and Promoting Implementation

四、效能转化：深远擘画与促进落实相统一

General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “One part is deployment, nine parts are implementation.” [5]5 A common Chinese political idiom emphasizing that implementation is far more important than initial planning. Through a whole-chain design of “institutional guarantee, resource integration, and practical implementation,” the “15th Five-Year Plan” promotes a high degree of unity between “strategizing” and “earnest action,” demonstrating the implementation advantage of the socialist system.

习近平总书记指出：“一分部署，九分落实。”“十五五”规划通过“制度保障、资源整合、实践落地”的全链条设计，推动实现“谋定”与“笃行”的高度统一，彰显社会主义制度的执行优势。

Sound institutional mechanisms provide guarantees for implementation. To ensure the implementation of the “15th Five-Year Plan,” China will continue and continuously improve the effective planning implementation mechanism, forming a resource allocation model where “projects follow the plan, and funds and factors follow the projects.” In terms of vertical alignment, the plan’s objectives are broken down into three-level task lists for the central government, local governments, and departments, clarifying responsible entities and completion deadlines. In terms of horizontal coordination, the coordination mechanism between development planning and fiscal, financial, industrial, and other policies is improved to ensure that all policies work in the same direction. In 2025, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress reviewed the *Draft Law of the People’s Republic of China on National Development Planning* twice, promoting the inclusion of planning formulation and implementation in the track of the rule of law, providing legal guarantees for promoting plan execution. [6]6 The National Development Planning Law is a piece of legislation intended to formalize the process of drafting, approving, and implementing five-year plans, placing them under legal rather than purely administrative authority. This multi-level, all-round institutional design effectively solves the governance problem of “planning is one thing, implementation is another,” laying a solid institutional foundation for the effective implementation of the plan.

健全的制度机制为抓落实提供保障。为确保“十五五”规划落地，我国延续并将持续完善行之有效的规划实施机制，形成“项目跟着规划走，资金、要素跟着项目走”的资源配置模式。在纵向衔接上，将规划目标分解为中央、地方、部门三级任务清单，明确责任主体与完成时限；在横向协同上，健全发展规划与财政、金融、产业等政策的协调机制，确保各项政策同向发力。2025年全国人大常委会先后两次审议《中华人民共和国国家发展规划法（草案）》，推动规划制定和实施纳入法治化轨道，为促进规划执行提供法律保障。这种多层次、全方位的制度设计，有效破解了“规划归规划、落实归落实”的治理难题，为有效落实规划筑牢制度根基。

Strict evaluation and supervision escort implementation. The “15th Five-Year Plan” inherits the dynamic monitoring, mid-term evaluation, and final evaluation mechanisms formed during the “14th Five-Year Plan” period. By improving the policy coordination and work coordination mechanisms, strengthening monitoring, evaluation, and supervision, it promptly discovers and solves emerging problems, promoting the implementation of the tasks proposed in the plan one by one. At the same time, the decisions and deployments of the *Proposal* provide relevant policy support for the formulation of various types of plans at all levels. For example, the *Proposal* proposes strengthening the governance of artificial intelligence, perfecting relevant laws and regulations, policy systems, application norms, and ethical guidelines. It also proposes unifying market supervision and law enforcement, strengthening quality supervision, and perfecting the benchmark system for administrative discretion, among other things. This whole-process, multi-dimensional supervision and evaluation mechanism helps to promptly identify deviations in the plan implementation process and make dynamic adjustments. By forming a closed-loop system of “institution-policy-supervision,” it provides rigid guarantees for efficiency transformation, promoting the transformation of the plan from a “blueprint on paper” into an “action program.” The *Proposal* emphasizes fully mobilizing the initiative, creativity, and enthusiasm of the whole society to devote itself to Chinese-path modernization, implementing the policy of respecting labor, respecting knowledge, respecting talent, and respecting creation. History proves that under the strong leadership of the Party, by strengthening the unity and mobilization of the broad masses, guiding the broad masses to transform the Party’s decisions and deployments into conscious action, and gathering the mighty force of the people, can the Party’s cause be smoothly advanced. The 14 five-year plans (programs) that China has formulated and implemented, from drawing the blueprint to bearing fruit, have all fully demonstrated the concerted efforts and tenacious struggle of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups in the country.

严格的评估监督为抓落实保驾护航。“十五五”规划继承了“十四五”时期形成的动态监测、中期评估和总结评估机制，通过健全政策协调和工作协同机制，强化监测评估和监督，及时发现和解决出现的问题，推动规划提出的任务一一落到实处。同时，《建议》各项决策部署对各级各类规划编制提出相关政策支撑。比如，《建议》提出，加强人工智能治理，完善相关法律法规、政策制度、应用规范、伦理准则。统一市场监管执法，加强质量监管，完善行政裁量权基准制度，等等。这种全过程、多维度监督评估机制，有助于及时发现规划实施过程中的偏差并动态调整。通过形成“制度—政策—监督”的闭环体系，为效能转化提供刚性保障，推动规划从“纸上蓝图”变为“行动纲领”。《建议》强调，充分调动全社会投身中国式现代化建设的积极性主动性创造性，贯彻尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造的方针。历史证明，在党的坚强领导下，加强对广大群众的团结动员，引导广大群众把党的决策部署转化为自觉行动，汇聚起人民群众的磅礴力量，才能把党的事业顺利推向前进。我国已经制定实施的14个五年规划（计划），从绘制蓝图到结出硕果，都充分展现了全党全国各族人民的齐心协力和顽强奋斗。

The enthusiasm of the whole society injects impetus into implementation. The compilation of the “15th Five-Year Plan” involves all aspects of economic and social development and is closely related to the production and daily life of the people. By encouraging the broad masses of the people and all sectors of society to actively participate in various ways, social expectations, the wisdom of the masses, expert opinions, and grassroots experience are fully absorbed into the compilation of the plan, so that the plan truly embodies the will of the people, safeguards the rights and interests of the people, and stimulates the creative vitality of the people. The “Proposal” [7]7 The “Proposal” refers to the “CPC Central Committee’s Proposal on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035,” a guiding document issued by the Party Central Committee. emphasizes fully mobilizing the initiative, enthusiasm, and creativity of the whole society in devoting itself to Chinese-path modernization, and implementing the policy of respecting labor, respecting knowledge, respecting talent, and respecting creation. History has proven that, under the strong leadership of the Party, only by strengthening the unity and mobilization of the broad masses, guiding the broad masses to transform the Party’s decisions and deployments into conscious action, and gathering the mighty force of the people, can the Party’s cause be smoothly advanced. The 14 five-year plans (programs) that have been formulated and implemented in our country, from drawing the blueprint to bearing rich fruit, have fully demonstrated the concerted efforts and tenacious struggle of the entire Party and the people of all ethnic groups across the country.

全社会的积极性为抓落实注入动力。“十五五”规划编制涉及经济社会发展方方面面，同人民群众生产生活息息相关，通过鼓励广大人民群众和社会各界以各种方式积极参与，把社会期盼、群众智慧、专家意见、基层经验充分吸收到规划编制中来，使规划真正体现人民意志、保障人民权益、激发人民创造活力。《建议》强调，充分调动全社会投身中国式现代化建设的积极性主动性创造性，贯彻尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造的方针。历史证明，在党的坚强领导下，加强对广大群众的团结动员，引导广大群众把党的决策部署转化为自觉行动，汇聚起人民群众的磅礴力量，才能把党的事业顺利推向前进。我国已经制定实施的14个五年规划（计划），从绘制蓝图到结出硕果，都充分展现了全党全国各族人民的齐心协力和顽强奋斗。

From the compilation logic and the path to promoting implementation of the “15th Five-Year Plan,” we can clearly see the conspicuous advantages of China’s governance. On the new journey, we must unite more closely around the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, comprehensively implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, thoroughly study and implement the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC [8]8 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, held in 2024, focused on deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization., overcome difficulties, fight risks, and meet challenges with a historical initiative spirit, and strive to create a new situation in the construction of Chinese-path modernization.

从“十五五”规划的编制逻辑与促进落实路径中，我们清晰看到中国之治的显著优势。新征程上，我们必须更加紧密地团结在以习近平同志为核心的党中央周围，全面贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，深入学习贯彻党的二十届四中全会精神，以历史主动精神克难关、战风险、迎挑战，奋力开创中国式现代化建设新局面。

(Author: Professor at the National Security College of the National Defense University, Researcher at the Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era of the National Defense University)

（作者：国防大学国家安全学院教授，国防大学习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心研究员）