A Strong Domestic Market Is the Strategic Foundation of Chinese-Path Modernization

Looking ahead to the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan, China’s development environment faces profound changes. Against the backdrop of increasing uncertainties and unpredictable factors, the scarcity of the market as a strategic resource becomes more pronounced. The *Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the Fifteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development* (hereinafter referred to as the *Proposal*) states that “a strong domestic market is the strategic foundation of Chinese-path modernization” and deploys a series of measures to build a strong domestic market. In the next five years, the key is to adhere to the strategic basis of expanding domestic demand, promote positive interaction between consumption and investment, and between supply and demand, and enhance the endogenous driving force and reliability of the domestic economic cycle, thereby accelerating the transformation of the domestic market from large to strong, and providing a more robust and surging endogenous momentum for solidly promoting high-quality development.

展望“十五五”时期，我国发展环境面临深刻变化，在不确定难预料因素增多背景下，市场作为战略资源的稀缺性更加凸显。《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》（下文简称《建议》）提出“强大国内市场是中国式现代化的战略依托”，部署了建设强大国内市场系列举措。未来五年，关键是要坚持扩大内需这个战略基点，促进消费和投资、供给和需求良性互动，增强国内大循环内生动力和可靠性，从而加快推动国内市场由大到强转变，为扎实推动高质量发展提供更加强劲而澎湃的内生动能。

I. The Basic Essence and Characteristics of a Strong Domestic Market

一、强大国内市场的基本要义和特征

The important thesis that “a strong domestic market is the strategic foundation of Chinese-path modernization” is rooted in the basic principles of Marxism and represents an innovative development of Marxist political economy by Xi Jinping’s economic thought. Its connotation is extremely rich. This thesis reveals the fundamental and supporting role of domestic demand in advancing the process of Chinese-path modernization. Building a strong domestic market, promoting positive interaction between supply and demand, and achieving a high-level dynamic equilibrium will provide a solid foundation for accelerating the construction of a new development pattern.

“强大国内市场是中国式现代化的战略依托”的重要论断，根植于马克思主义基本原理，是习近平经济思想对马克思主义政治经济学的创新发展，其内涵十分丰富。这一论断揭示了在推进中国式现代化进程中，内需发挥的基础性和支撑性作用，建设强大国内市场，促进供需良性互动、实现高水平动态平衡，将为加快构建新发展格局提供坚实基础。

A domestic market is the entire field, all platform media, and rule systems within a country where exchanges of goods and services take place. Understanding the basic essence of a strong domestic market lies in grasping the dialectical relationship between “strong” and “large.” “Large” refers to the large scale of the total economic volume, the large market capacity, and the related rapid growth rate. It is estimated that by the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China’s total economic volume will reach 140 trillion yuan. Calculated according to the purchasing power parity method published by the World Bank, it has become the world’s largest consumer market, with a growth rate leading other major economies. On this basis, “strong” refers to the quality, efficiency, structural level, and competitive advantage of economic and market development, that is, the global importance and influence of China’s economy and market.

国内市场是一个国家范围内，进行商品和服务交换的全部领域、所有平台媒介和规则体系。理解强大国内市场的基本要义，关键在于理解“强”和“大”的辩证关系。“大”是指经济总量规模大、市场容量大及相关增速快，预计“十四五”末期，我国经济总量将达140万亿元，按世界银行公布的购买力平价法计算，已成为全球第一大消费市场，增速领先其他主要经济体。在此基础上，“强”是指经济发展和市场发展的质量效益、结构层次、竞争优势，即中国经济和中国市场在全球范围的重要性和影响力。

Building a strong domestic market is a systematic project. It must be guided by goals and oriented towards problems, focusing on promoting the simultaneous dynamic leap of the supply system, distribution system, circulation system, and demand system corresponding to the four major links of production, distribution, circulation, and consumption in the national economic cycle. This will accelerate the formation of a strong market with a larger scale, better structure, higher quality and efficiency, and more complete rules, providing more surging momentum for solidly promoting high-quality development and realizing Chinese-path modernization. First, promote the upgrading of the supply system from low to high, use consumption upgrading to lead industrial upgrading, vigorously promote the intelligent, green, and integrated development of the real economy, especially manufacturing, ensure the independent operation and fair competition of various enterprises, and continuously enhance the ability to participate in the international division of labor and value distribution. Second, improve the income distribution system, increase the proportion of residents’ income in national income distribution, increase the proportion of labor remuneration in primary distribution, strengthen redistribution adjustments such as taxation and social security, implement income growth plans for urban and rural residents, and promote the formation of an olive-shaped distribution pattern. [1]1 The 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) is the latest in a series of national five-year plans for economic and social development formulated by the Chinese Communist Party. Third, improve the overall efficiency of the modern circulation system, improve the integrated and connected circulation rules and standards, accelerate the “filling of shortcomings” in market facilities and high-standard connectivity, enhance the ability of the logistics network to support the efficient flow of economic factors, and develop new forms of hub economy and corridor economy. Fourth, use consumption upgrading to drive effective investment, and promote the upgrading of the demand system from low to high. During the period of the 15th Five-Year Plan, the demand level and purchasing power of Chinese residents will continue to rise, accelerating the shift from subsistence consumption to developmental consumption. The proportion of service consumption expenditure will continue to expand. New products and services of “artificial intelligence +” will continue to emerge, driving investment growth in emerging fields. It is expected to accelerate the release of trillions of yuan in domestic demand potential.

建设强大国内市场是一项系统工程，须以目标为指引、以问题为导向，着力推动国民经济循环中生产、分配、流通、消费四大环节所对应的供给体系、分配体系、流通体系、需求体系同步动态跃升，加快形成规模更大、结构更优、质效更好、规则更完备的强大市场，为扎实推动高质量发展、实现中国式现代化提供更加澎湃的动能。一是推动供给体系由低到高升级，以消费升级引领产业升级，大力推动实体经济尤其是制造业智能化绿色化融合化发展，确保各类企业自主经营和公平竞争，持续提升国际分工地位及参与价值分配的能力。二是完善收入分配制度，提高居民收入在国民收入分配中的比重，提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重，加强税收、社会保障等再分配调节，实施城乡居民增收计划，推动形成橄榄型分配格局。三是提高现代流通体系整体效率，健全一体衔接的流通规则和标准，加快市场设施“补短板”和高标准联通，提高物流网络对经济要素高效流动的支持能力，发展枢纽经济、通道经济新形态。四是以消费升级带动有效投资，推动需求体系由低到高升级。“十五五”时期，我国居民需求层次与购买力将不断提升，从生存型消费加快转向发展型消费，服务性消费支出占比继续扩大，“人工智能+”新产品和新服务不断涌现，带动新兴领域投资增长，预计将加速释放万亿级的内需潜力。

II. The Necessity and Urgency of Building a Strong Domestic Market During the Period of the 15th Five-Year Plan

二、“十五五”时期建设强大国内市场的必要性紧迫性

During the period of the 15th Five-Year Plan, China’s development will still be in an important period of strategic opportunity with much to be accomplished. The distinctive characteristics of the times require that this strategic resource of the domestic market be used well, fully, and effectively. By activating and releasing domestic demand potential, relying on the super-large market to strongly support technological innovation and industrial upgrading, promoting positive interaction between supply and demand, and enhancing economic resilience and the ability to resist risks, it will also inevitably continue to improve people’s livelihood and better meet the people’s aspirations for a better life. At the same time, it can contribute China’s strength to the stable development of the global economy.

“十五五”时期，我国发展仍处于大有可为的重要战略机遇期，鲜明的时代特征要求把国内市场这种战略资源用好用足用到位，通过激活和释放内需潜力，依托超大规模市场有力支撑科技创新和产业升级，促进供需良性互动，增强经济发展韧性与抗风险能力，也必将持续提升民生福祉，更好满足人民对美好生活的向往，同时能够为全球经济稳定发展贡献中国力量。

Building a strong domestic market can better meet the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life. The inherent stability of the domestic economic cycle is mainly reflected in the supporting role of domestic demand for economic development. During the period of the 15th Five-Year Plan, the size of China’s middle-income group will further expand, and the urbanization level of the registered population will continue to improve. The key is to grasp from an overall perspective the income distribution, consumption expectations, and consumption capacity that support the accelerated release of effective demand potential, focus on the people’s needs for a better life, strive to optimize the income distribution structure, expand the supply of high-quality consumer goods and services, and meet existing demand while opening up new demand.

建设强大国内市场能够更好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。国内大循环的内在稳定性主要体现为内需对经济发展的支撑力。“十五五”时期，我国中等收入群体规模进一步壮大，户籍人口城镇化水平持续提高，关键是要从全局把握住支撑有效需求潜力加速释放的收入分配、消费预期和消费能力等，聚焦人民群众美好生活需要，着力优化收入分配结构，扩大优质消费品和服务供给，满足既有需求和开拓新需求。

Building a strong domestic market can ensure scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, as well as the security of industrial and supply chains. During the period of the 15th Five-Year Plan, a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is deepening. International competition is unfolding around fields such as artificial intelligence. New technologies and new business forms are driving the formation of more new markets. For the commercial application of disruptive technologies, the market will become an even scarcer resource, and the advantages of China’s super-large market will become more prominent. Efforts need to be concentrated in areas such as standard leadership, brand building, and quality improvement, striving to strengthen, extend, and supplement chains, strengthen effective investment in digital and intelligent new infrastructure, and promote the Internet of Things and the Industrial Internet to generate greater radiating and driving forces.

建设强大国内市场能够保障科技自立自强和产业链供应链安全。“十五五”时期，新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，国际竞争围绕人工智能等领域展开，新技术新业态推动形成更多新市场。对于颠覆性技术的商业应用而言，市场将成为更加稀缺资源，而我国超大规模市场优势将更加彰显。需在标准引领、品牌建设、质量提升等方面集中发力，努力补链强链拓链，强化对数智化新型基础设施的有效投入，促进物联网、工业互联网等产生更大辐射带动力。

Building a strong domestic market can unblock the bottlenecks and blockages that restrict the supply-demand cycle. A larger market size and industrial scale are the foundation for being “strong.” On this basis, building a high-standard market system that is unified, open, competitive, orderly, well-institutionalized, and well-governed helps to smooth the economic cycle between production, distribution, circulation, and consumption, continuously improve the quality and level of the economic cycle, and promote a dynamic balance between supply and demand at a higher level. Building a strong domestic market does not mean engaging in a closed internal cycle. Instead, it means continuously expanding opening up both internally and externally. It involves both “breaking down barriers and establishing new ones” to base development on one’s own strength and coordinating the use of global factors and market resources.

建设强大国内市场能够打通制约供需循环的卡点堵点。市场规模和产业规模更大是“强”的基础，在此基础上，构建统一开放、竞争有序、制度完备、治理完善的高标准市场体系，有助于畅通生产、分配、流通、消费之间的经济循环，不断提升经济循环的质量和层次，促进供给和需求在更高水平上实现动态平衡。建设强大国内市场，不是搞封闭的内循环，而是要持续对内对外扩大开放，既通过“破壁立新”把发展放在自己力量基点上，又统筹用好全球要素和市场资源。

Building a strong domestic market can actively respond to the adverse effects of de-globalization. During the period of the 15th Five-Year Plan, although the world has entered a new period of turbulence and transformation, and trade protectionism and unilateralism are disrupting the international economic and trade environment, economic globalization remains a major historical trend. China’s construction of a strong domestic market is conducive to enhancing its own global competitiveness, contribution, and driving effect, effectively responding to the new situation of the world’s changes unseen in a century. At the same time, the collective rise of the “Global South” is a distinct symbol of the great changes in the world. By opening up and open-source emerging industrial ecosystems and promoting mechanisms for linking internal and external markets, China will join hands with Global South countries to move towards modernization, providing stronger support for building a community with a shared future for mankind.

建设强大国内市场能够积极应对逆全球化不利影响。“十五五”时期，尽管世界进入新的动荡变革期，贸易保护主义和单边主义扰乱国际经贸环境，但是经济全球化仍然是历史大趋势。我国建设强大国内市场有利于增强自身在全球范围的竞争力、贡献力和带动效应，有力有效应对世界百年变局的新形势。同时，“全球南方”群体性崛起，是世界大变局的鲜明标志，我国通过开放开源的新兴产业生态和促进内外部市场联动机制，携手全球南方国家共同迈向现代化，将为构建人类命运共同体提供更加有力支撑。

III. Internal and External Conditions Facing the Construction of a Strong Domestic Market During the Period of the 15th Five-Year Plan

三、“十五五”时期建设强大国内市场面临的内外部条件

The period of the 15th Five-Year Plan is a critical period for consolidating the foundation and making comprehensive efforts. An in-depth analysis of the internal and external conditions facing China’s market development in the current and future periods will help to accurately grasp the future development trend, seize the period of strategic opportunity, consolidate and expand one’s own advantages, and accelerate the construction of a strong domestic market with a larger scale, stronger resilience, better efficiency, and more complete rules.

“十五五”时期是夯实基础、全面发力的关键时期，深入分析当前和未来一段时期我国市场发展面临的内外部条件，有利于准确把握未来发展大势，紧抓战略机遇期，巩固拓展自身优势，加快建设规模更大、韧性更强、效益更好、规则更完备的强大国内市场。

The period of the 14th Five-Year Plan [1]1 The 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) is the latest in a series of national five-year plans for economic and social development formulated by the Chinese Communist Party. is a strategic window of opportunity for promoting the dynamic equilibrium of supply and demand at a higher level. By comprehensively optimizing and upgrading the structures of both supply and demand, China’s economy will accelerate its transition toward a development model led by domestic demand, driven by consumption, and characterized by endogenous growth. On the new journey, leveraging the institutional advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics and employing a new type of nationwide system [2]2 A new type of nationwide system refers to a state-led mobilization mechanism that concentrates resources to achieve strategic technological breakthroughs, updated from the earlier planned-economy model. to drive breakthroughs in key core technologies across the entire chain in key fields will, through the deep integration of technological innovation and industrial innovation, promote a new leap in social productive forces. From the demand side, China possesses an ultra-large-scale domestic market with a population of over 1.4 billion, and it is estimated that the size of the middle-income group will exceed 800 million in the next decade, which will provide a broader testing ground and application scenarios for new technologies and new products. From the supply side, China has the most complete industrial system in the world, with strong industrial chain coordination and supporting capabilities. It has achieved a series of breakthroughs in developing new quality productive forces, accelerating the cultivation and growth of new drivers and new growth engines. In recent years, while the traditional demographic dividend has diminished, the human capital dividend is being released at an accelerated pace, providing a solid talent foundation for technological and industrial innovation. In addition, China’s infrastructure, especially new-type infrastructure, has a clear advantage globally, which also lays a good foundation for the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy.

“十五五”时期是推动供给和需求在更高水平上实现动态平衡的战略机遇期，全面优化升级供给和需求双侧结构，我国经济将加快转向由内需主导、消费拉动、内生增长的发展模式。新征程上，发挥中国特色社会主义制度优势，以新型举国体制全链条推动重点领域关键核心技术攻关，将通过科技创新和产业创新深度融合，促进社会生产力实现新的跃升。从需求侧来看，我国拥有14亿多人口的超大规模国内市场，预计未来十年中等收入群体规模将超8亿人，这将为新技术、新产品提供更为广阔的试验场和应用场景。从供给侧来看，我国具备全球最完整的工业体系，拥有强大的产业链协同和配套能力，在发展新质生产力方面取得了系列突破，促进新动能和新的增长引擎加快培育壮大。近年来，在传统人口红利减弱的同时，人力资本红利正加速释放，为科技创新和产业创新提供了坚实的人才基础。此外，我国基础设施尤其是新型基础设施在全球范围具有明显优势，也为数字经济和实体经济深度融合打下良好基础。

Overall, opportunities outweigh challenges, but challenges must also be objectively analyzed and actively addressed. The huge potential demand of the domestic market has yet to be transformed into actual consumption. The share of subsistence consumption expenditure in China remains relatively high, while there is significant room for improvement in developmental and recreational consumption. There are still gaps in the supply of quality services in areas such as childcare, elderly care, and domestic services, which cannot keep pace with the speed of consumption upgrading. From the perspective of consumption expenditure, there are certain gaps between regions and between urban and rural areas. Only by intensifying reforms to relevant systems such as labor remuneration, taxation, and social security can the potential domestic demand embedded in new-type urbanization and coordinated regional development be released more quickly. The influence of Chinese brand value and quality standards on the global high-end consumer market remains insufficient, and high-value-added links such as creative design and after-sales service markets are not fully developed. Local protectionism and market segmentation continue to hinder the smooth flow of factors across a wider scope, leading to low-end homogeneous redundant construction and low-price disorderly competition. The coverage of new-type infrastructure networks is still insufficient, and compared with the expectations of ushering in an era of smart consumption and accelerating the construction of an intelligent large market, the efficiency of interconnection and intercommunication remains inadequate.

总体上机遇大于挑战，但也要客观分析和积极应对挑战。国内市场巨大需求潜能尚待转化成实际消费，我国生存型消费支出占比仍较高，而发展享受型消费有明显提升空间，育幼、养老、家政等生活服务领域的优质供给仍有缺口，匹配不上消费升级速度。从消费支出看，区域城乡之间存在一定差距，只有加大劳动报酬、税收和社保等相关体制改革力度，才能有力推动新型城镇化与区域协调发展蕴藏的内需潜能加快释放。中国品牌价值、质量标准对全球高端消费市场的影响力仍显不足，创意设计与后服务市场等高附加值环节发育不够充分。地方保护和市场分割仍在妨碍要素在更大范围畅通流动，存在低端同质化重复建设和低价无序竞争。新型基础设施网络覆盖仍不足，与开启智能消费时代、加快建构智能化大市场的期待相比，互联互通效率仍不够高。

IV. Measures to Accelerate the Construction of a Strong Domestic Market During the Period of the 14th Five-Year Plan

四、“十五五”时期加快建设强大国内市场的举措

Looking ahead to the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan, China has both space and potential for expanding domestic demand. It is necessary to adhere to the strategic foundation of expanding domestic demand, closely integrate improving people’s livelihoods with promoting consumption, and investing in things with investing in people, strengthen the supporting force of domestic demand and stimulate new growth points of domestic demand, accelerate the transformation of the resource advantages of the domestic ultra-large-scale market into industrial competitive advantages, promote positive interaction between supply and demand, and drive supply and demand to achieve dynamic equilibrium at a higher level. This is an important practical path for promoting the transformation of the domestic market from large to strong.

展望“十五五”时期，我国扩大内需既有空间又有潜力，要坚持扩大内需这个战略基点，坚持惠民生和促消费、投资于物和投资于人紧密结合，强化内需支撑力和激发内需新增长点，将国内超大规模市场的资源优势加快转化成产业竞争优势，促进供给和需求良性互动，推动供需在更高水平上实现动态平衡，这是推动国内市场由大到强的重要实践路径。

Deeply implement the special action to boost consumption, continuously expand service consumption, and promote the expansion and upgrading of commodity consumption. First, start by promoting employment, increasing income, and stabilizing expectations to enhance residents’ consumption capacity, while increasing government spending on livelihood security to reduce residents’ household consumption concerns. From the supply side, relax market access restrictions in the life services industry, clean up unreasonable restrictive measures, promote the integrated innovation of multiple formats such as culture, tourism, sports, agriculture, commerce, and health, create attractive new consumption scenarios, new business forms, and new models, and vigorously cultivate new growth points. For bulk durable consumer goods, strengthen brand and standard leadership, promote high-end, intelligent, and networked upgrades, especially enhance the global reputation of Chinese independent brands, promote more national trend brands [3]3 National trend brands (国潮品牌) are Chinese consumer brands that incorporate traditional Chinese cultural elements into their design and marketing, often targeting younger domestic consumers. containing Chinese culture to adapt to the diverse needs of domestic and international markets, and develop marketable products and improve service quality. At the same time, by expanding inbound consumption, attracting the return of high-end consumption, and deeply cultivating the domestic “sinking market” [4]4 The “sinking market” refers to lower-tier cities, towns, and rural areas in China, which are seen as having untapped consumption potential. through multiple measures, further promote the expansion, quality improvement, and efficiency enhancement of the domestic consumer market.

深入实施好提振消费专项行动，持续扩大服务消费和推动商品消费扩容升级。首先要从促就业、增收入、稳预期着手，增强居民消费能力，同时增加政府资金用于民生保障支出，减少居民家庭消费的后顾之忧。从供给侧来讲，放宽生活服务业市场准入限制，清理不合理的限制性措施，促进文旅体农商康等多业态融合创新，打造具有吸引力的消费新场景新业态新模式，大力培育新增长点。对于大宗耐用消费品而言，要强化品牌和标准引领，推动高端化智能化网联化升级，尤其是提升中国自主品牌的全球美誉度，推动更多蕴含中华文化的国潮品牌适应海内外市场的多元需求，研发适销对路产品并提升服务品质。同时，通过拓展入境消费，吸引高端消费回流，深耕国内“下沉市场”等多措并举，进一步推动国内消费市场扩容提质增效。

Expanding effective investment is an important aspect of improving the development efficiency of the domestic market. By the end of the 14th Five-Year Plan period, China’s annual fixed asset investment scale has reached 50 trillion yuan. Looking ahead to the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan, there is still investment space in areas such as improving people’s livelihoods, shoring up weak links, and cultivating new drivers. It is necessary to continue optimizing the structure of government investment, increase the proportion of government investment in people’s livelihoods, promote the high-quality construction of “two major” projects [5]5 “Two major” projects (两重项目) refers to major national strategic projects and major infrastructure projects for shoring up weak links in people’s livelihoods., and implement a number of major landmark projects that benefit the present and the long term. The Proposal [6]6 The Proposal refers to the Central Committee of the CPC’s proposal for formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan (2026–2030), which is currently under discussion. particularly emphasizes “closely integrating investment in things with investment in people,” adapting to changes in population structure and mobility trends, improving the layout of infrastructure and public service facilities, and strengthening human resource development and investment in the comprehensive development of people. This is quite necessary and urgent.

扩大有效投资是提升国内市场发展效益的重要方面。“十四五”末期，我国固定资产投资年度规模已达50万亿元，展望“十五五”时期，惠民生、补短板、培育新动能等方面仍有投资空间，有必要继续优化政府投资结构，提高民生类政府投资比重，高质量推进“两重”项目建设，实施好一批利当前、惠长远的重大标志性工程。《建议》特别强调“投资于物和投资于人紧密结合”，适应人口结构变化和流动趋势，完善基础设施和公共服务设施布局，加强人力资源开发和人的全面发展投资，具有相当的必要性和紧迫性。

Resolutely break through the blockages and obstacles hindering the construction of a unified national market. Only by coordinating nationwide efforts and building a unified large market can the smooth circulation of the national economy be achieved and the transformation of the domestic market from large to strong be promoted. China’s negative list for market access has been reduced from 151 items in 2018 to 106 items in 2025. Barriers hindering the smooth flow of factor resources have been continuously broken down. Significant progress has been made in the construction of a unified large market during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, but there is still a gap compared with the goal of building a stronger domestic market. Looking ahead to the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan, improving the high-standard market system, enhancing the completeness of institutional rules, and accelerating the modernization of market supervision and fair competition governance will help fully release the institutional dividends of China’s unified large market construction. The Proposal emphasizes unifying basic market institutional rules, breaking down local protection and market segmentation, unifying market supervision and law enforcement, and strengthening measures such as anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition law enforcement and justice. It also proposes improving supporting systems such as statistics, fiscal and taxation, and performance assessment that are conducive to the construction of a unified large market.

坚决破除阻碍全国统一大市场建设卡点堵点。只有全国一盘棋，建设统一大市场，才能畅通国民经济大循环，推动国内市场由大到强转变。我国市场准入负面清单事项已从2018年的151项减到2025年的106项，妨碍要素资源顺畅流动的壁垒持续被破除，“十四五”时期统一大市场建设取得了明显进展，但与建设更加强大的国内市场目标相比仍有差距。展望“十五五”时期，健全高标准市场体系，提升制度规则完备性，加快推动市场监管、公平竞争治理迈向现代化，有利于充分释放我国统一大市场建设的制度红利。《建议》强调要统一市场基础制度规则，破除地方保护和市场分割，统一市场监管执法，强化反垄断和反不正当竞争执法司法等举措，同时也提出完善有利于统一大市场建设的统计、财税、考核等配套制度建设。

Fully stimulate the vitality of various business entities and improve the institutional mechanisms for market-based allocation of factors. The Chinese market is a large market that is open to the world. It is necessary to attract and gather high-quality factor resources from the global market through brand quality and institutional environment advantages. Taking data factors as an example, improving the basic system for data factors, building an open, shared, secure, and national integrated data market, and deepening the development and utilization of data resources are particularly crucial. In terms of stimulating the vitality of business entities, the Proposal deploys the implementation of the law on promoting the private economy, ensuring equal use of production factors, fair participation in market competition, and effective protection of legitimate rights and interests from the legal and institutional levels, developing and expanding the private economy, and emphasizing measures such as improving the long-term mechanism for private enterprises to participate in major project construction. These goals of stimulating the vitality of private investment and increasing the proportion of private investment will provide stronger endogenous momentum for comprehensively expanding domestic demand.

充分激发各类经营主体活力，完善要素市场化配置体制机制。中国市场是面向全球、充分开放的大市场，要以品牌品质、制度环境优势吸引汇聚全球市场优质要素资源。以数据要素为例，健全数据要素基础制度，建设开放共享安全的全国一体化数据市场，深化数据资源开发利用尤为关键。从激发经营主体活力而言，《建议》部署落实民营经济促进法，从法律和制度上保障平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、有效保护合法权益，发展壮大民营经济，强调要完善民营企业参与重大项目建设长效机制等举措，激发民间投资活力和提高民间投资比重等目标，这将为全方位扩大国内需求提供更强劲的内生动能。

Coordinate the promotion of the construction of a modern infrastructure system and a high-standard market system. During the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan, continuing to promote the construction of major infrastructure that benefits both the present and the long term, accelerating the expansion, quality improvement, and efficiency enhancement of market infrastructure, improving integrated and coherent circulation rules and standards, and connecting various market facilities with high standards will help further reduce the overall logistics cost of society. Focus on “shoring up weak links” in infrastructure in key areas, improve the modernization level of infrastructure, strengthen the organic connection and coordination of municipal public infrastructure with major engineering networks such as energy, transportation, and water conservancy, and at the same time develop resource trading platforms with clear positioning and broad reach, build trading hubs with international influence, and formulate unified trading rules and standards. In particular, it is necessary to follow the trend of the times, create new scenarios and new-type infrastructure networks supporting “artificial intelligence+” and the Internet of Everything, accelerate the networking process of 5G-A (5G-Advanced) and the 6G trial process, prepare for wider application and promotion, accelerate the intelligent transformation of land, water, and air transportation facilities matching the commercial use of new technologies such as intelligent connected vehicles and low-altitude intelligent networks, establish and improve a new inclusive and prudent regulatory mechanism compatible with the development of all-space intelligent unmanned systems on land, water, and air, build a unified standard application system in the intelligent field, and promote large-scale commercial use in real scenarios in cities with suitable conditions.

统筹推进现代化基础设施体系和高标准市场体系建设。“十五五”时期，继续推进既利当前又惠长远的重大基础设施建设，加快市场基础设施扩容提质增效，健全一体衔接的流通规则和标准，高标准联通各类市场设施，有利于进一步降低全社会物流成本。聚焦重点领域基础设施“补短板”，提升基础设施现代化水平，强化市政公用基础设施与能源、交通、水利等重大工程网络的有机衔接和协调，同时发展定位明确且辐射广的资源交易平台，建设具有国际影响力的交易枢纽，制定统一的交易规则和标准。特别是要顺应时代潮流，打造支撑“人工智能+”、万物互联的新场景和新型基础设施网络，加快5G-A（5G-Advanced）组网和6G试验进程，为更大范围推广应用做准备，加快与智能网联车、低空智能网联等新技术商用匹配的水陆空交通设施智能化改造，建立健全与水陆空全空间智能无人体系发展相适应的包容审慎监管新机制，建设智能化领域统一标准应用体系，在具备条件城市推进真实场景规模化商用。

(Author: Deputy Director and Researcher at the Institute of Economic Research, Chinese Academy of Macroeconomic Research)

（作者：中国宏观经济研究院经济研究所副所长、研究员）