The Era Basis, Guiding Principles and Strategic Measures for High-Quality Economic Development

Grasping the new historical juncture, implementing the new development philosophy, and forging the new development pattern are objective requirements for adapting to the profound changes in the world development landscape, coordinating the “two overall situations” of domestic and international affairs, grasping the new features of the change in the principal contradiction in Chinese society, and responding to the new challenges brought by changes in the international environment. Their fundamental orientation lies in anchoring high-quality economic development. The Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (hereinafter referred to as the Proposal), reviewed and approved at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Party Central Committee, when clarifying the guiding principles and main objectives for China’s economic and social development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, emphasized the need to accurately grasp the historical juncture in which the cause of the Party and the state is situated during this period, “fully, accurately and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy, accelerate the forging of the new development pattern,” and thereby promote “high-quality development achieving notable results.” Among these, accurately grasping the historical juncture of China’s development is the prerequisite for advancing high-quality economic development, aiming to clarify the strategic opportunities and risks and challenges facing development, and to respond to why high-quality development is necessary and why it can be achieved; implementing the new development philosophy clarifies the important principles for advancing high-quality economic development, responding to what fundamental guidelines high-quality development has; forging the new development pattern opens up a path for advancing high-quality economic development, responding to how to achieve high-quality development. Thus, to practice the era theme of high-quality development, it is necessary to take accurately grasping the new historical juncture as the era basis, to take comprehensively implementing the new development philosophy as the guiding principle, and to take accelerating the forging of the new development pattern as the strategic measure, and to solidly advance Chinese-path modernization in the continuous promotion of high-quality economic development.

把握新的历史方位，贯彻新发展理念，构建新发展格局，是顺应世界发展格局的深刻变化、统筹国内国际“两个大局”、把握我国社会主要矛盾变化的新特征、应对国际环境变化带来的新挑战的客观要求，其根本指向在于锚定经济高质量发展。党的二十届四中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》（以下简称《建议》），在阐明“十五五”时期我国经济社会发展的指导方针和主要目标时强调，要准确把握这一时期党和国家事业发展所处的历史方位，“完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，加快构建新发展格局”，进而推动“高质量发展取得显著成效”。其中，准确把握我国发展所处的历史方位，是推进经济高质量发展的前提条件，旨在明晰发展面临的战略机遇和风险挑战，回应为何要、为何能实现高质量发展；贯彻新发展理念为推进经济高质量发展明确重要原则，回应高质量发展有哪些根本遵循；构建新发展格局为推进经济高质量发展开辟路径，回应如何实现高质量发展。可见，践行高质量发展这一时代主题，必须以准确把握新的历史方位为时代依据，以全面贯彻新发展理念为指导原则，以加快构建新发展格局为战略举措，在持续推动经济高质量发展中扎实推进中国式现代化。

I. Grasping the New Historical Juncture: The Era Basis for Achieving China’s High-Quality Economic Development

一、把握新的历史方位：实现我国经济高质量发展的时代依据

The most important basis and the most fundamental logic for implementing the new development philosophy, forging the new development pattern, and achieving the profound transformation of high-quality economic development lies in grasping the historical juncture of China’s development, that is, the historical requirement of Chinese-path modernization entering a new journey, especially entering a “critical period.” Through long-term unremitting struggle, our Party has led the Chinese people to complete the historical task of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, achieve the first centenary goal, and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation has entered an irreversible historical process. According to the strategic arrangements made at the 19th and 20th National Congresses of the CPC, the goal of this new journey is to build China into a great modern socialist country, comprehensively advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization; the time node is from the achievement of the first centenary goal to the achievement of the second centenary goal; the strategic steps are to be completed by the middle of the 21st century, divided into two steps over a historical span of about 30 years, namely, to basically achieve socialist modernization by 2035, and then to comprehensively build a great modern socialist country around 2049. Among these, the most prominent era feature is to transform the irreversible development trend of Chinese-path modernization into historical fact, to achieve the great cause of building a strong country and national rejuvenation through Chinese-path modernization; the most important development requirement is to fundamentally transform the development mode and achieve high-quality development.

贯彻新发展理念，构建新发展格局，实现经济高质量发展的深刻转变，最重要的依据和最基本的逻辑在于把握我国发展所处的历史方位，即中国式现代化进入新征程，特别是进入“关键时期”的历史要求。经过长期不懈奋斗，我们党领导中国人民完成了全面建成小康社会的历史任务，实现了第一个百年奋斗目标，中华民族伟大复兴进入不可逆转的历史进程。根据党的十九大、二十大作出的战略安排，这一新征程的目标是把我国建设成为社会主义现代化强国，以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴；时间节点是从第一个百年奋斗目标达成到第二个百年奋斗目标实现；战略步骤是到21世纪中叶，在约30年的历史跨度中分两步走，即到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化，再到2049年前后全面建成社会主义现代化强国。其中，最突出的时代特点是把中国式现代化不可逆转的发展趋势转变为历史事实，以中国式现代化实现强国伟业、民族复兴；最重要的发展要求是根本转变发展方式，实现高质量发展。

(I) Embarking on the New Journey of Comprehensively Building a Modern Socialist Country is Both a Historical Necessity and a Development Opportunity

（一）开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程是历史必然更是发展机遇

Embarking on the new journey of comprehensively building a modern socialist country is a historic opportunity won by the Party leading the people of the whole country through more than a hundred years of struggle. Since its founding, the original aspiration and founding mission of the Communist Party of China and its more than a hundred years of struggle have been to build China into a great modern socialist country, and then steadily realize the great historical cause of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. From the period of the New Democratic Revolution to the period of socialist revolution and construction, our Party laid the fundamental social conditions, political prerequisites and institutional foundation for achieving socialist modernization, and after reform and opening up, promoted a new historic leap in the process of socialist modernization. Since the New Era, our Party has united and led the people to win the largest-scale battle against poverty in human history, historically resolved the problem of absolute poverty, built a moderately prosperous society in all respects on the land of China, promoted Chinese-path modernization to take new solid steps, and made a good start and taken solid steps for achieving the second centenary goal. This is the historical inevitability of our Party uniting and leading the people of all ethnic groups across the country to continue and struggle for a long time.

开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程是党领导全国人民经过百余年奋斗赢得的历史性机遇。自成立以来，中国共产党的初心使命和百余年来的奋斗历程，就是要把我国建设成为社会主义现代化强国，进而稳步实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史伟业。从新民主主义革命时期，到社会主义革命和建设时期，我们党为实现社会主义现代化奠定了根本社会条件、政治前提和制度基础，在改革开放后推动了社会主义现代化建设进程中新的历史性跨越。新时代以来，我们党团结带领人民打赢人类历史上规模最大的脱贫攻坚战，历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，在中华大地上全面建成小康社会，推动中国式现代化迈出新的坚实步伐，为实现第二个百年奋斗目标开好局、起好步。这是我们党团结带领全国各族人民接续奋斗、长期奋斗的历史必然。

At present, China already possesses the material foundation to achieve new and higher goals. In particular, building a moderately prosperous society in all respects has freed China from the absolute poverty that plagued the Chinese nation for thousands of years, creating favorable conditions for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. First, in terms of the level of economic development, China has long since stepped onto a new stage. In 2020, China’s gross domestic product (GDP) exceeded 100 trillion yuan, surpassing 14.7 trillion US dollars (hereinafter converted at the average annual exchange rate), firmly ranking as the world’s second largest economy, and its share of global GDP rose from less than 1.8% in 1978 to about 18%, profoundly changing the world economic landscape. In 2020, China’s per capita GDP exceeded 70,000 yuan, surpassing 10,000 US dollars; according to the World Bank’s classification criteria, marked by the per capita GDP level, China moved from a state of poverty (low-income stage) in 1978 to subsistence (lower-middle-income stage) in 1998, then beyond subsistence to moderate prosperity (upper-middle-income stage) in 2010, until achieving a moderately prosperous society in all respects in 2020, ranking 72nd among the 217 countries and regions counted by the World Bank, achieving a historic leap in development stages. In 2025, China’s GDP exceeded 140 trillion yuan, and per capita GDP rose from 10,600 US dollars in 2020 to nearly 14,000 US dollars. At the same time, the economic structure has undergone profound changes. China has become the world’s largest industrial country, with the added value of manufacturing accounting for nearly 30% of the global share in 2024, building the world’s most complete industrial system and the most complete industrial chain. Second, China has also achieved historic accomplishments in poverty alleviation. By the end of 2020, China successfully resolved the problem of absolute poverty that had plagued the Chinese nation for thousands of years, lifted all rural poor out of poverty, achieved the poverty reduction goal set by the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ten years ahead of schedule, and created a miracle in human anti-poverty efforts. In addition, China has always adhered to comprehensively deepening reform and opening up, regarding it as a crucial move decisive for achieving the two centenary goals and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The epoch-making Third Plenary Session of the 18th Party Central Committee made a major decision to comprehensively deepen reform, creating a completely new situation for China’s reform and opening up, and achieving notable results in making various systems more mature and more well-defined. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Party Central Committee further emphasized the need to “consciously place reform in a more prominent position, closely focusing on advancing Chinese-path modernization to further comprehensively deepen reform.” With the deepening development of economic globalization, China’s opening up has continued to expand. In 2025, China’s total foreign trade import and export volume reached 45.47 trillion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 3.8%, with the scale reaching a new record high. While its position as the world’s largest trading country in goods became more stable, the total import and export volume of services reached 8.08 trillion yuan, with the scale of service trade firmly ranking second in the world. China’s foreign exchange reserves have ranked first in the world for a long time since 2006, with the scale exceeding 3.2 trillion US dollars by the end of 2020, remaining stable above 3 trillion US dollars throughout the 14th Five-Year Plan period, and showing a trend of diversification in reserves.

当前，我国已拥有实现新的更高目标的物质基础。特别是全面建成小康社会，使我国摆脱困扰中华民族几千年的绝对贫困，为全面建设社会主义现代化国家创造了有利条件。首先，在经济发展水平上，我国早已迈上新台阶。2020年，我国国内生产总值（GDP）突破100万亿元人民币，超过14.7万亿美元（以下均按年平均汇率折算），稳居世界第二大经济体，占全球GDP的比重从1978年的不到1.8%升至18%左右，深刻改变了世界经济格局。2020年，我国人均GDP超7万元人民币，突破1万美元；按世界银行划分标准，以人均GDP水平为标志，我国从1978年的贫困状态（低收入阶段）到1998年进入温饱（下中等收入阶段），再到2010年超越温饱进入小康（上中等收入阶段），直到2020年实现全面建成小康社会、在世界银行统计的217个国家和地区排序中位列第72位，实现了发展阶段的历史性跨越。2025年，我国GDP突破140万亿元人民币，人均GDP从2020年的1.06万美元升至近1.4万美元。同时，经济结构发生深刻改变，我国已成为世界第一大工业国，2024年制造业增加值占全球比重近30%，建成全球最完备的工业体系和最完整的产业链。其次，我国在脱贫攻坚方面同样取得历史性成就。到2020年末，我国成功解决了困扰中华民族几千年的绝对贫困问题，实现了农村贫困人口全部脱贫，提前10年实现《联合国2030年可持续发展议程》提出的减贫目标，创造了人类反贫困的奇迹。此外，我国始终坚持全面深化改革开放，视其为决定实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的关键一招。具有划时代意义的党的十八届三中全会作出了全面深化改革的重大决定，开创了我国改革开放全新局面，在各方面制度更加成熟更加定型方面取得了明显成效。党的二十届三中全会则进一步强调，要“自觉把改革摆在更加突出位置，紧紧围绕推进中国式现代化进一步全面深化改革”。随着经济全球化的深入发展，我国对外开放持续扩大。2025年我国外贸进出口总额达45.47万亿元人民币，同比增长3.8%，规模再创历史新高，货物贸易第一大国地位更加稳固的同时，服务进出口总额达8.08万亿元人民币，服务贸易规模稳居世界第二位。我国外汇储备自2006年起长期位居世界第一，到2020年末规模已超过3.2万亿美元，“十四五”期间始终稳定在3万亿美元以上，且呈现出储备多元化的发展趋势。

(II) Grasping the Historical Juncture of Development is Both a Logical Starting Point and a Strategic Foundation

（二）把握发展所处历史方位是逻辑起点更是战略基点

The development of history and society is a spiralling upward process from the lower to the higher, from the simple to the complex. The development of socialist modernisation also possesses stages and processes, which necessitates an accurate grasp of the epochal characteristics of the process of Chinese-path modernisation. The *Proposal* [n4] points out: “Realising socialist modernisation is a historical process of stepwise progression and continuous development and progress, requiring unremitting effort and sustained struggle.” For this reason, accurately grasping the historical juncture at which development finds itself is not only the logical starting point for understanding opportunities and risks in theory, but also the strategic foundation for clarifying strategic choices in practice. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Correctly understanding the historical juncture and development stage in which the cause of the Party and the people finds itself is the fundamental basis on which our Party defines its central tasks for a given stage and formulates its lines, principles and policies; it is also an important experience of our Party in leading revolution, construction and reform to continuous victory.”

历史社会发展是由低级到高级、由简单到复杂的螺旋式上升过程。社会主义现代化发展也具有阶段性和过程性，这就需要对中国式现代化发展过程的时代特征作出准确把握。《建议》指出：“实现社会主义现代化是一个阶梯式递进、不断发展进步的历史过程，需要不懈努力、接续奋斗。”为此，准确把握发展所处的历史方位，既是理论上认识机遇风险的逻辑起点，更是实践上明确方略抉择的战略基点。习近平总书记指出：“正确认识党和人民事业所处的历史方位和发展阶段，是我们党明确阶段性中心任务、制定路线方针政策的根本依据，也是我们党领导革命、建设、改革不断取得胜利的重要经验。”

The current period and the period to come is a crucial period for our country to comprehensively advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernisation. To accurately grasp the practical significance of the new historical juncture, the key lies in clarifying the opportunities and challenges, as well as the goals and tasks, currently facing our country, thereby providing a realistic basis for implementing the new development philosophy and constructing the new development pattern.

当前和今后一个时期是我国以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的关键时期。准确把握新的历史方位的实践意义，重点在于明晰我国当前面临的机遇与挑战、目标与任务，从而为贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局提供现实依据。

On the one hand, the content of the opportunities and challenges faced upon entering the crucial period of Chinese-path modernisation has undergone profound changes — the most fundamental opportunity lies in the fact that comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernisation has entered an irreversible historical process, while the greatest challenge lies in how to transform the historical possibility of realising Chinese-path modernisation into a great reality. “The period of the 15th Five-Year Plan [n5] holds a pivotal position connecting the past and the future in the process of basically realising socialist modernisation. … It is a crucial period for consolidating the foundation and making comprehensive efforts to basically realise socialist modernisation.” Therefore, it is necessary to accurately grasp the historical juncture of the development of the Party and the state’s undertakings during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, deeply analyse the profound changes facing our country’s development environment, and fully embody the historical initiative to continue writing a new chapter in the two miracles [n6] of rapid economic development and long-term social stability, and to strive to open up a new situation in Chinese-path modernisation. Viewed from the external environment, the world’s changes unseen in a century are accelerating, the international balance of power is undergoing profound adjustment, and a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is accelerating breakthroughs, causing global problems to intensify and the world to enter a new period of turbulence and transformation. However, our country still possesses many favourable factors for actively managing the international space and shaping the external environment. Viewed from our country’s development goals and conditions, Chinese-path modernisation is precisely in a “crucial period”; opportunities are more strategic and malleable, while challenges are more complex and holistic. The interrelationship between opportunities and challenges has undergone profound changes. Overall, opportunities outweigh challenges, but there is convertibility between danger and opportunity. Our country’s economic foundation is stable, its advantages are numerous, its resilience is strong, and its potential is great; the supporting conditions and basic trends for long-term improvement have not changed. However, the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development remains prominent, especially insufficient effective demand, a sluggish domestic circulation, and relatively lagging agricultural and rural modernisation, indicating that our country is in a period where uncertain and unpredictable factors have significantly increased. The most fundamental ability to seize opportunities lies in our own continuous development and growth. For this reason, it is necessary to ensure that the process of Chinese-path modernisation is not delayed or even interrupted.

一方面，进入中国式现代化关键时期面临的机遇与挑战的内涵发生了深刻变化——最根本的机遇在于以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴进入了不可逆转的历史进程，最大的挑战在于怎样将实现中国式现代化的历史可能性转变为伟大的现实。“‘十五五’时期在基本实现社会主义现代化进程中具有承前启后的重要地位。……是基本实现社会主义现代化夯实基础、全面发力的关键时期”。因此，必须准确把握“十五五”期间党和国家事业发展所处的历史方位，深入分析我国发展环境面临的深刻变化，充分体现续写经济快速发展和社会长期稳定两大奇迹新篇章、奋力开创中国式现代化建设新局面的历史主动。从外部环境看，世界百年变局加速演进，国际力量对比深刻调整，新一轮科技革命和产业变革加速突破，使得全球性问题加剧，世界步入新的动荡变革期，但我国依然具备主动运筹国际空间、塑造外部环境的诸多有利因素。从我国发展目标和条件看，中国式现代化正值“关键时期”，机遇更具战略性、可塑性，挑战更具复杂性、全局性。机遇与挑战的相互关系发生了深刻变化，总体上机遇大于挑战，但危与机之间存在可转换性。我国经济基础稳、优势多、韧性强、潜能大，长期向好的支撑条件和基本趋势没有变，但发展不平衡不充分问题仍然突出，特别是有效需求不足、国内大循环不畅、农业农村现代化相对滞后等，表明我国正处于不确定难预料因素明显增多的时期。把握机遇最根本的能力，在于我们自身的不断发展壮大，为此要确保中国式现代化进程不被迟滞甚至中断。

On the other hand, the goals and tasks corresponding to the current historical juncture of our country’s development are to advance and realise Chinese-path modernisation with its own characteristics. Its essence is a modernisation led by the Communist Party of China and taking the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, which has created a new form of human civilisation, centrally embodied in the “five major features” [n7] summarised in the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC. It can be said that Chinese-path modernisation not only conforms to China’s development reality and embodies the laws of socialist construction, but also follows the universal laws of human social development; it is the organic unity of the universality of modernisation in the process of human civilisation and the particularity determined by China’s national conditions. To grasp the historical juncture of our country’s development, the core lies in precisely grasping the main features of Chinese-path modernisation and its realisation process.

另一方面，与我国当前发展所处历史方位相对应的目标与任务，是推进实现具有自身特点的中国式现代化。其本质是中国共产党领导的、走中国特色社会主义道路的现代化，开创了人类文明新形态，集中体现为党的二十大报告所概括的“五大特征”。可以说，中国式现代化既契合中国发展实际、体现社会主义建设规律，也顺应人类社会发展普遍规律，是人类文明进程中现代化的普遍性与中国国情决定的特殊性的有机统一。把握我国发展所处历史方位，核心在于精准把握中国式现代化及其实现进程的主要特征。

II. Implementing the New Development Philosophy: The Guiding Principle for Realising High-Quality Economic Development in Our Country

二、贯彻新发展理念：实现我国经济高质量发展的指导原则

Faced with profound changes in the actual conditions of the development environment, development conditions, and development goals, the development philosophy should also be adjusted and optimised in step with the times. This is an inevitable requirement for adapting to the development of the era and solving development problems. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on scientific assessment of the new situation in our country’s social and economic development, has creatively put forward the development concepts of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing. This concept, taking Marxism as its fundamental guide, drawing on and absorbing the beneficial achievements of existing development theories at home and abroad, and formed on the basis of summarising our own development experience and integrating it with development practice in the New Era, represents a qualitative leap in our Party’s development philosophy, demonstrating a profound grasp of the laws of socialist economic development. Promoting high-quality economic development in accordance with the new development philosophy is the general requirement and major logic for our country in its new historical juncture, and implementing the new development philosophy is the essential requirement for achieving high-quality economic development. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out: “Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, we have put forward many major theories and concepts regarding economic and social development, among which the new development philosophy is the most important and primary.” The fundamental reason it has become the “most important and primary” theory and concept is that the new development philosophy systematically answers the major issues of how to understand high-quality development and how to advance high-quality development in the New Era, providing scientific guidance and fundamental principles for our country’s high-quality economic development.

面对发展环境、发展条件、发展目标等现实情况的深刻变化，发展理念也应与时俱进地作出调整与优化，这是适应时代发展、破解发展难题的必然要求。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央立足我国社会经济发展新形势作出科学研判，创造性地提出创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念。这一理念是以马克思主义为根本指导，借鉴吸收国内外已有发展理论的有益成果，在总结自身发展经验的基础上，结合新时代发展实践而形成的，是我们党在发展理念上的一次质的飞跃，彰显了对社会主义经济发展规律的深刻把握。按照新发展理念推动经济高质量发展，是我国在新的历史方位上的总要求和大逻辑，而贯彻新发展理念更是实现经济高质量发展的本质要求。习近平总书记指出：“党的十八大以来我们对经济社会发展提出了许多重大理论和理念，其中新发展理念是最重要、最主要的。”其之所以成为“最重要、最主要的”理论和理念，根本原因在于新发展理念系统回答了新时代如何理解高质量发展、怎样推进高质量发展的重大课题，为我国经济高质量发展提供了科学指引和根本遵循。

(I) Implementing the New Development Philosophy is an Inevitable Requirement for Our Country’s Development and Growth in the New Era

（一）贯彻新发展理念是新时代我国发展壮大的必然要求

The economic development outlook is an overall view and fundamental perspective concerning the connotation, essence, purpose, and requirements of development, responding to a series of questions such as what development is, why develop, and how to develop. It plays a fundamental and comprehensive guiding role in socialist modernisation construction. Facing the new situation, new changes, and new tasks, General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the development concepts of innovation, coordination, green development, openness, and sharing at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee [n8], and pointed out that “innovation development focuses on solving the problem of development momentum, coordinated development focuses on solving the problem of unbalanced development, green development focuses on solving the problem of harmony between man and nature, open development focuses on solving the problem of internal and external linkage in development, and shared development focuses on solving the problem of social fairness and justice.” The five development concepts are interconnected, each with its own emphasis, together forming a systematic theoretical system. Their fundamental essence is, in the process of adhering to the people-centered development thought and gradually promoting common prosperity for all the people, to realise changes in development momentum, structural changes, mode changes, and circulation mode changes, thereby coordinating high-quality development with high-level security, and coordinating effective qualitative improvement with reasonable quantitative growth.

经济发展观是关乎发展的内涵、本质、目的、要求的总体看法和根本观点，以回应什么是发展、为什么发展、怎么样发展等系列问题，对社会主义现代化建设具有根本性、全面性的指引作用。面对新形势、新变化、新任务，习近平总书记在党的十八届五中全会上提出了创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念，并指出“创新发展注重的是解决发展动力问题，协调发展注重的是解决发展不平衡问题，绿色发展注重的是解决人与自然和谐问题，开放发展注重的是解决发展内外联动问题，共享发展注重的是解决社会公平正义问题”。五大发展理念相互联系、各有侧重，共同构成一个系统化的理论体系。而其根本要义，是在坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，逐步推动全体人民共同富裕的过程中，实现发展的动力变革、结构变革、方式变革和循环模式变革，从而统筹好高质量发展和高水平安全，统筹好质的有效提升和量的合理增长。

The new development philosophy is an inheritance and innovation of the Marxist outlook on development. It is a holistic and systematic understanding of the laws governing China’s economic and social development, enriching and developing theories of economic development and social development, and profoundly reflecting the Chinese Communists’ summarisation, refinement, and forward-looking layout of China’s economic development practice. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasises: “Adhering to the new development philosophy is a profound transformation concerning the overall situation of our country’s development.” To fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy, three aspects need to be grasped. First, grasp the new development philosophy from the perspective of fundamental purpose, adhere to the people-centered development thought, and take this as the starting point and ultimate goal of development. This is the outlook on development and modernisation embodied in the new development philosophy, fundamentally different from the development outlook of capitalist countries. Second, grasp the new development philosophy from the perspective of problem orientation, using high-quality development to precisely and effectively solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development. This is the primary task and fundamental goal to be achieved by the new development philosophy. Third, grasp the new development philosophy from the perspective of awareness of potential dangers, placing high-level security in a prominent position and running it through all fields and the entire process of development. This is the basic constraint and bottom-line thinking of the new development philosophy.

新发展理念是对马克思主义发展观的继承与创新，是对中国经济社会发展的总体性、系统性的规律性认识，丰富发展了经济发展理论、社会发展理论等，深刻体现出中国共产党人对中国经济发展实践的总结提炼和前瞻性布局。习近平总书记强调：“坚持新发展理念是关系我国发展全局的一场深刻变革。”完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，需要重点把握三个方面。一是从根本宗旨上把握新发展理念，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，并以此作为发展的出发点和落脚点。这是新发展理念所体现的发展观、现代化观，与资本主义国家发展观有着根本性区别。二是从问题导向上把握新发展理念，以高质量发展精准有效地解决发展的不平衡不充分问题，这是新发展理念要达成的首要任务和根本目标。三是从忧患意识上把握新发展理念，把高水平安全摆在突出位置，并贯穿于发展的各领域和全过程，这是新发展理念的基本约束和思维底线。

On the one hand, implementing the new development philosophy is a profound response to the objective demands of the specific historical stage in which China’s economic and social development finds itself. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Practice tells us that development is a constantly changing process; the development environment will not remain unchanged, the development conditions will not remain unchanged, and naturally the development philosophy will not remain unchanged either.” As Chinese-path modernization enters a critical period, both the objective function and the constraint function of China’s economic and social development have undergone historic changes. To adapt to these historic changes, it is necessary to accelerate the transformation of the development model and alter the old combination of production functions, which further highlights the urgency of implementing the new development philosophy. For a considerable period after reform and opening up, China’s economy maintained high-speed growth, with an average annual GDP growth rate of about 9.7%. This sustained high-speed growth had an objective necessity: China’s economy needed to quickly shake off poverty, overcome economic shortages, and consolidate the economic base. At the same time, it also had historical possibilities: the low-cost advantage of factors on the supply side and the steady expansion of demand on the demand side superimposed on each other, forming a long-term rapid growth trend—with the expansion of factor input as the main driving force, low factor costs as the prominent advantage, and high-speed growth of economic scale as the key indicator. Specifically, this stage formulated a basic strategy of achieving regular doubling of economic scale through sustained high-speed growth, and took the rapid elimination of poverty as the primary goal. However, with the deepening development of China’s economy, the conditions supporting this development model and development philosophy have gradually undergone profound and systematic changes, rendering it no longer sustainable. At the 2014 Central Economic Work Conference, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that China’s “economic development has entered a new normal” and, from the nine aspects of consumer demand, investment demand, exports and the balance of payments, production capacity and industrial organization, relative advantages of production factors, characteristics of market competition, resource and environmental constraints, accumulation and resolution of economic risks, and resource allocation models and macro-control methods, explained the new characteristics and new requirements emerging under the economic new normal. To adapt to the new normal and lead the new normal, it is necessary to accelerate the transformation of the development model, and the transformation of the development model first requires clarifying a new development philosophy.

一方面，贯彻新发展理念是对我国经济社会发展所处特定历史阶段的客观要求的深刻回应。习近平总书记指出：“实践告诉我们，发展是一个不断变化的进程，发展环境不会一成不变，发展条件不会一成不变，发展理念自然也不会一成不变。”中国式现代化进入关键时期，我国经济社会发展的目标函数和约束函数均发生历史性变化，要适应这种历史性变化，必须加快转变发展方式，改变旧有生产函数组合方式，这就更加凸显贯彻新发展理念的紧迫性。改革开放后相当长的时期内，我国经济保持了高速增长，GDP年均增长率达9.7%左右。这种持续高速增长具有客观必要性，我国经济需尽快摆脱贫困，克服经济短缺，夯实经济基础；同时也具有历史可能性，供给端的低要素成本优势和需求端的需求稳步扩张相互叠加，形成了长期快速增长趋势——以要素投入量扩大为主要动能，以要素成本低廉为突出优势，以经济规模高速增长为重要标志。具体而言，该阶段制定了以持续高速增长实现经济规模定期倍增的基本方略，并将迅速摆脱贫困作为首要目标。但随着我国经济的深入发展，支持这种发展方式和发展理念的条件逐渐发生深刻而系统的改变，使之不再具有可持续性。在2014年中央经济工作会议上，习近平总书记就强调我国“经济发展进入新常态”，并从消费需求、投资需求、出口和国际收支、生产能力和产业组织、生产要素相对优势、市场竞争特点、资源环境约束、经济风险积累和化解、资源配置模式和宏观调控方式九个方面，阐释了经济新常态下出现的新特点新要求。要适应新常态、引领新常态，必须加快转变发展方式，而发展方式的转变，首先需要明确新的发展理念。

On the other hand, implementing the new development philosophy is a strategic response to the practical urgency of solving the prominent contradictions and problems in China’s economic and social development. First, implementing the new development philosophy is an objective requirement for promoting high-quality development, which is the primary task, and thereby realizing Chinese-path modernization, which is the central task; it is the necessary path guiding China’s development and growth in the New Era. In terms of economic development, from the perspective of growth targets, high-quality development requires achieving effective improvement in the quality of economic development and reasonable growth in its quantity. According to the first-stage goal of China’s new journey to comprehensively build a modern socialist country, by 2035, socialist modernization will be basically realized, which requires that the per capita GDP level reach the average level of moderately developed countries. Based on China’s per capita GDP level in 2020 (exceeding US$10,000) and the per capita GDP level of moderately developed countries (above US$20,000), over 15 years, China’s total GDP needs to double (calculated at constant prices), with the corresponding per capita GDP level more than doubling (considering the reduction in total population), requiring an average annual GDP growth rate of over 4.8%. However, if the existing development model is followed, its natural growth rate is difficult to reach this level, and it is estimated that it may only be around 4%. From the perspective of constraint conditions, achieving a green transformation of the development model requires actively and steadily advancing the goals of peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. Yet China’s energy system is highly dependent on fossil fuels such as coal, making the realization of this goal and task extremely arduous. Based on 2020, China’s carbon emissions have approached 10 billion tons, accounting for over 30% of global total carbon emissions, ranking first in the world. China has proposed achieving a carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, with the interval between the “dual carbon” goals set at only 30 years, which is equivalent to shortening the time required to complete this process to about half that of developed countries (developed countries generally need 50–70 years). Therefore, the stage-specific characteristics of China’s own energy system, economic growth intensity, industrial structure height, and urbanization process are all highly correlated with carbon emission reduction, and all are intensifying the pressure of green and low-carbon transformation. Without implementing the new development philosophy and transforming the economic development model, it will be difficult to adapt to the requirements of the “dual carbon” goals.

另一方面，贯彻新发展理念是对解决我国经济社会发展中突出矛盾和问题的现实紧迫性的战略回应。第一，贯彻新发展理念是推动高质量发展这一首要任务进而实现中国式现代化这一中心任务的客观要求，是指引新时代我国发展壮大的必由之路。就经济发展而言，从增长目标来看，高质量发展要求实现经济发展质的有效提升和量的合理增长。根据我国开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程的第一阶段目标，到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化，其中要求人均GDP水平达到中等发达国家平均水平。以2020我国人均GDP水平（突破1万美元）和中等发达国家人均GDP水平（2万美元以上）为基础，15年里我国GDP总量要翻一番（按不变价计算），相应人均GDP水平增长一倍以上（考虑到人口总量减少），需要GDP年均增长率达4.8%以上。但若按照既有的发展方式，其自然增长率很难达到这一水平，预计可能只有4%左右。从约束条件看，实现发展方式绿色转型要求积极稳妥推进碳达峰碳中和目标。而我国能源体系高度依赖煤炭等化石能源，实现这一目标任务极其艰巨。以2020年为基础，我国碳排放量已近100亿吨，在全球碳排放总量中占比超30%，位列世界首位。我国提出在2030年前实现碳达峰、在2060年前实现碳中和的目标，设定的“双碳”目标间隔仅为30年，这相当于将完成这一进程所需的时间缩短至发达国家的一半左右（发达国家普遍需要50—70年）。因此，我国自身的能源体系、经济增长强度、产业结构高度、城市化进程等方面的发展阶段性特征都与碳减排高度相关，也都在加剧绿色低碳转型的压力。不贯彻新发展理念，不转变经济发展方式，就难以适应“双碳”目标要求。

Second, implementing the new development philosophy is an objective requirement for adapting to the changes in the principal contradiction in Chinese society and accelerating the resolution of the problems of unbalanced and inadequate development; it is the essential nature of solidly advancing common prosperity for all the people and embodying the people-centered nature of development. In terms of the evolution of economic forms, the development process from a moderately prosperous society in all respects to the realization of Chinese-path modernization is a process of growing from the world’s largest developing country today into a developed economy. In terms of qualitative state, the most profound and difficult task lies in improving the coordination and balance of development, especially as the “dual” characteristics of the Chinese economy undergo new historic changes, and overcoming a series of new structural imbalances all require implementing the new development philosophy. More fundamentally, Chinese-path modernization embodies a people-centered development philosophy and is a historical process in which effective development and fairness and justice are unified. Only by taking the satisfaction of the people’s needs for a better life as the starting point and ultimate goal of development can we better unleash the potential of domestic demand by continuously improving people’s living standards, continuously strengthen the domestic circulation, and promote the smooth flow of the national economic cycle.

第二，贯彻新发展理念是适应我国社会主要矛盾变化，加快解决发展不平衡不充分问题的客观要求，是推动全体人民共同富裕迈出坚实步伐、体现发展的人民性的本质所在。就经济形态演进而言，从全面小康到实现中国式现代化的发展过程，是从当今世界上最大的发展中国家成长为发达经济体的过程。在质态上，最为深刻和艰难的任务在于提高发展的协调性和平衡性，尤其是中国经济“二元性”特征出现新的历史性变化，而一系列新的结构性失衡的克服，都要求贯彻新发展理念。更为根本的在于，中国式现代化体现了以人民为中心的发展理念，是有效发展与公平正义相互统一的历史进程。只有把满足人民对美好生活的需要作为发展的出发点和落脚点，才能通过不断提高人民生活水平更好发挥内需潜力，不断做强国内大循环，促进国民经济循环畅通。

Third, implementing the new development philosophy is an objective requirement for responding to external shocks and building a community with a shared future for mankind; it is the internal logic of effectively responding to the uncertainty of drastic changes in the external environment with the certainty of high-quality development. Especially in the critical period of consolidating the foundation and making comprehensive efforts to basically realize socialist modernization, the complexity, severity, and uncertainty of the external environment facing China’s economic and social development have increased, and adverse

第三，贯彻新发展理念是应对外部冲击、构建人类命运共同体的客观要求，是以高质量发展的确定性有效应对外部环境急剧变化的不确定性的内在逻辑。尤其是在基本实现社会主义现代化夯实基础、全面发力的关键时期，我国经济社会发展面临的外部环境的复杂性、严峻性和不确定性上升，不利影响不断加剧。国际金融危机之后，叠加新冠疫情冲击，世界经济增长乏力，单边主义、保护主义等严重冲击国际经济秩序，对我国经济产生深刻影响。同时，大国关系形成新的时代特征。伴随我国在世界经济中地位的不断提升，西方大国将我国视为首要战略竞争对手，不仅在需求端通过关税和非关税壁垒等举措，挤压我国经济发展的国际市场空间，还在供给端通过立法和行政限制令等方式，遏制我国技术进步和产业升级。只有完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，扎实推动经济高质量发展，提高自身经济核心竞争力和稳定性，才能处理好国内循环与国际循环相互促进的关系，处理好高质量发展与高水平开放的关系，才能更好推进平等有序的世界多极化和普惠包容的经济全球化，推动建立更加公正合理的国际秩序，提高全球经济治理效率。

Fourth, implementing the new development philosophy is an objective requirement for deepening institutional reform, expanding opening up, and raising the level of high-quality security; it is a historical necessity for better achieving the organic unity of reform, opening up, and development in the process of Chinese-path modernization. With regard to reform, to achieve notable results in promoting high-quality development, we must focus on the institutional and mechanistic obstacles that constrain high-quality development and continuously advance deep-level reform. The emphasis should be on improving the institutional mechanisms for high-quality economic development, using economic system reform as the driving force, and adapting to the requirements of new quality productive forces to build relations of production that are more compatible with them. This process will inevitably involve the adjustment and transformation of a series of interest relations, which requires implementing the new development philosophy in further deepening reform comprehensively, using the new development philosophy to guide all aspects and the entire process of reform, and ensuring that the direction of reform is not deviated, its intensity is not diminished, and its results are notable. With regard to opening up, high-quality development requires making great efforts to expand high-level opening up, with a focus on steadily expanding institutional opening up, independent opening up, and the development of autonomous trade. Currently, economic globalization is encountering headwinds, and the "two overall situations" [9]9 The "two overall situations" refers to the overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the overall situation of changes unseen in a century. are accelerating their evolution. Only by taking the new development philosophy as the guiding principle and steadily advancing institutional opening up in rules, regulations, management, and standards can China continuously improve the quality and level of its opening up, and promote the organic unity and coordinated advancement of Chinese-path modernization and the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. With regard to development, China's development is in a period where strategic opportunities and risks and challenges coexist, and uncertain and unpredictable factors are increasing. The root cause of the emergence and intensification of various risks lies in the low efficiency and low quality of development. Only by fully, accurately, and comprehensively implementing the new development philosophy, firmly grasping the core requirements of high-quality development, and solidly promoting high-quality economic and social development can we lay a solid development foundation for preventing and defusing systemic risks, hedging against two-way shocks to supply and demand, and responding to the overlapping situation of domestic and international risks, thereby ensuring the smooth realization of development goals.

第四，贯彻新发展理念是深化体制改革、扩大对外开放、提升高水平安全的客观要求，是在中国式现代化的进程中更好实现改革、开放、发展有机统一的历史需要。就改革而言，要推动高质量发展取得显著成效，必须聚焦制约高质量发展的体制机制障碍，持续推进深层次改革。重点围绕健全经济高质量发展体制机制，以经济体制改革为牵引，适应新质生产力要求构建与之更相适应的生产关系。这一过程必然会触及一系列利益关系的调整与变革，这就要求在进一步全面深化改革中贯彻新发展理念，以新发展理念引领改革的各方面和全过程，确保改革方向不偏、力度不减、成效显著。就开放而言，高质量发展要求必须着力扩大高水平开放，重点稳步扩大制度型开放、自主开放和自主贸易发展。当前，经济全球化遭遇逆流，“两个大局”加速演进，我国只有以新发展理念为指导原则，稳步推进规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放，才能不断提升开放质量与水平，推动中国式现代化与构建人类命运共同体有机统一、协同推进。就发展而言，我国发展正处于战略机遇和风险挑战并存、不确定难预料因素增多的时期，各种风险发生和加剧的根本症结，在于发展效率偏低、发展质量不高。只有完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，牢牢把握高质量发展的核心要求，扎实推动经济社会高质量发展，才能为防范化解系统性风险、对冲供给与需求双向冲击、应对国内国际风险叠加态势奠定坚实的发展基础，确保发展目标顺利实现。

(II) Implementing the new development philosophy aims to promote high-quality economic development

（二）贯彻新发展理念旨在推动经济高质量发展

To achieve a fundamental transformation of the development model and promote high-quality economic development, we must first establish the new development philosophy. From a methodological and logical perspective, a philosophy is the ideological precursor that guides practice. A development philosophy has decisive, strategic, programmatic, and guiding significance. From the perspective of its connotation and attributes, the new development philosophy is the guiding principle for promoting high-quality development and achieving socialist modernization, and it centrally reflects our Party's deepening understanding of the laws governing economic and social development. The new development philosophy is both an inherent requirement of high-quality development and a concentrated expression of the essential characteristics of Chinese-path modernization.

实现发展方式根本转变，推进经济高质量发展，必须首先树立新发展理念。从方法逻辑上来说，理念是引领实践的思想先导。发展理念具有决定性、战略性、纲领性、引领性意义。从内涵属性上来说，新发展理念是推进高质量发展、实现社会主义现代化的指导原则，集中反映了我们党对经济社会发展规律性认识的不断深化。新发展理念既是高质量发展的内在要求，也是中国式现代化本质特征的集中体现。

Implementing the new development philosophy is an urgent need for transforming the development model and achieving high-quality economic development. The 19th National Congress of the CPC [10]10 The 19th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2017. made the major judgment that China's economy had shifted from a stage of high-speed growth to a stage of high-quality development. The 20th National Congress of the CPC further elaborated on the theme of the times, high-quality development, and clearly designated it as the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects. Currently, China's economic and social development faces some new problems and new challenges. The fundamental way to solve these difficulties lies in achieving a profound transformation toward high-quality development. In terms of its connotation, high-quality development is, at the micro level, development with high efficiency, with the optimization of factor allocation and the improvement of total factor productivity as the main driving forces; at the macro level, it is development with benign interaction and dynamic equilibrium between supply and demand, creating effective demand through high-quality supply and driving supply upgrades through effective market demand. Entering the critical period of basically realizing socialist modernization, it is even more necessary to highlight the theme of high-quality development. The "Proposal" [11]11 "The 'Proposal'" refers to the "Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035," adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee in October 2020. explicitly requires adhering to "taking high-quality development as the theme" in its guiding principles, emphasizes "adhering to high-quality development" among the principles that must be followed, and lists "achieving notable results in high-quality development" first among the main objectives, fully demonstrating the core position of high-quality development in the cause of the Party and the state in the New Era. The reason for highlighting the theme of high-quality development has profound practical logic. First, it is an inevitable requirement for maintaining sustained and healthy economic development. Currently, China's economy is in a critical period of transforming the development model, optimizing the economic structure, and switching growth drivers. The traditional development model relying on quantitative expansion and speed competition is no longer sustainable, and the structural contradictions of supply-demand imbalance urgently need to be resolved. Only by unswervingly promoting high-quality development, coordinating the expansion of domestic demand and the deepening of supply-side structural reform, improving the long-term mechanism for expanding consumption, accelerating the construction of a unified national market, revitalizing existing resources, and optimizing incremental space, can we achieve dynamic equilibrium between supply and demand at a new level, maintain a reasonable economic growth rate, better respond to the uncertainty of the external environment with the certainty of our own development, and consolidate the material and technological foundation for building a modern socialist country in all respects. Second, it is an inevitable requirement for resolving the principal contradiction in Chinese society. The change in the principal contradiction in Chinese society has set higher standards for the quality of development. The people's needs have shifted from "whether there is enough" to "whether it is good," and their expectations for high-quality products, high-quality services, and a beautiful environment are increasingly urgent. Only by unswervingly promoting high-quality development, adhering to the unity of effective qualitative improvement and reasonable quantitative growth, coordinating regional coordinated development and urban-rural integrated development, making up for shortcomings and weaknesses in the field of people's livelihood, and promoting a virtuous cycle between industrial upgrading and the improvement of people's livelihood, can we make up for shortcomings in development, achieve balance in improvement, effectively solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development, and better meet the people's needs for a better life. Third, it is an inevitable requirement for following objective economic development laws. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Economic development is a spiraling upward process; the ascent is not linear. When quantitative accumulation reaches a certain stage, it must turn to qualitative improvement. China's economic development must also follow this law." [12]12 This quotation is from Xi Jinping's speech at the Central Economic Work Conference in December 2017. Currently, China's total economic output has firmly ranked second in the world, and its economic strength, scientific and technological strength, and comprehensive national power have reached new levels, providing a solid foundation for transitioning to high-quality development. Only by conforming to this law and continuously promoting quality change, efficiency change, and driving force change can China break free from path dependence and achieve an economy that is new, excellent, and sound in the long term. Fourth, it is an inevitable requirement for adapting to the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. Frontier technologies such as artificial intelligence, quantum technology, and biomanufacturing are constantly emerging, profoundly reshaping the global industrial landscape and changing the international competitive situation. To adapt to this trend of the times and seize development opportunities, we must unswervingly promote high-quality development. To this end, the "Proposal" specifically deploys "accelerating high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, leading the development of new quality productive forces," and also proposes "promoting the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation" and "cultivating and strengthening emerging industries and future industries." The core of promoting high-quality economic development lies in accelerating the development of new quality productive forces. This is both an inevitable choice for adapting to the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation and a key measure for China to shape new drivers and new advantages for development and seize the commanding heights of international competition.

贯彻新发展理念是转变发展方式、实现经济高质量发展的迫切需要。党的十九大作出了我国经济由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段的重大判断。党的二十大进一步阐释高质量发展这一时代主题，明确将其作为全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务。当前，我国经济社会发展面临一些新问题新挑战，破解这些难题的根本出路，就在于实现向高质量发展的深刻转变。从内涵来看，高质量发展在微观上是高效率的发展，以要素配置优化和全要素生产率提高为主要动能；在宏观上是供求良性互动、动态均衡的发展，以高质量供给创造有效需求，以有效市场需求牵引供给升级。进入基本实现社会主义现代化关键时期，更加需要突出高质量发展这一主题。《建议》在指导方针中明确要求坚持“以推动高质量发展为主题”，在必须遵循的原则中强调“坚持高质量发展”，在主要目标中将“高质量发展取得显著成效”列在首位，充分彰显了高质量发展在新时代党和国家事业发展中的核心地位。之所以要突出高质量发展这一主题，有着深刻的现实逻辑。一是保持经济持续健康发展的必然要求。当前，我国经济正处于转变发展方式、优化经济结构、转换增长动力的攻坚期，传统依靠数量扩张、速度比拼的发展模式已难以为继，供求失衡的结构性矛盾亟待破解。只有坚定不移推动高质量发展，统筹扩大内需和深化供给侧结构性改革，完善扩大消费长效机制，加快建设全国统一大市场，盘活存量资源、做优增量空间，才能在新的水平上实现供求动态均衡，保持经济合理增长速度，以自身发展的确定性更好应对外部环境的不确定性，夯实全面建设社会主义现代化国家的物质技术基础。二是解决我国社会主要矛盾的必然要求。我国社会主要矛盾的变化，对发展质量提出了更高标准，人民群众的需求已从“有没有”转向“好不好”，对优质产品、优质服务、优美环境的期盼日益迫切。只有坚定不移推动高质量发展，坚持质的有效提升和量的合理增长相统一，统筹区域协调发展、城乡融合发展，补齐民生领域短板弱项，促进产业升级与民生改善良性循环，才能在发展中补齐短板、在提升中实现均衡，有效破解不平衡不充分发展难题，更好满足人民美好生活需要。三是遵循客观经济发展规律的必然要求。习近平总书记指出：“经济发展是一个螺旋式上升的过程，上升不是线性的，量积累到一定阶段，必须转向质的提升，我国经济发展也要遵循这一规律。”当前，我国经济总量已稳居世界第二位，经济实力、科技实力、综合国力跃上新台阶，具备转向高质量发展的坚实基础。我国唯有顺应这一规律，持续推动质量变革、效率变革、动力变革，才能摆脱路径依赖，实现经济向新向优、长期向好。四是顺应新一轮科技革命和产业变革的必然要求。人工智能、量子科技、生物制造等前沿技术不断涌现，深刻重塑全球产业格局、改变国际竞争态势。要顺应这一时代潮流，抢占发展先机，就必须坚定不移推动高质量发展。为此，《建议》专门部署“加快高水平科技自立自强，引领发展新质生产力”，同时提出要“推动科技创新和产业创新深度融合”以及“培育壮大新兴产业和未来产业”。推动经济高质量发展，核心在于加快发展新质生产力。这既是顺应新一轮科技革命和产业变革的必然选择，也是我国塑造发展新动能新优势、抢占国际竞争制高点的关键举措。

It can be seen that high-quality development is development that embodies the new development philosophy; it is development where innovation becomes the primary driving force, coordination becomes an inherent characteristic, green becomes a universal form, openness becomes the inevitable path, and sharing becomes the fundamental goal. Facing the new historical orientation, only by fully, accurately, and comprehensively implementing the new development philosophy, placing the development of new quality productive forces in a prominent position, accelerating the achievement of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening, and properly coordinating all major relationships, can we achieve notable results in promoting high-quality development and solidly advance Chinese-path modernization through high-quality development.

可见，高质量发展是体现新发展理念的发展，是创新成为第一动力、协调成为内生特点、绿色成为普遍形态、开放成为必由之路、共享成为根本目的的发展。面向新的历史方位，只有完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念，把发展新质生产力摆在突出位置，加快实现高水平科技自立自强，统筹好各类重大关系，才能推动高质量发展取得显著成效，以高质量发展扎实推进中国式现代化建设。

III. Constructing the New Development Paradigm: Strategic Measures for Achieving China's High-Quality Economic Development

三、构建新发展格局：实现我国经济高质量发展的战略举措

Fostering a new pattern of development is a strategic measure to meet the requirements of the new stage of China’s development, implement the new development philosophy, and achieve high-quality economic development. In April 2020, General Secretary Xi Jinping first proposed the strategic concept of fostering a new pattern of development that takes the domestic great circulation as the mainstay and allows the domestic and international circulations to reinforce each other. In October of the same year, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC explicitly called for accelerating the fostering of a new pattern of development and made systematic arrangements. The 20th National Congress of the CPC further clarified the roadmap and timetable for the new pattern of development, requiring its formation by 2035. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, from the perspective of further deepening reform comprehensively, demanded the promotion of the formation of a new pattern of development. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC then incorporated accelerating the fostering of a new pattern of development as an important element of the guiding ideology for economic and social development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. The new pattern of development inherits and innovatively develops Marx’s theory of capital circulation, emphasizing not only the smooth domestic circulation of individual capital and total social capital but also the smooth domestic and international circulation under the spatial expansion of capital. It is therefore the external comprehensive manifestation of the internal structural changes induced by the combined action of various factors in China’s economic and social development in the New Era, directly manifested as a new production pattern, a new supply-demand pattern, a new distribution pattern, a new trade pattern, and so on. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that fostering a new pattern of development “is a major decision made by sizing up the situation, based on changes in China’s development stage, environment, and conditions, especially based on changes in China’s comparative advantages”; “is a systematic and deep-seated transformation concerning the overall situation, a strategic plan based on the present and looking toward the long term”; and “is a strategic layout and preemptive move to grasp the initiative in future development, a major historical task to be completed in the new stage of development, and also a major measure to implement the new development philosophy.” The new development philosophy cannot remain at the conceptual level; it must be thoroughly implemented in economic practice. As a strategic concept and strategic measure for achieving high-quality economic development, the new pattern of development responds in practice to how to promote high-quality economic development and is the practical embodiment of the new development philosophy. Fostering a new pattern of development means opening up a path for implementing the new development philosophy in concrete practice and establishing mechanisms for its implementation in concrete practice, thereby actively responding to new changes and shaping new competitive advantages.

构建新发展格局是适应我国发展新阶段要求、贯彻新发展理念、实现经济高质量发展的战略举措。2020年4月，习近平总书记首次提出构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局的战略构想。同年10月，党的十九届五中全会明确要求加快构建新发展格局，并作出系统性部署。党的二十大进一步明确了构建新发展格局的路线图、时间表，要求在2035年形成新发展格局。党的二十届三中全会从进一步全面深化改革的角度，要求推动形成新发展格局。党的二十届四中全会则把加快构建新发展格局作为“十五五”时期经济社会发展的指导思想的重要内容。新发展格局是对马克思资本循环理论的继承与创新发展，不仅强调单个资本、社会总资本的国内循环畅通，也注重资本空间扩张下的国内外循环畅通，因此是新时代中国经济社会发展过程中各种因素共同作用所引致的内在结构变化的外在综合表现，直接表现为新生产格局、新供需格局、新分配格局、新贸易格局等。习近平总书记指出，构建新发展格局“是根据我国发展阶段、环境、条件变化，特别是基于我国比较优势变化，审时度势作出的重大决策”；“是事关全局的系统性、深层次变革，是立足当前、着眼长远的战略谋划”；“是把握未来发展主动权的战略性布局和先手棋，是新发展阶段要着力推动完成的重大历史任务，也是贯彻新发展理念的重大举措”。新发展理念不能停留在理念上，必须深入贯彻于经济实践之中。新发展格局作为实现经济高质量发展的战略构想和方略举措，在实践中回应着如何推进经济高质量发展，是新发展理念的实践体现。构建新发展格局，就是要开辟将新发展理念贯彻于具体实践的实现路径、落实于具体实践的实现机制，以此来积极应对新变局、塑造竞争新优势。

(I) Fostering a New Pattern of Development Is an Inevitable Requirement for Adapting to New Changes in the Situation

（一）构建新发展格局是适应新形势变化的必然要求

Large economies are generally basically inward-oriented economies. A so-called basically inward-oriented economy means that the supply and demand, input and output, production and reproduction of the national economy are based on the possibility of internal circulation within the national economy, and the entire circulation process is mainly realized through the domestic market, rather than relying mainly on external circulation, to ensure the stability and sustainability of the national economy. The production, distribution, circulation, and consumption links of a large economy cannot be separated from the basic domestic demand base, nor can they rely on the international market as the main support. On the one hand, the huge demand scale and supply capacity of a large economy cannot be fully supported by the international market and will even severely impact the international market; on the other hand, once a large economy breaks away from its basic domestic demand base, it will find it difficult to effectively cope with the risk shocks of the international economic cycle. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “From an international comparative perspective, the characteristic of large economies is that domestic demand is dominant and internal circulation is possible. As the world’s second-largest economy and the largest manufacturing country, China’s domestic economic circulation and international economic circulation have objectively long had the need for adjustment.” It can be seen that fostering a new pattern of development is an objective requirement for China to develop an inward-oriented economy and effectively transform the characteristics of a large economy into development advantages. The Proposal [13]13 The “Proposal” refers to the *CPC Central Committee’s Proposal on Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035*, adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee in October 2020. pointed out that “a strong domestic market is the strategic foundation for Chinese-path modernization,” and therefore it is necessary to “adhere to expanding domestic demand as this strategic fulcrum.” It needs to be emphasized that accelerating the fostering of a new pattern of development does not mean closing the door for a closed domestic single circulation, but rather, by leveraging the potential of domestic demand, making better use of both domestic and international markets and resources, and using the inherent stability and long-term growth of the domestic great circulation to hedge against the uncertainty of the international circulation. Its strategic foothold is to place greater emphasis on strengthening the domestic great circulation and using the domestic circulation to better drive the international circulation.

大国经济一般是基本内向型经济。所谓基本内向型经济，是指国民经济的供给与需求、投入与产出、生产与再生产等建立在国民经济内部可循环的基础上，整个循环过程主要通过国内市场实现，而不是主要依靠外部循环，以确保国民经济的稳定性和可持续性。大国经济的生产、分配、流通和消费环节不可能脱离内需基本盘，以国际市场为主体支撑。一方面，大国经济的巨大需求规模和供给产能不仅不可能得到国际市场的充分支持，而且会严重冲击国际市场；另一方面，大国经济一旦脱离内需基本盘，就难以有效应对国际经济循环的风险冲击。习近平总书记指出：“从国际比较看，大国经济的特征都是内需为主导、内部可循环。我国作为全球第二大经济体和制造业第一大国，国内经济循环同国际经济循环的关系客观上早有调整的要求。”可见，构建新发展格局是我国发展内向型经济、将大国经济的特征切实转变为发展优势的客观要求。《建议》指出，“强大国内市场是中国式现代化的战略依托”，因此要“坚持扩大内需这个战略基点”。需要强调的是，加快构建新发展格局，不是关起门来封闭运行的国内单循环，而是通过发挥内需潜力，更好利用国内国际两个市场、两种资源，以国内大循环的内在稳定性和长期成长性对冲国际循环的不确定性。其战略立足点是把做强国内大循环摆到更加突出的位置，以国内循环更好牵引国际循环。

After reform and opening up, China’s opening-up process deeply overlapped with the process of economic globalization. Economic system reform and opening up promoted each other and empowered each other in both directions, greatly boosting China’s own economic growth—export demand rose sharply, its contribution rate to economic growth continued to increase, the national economy’s foreign trade dependence significantly increased, and the current account trade surplus as a share of GDP rose substantially. However, in the past decade or so, the trend of anti-globalization has become rampant and far-reaching. The momentum of the traditional great circulation of “both ends outside, large imports and large exports” [14]14 “Both ends outside, large imports and large exports” (两头在外、大进大出) refers to the processing trade model characteristic of China’s early reform and opening-up period, where raw materials and markets were primarily overseas, with China providing labor and assembly. in markets and resources has significantly weakened. The pulling effect of export demand on China’s economic growth has gradually weakened, and in some years, its contribution to economic growth has even been negative. At the same time, China’s comparative advantages have undergone profound changes. The basic conditions constraining both the supply and demand sides of the economy have experienced systemic adjustments. The relationship between the Chinese economy and the world economy, especially with developed economies, is also undergoing profound changes. The complementarity of cooperation between the two sides is gradually decreasing, while competition continues to increase. Faced with this series of profound changes, China must base itself on the new situation and propose new ideas to guide development. Accelerating the fostering of a new pattern of development is precisely the logical necessity of actively adapting to this development trend and solving development difficulties; it is a strategic choice to respond to changes in the external environment and grasp the initiative in development.

改革开放后，我国对外开放进程与经济全球化进程深度叠加，经济体制改革与对外开放相互促进、双向赋能，极大推动了自身经济增长——出口需求大幅攀升，对经济增长的贡献率持续提高，国民经济对外贸易依存度显著上升，经常项目贸易顺差占GDP比重大幅提高。但近十几年来，逆全球化思潮甚嚣尘上、影响深远，过去市场和资源“两头在外、大进大出”的传统大循环动能明显减弱，出口需求对我国经济增长的拉动作用逐步减弱，甚至多个年份对经济增长的贡献为负值。同时，我国经济的比较优势发生深刻转变，约束经济供求两端的基本条件出现系统性调整，中国经济与世界经济，尤其是与发达经济体之间的关系也在发生深刻变化，双方合作的互补性逐步降低、竞争性则持续提升。面对这一系列深刻变化，我国必须立足新形势、提出引领发展的新思路，而加快构建新发展格局，正是主动适应这种发展态势、破解发展难题的逻辑必然，是应对外部环境变化、把握发展主动权的战略抉择。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the driving role of the domestic circulation in economic development has significantly strengthened, and the momentum of economic development has gradually shifted to being dominated by domestic demand. While the contribution of export demand to economic growth has been negative, China has relied on expanding domestic demand to fully offset the negative impact of export contraction, achieving stable economic growth. In terms of development potential, from the demand side: regarding consumption demand, China has a huge stock and increment of population, per capita income levels are steadily rising, and there is a middle-income group of over 400 million people, whose absolute scale ranks first in the world. These conditions constitute an important foundation for a super-large-scale consumer market. In 2025, China’s total retail sales of consumer goods exceeded 50 trillion yuan for the first time, further consolidating the role of consumption as the “main engine” of economic growth. As long as we adhere to supporting the stable growth of residents’ income with more sufficient and higher-quality employment, enhance residents’ propensity to consume by optimizing the income distribution pattern and steadily expanding the middle-income group, and stabilize residents’ consumption expectations by further improving the level of social security and reasonably increasing public consumption, we will be able to form and release greater consumption potential and vitality. Regarding investment demand, as the world’s largest developing country, China has huge investment demand. In 2025, China’s fixed asset investment amounted to nearly 50 trillion yuan, ranking among the top in the world in total scale. As long as we create more high-quality investment opportunities, enhance the effectiveness and fairness of market competition, optimize the investment system, and promote the rational conversion of savings into investment, we will inevitably form stronger effective investment demand. From the supply side, China’s production capacity is continuously expanding. Relying on the already formed complete industrial system and the modernized economic system being acceleratedly built, it will promote the optimal allocation of global factor resources and enhance scale effects and agglomeration effects. In 2025, China’s manufacturing value added reached 34.7 trillion yuan, maintaining the world’s top position for 16 consecutive years; the Global Innovation Index ranking rose from 34th in 2012 to 10th; R&D expenditure intensity reached 2.8%, exceeding the average level of OECD countries for the first time; the capacity to ensure energy and food security has significantly increased, with China’s per capita grain possession rising to over 500 kilograms, exceeding the internationally recognized “safety line” (400 kilograms); the annual全社会用电量 (total social electricity consumption) exceeded 10 trillion kilowatt-hours, making China the first country in the world to achieve this scale; and so on. Therefore, as long as we follow the trend and implement precise policies, China fully has the conditions and ability to foster a new pattern of development and reshape new competitive advantages.

党的十八大以来，国内循环对经济发展的带动作用显著增强，经济发展动能逐渐转向内需主导。在出口需求对经济增长贡献为负的同时，我国依靠扩大内需充分对冲出口萎缩带来的消极影响，实现了经济稳健增长。就发展潜力而言，从需求端看，在消费需求上，我国人口规模存量和增量巨大，人均收入水平稳步提升，并有超过四亿人的中等收入群体，绝对规模居世界首位，这些条件都构成超大规模消费市场的重要基础。2025年，我国社会消费品零售总额首次突破50万亿元，消费作为经济增长“主引擎”的作用进一步巩固。只要我们坚持以更加充分、更高质量的就业支撑居民收入稳定增长，以优化收入分配格局、稳步扩大中等收入群体提升居民消费倾向，以进一步提升社会保障水平、合理增加公共消费稳定居民消费预期，就能够形成并释放更大的消费潜力与活力。在投资需求上，作为世界上最大的发展中国家，我国拥有庞大投资需求。2025年，我国固定资产投资额近50万亿元，总规模名列世界前茅。只要创造更多优质的投资机会，提升市场竞争的有效性和公平性，优化投资制度，推动储蓄向投资合理转化，必然会形成更加强劲的有效投资需求。从供给端看，我国的生产能力不断壮大，凭借已形成的完整产业体系和正在加快构建的现代化经济体系，将促进全球要素资源优化配置，提升规模效应和集聚效应。2025年，我国制造业增加值达34.7万亿元，总规模连续16年保持全球第一；全球创新指数排名从2012年的第34位升至第10位，研发经费投入强度达2.8%，首次超过经济合作与发展组织（OECD）国家平均水平；能源和粮食安全保障能力明显增强，我国人均粮食占有量已增至500多公斤，超过国际公认的“安全线”（400公斤）；全年全社会用电量突破10万亿千瓦时，成为全球首个实现此规模的国家；等等。因此，只要顺势而为、精准施策，我国完全有条件有能力构建新发展格局、重塑新竞争优势。

(II) The Focus of Fostering a New Pattern of Development Lies in Strengthening the Domestic Great Circulation

（二）构建新发展格局重点在于做强国内大循环

At present, the growth momentum of the world economy continues to weaken, uncertainty risks have risen significantly, and domestic economic transformation has entered a critical stage. Accelerating the establishment of a new pattern of development has become a strategic choice for coping with the complex and severe domestic and international environment and firmly grasping the initiative in development. From the perspective of practical logic, accelerating the establishment of a new pattern of development, as a pathway for advancing high-quality economic development, is a major strategic deployment for China to grasp the historical juncture of its development, implement the new development philosophy, and coordinate development and security. Its core essence lies in strengthening the dominant position of the domestic circulation and enhancing the quality and efficiency of the domestic circulation. At the same time, it promotes the mutual reinforcement of domestic and international circulations, achieving an effective improvement in quality and a reasonable growth in quantity of economic development, thereby solidifying the economic foundation for comprehensively building a modern socialist country.

当前，世界经济增长动能持续减弱、不确定性风险显著上升，国内经济转型步入攻坚阶段，加快构建新发展格局成为应对复杂严峻内外环境、牢牢把握发展主动权的战略抉择。从实践逻辑来看，加快构建新发展格局作为推进经济高质量发展的路径选择，是我国把握发展所处历史方位、贯彻新发展理念、统筹发展和安全的重大战略部署，其核心要义在于强化国内大循环的主体地位、提升国内大循环的质量效能。同时，推动国内国际双循环相互促进，实现经济发展质的有效提升和量的合理增长，为全面建设社会主义现代化国家筑牢经济根基。

As a country with a huge population and the advantage of a super-large market, the key to accelerating the establishment of a new pattern of development lies in effectively resolving the prominent problems in the domestic circulation. First, promote the efficient allocation of resources and factors, and consolidate the institutional foundation of the domestic circulation. Currently, issues such as local protectionism and market segmentation still constrain China's factor mobility to a certain extent, affecting the smoothness of the domestic circulation. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Establishing a new pattern of development takes the domestic circulation as the main body, based on a unified national market; it does not mean that every locality should engage in its own small circulation." [15]15 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the Central Economic Work Conference," December 16, 2021. This important exposition provides the fundamental guidance for promoting the efficient allocation of factor resources and smoothing the domestic circulation. To this end, it is necessary to accelerate the construction of a unified national market, adhere to the direction of marketization, rule of law, and internationalization, deepen reforms in the market-oriented allocation of factors, promote the orderly flow and efficient agglomeration of various factors, dismantle institutional and systemic obstacles that hinder factor mobility, and reduce institutional transaction costs.

作为一个人口规模巨大且具有超大规模市场优势的国家，加快构建新发展格局，重点是要有效解决国内大循环存在的突出问题。第一，推动资源要素高效配置，筑牢国内大循环的体制基础。当前，地方保护和市场分割等问题仍在一定程度上制约我国的要素流动，影响国内大循环畅通。习近平总书记指出：“构建新发展格局是以全国统一大市场基础上的国内大循环为主体，不是各地都搞自我小循环。”这一重要论述为推动要素资源高效配置、畅通国内大循环提供了根本遵循。为此，要加快建设全国统一大市场，坚持市场化、法治化、国际化方向，深化要素市场化配置改革，推动各类要素有序流动、高效集聚，破除束缚要素流动的体制机制障碍，降低制度性交易成本。

Second, promote the deep integration of technological innovation and industrial innovation, and activate the new driving forces of the domestic circulation. The deep integration of technological innovation and industrial innovation is a key measure to break through the "bottleneck" [16]16 "Bottleneck" (卡脖子) refers to critical technological constraints imposed by foreign entities, limiting China's development in key sectors. technological constraints in the domestic circulation and cultivate new driving forces and new advantages. The core is to strengthen the tackling of key core technologies and cutting-edge technologies, improve the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources, adopt extraordinary measures, and promote decisive breakthroughs in tackling key core technologies in key areas such as integrated circuits, industrial machine tools, and high-end instruments. At the same time, accelerate the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements, strengthen the principal position of enterprises in technological innovation, promote the deep integration of innovation chains, industrial chains, capital chains, and talent chains, strive to create a number of new industries, new tracks, and new driving forces, and promote the upgrading of industries towards high-end, intelligent, and green development. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that accelerating scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening "is the key to ensuring the smooth flow of the domestic circulation and shaping China's new advantages in the international circulation." This is not only the core task of promoting high-quality development but also an important support for developing new quality productive forces.

第二，推动科技创新和产业创新深度融合，激活国内大循环的新动能。科技创新和产业创新深度融合，是破解国内大循环中“卡脖子”技术瓶颈、培育新动能新优势的关键举措，核心是要加强关键核心技术和前沿技术攻关，完善新型举国体制，采取超常规举措，推动集成电路、工业母机、高端仪器等重点领域关键核心技术攻关取得决定性突破。同时，加快推进科技成果转化应用，强化企业科技创新主体地位，推动创新链、产业链、资金链、人才链深入融合，着力打造一批新产业、新赛道、新动能，推动产业向高端化、智能化、绿色化升级。习近平总书记指出，加快科技自立自强“是确保国内大循环畅通、塑造我国在国际大循环中新优势的关键”。这不仅是推动高质量发展的核心任务，更是发展新质生产力的重要支撑。

Third, promote the self-sufficiency and completeness of industrial and supply chains, and strengthen the solid support of the domestic circulation. Based on China's advantages of a huge population and a complete industrial system, the core of promoting the self-sufficiency and completeness of industrial and supply chains is to leverage the comparative advantages of various regions, strengthen inter-regional specialized division of labor and cooperation, improve mechanisms for inter-regional planning coordination, industrial collaboration, and benefit sharing, make up for the weak and short boards in industrial and supply chains, and enhance the stability and competitiveness of industrial and supply chains. At the same time, it is necessary to consolidate the foundation for national security guarantees, ensure the security of key industrial and supply chains, strengthen the exploration, development, and reserves of strategic mineral resources, and advance the construction of national strategic hinterlands and the backup of key industries. Promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial and supply chains is an urgent need to stabilize the dominant position of the domestic circulation and enhance the driving capacity in the international circulation, and it is also an important guarantee for preventing and defusing industrial security risks and promoting high-quality development.

第三，推动产业链供应链自主完备，强化国内大循环的坚实支撑。立足我国人口规模巨大、产业体系完备的优势，推动产业链供应链自主完备，核心是要发挥各地比较优势，加强区域间专业化分工与协作，健全区域间规划统筹、产业协作、利益共享等机制，补齐产业链供应链短板弱板，提升产业链供应链稳定性和竞争力。同时，要夯实国家安全基础保障，确保重要产业链供应链安全，加强战略性矿产资源勘探开发和储备，推进国家战略腹地建设和关键产业备份。推动产业链供应链优化升级，是稳固国内大循环主体地位、增强在国际大循环中带动能力的迫切需要，更是防范化解产业安全风险、推动高质量发展的重要保障。

Fourth, promote a high-level dynamic balance between supply and demand, and provide a guarantee for the smooth flow of the domestic circulation. Currently, China has a population of over 1.4 billion, the size of the middle-income group is steadily expanding, the advantage of the super-large market is significant, and there is a solid foundation for strengthening the domestic circulation. The core of promoting a dynamic balance between supply and demand is to adhere to leading industrial upgrading with consumption upgrading, better meet consumption with high-quality supply, coordinate efforts to promote employment, increase income, and stabilize expectations, reasonably increase the proportion of public service expenditure in fiscal expenditure, and enhance residents' consumption capacity and willingness. At the same time, clean up unreasonable restrictive measures in the consumption field, establish and improve management methods that adapt to new consumption formats, new models, and new scenarios, optimize the consumption environment, strengthen the protection of consumer rights and interests, so that consumers dare to consume, are willing to consume, and can consume with confidence. Accelerating the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system is an important foundation for smoothing the national economic cycle and strengthening the dominant position of the domestic circulation, and it is also an inherent requirement for fully unleashing the potential of the super-large market and promoting high-quality development.

第四，推动供给与需求高水平动态平衡，为国内大循环流动顺畅提供保障。当前，我国拥有14亿多人口，中等收入群体规模稳步扩大，超大规模市场优势显著，有着做强国内大循环的坚实根基。推动供给与需求动态平衡，核心是要坚持以消费升级引领产业升级，以优质供给更好满足消费，统筹促就业、增收入、稳预期，合理提高公共服务支出占财政支出比重，增强居民消费能力和意愿。同时，清理消费领域不合理限制性措施，建立健全适应消费新业态新模式新场景的管理办法，优化消费环境，强化消费者权益保护，让消费者敢于消费、愿意消费、放心消费。加快培育完整内需体系，是畅通国民经济循环、增强国内大循环主体地位的重要基础，也是充分释放超大规模市场潜力、推动高质量发展的内在要求。

(III) Coordinating Various Relationships in Establishing the New Pattern of Development

（三）构建新发展格局要统筹好各方面关系

Achieving the organic unity of high-quality economic development, economic system reform, and high-level opening up requires a series of strategic measures, which, in summary, means accelerating the establishment of a new pattern of development. However, establishing a new pattern of development is a systematic project concerning the overall situation and cannot be accomplished overnight. It is necessary to coordinate various relationships and harmonize work in various fields to ensure that all measures work in the same direction and produce tangible results.

实现经济高质量发展、经济体制改革、高水平对外开放的有机统一，需要采取一系列战略举措，归结起来就是要加快构建新发展格局。但构建新发展格局是一项事关全局的系统工程，不可能一蹴而就，必须统筹好各方面关系、协调好各领域工作，确保各项举措同向发力、落地见效。

First, coordinate the expansion of domestic demand with the deepening of supply-side structural reform. Especially under conditions where both demand and supply face downward pressure and domestic and international risks are superimposed, only by coordinating the relationship between aggregate demand and aggregate supply can the economic cycle be smoothed. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that whether the establishment of a new pattern of development "can be achieved mainly depends on whether the supply and demand ends are both dynamically strong and generally matched, achieving dynamic balance and positive interaction." [17]17 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the 15th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee," January 15, 2021. In particular, to achieve new demand leading new supply and new supply creating new demand, it is required to accelerate the construction of a high-level socialist market economy system, focus on the core issue of the relationship between the government and the market, accelerate the formation and continuous improvement of an economic system in which the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation and the government plays its role better, form an organic unity of an effective market and a competent government, and promote the coordinated force and virtuous cycle of both supply and demand ends.

一是统筹好扩大内需与深化供给侧结构性改革。特别是在需求与供给双向承压、国内与国际风险叠加的条件下，只有统筹好总需求与总供给关系，才能畅通经济循环。习近平总书记强调，构建新发展格局“能否实现，主要取决于供给和需求两端是否动力强劲、总体匹配，动态平衡、良性互动”。特别是实现以新需求引领新供给、以新供给创造新需求，就要求加快构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，聚焦政府与市场关系这一核心问题，加快形成并不断完善市场在资源配置中起决定性作用、更好发挥政府作用的经济体制，形成有效市场和有为政府的有机统一，推动供需两端协同发力、良性循环。

Second, coordinate the relationship between self-reliance and self-strengthening and learning from openness. In response to the "bottleneck" dilemma caused by insufficient independent innovation capability, it is necessary to base ourselves on high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening, effectively take education, science and technology, and talent as fundamental and strategic supports, and achieve effective linkage between the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, the strategy of strengthening the country through talent, and the innovation-driven development strategy. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Adhere to the integrated promotion of education development, scientific and technological innovation, and talent cultivation to form a virtuous cycle; adhere to the integrated design of original innovation, integrated innovation, and open innovation to achieve effective interconnection; adhere to the integrated deployment of innovation chains, industrial chains, and talent chains to promote deep integration." [18]18 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the 2nd Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 20th CPC Central Committee," January 31, 2023. The most essential feature of establishing a new pattern of development is achieving high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening, and a strong independent innovation capability stems from the solid support of comprehensive national strength and advantageous competitiveness, which has been repeatedly proven by history. The convertibility between the opportunities and challenges faced by China at its new historical juncture is prominently concentrated in the uncertainty within the process of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. Only by adhering to the combination of self-reliance and self-strengthening with learning from openness can we firmly grasp the initiative in development in a complex environment.

二是统筹好自立自强与开放借鉴的关系。针对自主创新能力不足导致的“卡脖子”困境，必须立足高水平自立自强，切实将教育、科技、人才作为基础性、战略性支撑，实现科教兴国战略、人才强国战略、创新驱动发展战略之间的有效联动。习近平总书记指出：“坚持教育发展、科技创新、人才培养一体推进，形成良性循环；坚持原始创新、集成创新、开放创新一体设计，实现有效贯通；坚持创新链、产业链、人才链一体部署，推动深度融合。”构建新发展格局最本质的特征，是实现高水平自立自强，而强大的自主创新能力，源于综合国力和优势竞争力的坚实支撑，这已被历史反复证明。我国在新的历史方位上所面临的机遇与挑战之间的可转换性，突出集中于新一轮科技革命和产业变革进程中的不确定性。唯有坚持自立自强与开放借鉴相结合，才能在复杂环境中牢牢把握发展主动权。

Third, coordinate the relationship between cultivating a modern industrial system and building a modern economic system. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The new pattern of development is based on a modern industrial system; the smooth flow of the economic cycle requires orderly links and efficient connectivity between various industries." [19]19 Xi Jinping, "Speech at the 31st Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 19th CPC Central Committee," January 24, 2022. On the one hand, it is necessary to accurately grasp the new trends of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, grasp the era characteristics of the "parallel" development [20]20 "Parallel" development (并联式) refers to China's simultaneous pursuit of industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization, as opposed to the sequential process in Western industrialization. of Chinese-path modernization, focus the efforts of economic development on the real economy, and consolidate the foundation of industrial development. On the other hand, it is necessary to follow the historical logic of industrial structure evolution, accelerate the optimization and upgrading of the economic system, promote the deep integration of domestic and foreign industries, strive to build a modern industrial system that is independent, controllable, safe, reliable, and highly competitive, and provide strong industrial support for establishing the new pattern of development.

三是统筹好培育现代化产业体系与构建现代化经济体系的关系。习近平总书记指出：“新发展格局以现代化产业体系为基础，经济循环畅通需要各产业有序链接、高效畅通。”一方面，要准确把握新一轮科技革命和产业变革的新趋势，把握中国式现代化“并联式”发展的时代特征，把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上，夯实产业发展根基。另一方面，要遵循产业结构演进的历史逻辑，加快推进经济体系优化升级，促进内外产业深度融合，着力打造自主可控、安全可靠、竞争力强的现代化产业体系，为构建新发展格局提供坚强产业支撑。

Fourth, coordinate the relationship between comprehensive rural revitalization and new-type urbanization, and accelerate the modernization of agriculture and rural areas. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “The countryside is both a huge consumer market and a huge factor market, and is an important component of the domestic grand circulation.” [21]21 The “domestic grand circulation” (国内大循环) refers to the domestic economic cycle of production, distribution, circulation, and consumption, which is a core concept in China’s “dual circulation” development strategy. Accelerate the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, adhere to giving priority to agriculture and rural development, deepen the reform of the rural land system, build a modern agricultural industrial system, production system, and management system, and activate the endogenous driving force of agricultural development. To solidly advance comprehensive rural revitalization, it is also necessary to accelerate urbanization construction with county towns as important carriers, further improve the institutional mechanisms for integrated urban-rural development, promote equal exchange and two-way flow of urban and rural factors, and activate the endogenous driving force of urban-rural development. Promote the deep integration and superposition effects of the coordinated regional development strategy, major regional strategies, the main functional area strategy, and the new-type urbanization strategy, effectively enhance the balance of development, and fully demonstrate the advantages of China’s super-large-scale market.

四是统筹好乡村全面振兴与新型城镇化的关系，加快推进农业农村现代化。习近平总书记指出：“乡村既是巨大的消费市场，又是巨大的要素市场，是国内大循环的重要组成部分。”加快实施乡村振兴战略，坚持农业农村优先发展，深化农村土地制度改革，构建现代农业产业体系、生产体系、经营体系，激活农业发展内生动力。扎实推进乡村全面振兴，还需要加快以县城为重要载体的城镇化建设，进一步完善城乡融合发展体制机制，促进城乡要素平等交换、双向流动， 激活城乡发展内生动力。推动区域协调发展战略、区域重大战略、主体功能区战略、新型城镇化战略等深度融合和叠加效应，切实提升发展的均衡性，充分彰显我国超大规模市场优势。

Fifth, coordinate the relationship between building a high-level socialist market economy system and promoting high-level opening up to the outside world. Facing the profound changes in the transformation of the mode of domestic and international economic circulation, China needs to take economic system reform as the driving force, further comprehensively deepen reform, build and improve relations of production that are compatible with the development of productive forces, especially new quality productive forces, and break through the institutional mechanisms that constrain development. At the same time, with high-level opening up to the outside world, effectively respond to the impact of anti-globalization, steadily promote institutional opening up in rules, regulations, management, and standards, actively align with international high-standard economic and trade rules, use the international circulation to enhance the efficiency and level of the domestic grand circulation, strengthen the momentum of linkage between domestic and foreign resources and market connectivity, not only provide strong impetus for promoting high-quality economic development, but also help demonstrate the great-power responsibility in global development governance, and promote win-win cooperation in the world economy.

五是统筹好构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制与推进高水平对外开放的关系。面对国内国际经济循环方式转换的深刻变化，我国需要以经济体制改革为牵引，进一步全面深化改革，构建完善与生产力特别是新质生产力发展相适应的生产关系，破解制约发展的体制机制。同时，以高水平对外开放有效应对逆全球化冲击，稳步推动规则、规制、管理、标准等制度型开放，主动对接国际高标准经贸规则，以国际循环提升国内大循环的效率和水平，增强国内外资源联动、市场互通的动能，既为推动经济高质量发展提供强大动力，也有助于展现全球发展治理的大国担当，推动实现世界经济合作共赢。

Conclusion

结论

Facing the new situation, new changes, and new requirements, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core adheres to the world outlook and methodology of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, continuously deepens the understanding of the laws of economic development, accurately grasps the inherent requirements and development characteristics of the contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production, clarifies the historical position of China’s development in the New Era, formulates effective strategic measures under the guidance of the new development concept in response to the strategic opportunities and risks and challenges faced, thereby building a new development pattern, strengthening the domestic grand circulation, and promoting China’s economy to steadily move toward high-quality development in the transformation of quality, efficiency, and driving forces. This practical exploration profoundly reflects that our Party, in advancing Chinese-path modernization, adheres to the dialectical unity of historical logic, theoretical logic, and practical logic, and systematically responds to the era’s questions of what high-quality economic development is, why it is necessary to promote high-quality economic development, and how to achieve high-quality economic development. Among them, grasping the new historical position is the era basis, implementing the new development concept is the guiding principle, and building a new development pattern is the strategic measure. The three are organically connected and mutually supportive, jointly forming the logical system for promoting high-quality economic development in China in the New Era.

面对新形势、新变化、新要求，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义世界观和方法论，不断深化对经济发展的规律性认识，精准把握生产力与生产关系矛盾运动的内在要求和发展特点，通过明晰新时代我国发展所处的历史方位，针对面临的战略机遇和风险挑战，在新发展理念引领下制定行之有效的战略举措，进而构建新发展格局、做强国内大循环，推动我国经济在质量变革、效率变革、动力变革中稳步迈向高质量发展。这一实践探索深刻体现了我们党在推进中国式现代化进程中坚持历史逻辑、理论逻辑和实践逻辑的辩证统一，系统回应了什么是经济高质量发展，为什么要推动经济高质量发展，以及怎样实现经济高质量发展的时代课题。其中，把握新的历史方位是时代依据，贯彻新发展理念是指导原则，构建新发展格局是战略举措，三者有机衔接、相互支撑，共同构成新时代推动我国经济高质量发展的逻辑体系。

As an important component of Xi Jinping’s economic thought, grasping the new historical position, implementing the new development concept, and building a new development pattern vividly demonstrate the epochal, original, systematic, and practical nature of Xi Jinping’s economic thought. Based on the new journey, this important theoretical and practical achievement will certainly provide wisdom inspiration, theoretical guidance, and practical impetus for China to comprehensively advance Chinese-path modernization with high-quality development, help China firmly grasp the initiative in development in a complex and changing international environment, and ensure that the Chinese economy sails steadily and far.

作为习近平经济思想的重要组成部分，把握新的历史方位、贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局，生动彰显了习近平经济思想的时代性、原创性、系统性和实践性。立足新征程，这一重要理论和实践成果，必将为我国以高质量发展全面推进中国式现代化提供智慧启迪、理论指引和实践动力，助力我国在复杂多变的国际环境中牢牢把握发展主动权，确保中国经济航船行稳致远。