New Requirements and New Tasks for Accelerating the Construction of a Modern Economic System

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC adopted the *Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development* (hereinafter referred to as the *Proposal*), which not only outlines the grand blueprint for economic and social development during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, but also explicitly proposes “achieving major breakthroughs in building a modern economic system.” Building a modern economic system bears on the overall situation of Chinese-path modernization. Only by adhering to key breakthroughs and coordinated advancement, and accelerating the construction of a modern economic system, can we fully unleash the enormous potential of the Chinese economy, and, through effective qualitative improvement and reasonable quantitative growth, provide strong support for securing decisive progress in basically realizing socialist modernization.

党的二十届四中全会通过了《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十五个五年规划的建议》（以下简称《建议》），不仅擘画了“十五五”时期经济社会发展的宏伟蓝图，而且明确提出“建设现代化经济体系取得重大突破” 。建设现代化经济体系事关中国式现代化全局。只有坚持重点突破与协同推进，加快建设现代化经济体系，才能充分释放中国经济的巨大潜力，以质的有效提升和量的合理增长，为基本实现社会主义现代化取得决定性进展提供有力支撑。

I. Comprehensively Understanding the New Requirements for Supporting Chinese-Path Modernization with a Modern Economic System

一、全面理解以现代化经济体系支撑中国式现代化的新要求

Building a modern economic system is an important strategic task bearing on the overall situation of Chinese-path modernization. The process of a country advancing its modernization is the process of its all-round development in various fields such as the economy, politics, society, culture, and ecological civilization. Since economic development will lay the material and technological foundation for modernization, the modernization of the economic sphere is crucial to the overall modernization process. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “For a country to be strong, its economic system must be strong. Only by forming a modern economic system can we better conform to the trend of modernization development and gain the initiative in international competition, and also provide strong support for modernization in other fields. We must, in accordance with the requirements of building a great modern socialist country, accelerate the construction of a modern economic system and ensure the timely realization of the goal of building a great modern socialist country.” It should be noted that Chinese-path modernization not only possesses the general characteristics of modernization but also has distinct Chinese features; its essence is socialist modernization, which breaks the myth that modernization equals Westernization. Therefore, building a modern economic system to support Chinese-path modernization must inevitably embody the essential requirements of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Building a modern economic system not only has the aspect of liberating and developing productive forces, but will also exhibit the characteristics of a socialist market economy in the dimension of relations of production. A modern economic system is an organic whole. Within it, advanced productive forces are developed through building a modern industrial system, while common prosperity is promoted through optimizing the income distribution system; a green development system is built to promote harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature, while a comprehensive open system is explored to adhere to a win-win path of peaceful development; the decisive role of the market in resource allocation is fully utilized, while the role of the government is better leveraged, achieving optimal resource allocation efficiency and maximized benefits through building a high-level socialist market economy system. As General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “High-quality development is the primary task in building a modern socialist country in all respects,” and “to promote high-quality development, we must build a modern economic system,” which is “an urgent requirement for crossing the threshold and a strategic goal for China’s development.”

建设现代化经济体系是事关中国式现代化全局的重要战略任务。一个国家推进现代化建设的过程，就是一国在经济、政治、社会、文化、生态文明等各个领域全面发展的过程。由于经济发展将为现代化奠定物质技术基础，因此经济领域的现代化对整体的现代化进程至关重要。习近平总书记指出：“国家强，经济体系必须强。只有形成现代化经济体系，才能更好顺应现代化发展潮流和赢得国际竞争主动，也才能为其他领域现代化提供有力支撑。我们要按照建设社会主义现代化强国的要求，加快建设现代化经济体系，确保社会主义现代化强国目标如期实现。” 需要注意的是，中国式现代化既有现代化的一般特征，又有鲜明的中国特色，其本质是社会主义现代化，打破了现代化等于西方化的迷思。因此，为支撑中国式现代化而建设现代化经济体系，就必然体现中国特色社会主义的本质要求。建设现代化经济体系不仅具有解放生产力与发展生产力的一面，而且还将在生产关系维度展现出社会主义市场经济的特征。现代化经济体系是一个有机整体。其中，既通过建设现代化产业体系发展先进生产力，又通过优化收入分配体系推进共同富裕；既通过建设绿色发展体系促进人与自然和谐共生，又通过探索全面开放体系坚持走互利共赢的和平发展道路；既充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，又更好发挥政府作用，通过建设高水平社会主义市场经济体制，实现资源配置效率最优化和效益最大化。正如习近平总书记所指出的，“高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务” ，“推动高质量发展，就要建设现代化经济体系” ，这是“跨越关口的迫切要求和我国发展的战略目标” 。

Based on a systems perspective, understand the theoretical connotation and practical requirements for achieving major breakthroughs in building a modern economic system. The systems perspective requires that, in the process of understanding, analyzing, and solving problems, we must see both the parts and the whole, achieving the unity of key breakthroughs in parts and overall coordination of the whole, highlighting simultaneous progress and mutual promotion. A modern economic system is an organic whole composed of the interrelationships and internal connections of various links, levels, and fields of socio-economic activities, specifically including six “systems” and one “institutional framework.” First, an industrial system led by innovation and promoting coordinated development, which undertakes the requirement of innovative development, i.e., firmly grasping the historical opportunity of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, insisting on promoting industrial innovation through scientific and technological innovation, and consolidating the material and technological foundation of Chinese-path modernization. Second, an urban-rural regional development system that highlights advantages and coordinates linkages, which undertakes the requirement of coordinated development, i.e., addressing issues such as urban-rural gaps and regional disparities, optimizing the spatial layout of land, strengthening the main functional area strategy, further leveraging the role of regional development strategies, coordinating new-type urbanization and comprehensive rural revitalization, and striving to promote balanced and coordinated development. Third, a green development system that is resource-conserving and environmentally friendly, which undertakes the requirement of green development, i.e., synergistically advancing carbon reduction, pollution reduction, greening expansion, and growth, handling the relationship between the expanded reproduction of the economy and society and the reproduction of the ecosystem in the process of economic development, and promoting harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature. Fourth, a comprehensive open system that is diversified, balanced, safe, and efficient, which undertakes the requirement of open development, i.e., on the basis of promoting the formation of a development pattern compatible with the stage of economic development, handling the relationship between domestic circulation and international circulation, and better promoting domestic-international linkages by expanding high-standard opening up. Fifth, an income distribution system that embodies efficiency and promotes fairness, which undertakes the requirement of shared development. Chinese-path modernization is the modernization of common prosperity for all people. Only by adhering to sharing by all, comprehensive sharing, co-construction and sharing, and gradual sharing can we truly implement the people-centered development philosophy, achieving development for the people, development relying on the people, and development results shared by the people. Sixth, a market system that is unified, open, competitive, and orderly, which undertakes the requirement of building a unified national market, standardizing and optimizing market access, market order, and market competition, eliminating and preventing market barriers, market protection, and market segmentation, promoting the free flow and efficient allocation of goods and factors, and enhancing the endogenous driving force and reliability of the domestic great circulation. Seventh, an economic system that fully leverages the role of the market and better leverages the role of the government, which undertakes the requirement of further deepening reform comprehensively, aiming to build a high-level socialist market economy system, stimulate the vitality of micro-entities, and enhance the effectiveness of macro-governance. Synthesizing the above six “systems” and one “institutional framework,” achieving major breakthroughs in building a modern economic system not only requires decisive progress in each specific link, level, and field, but also, more importantly, requires different links, levels, and fields to coordinate with each other and form an organic unity, thereby fully unleashing the enormous potential of China’s high-quality economic development.

基于系统观念理解建设现代化经济体系取得重大突破的理论内涵与实践要求。系统观念要求在认识问题、分析问题、解决问题的过程中，既要看到局部又要看到全局，做到局部的重点突破与全局的统筹兼顾相统一，突出齐头并进、相互促进。现代化经济体系是由社会经济活动各个环节、各个层面、各个领域的相互关系和内在联系构成的一个有机整体，具体包括六个“体系”和一个“体制”。一是创新引领、协同发展的产业体系，其承接创新发展的要求，即牢牢把握新一轮科技革命和产业变革的历史机遇，坚持以科技创新推动产业创新，夯实中国式现代化的物质技术基础。二是彰显优势、协调联动的城乡区域发展体系，其承接协调发展的要求，即针对城乡差距、区域差距等问题，优化国土空间布局，强化主体功能区战略，进一步发挥区域发展战略作用，统筹新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴，着力促进平衡协调发展。三是资源节约、环境友好的绿色发展体系，其承接绿色发展的要求，即协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长，在经济发展的过程中处理好经济社会的扩大再生产同生态系统再生产的关系，促进人与自然和谐共生。四是多元平衡、安全高效的全面开放体系，其承接开放发展的要求，即在推动形成与经济发展阶段相适应的发展格局的基础上，处理好国内循环与国际循环的关系，通过扩大高水平对外开放，更好促进内外联动。五是体现效率、促进公平的收入分配体系，其承接共享发展的要求，中国式现代化是全体人民共同富裕的现代化，只有坚持全民共享、全面共享、共建共享、渐进共享，才能真正贯彻以人民为中心的发展理念，做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。六是统一开放、竞争有序的市场体系，其承接构建全国统一大市场的要求，规范和优化市场准入、市场秩序、市场竞争，消除和防范市场壁垒、市场保护、市场分割，促进商品与要素的自由流动和高效配置，增强国内大循环内生动力和可靠性。七是充分发挥市场作用、更好发挥政府作用的经济体制，其承接进一步全面深化改革的要求，以构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制，激发微观主体活力，提升宏观治理效能。综合以上六个“体系”和一个“体制”，建设现代化经济体系取得重大突破，不仅要求在每个具体的环节、层面、领域取得决定性进展，而且更需要不同的环节、层面、领域彼此协调，有机统一，进而充分释放中国经济高质量发展的巨大潜力。

Building a modern economic system is conducive to achieving both an effective improvement in the quality of China’s economy and a reasonable growth in its quantity. Although economic growth achieved solely by increasing factor inputs cannot be regarded as economic development, economic growth nonetheless constitutes the necessary prerequisite and important foundation for economic development. In the short term, only by maintaining necessary economic growth can we promote increases in the income of residents, enterprises, and the government, thereby expanding aggregate demand, raising the level of capacity utilization, stabilizing employment, and preventing financial and debt risks. In the long term, only by maintaining stable economic growth can we possess sufficient economic surplus for scientific research and development as well as accumulation and investment, thereby promoting capacity renewal and industrial upgrading, achieving improvements in production efficiency and optimization of the economic structure. Specifically with regard to the strategic deployment of comprehensively advancing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization and achieving the second centenary goal [1]1 The second centenary goal refers to building China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, the centenary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China., the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC proposed a two-step overall strategic arrangement for fully building a great modern socialist country. Among these, an important landmark indicator for basically achieving socialist modernization by 2035 is that per capita gross domestic product reaches the level of moderately developed countries, which highlights the importance of maintaining an appropriate pace of economic and social development. In 2024, China’s per capita GDP was 13,445 US dollars, placing it among upper-middle-income countries. Although there is currently no clear international definition of moderately developed countries, it is generally believed that per capita GDP needs to reach over 20,000 US dollars, or even higher. From this it can be seen that China’s development level still has a certain distance from that of moderately developed countries, so it is also very necessary for the economy to maintain an average annual growth rate of 4.5% to 5% during the period of the 14th Five-Year Plan and even the 15th Five-Year Plan [2]2 The 14th Five-Year Plan covers 2021–2025; the 15th Five-Year Plan covers 2026–2030; the 16th Five-Year Plan covers 2031–2035.. Precisely for this reason, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Party Central Committee [3]3 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in 2024., taking into overall consideration both the short term and the long term, growth and development, quantity and quality, scientifically set the main economic and social development goals for the period of the 15th Five-Year Plan, requiring both “achieving notable results in high-quality development” and “maintaining economic growth within a reasonable range.” So, how are the above planning goals to be accomplished? The key lies in leveraging the inherent advantages of China’s economy, coordinating efforts from both the supply and demand sides, organically combining deepening supply-side structural reform with implementing the strategy of expanding domestic demand, accelerating the construction of a modern economic system, and promoting both an effective improvement in the quality of the economy and a reasonable growth in its quantity. On the supply side, we should leverage the advantages of a complete industrial system; on the demand side, we should leverage the advantages of a super-large market; by smoothing the circulation of the national economy, we can release growth potential. We should further leverage the advantages of the basic economic system, taking the exchange link and the distribution link as focal points respectively: on the one hand, improve the market system, raise circulation efficiency, and stimulate innovation vitality; on the other hand, optimize the distribution system, adjust the demand structure, and release the potential of domestic demand. Moreover, in medium- and long-term development, we should continue to replace the “demographic dividend” with a “talent dividend,” fully leverage the advantages of abundant talent resources, rely on independent innovation, continuously open up new fields and new tracks for economic development, and form new advantages in international competition.

建设现代化经济体系有利于实现我国经济质的有效提升和量的合理增长。虽然单纯依靠增加要素投入而实现的经济增长不能被视为经济发展，但是经济增长却构成经济发展的必要前提与重要基础。从短期来看，只有保持必要的经济增长，才能够促进居民、企业、政府收入增加，进而扩大总需求，提升产能利用水平，稳定就业，防范金融债务风险。从长期来看，只有保持稳定的经济增长，才能够拥有充足的经济剩余，用于科技研发与积累投资，进而推动产能更新与产业升级，实现生产效率提升与经济结构优化。具体到以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴、实现第二个百年奋斗目标的战略部署，党的二十大报告提出全面建成社会主义现代化强国总的战略安排分两步走。其中，2035年基本实现社会主义现代化的一个重要标志性指标就是人均国内生产总值达到中等发达国家水平，这也就凸显出经济社会发展保持适当速度的重要性。2024年，中国的人均GDP为13445美元，属于中等偏上收入国家。虽然目前国际上对中等发达国家没有明确的定义，但是普遍认为人均GDP需要达到2万美元以上，甚至更高。据此可见，中国的发展水平与中等发达国家相比仍有一定距离，所以“十五五”乃至“十六五”时期经济保持年均4.5%至5%的增速也十分必要。正因如此，党的二十届四中全会统筹兼顾短期与长期、增长与发展、数量与质量，科学设定了“十五五”时期的经济社会发展主要目标，既要“高质量发展取得显著成效”，又要“经济增长保持在合理区间”。那么，如何完成上述规划目标呢？关键在于发挥中国经济的自身优势，从供需两端协同发力，把深化供给侧结构性改革同实施扩大内需战略有机结合起来，加快建设现代化经济体系，促进经济质的有效提升和量的合理增长。在供给侧要发挥完整产业体系的优势，在需求侧要发挥超大规模市场的优势，通过畅通国民经济循环，释放增长潜能。进一步发挥基本经济制度的优势，分别以交换环节和分配环节作为着力点，一方面完善市场体系，提高流通效率，激发创新活力，另一方面优化分配体系，调整需求结构，释放内需潜力。并且，在中长期发展中，持续以“人才红利”替代“人口红利”，充分发挥丰富人才资源优势，依靠自主创新，不断开辟经济发展的新领域新赛道，形成国际竞争新优势。

II. Promoting Industrial Innovation through Scientific and Technological Innovation, Developing New Quality Productive Forces

二、以科技创新推动产业创新，发展新质生产力

Building a modern economic system requires establishing an innovation system with high-level scientific and technological self-reliance and self-strengthening. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Innovation is the primary driving force for development and the strategic support for building a modern economic system.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, “Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era,” report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, October 18, 2017. Scientific and technological modernization is the prerequisite for industrial modernization; without achieving scientific and technological modernization, it is impossible to generate advanced productive forces, and overall modernization becomes out of the question. For this reason, it is necessary to coordinate science and technology, talent, and education, enhance the overall effectiveness of the national innovation system, gradually shift from following in science and technology to running alongside and leading, and strengthen the country’s independent innovation capability. In the field of science and technology, both basic research and applied research must be given due attention. Basic research should not only attach importance to basic disciplines, fundamental theories, and underlying technologies, but also possess both macro and micro research perspectives, daring to explore in comprehensive and cross-cutting directions, thereby enhancing theoretical research and original innovation capabilities. Applied research should leverage the advantages of the new nationwide system for mobilizing resources [5]5 The new nationwide system for mobilizing resources (新型举国体制) refers to a state-led mechanism that concentrates resources to achieve breakthroughs in strategic technologies, updated from the earlier planned-economy model to incorporate market mechanisms., organically integrate forces from all sides, concentrate on tackling key core technologies in national strategic priorities and key areas, while simultaneously guiding innovation resources to cluster in enterprises, and increase research and development efforts in areas such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and quantum technology that may offer opportunities for lane-changing overtaking [6]6 “Lane-changing overtaking” (换道超车) is a Chinese metaphor for achieving a leapfrog advantage by switching to a new technological track rather than competing head-on in an established one., striving to produce original, disruptive, and leading achievements, and seize the initiative in international scientific, technological, and industrial competition. In the field of education, the cultivation of talent falls within the category of reproduction of the labor force; it should aim to support scientific and technological innovation and serve economic development, adapting to the requirements of social reproduction. Therefore, it is necessary to gradually establish a benign interactive mechanism between independent scientific and technological innovation and independent talent cultivation, focusing on promoting the integration of science and education as well as the integration of industry and education. In the field of talent, we must firmly establish the concept that “talent is the primary resource,” and, targeting the characteristics and growth patterns of different types of talent, focus on institutional and mechanism reforms in areas such as talent cultivation, talent support, talent evaluation, talent incentives, and talent mobility, effectively supporting the development of new quality productive forces through talent advantages. Furthermore, it is necessary to deeply advance the construction of Digital China, fully implement the “Artificial Intelligence+” action, use artificial intelligence to lead the transformation of scientific research paradigms, and empower every link of the economic cycle as well as thousands of industries with artificial intelligence. Leverage the complete industrial system to provide specific application scenarios, use the huge consumer market to achieve economies of scale, thereby spreading cost expenditures, adhere to the principle of “lightweight, open-source, low energy consumption,” persist in developing vertical models with commercial feasibility [7]7 “Vertical models” (垂类模型) refers to AI models specialized for a particular industry or domain, as opposed to general-purpose models., research, develop, and manufacture intelligent terminals and intelligent agents with specific functions, and promote the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy.

建设现代化经济体系要求建立高水平科技自立自强的创新体系。习近平总书记指出，“创新是引领发展的第一动力，是建设现代化经济体系的战略支撑” 。科技现代化是产业现代化的前提，不能实现科技现代化，就无法催生先进生产力，整体现代化也就无从谈起。为此，必须统筹科技人才教育，提升国家创新体系整体效能，逐步从科技跟跑转向并跑、领跑，增强国家的自主创新能力。在科技领域，要兼顾基础研究与应用研究。基础研究既要重视基础学科、基本理论、底层技术，又要拥有宏观与微观的研究视野，勇于在综合交叉等方向探索，进而提升理论研究和原始创新能力。应用研究要发挥新型举国体制的优势，有机整合各方力量，针对国之重器与重点领域的关键核心技术进行集中攻关，同时引导创新资源向企业集聚，针对可能带来换道超车机会的人工智能、生物技术、量子科技等领域加大研发力度，力争形成原创性、颠覆性、引领性的成果，掌握国际科技与产业竞争的主动权。在教育领域，人才的培养属于劳动力再生产的范畴，其应以支撑科技创新和服务经济发展为目标，适应社会再生产的要求，因此要逐步建立科技自主创新和人才自主培养的良性互动机制，着力促进科教融合与产教融合。在人才领域，要牢固树立“人才是第一资源”的观念，针对不同人才的类型特点与成长规律，重点在人才培育、人才支持、人才评价、人才激励、人才流动等方面进行体制机制改革，切实通过人才优势支撑新质生产力发展。此外，要深入推进数字中国建设，全面实施“人工智能+”行动，以人工智能引领科研范式变革，并且以人工智能赋能经济循环各个环节以及千行百业。以完整产业体系提供具体应用场景，以庞大消费市场实现规模效应，进而摊薄成本支出，以“轻量、开源、低能耗”为原则，坚持发展具有商业可行性的垂类模型 ，研发制造具有特定功能的智能终端与智能体，促进数字经济与实体经济深度融合。

Constructing a modern economic system requires establishing a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as its backbone. History has fully proven that the transformation from a traditional agricultural society to a modern industrial society has greatly promoted the development of social productive forces. Therefore, industrialization is the core driving force of modernization, and the level of industrial modernization determines the level of the modern industrial system. Currently, some developed countries are persistently plagued by trade deficits and fiscal deficits. The fundamental reason is that their industrial systems have undergone deindustrialization and financialization, causing the economic structure to shift from the real to the virtual, thereby continuously expanding trade deficits and embarking on a path of debt expansion. At the same time, the vast number of developing countries can only achieve "underdeveloped" development in the process of participating in economic globalization. The fundamental reason is that they have not completed industrial accumulation, or the existing industries in their countries are controlled by international monopoly capital, causing them to lose their autonomy in economic development and remain in a dependent position for a long time. It can be seen that, whether from the perspective of development or from the perspective of security, "the focus of economic development must be placed on the real economy," [n] and "promoting the high-quality development of manufacturing must be taken as an important part of building a modern economic system," [n] accelerating the construction of a manufacturing powerhouse, maintaining a reasonable proportion of manufacturing, and building a modern industrial system with advanced manufacturing as its backbone. China has maintained the world's largest share of manufacturing for 15 consecutive years and has formed comprehensive advantages of large scale, complete systems, and rapid upgrading. In the future, it must closely track the evolutionary trends of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, accelerate the development and application of new quality productive forces, optimize and upgrade traditional industries, and cultivate and strengthen emerging industries and future industries. The modern industrial system not only promotes the development of productive forces by replacing labor with machinery but also forms an interrelated industrial system through machines making machines. [n] Therefore, traditional industries, emerging industries, and future industries are all indispensable components of the modern industrial system. Without the support of traditional industries, emerging industries and future industries cannot achieve development. This means that one should not focus one-sidedly on emerging industries and future industries while neglecting traditional industries. Currently, the production capacity and output of many of China's traditional industries already rank first in the world. The focus of the next step of development lies in quality improvement and upgrading. On the one hand, it is necessary to adhere to the transformation towards intelligence, greening, and integration; on the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen technological capabilities, standard leadership, and brand building. In terms of emerging industries, efforts should be made to build emerging pillar industries with high technological intensity, high industrial correlation, strong market expansion capabilities, large output scale, and significant economic benefits, leveraging their advantages of rapid technological innovation, fast integration and empowerment, and quick industrial upgrading. While achieving their own large-scale development, they should innovate business models and forms from directions such as platform-based design, intelligent manufacturing, networked collaboration, customized production, and service-oriented extension, empowering traditional industries. In terms of future industries, it is necessary to encourage innovation in technological routes, application scenarios, business models, and regulatory rules, strengthen patient capital support, and cultivate new economic growth points. In addition, while promoting industrial modernization, attention must also be paid to agricultural modernization and service industry modernization. Agricultural development concerns rural revitalization and food security. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate the development of science and technology agriculture, green agriculture, quality agriculture, and brand agriculture, building agriculture into a large modern industry. Unlike agriculture and industry, which directly develop new quality productive forces, special attention should be paid to the role of the service industry as the main channel for absorbing employment, promoting the high-quality and efficient development of the service industry. On the one hand, with the goal of transformation and upgrading towards a modern industrial system, the producer service industry should be accelerated to extend to the professional and high-end value chain; on the other hand, with the goal of meeting the people's ever-growing needs for a better life, the development of the consumer service industry should be encouraged to be high-quality, diversified, and convenient.

建设现代化经济体系要求建立以先进制造业为骨干的现代化产业体系。历史已经充分证明，从传统农业社会向现代工业社会的转型，极大地推动了社会生产力的发展。因此，工业化是现代化的核心动力，工业的现代化水平决定了现代化产业体系的水平。当前，一些发达国家持续受到贸易赤字和财政赤字的困扰，根本原因在于其产业体系发生了去工业化和金融化，导致经济结构脱实向虚，进而贸易逆差不断扩大，并且走上了债务扩张的道路。同时，广大发展中国家在参与经济全球化的过程中只能实现“不发达”的发展，根本原因在于其并没有完成工业积累，或者本国已有的部分工业被国际垄断资本所掌控，致使其丧失经济发展的自主权，而长期无法摆脱依附地位。由此可见，无论是从发展的角度来看，还是从安全的角度来看，“必须把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上” ，“把推动制造业高质量发展作为构建现代化经济体系的重要一环” ，加快建设制造强国，保持制造业合理比重，构建以先进制造业为骨干的现代化产业体系。中国已经连续15年保持全球制造业占比第一的地位，并且已经形成规模大、体系全、升级快的综合优势，未来要密切跟踪新一轮科技革命和产业变革的演进趋势，加速发展和应用新质生产力，优化提升传统产业，培育壮大新兴产业和未来产业。现代化产业体系不仅以机器替代劳动的方式推动生产力发展，而且通过机器制造机器 形成一个彼此关联的产业体系。因此，传统产业、新兴产业和未来产业都是现代化产业体系必不可少的组成部分，脱离了传统产业的支撑，新兴产业和未来产业不可能实现发展。这意味着不应片面关注新兴产业和未来产业而忽视传统产业。当前，中国的众多传统产业的产能和产量已经位居世界第一，下一步发展的重心在于提质升级。一方面要坚持智能化、绿色化、融合化转型，另一方面要强化技术能力、标准引领、品牌建设。在新兴产业方面，要着力打造技术密集度高、产业关联度高、市场扩张能力强、产出规模大、经济效益显著的新兴支柱产业，发挥其技术创新快、融合赋能快、产业升级快的优势，在自身规模化发展的同时，从平台化设计、智能化制造、网络化协同、个性化定制、服务化延伸等方向创新业态模式，赋能传统产业。在未来产业方面，要鼓励创新技术路线、应用场景、商业模式、监管规则，强化耐心资本支持，培育新的经济增长点。此外，在推进工业现代化的同时，也要重视农业现代化与服务业现代化。农业发展事关乡村振兴与粮食安全，因此要统筹发展科技农业、绿色农业、质量农业、品牌农业，把农业建成现代化大产业。与农业和工业直接发展新质生产力的作用不同，要格外重视发挥服务业吸纳就业主渠道的作用，促进服务业优质高效发展。既要以向现代化产业体系转型升级为目标，加快生产性服务业向专业化和价值链高端延伸；又要以满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要为目标，鼓励生活性服务业高品质、多样化、便利化发展。

Constructing a modern economic system requires establishing a green development system supported by green productive forces. General Secretary Xi Jinping points out, "Green development is the foundation of high-quality development, and new quality productive forces themselves are green productive forces," [n] and "green development is an inevitable requirement for building a modern economic system." [n] Human social production and life consume various energy and resources and are inevitably accompanied by pollutant emissions. The ecosystem itself possesses a certain capacity for self-purification of pollutants. However, once the amount of pollutants emitted by human society exceeds the ecosystem's self-purification level, it will damage the environment, lead to ecological degradation, and subsequently affect production efficiency and human health. To prevent pollutant emissions from exceeding the carrying capacity of the ecological environment, it is necessary to artificially reduce emissions and control pollution. The means of production and labor consumed in the process of emission reduction and pollution control must also be included in the assessment of production efficiency. Thus, the essence of green productive forces is green production efficiency, that is, the comprehensive production efficiency that includes production inputs and emission reduction and pollution control inputs. Therefore, the development level of green productive forces will be influenced by factors such as production technology, emission reduction and pollution control technology, and the intensity of environmental governance. Chinese-path modernization must coordinate the reproduction of the economic system and the reproduction of the ecosystem. The green development system supported by green productive forces thus becomes an important component of the modern economic system. In the future, China must accelerate the formation of green production and lifestyles, take carbon peak and carbon neutrality as the driving force, [n] and coordinately promote the transformation of the energy system and pollutant emission reduction, pushing for new major progress in building a Beautiful China. [n] First, deeply promote the zoning management of the ecological environment, dynamically connect regional control plans with territorial space planning and economic and social development plans, implement differentiated protection and restoration strategies for different control units, and enhance the effectiveness of ecological environment governance. Second, starting from the transition from carbon peak to carbon neutrality, implement a dual control system for total carbon emissions and carbon intensity, [n] establishing a comprehensive institutional system involving regional carbon assessment, industrial carbon control, enterprise carbon management, project carbon evaluation, and product carbon footprint. Third, targeting the main contradiction of carbon emissions in the energy sector, on the one hand, adhere to the simultaneous development of wind, solar, hydro, and nuclear energy, [n] give equal importance to centralized and distributed approaches, and coordinate local consumption and external transmission, continuously increasing the proportion of new energy supply; on the other hand, focus on promoting the peaking of coal and oil consumption, strictly control fossil energy consumption, and strengthen clean and efficient utilization. Then, strive to build a new power grid system, adapt to the transformation of the energy structure and the characteristics of new energy, promote the coordinated development of sources, grids, loads, and storage, [n] and enhance regulation and allocation capabilities and security resilience through the development of smart grids and microgrids. Finally, improve the system for total resource management and comprehensive conservation, transform the mode of resource utilization and improve resource utilization efficiency through the in-depth implementation of a comprehensive conservation strategy and the vigorous development of a circular economy.

建设现代化经济体系要求建立以绿色生产力为支撑的绿色发展体系。习近平总书记指出，“绿色发展是高质量发展的底色，新质生产力本身就是绿色生产力” ，“绿色发展是构建现代化经济体系的必然要求” 。人类社会的生产生活需要消耗各种各样的能源资源，并且必然伴随着污染物排放。生态系统本身具备一定的污染物自我净化能力，可是一旦人类社会排放的污染物量超过生态系统的自净水平，就会破坏环境，导致生态退化，进而影响到生产效率以及人类的健康。为了避免污染物的排放超过生态环境的承载力，就必须人为进行减排与治污，而在减排与治污过程中所消耗的生产资料与劳动也要包含在生产效率的评估中。于是，绿色生产力的本质就是绿色生产效率，即包含着生产投入与减排治污投入的综合生产效率，因而绿色生产力发展水平将受到生产技术、减排治污技术以及环境治理力度等因素的影响。中国式现代化要统筹考虑经济系统的再生产与生态系统的再生产，而以绿色生产力作为支撑的绿色发展体系就成为现代化经济体系的重要组成部分。未来，中国要加快形成绿色生产生活方式，以碳达峰碳中和为牵引，协同推进能源体系转型与污染物减排，推动美丽中国建设取得新的重大进展。首先，深入推进生态环境分区管理，将区域管控方案与国土空间规划以及经济社会发展规划动态对接，针对不同的管控单元实施差异化的保护修复策略，提升生态环境治理效能。其次，从碳达峰到碳中和的转换过渡出发，实施碳排放总量和强度双控制度，建立涉及区域碳考核、产业碳管控、企业碳管理、项目碳评价、产品碳足迹的综合制度体系。再次，针对能源领域碳排放这一主要矛盾，一方面，坚持风光水核多能并举、集中式与分布式并重、就地消纳和对外输送统筹，持续提高新能源供给比重；另一方面，以推动煤炭和石油消费达峰为重点，严控化石能源消费，加强清洁高效利用。然后，着力构建新型电网系统，适应能源结构转型以及新能源的特点，促进源、网、荷、储协调发展，通过发展智能电网与微电网，提升调控配置能力与安全韧性水平。最后，完善资源总量管理和全面节约制度，通过深入实施全面节约战略和大力发展循环经济，转变资源利用方式，提升资源利用效率。

III. Optimize and Adjust the Strategic Layout of the National Economy, Smooth Economic Circulation

三、优化调整国民经济战略布局，畅通经济循环

Constructing a modern economic system requires coordinating domestic circulation with international circulation. Chinese-path modernization has the distinctive feature of a huge population scale. To achieve a per capita income level equivalent to that of moderately developed countries for a population of over 1.4 billion, it is obviously impossible to rely on an export-oriented economy to reach this goal. The reason is that no economy in the world can provide such a large consumer market or sustain such a massive trade deficit over the long term. The 2008 international financial crisis was a turning point for economic globalization, marking the unsustainability of the global economic circulation structure characterized by trade imbalances. Since some developed countries cannot maintain and continuously expand their trade deficits over the long term, trade rebalancing inevitably requires a profound adjustment of the global economic circulation structure, and China must also adapt to the trend and reshape the relationship between the dual circulations. Specifically, Chinese-path modernization requires China to adjust its national economic circulation structure, shifting from the previous model of "both ends abroad" for markets and resources to a model dominated by domestic demand and internal circulation. Of course, the new development pattern is by no means a closed-door operation; rather, on the basis of adhering to high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening, it promotes better connectivity between domestic and international circulation. The key lies in coordinating the supply system with the demand structure to ensure the smooth flow of the national economic circulation. As stated in the Proposal [n]: "The more severe and complex the external environment, the more necessary it is to accelerate the construction of the new development pattern and firmly grasp the initiative in development. For the current period and the period ahead, we must persist in strengthening the domestic circulation, accelerate the formation of a strong domestic economic circulation system, and use the stability of domestic circulation to offset the uncertainty of international circulation."

建设现代化经济体系要求统筹国内循环与国际循环。中国式现代化具有人口规模巨大的鲜明特征。若要实现14亿多人口的人均收入达到中等发达国家水平，显然不可能依靠出口导向型经济来达成目标，原因在于世界上没有哪个经济体能够提供如此规模的消费市场，并持续保持如此庞大的贸易逆差。2008年国际金融危机是经济全球化的转折点，这标志着以贸易失衡为特征的全球经济循环结构难以为继。由于一部分发达国家无法长期维持并不断扩大贸易逆差，因此贸易再平衡必然要求全球经济循环结构进行深刻调整，而中国也必须顺势而为，重塑双循环的关系。具体而言，中国式现代化要求中国调整国民经济循环结构，从以往市场和资源“两头在外”的模式调整至内需为主导、内部可循环的模式。当然，新发展格局绝不是关起门来封闭运行，而是在坚持高水平自立自强的基础上，促进国内循环与国际循环更好联通，其关键在于统筹供给体系与需求结构，确保国民经济循环畅通。正如《建议》中指出：“外部环境越是严峻复杂，越要加快构建新发展格局，牢牢把握发展主动权。当前和今后一个时期，要坚持做强国内大循环，加快形成强大国内经济循环体系，以国内循环的稳定性对冲国际循环的不确定性。”

Constructing a modern economic system requires balancing investment in things and investment in people. Investment in things refers to investment in physical assets such as machinery and equipment, workshops and factories, residential housing, and infrastructure, which helps enhance society's production capacity and supply capacity. For a long time, investment in things has driven China's industrialization and urbanization processes, consolidating the foundation of China's productive forces. It can be said that without investment in things, China would not have a complete industrial system or achieve sustained and stable economic growth. Currently, China's per capita capital stock still lags behind that of developed countries, which means there is still broad space for investment in things. Especially with the direction of intelligentization, greening, and integration, there is still significant growth potential for physical asset investment in areas such as fixed asset renewal in industries, renewal of durable consumer goods in households, urban renewal, and modern infrastructure construction. Investment in people refers to investment in the entire life cycle of all people, including childbirth, childcare, education, health, and elderly care, which helps improve people's quality and capabilities. If investment in things is mainly investment in the production process, then investment in people is more about investment in the process of labor reproduction. Both the production process and the labor reproduction process are indispensable components of the social reproduction process. Investment in things can promote the development of productive forces by accumulating and upgrading means of production. Investment in people, by improving the quality and skills of laborers, can not only promote the development of productive forces but also enhance people's quality of life, thereby contributing to the comprehensive development of individuals. Especially during periods when the return rate on physical asset investment declines, increasing investment in areas such as childbirth and childcare, education and training, medical and health care, culture and sports, and elderly care services helps support Chinese-path modernization with high-quality population development. Therefore, constructing a modern economic system requires not only investment in things but also investment in people. Only by balancing the production process of things with the reproduction process of labor, and coordinating the accumulation and upgrading of material means of production with the comprehensive improvement of laborers' skills and qualities, can high-quality development be systematically advanced.

建设现代化经济体系要求兼顾投资于物和投资于人。投资于物指对机器设备、车间厂房、居民住宅、基础设施等实物资产所进行的投资，其有利于增强社会的生产能力与供给能力。长期以来，投资于物推动中国的工业化与城镇化进程，夯实了我国的生产力根基。可以说，没有投资于物，中国就不可能拥有完整的产业体系，并实现持续稳定的经济增长。当前，中国的人均资本存量与发达国家相比依然存在差距，这也就意味着投资于物仍具有广阔的空间。特别是以智能化、绿色化、融合化作为方向，在产业的固定资产更新、家庭的耐用消费品更新、城市更新以及现代化基础设施建设等领域，实物资产投资还有较大的增长潜力。投资于人指对生育、育儿、教育、健康、养老等全体人群的全生命周期所进行的投资，其有利于提升人的素质与能力。如果说投资于物主要是对生产过程进行投资，那么投资于人则更多是对劳动力再生产过程进行投资。无论是生产过程，还是劳动力再生产过程，都是社会再生产过程中不可缺少的组成部分。投资于物通过积累和升级生产资料，可以促进生产力发展。投资于人则通过提升劳动者的素质和技能，不仅可以促进生产力发展，而且还能够提升人们的生活品质，进而有利于人的全面发展。特别是在实物资产投资回报率下降的时期，加大对生育育儿、教育培训、医疗卫生、文化体育、养老护理等领域的投资，有助于以人口高质量发展支撑中国式现代化。因此，建设现代化经济体系不仅要投资于物，也要投资于人，只有兼顾物的生产过程与劳动力的再生产过程，统筹物质生产资料的积累升级与劳动者技能素质的全面提升，才能系统性推进高质量发展。

Constructing a modern economic system requires building a unified and open market system. Strengthening the domestic circulation requires continuously and deeply advancing the construction of a unified national market. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Persist in deepening market-oriented reforms and expanding high-level opening up... to lay a solid institutional foundation for building a high-standard market system, promoting high-quality development, and constructing a modern economic system." In terms of property rights systems, competition rules, and quality standards, the unification of basic market systems should be promoted; in terms of serving logistics, capital flows, and information flows, the unification of market infrastructure should be promoted; in terms of investment attraction and supervision and law enforcement, the unification of government behavior and administrative discretion benchmarks should be promoted; in terms of resource allocation, efforts should be made to promote the construction of a unified national market for urban and rural construction land, capital, labor, technology, and data; at the same time, expand opening up both domestically and internationally, adhere to promoting reform through opening up, continuously release the dividends of the ultra-large-scale market, and help market entities integrate resources, spread costs, iterate technology, and continuously innovate. Improving the market system also requires handling the relationship between vitality and order, and accelerating the formation of a market order that is both "able to be released with vitality" and "able to be managed well." In terms of stimulating vitality, adhere to and implement the "two unswerving principles" [n], ensuring that all types of market entities legally and equally use production factors, participate fairly in market competition, and receive equal legal protection, promoting complementary advantages and common development of various forms of ownership economies. In terms of ensuring order, it is necessary to both strengthen fair competition review, anti-monopoly, and anti-unfair competition, and highlight comprehensive governance of "involution-style" competition [n]. While the market system allocates resources through supply and demand mechanisms, price mechanisms, and competition mechanisms, it is also necessary to continuously improve the effectiveness of macroeconomic governance. Strengthen the coordination of fiscal and monetary policies, and reinforce cross-cycle and counter-cyclical adjustments of macro policies; comprehensively utilize various policies such as industry, prices, employment, consumption, investment, trade, regions, environmental protection, and supervision to promote economic structural transformation and upgrading. In addition, play a role in deepening reforms, technological innovation, social management, public services, security guarantees, ecological protection, and income distribution adjustment to promote high-quality development and effectively coordinate development and security. In summary, the key to improving the effectiveness of macroeconomic governance is to, on the basis of highlighting goal orientation, adhere to the Party's centralized and unified leadership, and enhance the consistency of various policy orientations.

建设现代化经济体系要求建设统一开放的市场体系。做强国内大循环需要持续纵深推进全国统一大市场建设。习近平总书记指出，“坚持深化市场化改革、扩大高水平开放……为建设高标准市场体系、推动高质量发展、建设现代化经济体系打下坚实制度基础” 。在产权制度、竞争规则、质量标准方面，要推进市场基础制度统一；在服务物流、资金流、信息流方面，要推进市场基础设施统一；在招商引资与监督执法方面，要推进政府行为与行政裁量基准统一；在资源配置方面，要着力推进构建全国统一的城乡建设用地市场、资本市场、劳动力市场、技术市场、数据市场；同时扩大对内对外开放，坚持以开放促改革，持续释放超大规模市场的红利，助力市场主体整合资源、摊薄成本、迭代技术、持续创新。完善市场体系还需要处理好活力与秩序的关系，加快形成既“放得活”又“管得好”的市场秩序。在激发活力方面，要坚持和落实“两个毫不动摇”，保证各类市场主体依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护，促进各种所有制经济优势互补、共同发展。在保障秩序方面，既要强化公平竞争审查、反垄断和反不正当竞争，又要突出综合治理“内卷式”竞争。在市场体系通过供求机制、价格机制、竞争机制等进行资源配置的同时，还要不断提升宏观经济治理效能。加强财政和货币政策的协同，强化宏观政策跨周期和逆周期调节；综合运用产业、价格、就业、消费、投资、贸易、区域、环保、监管等各类政策，推动经济结构转型升级。此外，还要在深化改革、科技创新、社会管理、公共服务、安全保障、生态保护、调节分配等方面发挥作用，促进高质量发展，有效统筹发展和安全。综合而言，提升宏观经济治理效能的关键是在突出目标导向的基础上，坚持党的集中统一领导，增强各类政策取向的一致性。

Building a modern economic system requires establishing a comprehensive and open system with multiple balances. Openness brings progress, while isolation leads to backwardness. In the long run, economic globalization remains a historical trend; therefore, China must grasp the general direction of development, treat the open system as an important component of the modern economic system, and pay greater attention to the diversification of economic and trade partners as well as the balance of international payments. First, steadily expand institutional opening up, align with high-standard international economic and trade rules, focus on the service sector, and broaden market access and areas of opening up. Expand unilateral opening up to the least developed countries, demonstrating the responsibility of a major country. Expand the "circle of friends" in economic and trade, accelerate the process of regional and bilateral trade and investment agreements, and enlarge the network of high-standard free trade zones. Coordinate with the joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative and the two-way opening up between the east and the west, optimize the regional layout of opening up, and create open highlands with diverse forms. Continue to leverage the pioneering and pilot role of open practice platforms such as pilot free trade zones and the Hainan Free Trade Port, and coordinate the layout and construction of major open cooperation platforms for scientific and technological innovation, industrial development, and service trade. Second, accelerate the construction of a strong trading nation, adopting a three-pronged approach for goods trade, service trade, and digital trade. China is already a veritable large trading nation; in the future, it must cultivate new drivers of foreign trade, promote the optimization and upgrading of goods trade, focus on expanding intermediate goods trade and green trade, and promote market diversification and the integration of domestic and foreign trade. Compared with service trade powerhouses represented by the United States, China still lags in both quantity and quality; in the future, it must vigorously develop service trade, improve the negative list management system for cross-border service trade, and raise the standardization level of service trade. China is both a major digital economy and a major trading nation; in the future, it must orderly expand opening up in the digital field, actively develop digital trade, and support the development of new business forms and models such as cross-border e-commerce. Third, expand the space for two-way investment cooperation, strengthening high-quality "bringing in" and high-level "going global." The key to "bringing in" is to make China's large market a testing ground, application field, and profit field for global innovation. China must accelerate the construction of a high-standard market system and create a first-class business environment. Shape new advantages in attracting foreign investment, implement "access and also permission to operate," and shorten the negative list for foreign investment access. Protect the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors in accordance with the law, and encourage and guide foreign-invested enterprises to reinvest more of their profits earned in China. Improve the service guarantee system for foreign investment and fully implement national treatment. The key to "going global" is to improve the overseas comprehensive service system and promote the formation of a comprehensive overseas service ecosystem featuring central-local linkage, regional coordination, resource aggregation, and domestic-foreign integration. Guide the rational and orderly cross-border layout of industrial and supply chains, improve the partnership network of industrial and supply chains, and promote the integration of trade and investment. Finally, China will also actively provide more global public goods, create new platforms for international economic cooperation through high-quality joint construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, and continuously expand new space for win-win development.

建设现代化经济体系要求建立多元平衡的全面开放体系。开放带来进步，封闭导致落后。从长远看，经济全球化仍然是历史潮流，因此中国必须把握发展大势，将开放体系作为现代化经济体系的重要组成部分，并且更加注重经贸伙伴的多元化以及国际收支的平衡性。首先，稳步扩大制度型开放，对接国际高标准经贸规则，以服务业为重点，扩大市场准入和开放领域。扩大对最不发达国家的单边开放，展现大国担当。拓展经贸“朋友圈”，加快推进区域和双边贸易投资协定进程，扩大高标准自贸区网络。配合共建“一带一路”与东西双向开放，优化区域开放布局，打造形态多样的开放高地。继续发挥自由贸易试验区和海南自由贸易港等开放实践平台先行先试作用，统筹布局建设科技创新、产业发展、服务贸易等重大开放合作平台。其次，加快建设贸易强国，针对货物贸易、服务贸易和数字贸易三管齐下。中国已经是名副其实的贸易大国，未来要培育外贸新动能，促进货物贸易优化升级，重点拓展中间品贸易、绿色贸易，推动市场多元化和内外贸一体化。中国同以美国为代表的服务贸易强国相比依然存在数量和质量上的差距，未来要大力发展服务贸易，完善跨境服务贸易负面清单管理制度，提升服务贸易标准化水平。中国既是数字经济大国，又是贸易大国，未来要有序扩大数字领域开放，积极发展数字贸易，支持跨境电商等新业态新模式发展。再次，拓展双向投资合作空间，加强高质量“引进来”和高水平“走出去”。“引进来”的关键在于让中国大市场成为全球创新的试验场、应用场、利润场。中国要加快建设高标准市场体系，打造一流营商环境。塑造吸引外资新优势，落实好“准入又准营”，缩减外资准入负面清单。依法保护外商投资权益，鼓励和引导外资企业在华所获利润更多用于再投资。健全外商投资服务保障体系，全面落实国民待遇。“走出去”的关键是健全海外综合服务体系，推动形成央地联动、区域协同、资源集聚、内外贯通的出海综合服务生态。引导产业链供应链合理有序跨境布局，完善产业链供应链合作伙伴关系网络，促进贸易投资一体化。最后，中国还将主动提供更多全球公共产品，通过高质量共建“一带一路”，为国际经济合作打造新平台，不断拓展共赢发展新空间。

IV. Adhere to the People-Centered Principle and Form Relations of Production Compatible with New Quality Productive Forces

四、坚持人民至上，形成与新质生产力相适应的生产关系

Building a modern economic system requires establishing a distribution system conducive to common prosperity for all the people. Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and Chinese-path modernization must be a modernization of common prosperity for all the people. More importantly, common prosperity is not only the result after the realization of Chinese-path modernization but should also be the prerequisite for gradually advancing Chinese-path modernization. From the perspective of cultivating and developing new quality productive forces, only by solidly advancing common prosperity can we better accommodate advanced productive forces while developing them. Specifically, the comprehensive impact brought about by the progress of social productive forces is reflected in multiple aspects. First, the development of new quality productive forces will change the direction of technological change, thereby leading to an increase in the organic composition of capital and promoting an increase in production efficiency. Just as Marx discussed in his theory of large-scale machine industry, the intelligent production promoted by the deep integration of the digital economy and the real economy also achieves production efficiency improvement by replacing labor with machines, except that traditional machines will be further replaced by intelligent machines with self-perception and self-decision-making functions. Moreover, the materialized labor input increased by the application of intelligent machines is far lower than the living labor they replace, thereby reducing the total labor consumption required for the production process and increasing overall labor productivity. Second, the development of new quality productive forces will lead to a decline in the employment absorption capacity of various industries and changes in the social employment structure. If higher output levels can be obtained by consuming less labor, then the development of productive forces will inevitably be accompanied by a reduction in the employment absorption capacity of the production sector, which in turn leads to more employment shifting from the production sector to the non-production sector. In the process of the above-mentioned employment structure adjustment, affected by factors such as job-skill matching and employment information transmission, structural unemployment or frictional unemployment is prone to occur. Finally, although the development of new quality productive forces creates conditions for increasing labor remuneration per unit of time, due to the significant reduction in the required labor and employment, the overall share of labor remuneration in society still declines. Because workers themselves are also consumers, a decrease in the share of labor remuneration is not conducive to expanding consumer demand. In addition, income differences within the production sector are relatively small, while income differences within the non-production sector are larger; therefore, as more workers shift from the production sector to the non-production sector, income distribution disparities will also widen, thereby restricting all workers from sharing the fruits of social productive forces development. Synthesizing the above impacts, only by taking common prosperity as the guide, promoting high-quality and full employment, and striving to increase the share of labor remuneration can we drive the optimization of the demand structure and the expansion of total demand, improve the level of capacity utilization, and effectively strengthen the domestic economic cycle. Only when the national economic cycle is smooth can the material products efficiently produced be successfully realized in value, thereby better accommodating the development of advanced productive forces. The key is to keep residents' income growth in sync with economic growth, and the increase in labor remuneration in sync with the increase in labor productivity; that is, by tilting income distribution toward workers and continuously expanding the middle-income group, we can promote the formation of more economic development models dominated by domestic demand, driven by consumption, and based on endogenous growth. To this end, common prosperity for all the people must take solid steps forward.

建设现代化经济体系要求建立有利于全体人民共同富裕的分配体系。共同富裕是中国特色社会主义的本质要求，中国式现代化必然是全体人民共同富裕的现代化。更为重要的是，共同富裕不仅是中国式现代化实现之后的结果，还应该是推进中国式现代化逐步实现的前提。从培育和发展新质生产力的角度来看，只有扎实推进共同富裕，才能够在发展先进生产力的同时更好容纳先进生产力。具体而言，社会生产力的进步所带来的综合影响体现在多个方面。首先，新质生产力的发展将改变技术变迁的方向，进而导致资本有机构成提高，并推动生产效率提升。如同马克思论述的机器大工业理论，数字经济与实体经济的深度融合所推动的智能化生产同样是以机器替代劳动的方式来实现生产效率提升，只不过传统的机器将进一步被具备自我感知和自我决策功能的智能化机器取代。并且，由智能化机器应用所增加的物化劳动投入要远低于其所替代掉的活劳动，进而导致生产过程所需的总劳动消耗降低，全劳动生产率提升。其次，新质生产力的发展将导致各类产业就业吸纳能力下降以及社会就业结构变化。如果只消耗较少的劳动就可以获得更高的产出水平，那么生产力发展必然伴随着生产部门就业吸纳能力的降低，由此又进一步导致更多的就业从生产部门转向非生产部门。在上述就业结构调整的过程中，受岗位与技能匹配以及就业信息传递等因素的影响，就容易出现结构性失业或者摩擦性失业。最后，新质生产力的发展虽然为提升单位时间劳动报酬创造了条件，但是由于所需的劳动和就业大幅减少，因此社会整体劳动报酬占比依然下降。因为劳动者本身也是消费者，所以劳动报酬占比的降低不利于扩大消费需求。此外，生产部门内部的收入差异相对较小，而非生产部门内部的收入差异更大，于是伴随着更多劳动者从生产部门转向非生产部门，也会加大收入分配差距，进而制约全体劳动者共享社会生产力发展的成果。综合上述影响，只有以共同富裕为导向，促进高质量充分就业，着力提升劳动报酬占比，才能够带动需求结构优化与需求总量扩张，提高产能利用水平，切实做强国内大循环。只有国民经济循环畅通，才可以促进高效生产出来的物质产品顺利完成价值实现，进而更好地容纳先进生产力的发展。其中的关键就是保持居民收入增长和经济增长同步、劳动报酬提高和劳动生产率提高同步，即通过收入分配向劳动者倾斜，持续扩大中等收入群体，来促进形成更多由内需主导、消费拉动、内生增长的经济发展模式。为此，全体人民共同富裕必须迈出坚实步伐。

Building a modern economic system requires establishing a coordinated and interconnected urban-rural regional development system. Coordinating new-type urbanization with comprehensive rural revitalization, promoting integrated urban-rural development, and narrowing the urban-rural gap are important components of solidly advancing common prosperity. On the urban side, it is necessary to optimize the modern urban system, promote the coordinated development of cities and towns of various sizes, and accelerate the integration of city clusters and the co-cityization of metropolitan areas. Adhere to a people-centered approach and advance the urbanization of the agricultural transfer population. Follow an intensive urban development path, vigorously implement urban renewal, and build modern people’s cities. On the rural side, it is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of policies to strengthen agriculture, benefit farmers, and enrich rural areas, and support agricultural and rural modernization. On the basis of distinguishing different types of villages — such as those for agglomeration and upgrading, suburban integration, characteristic protection, and relocation and consolidation — break away from the scattered development model that takes a single administrative village as the unit, and support villages with adjacent locations, linked industries, and similar functions to explore new models of categorized, orderly, and area-based rural revitalization. Promoting coordinated regional development is both an inevitable requirement for narrowing regional gaps and advancing common prosperity, and a major measure for developing new quality productive forces in accordance with local conditions and optimizing the regional economic layout. Specifically, it is necessary to strengthen the implementation of the main functional area strategy and refine special functional areas. Currently, China’s main functional areas include three categories: urbanization areas, major agricultural production areas, and key ecological function areas. These three types of main functional areas, through the implementation of differentiated constraint mechanisms and support policies, promote the optimization of territorial spatial layout and orderly development. While maintaining the basic stability of the overall pattern of the above main functional areas, further clarify special functional areas based on strategic considerations such as border area development, energy and resource development, cultural and natural heritage protection, and marine economic development. Moreover, continuously promote major regional development strategies, using cross-regional and cross-basin infrastructure connectivity as the foundation, the coordinated linkage of regional innovation chains and industrial chains in key city clusters as the path, the development of cross-regional connecting areas as the support, and innovation in mechanisms for cross-administrative-region planning coordination, industrial collaboration, and benefit sharing as the guarantee, to promote coordinated regional development.

建设现代化经济体系要求建立协调联动的城乡区域发展体系。统筹新型城镇化与乡村全面振兴，促进城乡融合发展，缩小城乡差距，是扎实推进共同富裕的重要一环。在城镇方面，要优化现代化城市体系，促进各类城市城镇协调发展，加快城市群一体化和都市圈同城化。坚持以人为本，推进农业转移人口市民化。走内涵式城市发展道路，大力实施城市更新，建设现代化人民城市。在乡村方面，要提高强农惠农富农政策效能，支持农业农村现代化。在区分集聚提升、城郊融合、特色保护、搬迁撤并等不同类型村庄的基础上，突破以单个行政村为单元的分散发展模式，支持区位相邻、产业相联、功能相近的村庄，探索分类有序、片区化的乡村振兴新模式。促进区域协调发展既是缩小区域差距、推进共同富裕的必然要求，又是因地制宜发展新质生产力、优化区域经济布局的重大举措。具体要强化主体功能区战略实施，细化特殊功能区。目前，我国的主体功能区包括城市化地区、农产品主产区、重点生态功能区三类。这三大类主体功能区域通过执行差异化的约束机制与支持政策，促进国土空间的布局优化与有序开发。在保持以上主体功能区总体格局基本稳定的基础上，基于边境地区发展、能源资源开发、文化和自然遗产保护、海洋经济发展等战略考虑要进一步明确特殊功能区。并且，持续推动区域重大发展战略，以跨区域跨流域的基础设施互联互通为基础，以重点城市群的区域创新链产业链协同联动为路径，以跨区域联结型地区发展为支撑，以跨行政区规划统筹、产业协作、利益共享机制的创新为保障，促进区域联动发展。

Building a modern economic system requires establishing a high-level socialist market economy system. A modern economic system inevitably requires optimizing resource allocation. Only by properly coordinating the relationship between the government and the market and establishing a high-level socialist market economy system can both efficiency optimization and benefit maximization be achieved. To this end, “China will unswervingly deepen reform comprehensively, accelerate the improvement of the socialist market economy system, and build a modern economic system.”[21]21 Xi Jinping, “Working Together to Open a New Chapter of Asia-Pacific Cooperation,” keynote speech at the 30th APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting, November 17, 2023. Particularly, while cultivating and developing new quality productive forces, it is necessary to form new production relations to better accommodate new quality productive forces, which makes it even more necessary for an effective market and a competent government to cooperate and play their roles together. In cultivating and developing new quality productive forces, it is necessary both to let the market play the decisive role in resource allocation, guiding high-quality resources to concentrate and gather in the fields of scientific and technological innovation and industrial innovation, and to better play the government’s role, achieving breakthroughs in key core technologies through the model of concentrating resources to accomplish major tasks. In regulating income distribution to accommodate new quality productive forces, it is necessary both to let the market play its role, encouraging workers in primary distribution to further increase their income based on distribution according to work by relying on skills, knowledge, and innovation, and to let the government play its role, increasing the intensity of safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods in secondary distribution in areas related to people’s wellbeing, following the principle of doing everything within its capacity and acting according to its ability, and promoting development through sharing. Of course, the role of the high-level socialist market economy system is not limited to this; it also helps to comprehensively promote high-quality development, thereby constituting an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization.

建设现代化经济体系要求建立高水平社会主义市场经济体制。现代化经济体系必然要求优化资源配置，只有统筹好政府和市场的关系，建立高水平社会主义市场经济体制，才能够兼顾效率最优化与效益最大化。为此，“中国将坚定不移全面深化改革，加快完善社会主义市场经济体制，建设现代化经济体系” 。特别是在培育与发展新质生产力的同时，要形成新型生产关系以更好容纳新质生产力，这就更需要让有效市场与有为政府相互配合，共同发挥作用。在培育与发展新质生产力方面，既要发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，引导优质资源向科技创新以及产业创新领域集中集聚，又要更好发挥政府作用，以集中力量办大事的模式实现关键核心技术的攻关突破。在调节收入分配以容纳新质生产力方面，既要发挥市场作用，在初次分配中鼓励劳动者在按劳分配的基础上，进一步凭借技能、知识、创新提升收入，又要发挥政府作用，在二次分配中针对民生领域，以尽力而为、量力而行为原则，加大保障和改善力度，以共享促发展。当然，高水平社会主义市场经济体制的作用不限于此，其还有助于全面推动高质量发展，进而构成中国式现代化的重要保障。