The Practice and Implications of the CPC’s Strengthening of Discipline Building during the Period of the New Democratic Revolution

After its founding, the Communist Party of China attached great importance to discipline building, continuously improving relevant provisions in its Party Constitution. During the periods of the Great Revolution, the Agrarian Revolutionary War, the War of Resistance Against Japan, and the War of Liberation, through the formulation of relevant laws and regulations and the establishment of discipline inspection and supervision institutions, political discipline, organizational discipline, clean-governance discipline, mass-line discipline, work discipline, and life discipline were continuously improved, effectively enhancing the Party’s discipline consciousness throughout its ranks, and laying a solid foundation for seizing revolutionary victory and establishing New China. This article mainly reviews the specific practices of the CPC’s strengthening of discipline building during the period of the New Democratic Revolution, and draws from them lessons and implications for current discipline building.

中国共产党成立后，高度重视纪律建设，在党的章程中不断完善相关规定，在大革命、土地革命战争、抗日战争及解放战争时期，通过制定相关法律法规、建立纪检监察机构，政治纪律、组织纪律、廉洁纪律、群众纪律、工作纪律、生活纪律不断完善，切实增强了全党的纪律意识，为夺取革命胜利、建立新中国奠定了扎实基础。本文主要梳理新民主主义革命时期中国共产党加强纪律建设的具体实践，并从中得出对当前纪律建设的经验启示。

I. The Basic Course of the CPC’s Discipline Building during the Period of the New Democratic Revolution

一、新民主主义革命时期中国共产党纪律建设的基本历程

After its founding, the CPC put forward requirements for discipline building in each successive Party Constitution it formulated, and continuously improved them. The *First Program of the Communist Party of China*, adopted at the Party’s First National Congress in 1921 and serving as a provisional Party Constitution, already contained many disciplinary provisions concerning Party members, such as the requirement that when the Party was in a secret state, its important propositions and the identity of Party members should be kept confidential, and that Party members should accept supervision by the local executive committee or the central executive committee. The first *Constitution of the Communist Party of China*, formulated at the Party’s Second National Congress, specifically listed “Discipline” as a chapter, putting forward nine disciplinary rules, covering political discipline, confidentiality discipline, organizational discipline, and other content. The Third and Fourth National Congresses amended the Party Constitution, passing the *First Revised Constitution of the Communist Party of China* and the *Second Revised Constitution of the Communist Party of China* respectively, continuing to improve the content of the discipline chapter and standardizing organizational discipline such as the admission procedure, admission requirements, and the establishment of Party branches. In June 1927, after the Party’s Fifth National Congress, the Political Bureau meeting passed the *Resolution on the Third Revised Constitution of the Communist Party of China*, which clearly stipulated in the discipline chapter that “strict Party discipline is the primary and most important duty of all Party members and all Party organizations,” and specified in detail the methods and procedures for punishing disciplinary violations by Party organizations and Party members. The Party Constitution formulated and adopted at the Party’s Sixth National Congress in 1928 divided the methods of enforcing discipline by Party organizations into two categories: those applying to organizations and those applying to individual Party members, made clearer provisions on the procedures for handling disciplinary violations, and stipulated that the Party’s organizational principle was democratic centralism. The Party Constitution of the Party’s Seventh National Congress in 1945 stated in the General Program that “the Communist Party of China is organized according to democratic centralism and is a unified fighting organization bound together by discipline which is conscious and must be fulfilled by every Party member.” The Seventh National Congress Party Constitution put forward the disciplinary building policy of “learning from past mistakes to avoid future ones and curing the sickness to save the patient,” [1]1 “Learning from past mistakes to avoid future ones and curing the sickness to save the patient” is a principle of inner-Party struggle, emphasizing education and correction rather than punitive expulsion. and established the “Four Obediences” [2]2 The “Four Obediences” are: the individual is subordinate to the organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level is subordinate to the higher level, and the entire Party is subordinate to the Central Committee. as the Party’s organizational discipline, making clearer provisions on Party discipline, rewards, and punishments.

中国共产党成立后，在历次制定的党章中都对纪律建设提出了要求，并且不断完善。1921年党的一大通过的具有临时党章性质的《中国共产党第一个纲领》中，已有很多涉及对党员的纪律规定，如提出党处于秘密状态时，党的重要主张和党员身份应保守秘密，接受地方执行委员会或中央执行委员会的监督等要求。党的二大制定的第一个《中国共产党章程》，专门将“纪律”列为一章，提出了9条纪律，涉及政治纪律、保密纪律、组织纪律等内容。党的三大、四大修正党章，分别通过了《中国共产党第一次修正章程》《中国共产党第二次修正章程》，继续完善了纪律一章内容，对入党程序、入党要求及建立党支部等组织纪律进行了规范。党的五大后的1927年6月，中央政治局会议通过《中国共产党第三次修正章程决案》，在纪律一章中明确规定“严格党的纪律是全体党员及全体党部最初的最重要的义务”，详细规定了党组织和党员违纪处罚的方式和程序。1928年党的六大制定和通过的党章，将党部执行纪律的方法分为对团体和党员个人两种情况，对违反纪律的处理程序作出更明确的规定，并规定了党的组织原则是民主集中制。1945年党的七大党章在总纲中提出“中国共产党是按民主的集中制组织起来的，是以自觉的、一切党员都要履行的纪律联结起来的统一的战斗组织”。七大党章提出“惩前毖后、治病救人”的纪律建设方针，并且把“四个服从”作为党的组织纪律进行确立，对党的纪律、奖励与处分作了更明确的规定。

In the specific practice of discipline building, after the failure of the Great Revolution, facing a severe and critical situation, the CPC prominently emphasized discipline building. The Party Constitution revised after the Party’s Fifth National Congress in 1927 clearly stated that “strict Party discipline is the primary and most important duty of all Party members and all Party organizations.” Subsequently, the August 7th Meeting [3]3 The August 7th Meeting (1927) was an emergency meeting of the CPC Central Committee that ended Chen Duxiu’s leadership and decided on the policy of armed resistance to the Kuomintang. further proposed that “strictly observing Party discipline is especially a necessary condition for a secret Party,” emphasizing strict adherence to the Party’s confidentiality discipline, conducting reviews of Party members, and purging unreliable elements. In November 1927, the *Political Discipline Resolution* passed at the enlarged meeting of the Provisional Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee was the Party’s first document on political discipline, stating that “only the strictest political discipline can strengthen the fighting power of a proletarian political party; this is the minimum condition that every Communist must possess.” In November 1931, the First Congress of the Party in the Central Soviet Area proposed that “strictly enforcing the Party’s iron discipline is the method for tightening and consolidating the Party’s organization and enhancing the Party’s prestige among the masses,” and that “to prevent the emergence of all phenomena such as corruption, bureaucratism, and embezzlement, the Party must strictly enforce discipline.”

在纪律建设的具体实践上，大革命失败后，面临严峻危急形势，中国共产党突出强调纪律建设。1927年党的五大后修订的党章明确提出“严格党的纪律是全体党员及全体党部最初的最重要的义务”，随后的八七会议又提出“严守党的纪律尤其为秘密党之必要条件”，强调严守党的秘密纪律，开展党员审查，清除不可靠的分子。1927年11月，中共中央临时政治局扩大会议通过的《政治纪律决议案》是党的第一个政治纪律文献，提出“只有最严密的政治纪律，才能够增厚无产阶级政党的斗争力量，这是每一个共产党所必具的最低条件”。1931年11月，中央苏区党的第一次代表大会提出“严格执行党的铁的纪律，是严密并巩固党的组织，提高党在群众中威信的方法”，“防止一切腐化官僚化贪污等现象的产生，党必须严格的执行纪律”。

During the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Party’s discipline building continued to be strengthened. The political resolution of the Party’s Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee in 1938 [4]4 The Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee (1938) affirmed Mao Zedong’s leadership and stressed the importance of Party unity and discipline. summarized the discipline of the “Four Obediences,” namely: the individual is subordinate to the organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level is subordinate to the higher level, and the entire Party is subordinate to the Central Committee. In his report *On the New Stage* at this session, Mao Zedong emphasized the importance of upholding iron discipline, putting forward the thesis that “discipline is the guarantee for implementing the line; without discipline, the Party cannot lead the masses and the army to wage a victorious struggle.” In July 1941, the CPC Central Committee issued the *Decision on Strengthening Party Spirit*, which specifically proposed that “education on discipline must be strengthened throughout the Party, because unified discipline is a necessary condition for revolutionary victory. The basic principles of the individual obeying the organization, the minority obeying the majority, the lower level obeying the higher level, and the entire Party obeying the Central Committee must be strictly observed. Whether ordinary Party members or cadre Party members, all must do so.” At the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee in September 1941, Mao Zedong put forward the important thesis that “the line is the ‘kingly way’ and discipline is the ‘hegemonic way’.” [5]5 “Kingly way” (王道) and “hegemonic way” (霸道) are classical Chinese political concepts; Mao used them metaphorically to contrast the guiding line (王道) with coercive discipline (霸道). During the Yan’an Rectification Movement, [6]6 The Yan’an Rectification Movement (1942–1944) was a Party-wide campaign to study Marxism-Leninism, correct erroneous thought styles, and establish Mao Zedong Thought as the guiding ideology. the entire Party carried out a struggle against subjectivism, sectarianism, and Party stereotypes, [7]7 “Party stereotypes” (党八股) refers to a rigid, formulaic, and dogmatic style of writing and speaking criticized during the Rectification Movement. strengthening the Party spirit tempering of the broad masses of Party members and cultivating their consciousness of political discipline, organizational discipline, and mass-line discipline.

抗日战争时期，党的纪律建设继续加强。1938年党的六届六中全会的政治决议案归纳了“四个服从”的纪律，即：个人服从组织，少数服从多数，下级服从上级，全党服从中央。毛泽东在此次会议上所作的《论新阶段》的报告中，强调坚持铁的纪律重要性，提出了“纪律是执行路线的保证，没有纪律，党就无法率领群众与军队进行胜利的斗争”的论断。1941年7月，中共中央发布《关于增强党性的决定》，特别提出“要在全党加强纪律的教育，因为统一纪律，是革命胜利的必要条件。要严格遵守个人服从组织，少数服从多数，下级服从上级，全党服从中央的基本原则。无论是普通党员和干部党员，都必须如此”。毛泽东在1941年9月的中央政治局扩大会议上，提出了“路线是‘王道’、纪律是‘霸道’”的重要论断。在延安整风运动中，全党开展反对主观主义、宗派主义、党八股，加强了广大党员的党性锻炼，培养了政治纪律、组织纪律、群众纪律意识。

During the War of Liberation, as victories mounted on the battlefields, in January 1948, Mao Zedong drafted an intra-Party directive for the CPC Central Committee, requiring secretaries of all Central Bureau and Sub-Bureaus to report to the Central Committee every two months, and commanders and political commissars of all field armies and military regions to report their battle results every month, thereby clarifying the intra-Party reporting system. The Political Bureau meeting held in September 1948 further clarified the request-report and report-back system [8]8 The request-report and report-back system (请示报告制度) required lower-level Party organizations to seek approval from higher levels before making major decisions and to submit regular reports. and strengthened discipline, passing the *Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on the System of Requesting Instructions and Reporting Reports to the Central Committee by Central Bureaus, Sub-Bureaus, Military Regions, Military Commission Sub-Commissions, and Front Committees* and the *Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on Convening Party Congresses and Party Conferences at All Levels*. Later, the Central Committee also passed the *Decision on Improving the System of Party Committees* to strengthen the Party’s discipline and establish normal intra-Party democratic life. At the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee held in March 1949, [9]9 The Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee (March 1949) set policies for the transition from rural to urban focus and from revolution to national construction. Mao Zedong, addressing the issue of discipline building among Party cadres in the context of the imminent victory of the War of Liberation, put forward the famous thesis of the “Two Musts”: comrades must be taught to remain modest, prudent, and free from arrogance and rashness, and comrades must be taught to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle, and to be vigilant against the bourgeoisie’s “sugar-coated bullets.” [10]10 “Sugar-coated bullets” refers to the corrupting influence of bourgeois lifestyles and material temptations on revolutionaries after victory. At Mao Zedong’s proposal, the session also passed six regulations opposing the overemphasis on individuals. [11]11 The six regulations included bans on naming places after individuals, birthday celebrations for leaders, and other forms of personality cult.

解放战争时期，随着战场上节节胜利，1948年1月，毛泽东为中共中央起草党内指示，要求各中央局、分局书记，每两个月向中央汇报工作，各野战军首长、军区首长每月汇报战绩，明确党内报告制度。1948年9月召开中央政治局会议进一步明确了请示报告制度，加强纪律性，通过了《中共中央关于各中央局、分局、军区、军委分会及前委会向中央请示报告制度的决议》《中共中央关于召开党的各级代表大会和代表会议的决议》，后中央还通过《关于健全党委制的决定》，以加强党的纪律性，建立正常的党内民主生活。在1949年3月召开的七届二中全会上，毛泽东针对解放战争即将胜利的局面下党员干部的纪律建设问题，提出了著名的“两个务必”论断：务必使同志们继续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄、不躁的作风，务必使同志们继续地保持艰苦奋斗的作风，警惕资产阶级“糖衣炮弹”；经毛泽东提议，会议上还通过反对突出个人的6条规定。

In the building of military discipline, the CPC Central Committee, and Mao Zedong in particular, also attached great importance to it. In 1928, Mao Zedong formally put forward the “Three Main Rules of Discipline and Six Points for Attention,” [12]12 The “Three Main Rules of Discipline and Six Points for Attention” were the original form of the later “Three Main Rules of Discipline and Eight Points for Attention,” basic rules for the conduct of the Red Army. making iron discipline the foundation for building the Workers’ and Peasants’ Revolutionary Army. At the Ninth Congress of the Fourth Red Army held in Gutian in 1929, [13]13 The Gutian Congress (December 1929) was the Ninth Congress of the Fourth Red Army, which resolved disputes within the army and established the principle of Party leadership over the military. it was emphasized to “strictly enforce discipline and abolish perfunctory attitudes towards discipline,” correcting the undisciplined phenomenon of ultra-democracy within the Red Army, requiring the implementation of democracy under centralized guidance, making good use of intra-Party criticism, and establishing the discipline of “the minority obeying the majority.” Subsequently, the Red Army’s military discipline gradually evolved into the “Three Main Rules of Discipline and Eight Points for Attention,” which were vigorously publicized and implemented during the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation, effectively ensuring that the people’s army had strict discipline and an excellent style of work, and that “no phenomenon of undermining discipline was allowed to exist.” In October 1947, the *Instruction of the Headquarters of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army on Re-promulgating the Three Main Rules of Discipline and Eight Points for Attention* unified the content and system of discipline education for the entire army. On May 16, 1949, the *Instruction of the CPC Central Committee on the Observance of Urban Discipline by Troops Entering Cities* detailed twelve disciplinary regulations that the People’s Liberation Army must observe when entering cities. For example, when the People’s Liberation Army entered Shanghai at the end of May 1949, all troops bivouacked on the streets, did not enter private homes, and never disturbed the residents, receiving a warm welcome from the broad masses of Shanghai citizens.

在军队纪律建设上，中共中央特别是毛泽东也对此高度重视。1928年，毛泽东正式提出了“三大纪律六项注意”，把铁的纪律作为工农革命军建军的基础。1929年在古田召开的红四军第九次代表大会上，强调“严格地执行纪律，废止对纪律的敷衍现象”，纠正了红军内极端民主化的无纪律现象，要求厉行集中指导下的民主生活，用好党内批评，确立了“少数服从多数”的纪律。之后红军军纪逐渐演变为“三大纪律八项注意”，在抗日战争、解放战争时期都大力宣传、执行，有力保障了人民军队纪律严明、作风优良，“不允许任何破坏纪律的现象存在”。1947年10月，《中国人民解放军总部关于重行颁布三大纪律八项注意的训令》对全军的纪律教育内容和制度进行了统一。1949年5月16日，《中共中央关于入城部队遵守城市纪律的指示》又详尽地列出了人民解放军进入城市必须遵守的12条纪律规定。如1949年5月底解放军进入上海时，全部露宿街头，不入民宅，决不扰民，受到广大上海市民的热烈欢迎。

II. Characteristics of the CPC’s Discipline Building during the Period of the New Democratic Revolution

二、新民主主义革命时期中国共产党纪律建设的特点

(I) Emphasis on the construction of discipline inspection and supervision institutions. During this period, the Party’s discipline inspection and supervision institutions were also continuously improved. After the Fifth National Congress of the CPC in 1927, the first discipline inspection and supervision body—the Central Supervisory Commission—was established. In 1928, the Sixth National Congress of the CPC abolished the Supervisory Commission and decided to establish a Central Review Commission. In October 1928, the Central Committee of the CPC also specifically issued the “Inspection Regulations,” requiring the dispatch of inspectors to various localities to supervise the implementation of the Party’s line and policies and to handle intra-Party disputes. In May 1931, the Central Committee of the CPC newly revised the “Central Inspection Regulations.” In March of the following year, these regulations were re-examined and approved by the Central Organization Bureau, stating that inspectors were plenipotentiary representatives of the Central Committee for inspecting and guiding the work of local Party organizations, required to report to the Central Committee at least once every two weeks, convey the Party’s spirit, and discover violations of discipline. Thereafter, the intra-Party inspection system gradually became more robust.

（一）重视纪律监察机构建设。这一时期党的纪律监察机构也在不断完善。1927年党的五大后，建立第一个纪律检查监督机构——中央监察委员会。1928年，党的六大取消监察委员会，决定成立中央审查委员会。1928年10月，中共中央还专门发布《巡视条例》，要求向各地派出巡视员对党的路线、政策执行进行监督，并处理党内纠纷。1931年5月，中共中央新修订了《中央巡视条例》，次年3月，该条例经中央组织局重新审查通过，指出巡视员是中央对各地党部考查与指导工作的全权代表，至少两礼拜向中央报告一次，传达党的精神，发现违纪问题。此后，党内巡视制度日渐健全。

After the founding of the Chinese Soviet Republic, the First National Congress of the Chinese Soviets passed the “Organizational Regulations of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspection Department” at the end of 1931, and subsequently established the Central Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspection People’s Commissariat, which included a Complaints Bureau to accept reports from the masses. At the end of 1933, it was renamed the Central Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspection Committee, mainly responsible for inspecting the implementation of various central decrees and the illegal acts of government public officials, and for launching exposure campaigns against corruption and degeneration to eliminate corrupt elements. In August 1933, the Central Committee of the CPC issued the “Resolution on the Establishment of the Central Party Affairs Committee and the Provincial and County Supervisory Committees in the Central Soviet Area,” deciding to establish the Central Party Affairs Committee and provincial and county supervisory committees before the establishment of the Central Supervisory Commission, to perform the functions of intra-Party discipline inspection and supervision. In January 1934, the Central Party Affairs Committee elected by the Fifth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the CPC was primarily responsible for maintaining Party discipline, supervising and inspecting the implementation of the Party Constitution and Party discipline, and undertaking the work of Party discipline education.

中华苏维埃共和国成立后，1931年底中华苏维埃第一次全国代表大会通过《工农检察部的组织条例》，后成立了中央工农检察人民委员部，内设控告局接受民众举报，1933年底改称中央工农检察委员会，主要检察中央各类法令的执行，以及政府公职人员的违法行为，并开展贪污腐化行为的检举运动，清除腐化分子。1933年8月，中共中央发布《关于成立中央党务委员会及中央苏区省县监察委员会的决议》，决定在中央监察委员会成立之前，设立中央党务委员会和各省县监察委员会，履行党内纪检监察职能。1934年1月，党的六届五中全会选举产生的中央党务委员会主要负责维护党的纪律，对党章党纪的执行情况进行监督检查，并承担党的纪律教育工作。

After the full outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japan, with the changes in the new situation, the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the CPC in 1938 also passed the “Decision on the Provisional Organizational Structure of Party Committees at All Levels,” which specifically stipulated the establishment of supervisory committees to supervise the implementation of Party resolutions, review financial accounts, and handle disciplinary sanctions against Party members, among other things. The Party Constitution of the Seventh National Congress in 1945 abolished the chapter on “Review Committees” from the Party Constitution of the Sixth National Congress and stipulated in Chapter 8, “Party Supervisory Organs,” that “when the Central Committee of the Party deems it necessary, it may establish the Central Supervisory Commission of the Party and local supervisory commissions at all levels.”

抗日战争全面爆发后，随着新形势的变化，1938年党的六届六中全会还通过了《关于各级党委暂行组织机构的决定》，其中专门规定设立监察委员会，监督党的决议执行，审查财务账目及对党员违纪处分等。1945年的七大党章取消了六大党章中“审查委员会”章节，并在第八章“党的监督机关”中规定“党的中央委员会认为必要时，得成立党的中央监察委员会及各地方党的监察委员会”。

(II) Continuous improvement of Party discipline and regulations. In response to the constantly changing situation, the Communist Party of China formulated many intra-Party regulations and systems to strengthen discipline construction. In August 1926, the Central Committee of the CPC issued the “Circular of the Enlarged Meeting of the Central Committee of the CPC — Resolutely Cleanse Corrupt and Degenerate Elements,” which was the earliest anti-corruption and integrity document within the Party, requiring Party organizations at all levels to resolutely expel such elements from the Party. In December 1933, the Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Soviets issued the 26th Instruction, namely “On Punishing Corruption and Wasteful Behavior,” stipulating the death penalty for those who embezzled more than 500 yuan, and punishments such as fixed-term imprisonment and forced labor for varying periods depending on the amount for those who embezzled less than 500 yuan.

（二）党纪党规不断完善。中国共产党针对不断变化发展的形势，制定许多党内法规、制度，以加强纪律建设。1926年8月，中共中央发出《中共中央扩大会议通告——坚决清洗贪污腐化分子》，是党内最早的反腐倡廉文件，要求各级党部对此类分子坚决清除出党。1933年12月，中华苏维埃中央执行委员会发出第二十六号训令，即《关于惩治贪污浪费行为》，规定贪污500元以上者处以死刑，500元以下者依据金额大小，处以年限不等的监禁、强迫劳动等处罚。

Facing the White Terror of the Kuomintang, the Communist Party of China, which had moved its work underground in the White Areas, also paid special attention to the discipline of secret work. In June 1930, the Central Committee of the CPC issued a circular on “Establishing Secret Work,” emphasizing that “secret work should adopt a militarized character and be carried out mechanically. Any action that violates secret work should be subjected to severe disciplinary sanctions without hesitation.” In May 1937, the Central Organization Department also specifically formulated the “Regulations on Keeping Intra-Party Secrets,” which detailed the rules on secrecy and the penalties for violations.

面对国民党的白色恐怖，在白区转入地下工作的中国共产党也特别重视秘密工作纪律。1930年6月，中共中央发出《建立秘密工作》的通告，强调“秘密工作应该采取军事化的性质，带机械性的执行。凡是一切违反秘密工作的行动，毫不迟疑的应该予以严厉的纪律制裁”。1937年5月，中央组织部还专门制定了《保守党内秘密条例》，细化了秘密纪律及处罚规定。

In terms of organizational discipline, in 1938, the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the CPC formulated specialized documents such as the “Decision on the Working Rules and Discipline of the Central Committee,” the “Decision on the Working Rules and Discipline of Party Organizations at All Levels,” and the “Decision on the Provisional Organizational Structure of Party Committees at All Levels,” continuing to strengthen disciplinary regulations. Regarding sanctions against Party members, in July 1941 and October 1942, the Central Committee of the CPC successively issued the “Decision on the Procedures for Cancelling, Correcting, and Suspending Sanctions Against Party Members in Local and Military Party Organizations at All Levels” and the “Provisions on the Implementation of the Punishment of Probationary Surveillance for Party Members.” The implementation of these Party discipline laws and regulations promoted the development of Party discipline construction in different periods.

在组织纪律上，1938年，党的六届六中全会制定了《关于中央委员会工作规则与纪律的决定》《关于各级党部工作规则与纪律的决定》《关于各级党委暂行组织机构的决定》等专门文件，继续强化了纪律规定。在党员处分上，1941年7月、1942年10月，中共中央先后发布《关于地方及军队中各级党部取消、改正与停止党员处分手续的决定》《关于对党员察看处分执行办法的规定》。这些党纪法规的执行，推动了不同时期党的纪律建设发展。

(III) Conducting warning education through typical cases. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the Communist Party of China strengthened warning education throughout the Party by punishing typical cases such as Xie Busheng, Huang Kegong, Xiao Yubi, and sanctioning Zhang Guotao. In May 1932, Xie Busheng, Chairman of the Soviet Government of Yeping Village, Ruijin County, in the Central Soviet Area, was executed for embezzling public funds and murdering a Red Army cadre. This was the first corrupt element executed after the founding of the Chinese Soviet Republic. Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviets, instructed afterwards: “If corruption is not eliminated, the Soviet banner cannot be upheld, and the Communist Party will lose its prestige and the support of the people!” Zhang Guotao was severely sanctioned for violating the Party’s organizational discipline. In 1935, Zhang Guotao led the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army in refusing to implement the “northward advance” policy adopted by the Central Committee of the CPC. For this reason, the “Decision of the Central Committee of the CPC on Comrade Zhang Guotao’s Mistakes” was passed in September of that year, criticizing his serious errors of splitting the Party and the Red Army. However, Zhang Guotao’s actions did not stop; instead, they intensified, and he established a second “Central Committee.” In January 1936, the Party Central Committee passed a decision demanding that he immediately dissolve this “Central Committee.” Although he announced the dissolution of the second “Central Committee” in June of that year, he ultimately left the Party on his own in April 1938 and was subsequently expelled from the Party. During the War of Resistance, in October 1937, Huang Kegong, an old comrade who had participated in the Jinggangshan struggle and the Long March, attempted to coerce Liu Qian, a student at the Northern Shaanxi Public School, into marriage, and when she refused, he shot and killed her. In response to Huang Kegong’s request for leniency, Mao Zedong agreed with the trial opinion of the Border Region High Court, resolutely sentencing Huang Kegong to death, without showing any favoritism, which was affirmed by all sectors of society. In response to the view of some that he was a meritorious official and could be given a lighter sentence, Mao Zedong stated: “The Communist Party and the Red Army cannot but enforce stricter discipline on their own Party members and Red Army members than on ordinary civilians.” In August 1938, the “Interim Regulations of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region on Punishing Corruption” were issued, detailing specific acts of corruption and the corresponding disciplinary provisions. These regulations were also strictly enforced. At that time, the old Red Army soldier Liu Zhenqiu was expelled from the Party for embezzling public funds, and Xiao Yubi, Director of the Border Region Tax Bureau, was executed for illegally selling military supplies and accepting bribes. These typical cases had a broad impact within the Party, played a significant warning role, and further enhanced the discipline awareness of the vast number of Party members.

（三）通过典型案例进行警示教育。中国共产党在新民主主义革命时期通过惩处谢步升、黄克功、肖玉璧，处分张国焘等典型案件，在全党加强了警示教育。1932年5月，中央苏区瑞金县叶坪村苏维埃政府主席谢步升因贪污公款、杀害红军干部被枪决，这是中华苏维埃共和国成立后被枪决的第一个贪污腐败分子。中华苏维埃临时中央政府主席毛泽东在事后指示：“腐败不清除，苏维埃旗帜就打不下去，共产党就会失去威望和民心！”张国焘因为违反党的组织纪律而受到严肃处分。1935年，张国焘带领红四方面军拒绝执行中共中央通过的“北上”方针，为此当年9月通过《中共中央关于张国焘同志的错误的决定》，批判了其分裂党、分裂红军的严重错误，但张国焘的行动并未停止，反而变本加厉，建立第二“中央”。党中央1936年1月为此通过决定要求其立即取消该中央，虽然其在当年6月宣布取消第二“中央”，但最终1938年4月自行脱党，随后被开除出党。抗战时期，1937年10月，参加过井冈山斗争和长征的老同志黄克功逼婚陕北公学学员刘茜未成，将其开枪打死。针对黄克功争取宽大处理的请求，毛泽东同意边区高等法院的审判意见，坚决判处黄克功死刑，并没有对其偏袒，受到各界的肯定。针对一些人提出的其是有功之臣、可以减轻处罚的观点，毛泽东提出：“共产党与红军，对于自己的党员与红军成员不能不执行比较一般平民更加严格的纪律。”1938年8月，《陕甘宁边区政府惩治贪污暂行条例》发布，详细规定了贪污腐败的具体行为及处分规定。该条例也被严格执行，当时老红军刘振球贪污公款、被开除党籍，边区税务分局局长肖玉璧私卖军需品、贪污受贿被枪决。这些典型案例都在党内产生了广泛影响，起到了极大的警示作用，使广大党员进一步增强了纪律意识。

III. Experience and Implications

三、经验启示

(I) Continuously and deeply advance the anti-corruption work. Since its founding, the Communist Party of China has attached great importance to anti-corruption work, severely punishing those who violate discipline, and never showing favoritism. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the anti-corruption struggle of “corruption must be punished wherever it is found, and evil must be eliminated completely” has achieved outstanding results. However, the situation facing anti-corruption remains severe, requiring sustained efforts to promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of anti-corruption. As General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, in the anti-corruption struggle on the new journey, it is necessary to make sustained efforts and advance in depth in eradicating the soil and conditions that breed corruption problems. Adhere to the integrated advancement of not daring to be corrupt, not being able to be corrupt, and not wanting to be corrupt, deepen both the symptoms and root causes, and carry out systematic governance, continuously expanding the depth and breadth of the anti-corruption struggle. At the same time, strengthen mass supervision in the era of big data, strengthen anti-corruption warning education for the vast number of Party members, analyze typical illegal cases, so that they cannot touch the bottom line or red line of Party discipline and national law.

（一）持续深入推进反腐败工作。中国共产党一经成立就高度重视反腐败工作，严厉处分违纪分子，绝不偏袒。党的十八大以来，“凡腐必反，除恶务尽”的反腐败斗争取得突出成绩，但是反腐败面临的形势依然严峻，需要持续发力，推动反腐败的常态化、长效化。正如习近平总书记所指出的，新征程反腐败斗争，必须在铲除腐败问题产生的土壤和条件上持续发力、纵深推进。坚持一体推进不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐，深化标本兼治、系统施治，不断拓展反腐败斗争深度广度。同时，加强大数据时代下的群众监督，对广大党员加强反腐败的警示教育，剖析典型违法案例，使其不能触碰党纪国法的底线、红线。

(2) Improving disciplinary regulations and organizational structures. During the period 1921–1949, the CPC continuously improved its disciplinary regulations and organizational structures, providing a strong guarantee for the victory of the New Democratic Revolution. Since the New Era, the CPC has continued to improve intra-Party regulations, enrich the system of Party discipline building, and advance reform of the discipline inspection and supervision system. In particular, in January 2024, the newly revised *Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Disciplinary Sanctions*[19]19 The *Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Disciplinary Sanctions* are the primary intra-Party regulation specifying disciplinary penalties for Party members who violate Party discipline. The 2024 revision updated the requirements across six categories of discipline. came into effect, putting forward the latest requirements in the areas of political discipline, organizational discipline, integrity discipline, mass discipline, work discipline, and lifestyle discipline. Xi Jinping has also stressed the need to further improve the legal and regulatory system against corruption. Around the integrated promotion of ensuring that officials dare not, cannot, and do not want to engage in corruption,[20]20 “Dare not, cannot, and do not want to engage in corruption” is a framework for anti-corruption work: deterrence (dare not), institutional controls (cannot), and ideological education (do not want). basic laws and regulations should be improved, and the supporting system for supervising “top leaders”[21]21 “Top leaders” (*yibashou*) refers to the principal leading officials of Party committees, government departments, or state-owned enterprises at any level, who hold primary responsibility. and leading bodies should be strengthened. The national anti-corruption legislation should be continuously advanced, and the Supervision Law should be amended in step with the times. Supervision and inspection of the implementation of key laws and regulations should be strengthened to ensure unified adherence and unified enforcement. These latest requirements also provide guidance for discipline inspection and supervision work in the New Era.

（二）完善纪律法规与组织机构。1921—1949年期间，中国共产党在纪律法规与组织机构方面不断完善，为新民主主义革命胜利提供了坚强的保证。新时代以来，中国共产党继续不断完善党内法规，丰富党的纪律建设体系，推进纪检监察体制改革。特别是2024年1月，新修订的《中国共产党纪律处分条例》正式施行，在政治纪律、组织纪律、廉洁纪律、群众纪律、工作纪律、生活纪律方面提出了最新要求。习近平总书记也强调，要进一步健全反腐败法规制度。围绕一体推进不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐等完善基础性法规制度，健全加强对“一把手”和领导班子监督配套制度。持续推进反腐败国家立法，与时俱进修改监察法。加强重点法规制度执行情况监督检查，确保一体遵循、一体执行。这些最新要求也为新时代的纪检监察工作提供了指引。

(3) Continuously strengthening Party discipline education. The CPC has always attached great importance to discipline education, with particular emphasis on strengthening discipline building in the people’s armed forces. The “Three Main Rules of Discipline and Eight Points for Attention”[22]22 The “Three Main Rules of Discipline and Eight Points for Attention” were basic rules of conduct for the Red Army, later the People’s Liberation Army, first codified in 1928 and revised in 1947. They include rules such as “obey orders in all your actions” and “do not take a single needle or piece of thread from the masses.” it put forward have had a far-reaching influence. On the new journey of the New Era, it is even more necessary to continuously strengthen Party discipline education and study, explore innovations in the forms of Party discipline education and study, enhance its targeting and effectiveness, promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of Party discipline education, integrate the study of the Party Constitution, Party regulations, and Party discipline into daily life and regular practice, guide Party cadres and members to study, understand, clarify, and abide by discipline, and urge leading cadres to establish a correct view of power, using power impartially, in accordance with the law, for the people, and with integrity. In the New Era, it is necessary to enhance Party members’ discipline awareness, especially by strengthening education on political discipline and organizational discipline, guiding the vast number of Party cadres and members to deeply comprehend the decisive significance of the Two Establishments,[23]23 The Two Establishments refer to establishing Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and establishing the guiding role of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. continuously strengthen the Four Consciousnesses,[24]24 The Four Consciousnesses are the consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, think in big-picture terms, follow the leadership core, and keep in alignment with the central Party leadership. firm up the Four Confidences,[25]25 The Four Confidences are confidence in the path, theory, system, and culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics. and achieve the Two Upholds,[26]26 The Two Upholds are upholding Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and upholding the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. strictly observe political rules, adhere to the organizational principle of democratic centralism, strictly implement the “Four Obediences,”[27]27 The “Four Obediences” are the requirement that individual Party members obey the Party organization, the minority obey the majority, lower-level Party organizations obey higher-level Party organizations, and all Party organizations and members obey the National Congress and the Central Committee of the Party. and push the Party’s self-revolution deeper.

（三）持续加强党纪教育。中国共产党始终高度重视进行纪律教育，特别注重加强人民军队的纪律建设，提出的“三大纪律八项注意”影响深远。新时代新征程更需持续加强党纪教育学习，探索党纪教育学习形式的创新，增强针对性与实效性，推动党纪教育常态化、长效化，将学习党章党规党纪融入日常、抓在经常，引导党员干部学纪、知纪、明纪、守纪，督促领导干部树立正确权力观，公正用权、依法用权、为民用权、廉洁用权。新时代要增强党员纪律意识，特别是要加强政治纪律和组织纪律教育，引导广大党员干部深刻领悟“两个确立”的决定性意义，不断增强“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、做到“两个维护”，严守政治规矩，坚持民主集中制的组织原则，严格落实“四个服从”，推动党的自我革命不断走向深入。

Source: *Research on Party Building in State Organs*, Issue 12, 2024

文章来源：《机关党建研究》2024年第12期

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆