A Profound Understanding of Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on Adhering to a Problem-Oriented Approach

Adhering to a problem-oriented approach is a key element of the “six imperatives” [1]1 The “six imperatives” (六个必须坚持) refer to the six principles that must be upheld to continue advancing theoretical innovation, as outlined in the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC: adhering to a people-centered approach, adhering to self-confidence and self-reliance, adhering to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, adhering to a problem-oriented approach, adhering to a systems perspective, and adhering to a global vision. proposed in the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC for opening up new horizons in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times and for continuing to advance the Party’s theoretical innovation. It is an important component of the worldview and methodology of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has made a series of important discourses on adhering to a problem-oriented approach, systematically answering key questions such as the generative logic, key focus, and basic requirements of this approach. Deeply studying and comprehending Xi Jinping’s important discourses on adhering to a problem-oriented approach, and scientifically grasping its profound connotations and practical requirements, is of great significance for consciously applying this scientific method on the new journey of the New Era, resolving contradictions and difficulties on the path forward, and continuously creating new prospects for the development of the cause.

坚持问题导向，是党的二十大报告提出的开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界、继续推进党的理论创新的“六个必须坚持”的重要一条，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的世界观和方法论的重要内容。党的十八大以来，习近平围绕坚持问题导向作出一系列重要论述，系统回答了坚持问题导向的生成逻辑、重点指向、基本要求等关键问题。深入学习领会习近平关于坚持问题导向的重要论述，科学把握坚持问题导向的深刻内涵和实践要求，对于在新时代新征程上自觉运用这一科学方法，破解前进道路上的矛盾和难题，不断开创事业发展新局面，具有重要意义。

The Generative Logic of Adhering to a Problem-Oriented Approach

坚持问题导向的生成逻辑

Adhering to a problem-oriented approach is a scientific method that, under the guidance of Marxism, is based on the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era, draws on the Party’s long-term experience in struggle, and is highly summarized, refined, and distilled. To deeply grasp its connotation and essence, one must first understand its generative logic and know whence it comes.

坚持问题导向，是在马克思主义指导下，立足新时代中国特色社会主义伟大实践，汲取党的长期奋斗经验，高度概括、总结提炼而来的科学方法。深刻把握其内涵要义，必须首先明白其生成逻辑，知晓其所从来。

(I) Theoretical Logic: An Inherent Requirement of Adhering to the Marxist View of Practice and the Marxist View of Contradiction

（一）理论逻辑：坚持马克思主义实践观和矛盾观的内在要求

In May 2016, Xi Jinping pointed out at the Symposium on Work in Philosophy and the Social Sciences: “Adhering to a problem-oriented approach is a distinctive feature of Marxism.” [2]2 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Work in Philosophy and the Social Sciences” (May 17, 2016), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Vol. 2, Foreign Languages Press, 2023, p. 486. This important discourse indicates the theoretical basis for adhering to a problem-oriented approach. As an important methodological achievement of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, adhering to a problem-oriented approach reveals Marxism’s theoretical orientation of emphasizing the discovery, analysis, and resolution of problems, and is an inherent requirement of adhering to the Marxist view of practice and the Marxist view of contradiction.

2016 年5 月，习近平在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上指出：“坚持问题导向是马克思主义的鲜明特点。”这一重要论述，指明了坚持问题导向的理论根据。坚持问题导向，作为马克思主义中国化时代化的重要方法论成果，揭示了马克思主义重视发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的理论指向，是坚持马克思主义实践观和矛盾观的内在要求。

First, adhering to a problem-oriented approach is an inherent requirement of the Marxist view of practice. The view of practice is the basic viewpoint of Marxist epistemology, and practicality is a distinctive feature that distinguishes Marxist theory from other theories. Marx said: “All social life is essentially practical” [3]3 Karl Marx, “Theses on Feuerbach,” in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, Vol. 5, International Publishers, 1976, p. 4. and “The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point is to change it.” [4]4 Karl Marx, “Theses on Feuerbach,” in *Marx and Engels Collected Works*, Vol. 5, International Publishers, 1976, p. 5. Adhering to a problem-oriented approach is precisely rooted in the practicality of Marxism. First, adhering to a problem-oriented approach: where do problems come from? Ultimately, they come from practice. Marxism holds that practice is the source of problems; real problems are not fabricated out of thin air but arise in the process of practice and the unfolding of reality. Therefore, adhering to a problem-oriented approach requires facing practice directly and being adept at discovering real problems from practice. Second, adhering to a problem-oriented approach: solving problems is the goal. The key to solving problems lies in forming scientific and effective ideas. These ideas are by no means the result of pure mental construction but must proceed from objective reality and come according to the specific conditions of practice. Ideas and methods that cannot reflect the real situation of practice and the internal connections of things will certainly not be able to truly and effectively solve problems. That is to say, practice fundamentally determines the emergence and resolution of problems. Therefore, the process of adhering to a problem-oriented approach is also a process of unifying cognitive activity and practical activity. Xi Jinping points out: “Adhering to the guidance of Marxism must fall on studying the major theoretical and practical issues facing our country’s development and our Party’s governance, and on proposing correct ideas and effective methods to solve problems.” [5]5 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Work in Philosophy and the Social Sciences” (May 17, 2016), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Vol. 2, Foreign Languages Press, 2023, p. 486. This clear requirement both clearly elucidates the practicality of Marxism and points to the theoretical root of adhering to a problem-oriented approach.

其一，坚持问题导向是马克思主义实践观的内在要求。实践的观点是马克思主义认识论的基本观点，实践性是马克思主义理论区别于其他理论的显著特征。马克思说：“全部社会生活在本质上是实践的”，“哲学家们只是用不同的方式解释世界，问题在于改变世界”。坚持问题导向，正是根源于马克思主义的实践性。首先，坚持问题导向，问题从何而来？说到底，是从实践中来。马克思主义认为，实践是问题产生的源头，真正的问题不是凭空捏造的，而是在实践和现实展开的过程中衍生出来的。因此，坚持问题导向，就要直面实践，善于从实践中发现真问题。其次，坚持问题导向，解决问题才是目的。解决问题的关键在于形成科学有效的思路，这一思路决不是纯粹思维构造的结果，而是需要从客观实际出发，根据实践的具体情况而来。不能反映实践真实情况和事物内在联系的思路和方法，必然不能真正和有效地解决问题。也就是说，实践在根本上规定着问题的产生和解决。因此，坚持问题导向的过程，也就是认识活动和实践活动相统一的过程。习近平指出：“坚持以马克思主义为指导，必须落到研究我国发展和我们党执政面临的重大理论和实践问题上来，落到提出解决问题的正确思路和有效办法上来。”这一明确要求，既清楚阐明了马克思主义的实践性，又指明了坚持问题导向的理论根源。

Second, adhering to a problem-oriented approach is an inherent requirement of the Marxist view of contradiction. Xi Jinping points out: “When we emphasize enhancing problem awareness and adhering to a problem-oriented approach, we are acknowledging the universality and objectivity of contradictions, and we must be adept at making understanding and resolving contradictions a breakthrough for opening up the work situation.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 20th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee” (January 23, 2015), in *Xi Jinping on Adhering to a People-Centered Development Approach*, Central Party Literature Press, 2022, p. 61. This important discourse points to the Marxist view of contradiction underlying adherence to a problem-oriented approach. Marxism holds that contradictions are universal and are the fundamental driving force of the development of things, and “problems are the forms of expression of contradictions in things.” [7]7 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 20th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee” (January 23, 2015), in *Xi Jinping on Adhering to a People-Centered Development Approach*, Central Party Literature Press, 2022, p. 61. Where there are contradictions, there are problems; grasping problems means grasping contradictions, and solving problems means resolving contradictions. Looking further, Marxism holds that things are constituted by contradictions, and contradictions can be divided into principal contradictions and secondary contradictions, and the principal aspect and secondary aspect of a contradiction. Adhering to a problem-oriented approach means grasping the law of contradiction, especially identifying the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction, so as to effectively resolve contradictions and solve problems. For example, major problems and prominent problems are often concentrated reflections of the basic contradictions of society and their changes. If handled properly, they can serve as the key link to drive the smooth resolution of other secondary contradictions and problems. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized on various occasions: “Facing a complex situation and heavy tasks, we must first have an overall view, have a clear picture of various contradictions, and at the same time prioritize solving the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction, thereby driving the resolution of other contradictions.” [8]8 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the 20th Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 18th CPC Central Committee” (January 23, 2015), in *Xi Jinping on Adhering to a People-Centered Development Approach*, Central Party Literature Press, 2022, p. 62. For example, regarding comprehensively deepening reform, Xi Jinping emphasizes: “We must have a strong problem awareness, take major problems as the orientation, grasp major problems and key problems for further research and reflection, find answers, and strive to promote the resolution of a series of prominent contradictions and problems facing our country’s development”; we must “grasp the key points, highlight institutional and mechanism reforms, and highlight strategic and overall major reforms.” [9]9 Xi Jinping, “Explanatory Notes on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening Reform’” (November 9, 2013), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Vol. 1, Foreign Languages Press, 2023, p. 498. These discourses indicate that adhering to a problem-oriented approach requires using the Marxist view of contradiction to observe and analyze problems, being adept at grasping the principal contradiction, identifying the “crux” and “lesion,” and then applying targeted remedies to effectively solve problems.

其二，坚持问题导向是马克思主义矛盾观的内在要求。习近平指出：“我们强调增强问题意识、坚持问题导向，就是承认矛盾的普遍性、客观性，就是要善于把认识和化解矛盾作为打开工作局面的突破口。”这一重要论述指明了坚持问题导向背后蕴含的马克思主义矛盾观。马克思主义认为，矛盾是普遍存在的，是事物发展的根本动力，而“问题是事物矛盾的表现形式”。矛盾存在问题就存在，抓住问题就抓住了矛盾，解决了问题就解决了矛盾。进一步来看，马克思主义认为，事物都是由矛盾构成的，矛盾又可以分为主要矛盾和次要矛盾、矛盾的主要方面和次要方面。坚持问题导向，就是要抓住矛盾规律，特别是要找准主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，从而有效化解矛盾、解决问题。例如，重大问题、突出问题，往往是社会基本矛盾及其变化的集中反映，如果处置妥当，就能纲举目张，带动其他次要矛盾和问题的顺利解决。党的十八大以来，习近平在多个场合反复强调：“面对复杂形势和繁重任务，首先要有全局观，对各种矛盾做到心中有数，同时又要优先解决主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，以此带动其他矛盾的解决。”比如，对于全面深化改革，习近平强调：“要有强烈的问题意识，以重大问题为导向，抓住重大问题、关键问题进一步研究思考，找出答案，着力推动解决我国发展面临的一系列突出矛盾和问题”；要“抓住重点，突出体制机制改革，突出战略性、全局性重大改革”。这些论述表明，坚持问题导向，需要运用马克思主义的矛盾观点观察问题、分析问题，善抓主要矛盾，找准“症结”“病灶”，而后辨证施药，切实解决问题。

(II) Historical Logic: The Valuable Experience of the CPC’s Long-Term Struggle

（二）历史逻辑：中国共产党长期奋斗的宝贵经验

Xi Jinping points out: “History always advances in the continuous solving of problems.” [10]10 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Seminar for Leading Cadres at the Provincial and Ministerial Level on the Study and Implementation of the Spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee” (January 11, 2021), in *Xi Jinping on Adhering to a People-Centered Development Approach*, Central Party Literature Press, 2022, p. 72. Since its founding, the CPC has shouldered the historical mission of seeking happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation. To fulfill this mission, the CPC has adhered to using the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method to analyze and grasp the actual conditions of China’s revolution, construction, and reform, continuously resolving various theoretical and practical problems in the historical process. Being adept at deeply grasping the major issues of different historical stages from a macro and overall perspective is an important manifestation of the CPC’s adherence to a problem-oriented approach. Xi Jinping points out: “In the various historical periods of revolution, construction, and reform, our Party has adhered to integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities, using the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method to study and solve various major theoretical and practical problems”; “We Chinese Communists engage in revolution, construction, and reform always to solve China’s real problems.” [11]11 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Work in Philosophy and the Social Sciences” (May 17, 2016), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Works*, Vol. 2, Foreign Languages Press, 2023, p. 486.

习近平指出：“历史总是在不断解决问题中前进的。”自成立之日起，中国共产党就肩负起为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴的历史使命。为了实现这一使命，中国共产党坚持运用马克思主义立场观点方法分析和把握中国革命、建设和改革的实际，不断破解历史进程中的各种理论和实践问题。善于从宏观和全局视野出发深刻把握不同历史阶段的重大时代课题，正是中国共产党坚持问题导向的一个重要体现。习近平指出：“在革命、建设、改革各个历史时期，我们党坚持马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合，运用马克思主义立场、观点、方法研究解决各种重大理论和实践问题”，“我们中国共产党人干革命、搞建设、抓改革，从来都是为了解决中国的现实问题”。

The world outlook and methodology of adhering to the problem-oriented approach run through the Party’s long-term course of struggle. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, our Party, in the midst of continuous exploration, arduously sought the correct revolutionary path, successfully resolving a series of fundamental problems such as the goals, path, leading force, and reliance forces of the Chinese revolution, and ultimately achieving victory in the New Democratic Revolution. During the period of socialist revolution and construction, our Party consistently adhered to applying the basic principles of Marxism to solve China’s practical problems, actively explored a path of socialist construction suited to China’s national conditions, established the basic system of socialism, advanced socialist construction, and realized the most extensive and profound social change in the history of the Chinese nation. During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, our Party firmly grasped major epochal questions such as what socialism is and how to build it, what kind of Party to build and how to build it, and what kind of development to achieve and how to achieve it, driving our country to achieve a historic breakthrough from relatively backward productive forces to becoming the world’s second-largest economy. In the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, our Party has closely focused on major epochal questions such as what kind of socialism with Chinese characteristics to uphold and develop in the New Era and how to uphold and develop it, what kind of socialist modernized powerful country to build and how to build it, and what kind of long-term governing Marxist Party to build and how to build it. It has continuously deepened its understanding of the laws of human social development, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of communist party governance, put forward a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies, introduced a series of major policies and guidelines, launched a series of major measures, and advanced a series of major tasks. It has solved many long-standing problems that were difficult to resolve and accomplished many major tasks that were previously desired but unattainable, driving the cause of the Party and the state to achieve historic accomplishments and undergo historic transformations. The Party’s history of over a hundred years shows that adhering to the problem-oriented approach, accurately grasping and profoundly answering the major problems and epochal questions of different historical stages, is precisely an important reason why our Party has continuously grown stronger, always stayed at the forefront of the times, and led China’s development and progress.

坚持问题导向的世界观和方法论贯穿于党的长期奋斗历程。新民主主义革命时期，我们党在不断探索中艰难寻求正确的革命道路，成功解决了中国革命的目标、道路、领导力量和依靠力量等一系列根本问题，最终取得了新民主主义革命的胜利。社会主义革命和建设时期，我们党始终坚持用马克思主义基本原理解决中国的实际问题，积极探索适合中国国情的社会主义建设道路，确立社会主义基本制度，推进社会主义建设，实现了中华民族有史以来最为广泛而深刻的社会变革。改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，我们党紧紧抓住什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义，建设什么样的党、怎样建设党，实现什么样的发展、怎样发展等重大时代课题，推动我国实现从生产力相对落后到经济总量跃居世界第二的历史性突破。中国特色社会主义新时代，我们党紧紧围绕新时代坚持和发展什么样的中国特色社会主义、怎样坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，建设什么样的社会主义现代化强国、怎样建设社会主义现代化强国，建设什么样的长期执政的马克思主义政党、怎样建设长期执政的马克思主义政党等重大时代课题，不断深化对人类社会发展规律、社会主义建设规律、共产党执政规律的认识，提出一系列新理念新思想新战略，出台一系列重大方针政策，推出一系列重大举措，推进一系列重大工作，解决了许多长期想解决而没有解决的难题，办成了许多过去想办而没有办成的大事，推动党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革。党的百余年历史表明，坚持问题导向，准确把握和深刻回答不同历史阶段的重大问题、时代课题，正是我们党不断发展壮大，始终走在时代前列，引领中国发展进步的一个重要原因。

(III) Realistic Logic: The Objective Need to Respond to and Resolve the Complex Situation and Problems Faced in the New Era

（三）现实逻辑：应对和解决新时代面临的复杂形势和问题的客观需要

The proposal of adhering to the problem-oriented approach has a strong practical pertinence; it is the objective need to respond to and resolve the complex situation and problems faced after socialism with Chinese characteristics entered the New Era.

坚持问题导向的提出有着强烈的现实针对性，它是应对中国特色社会主义进入新时代后面临的复杂形势和问题的客观需要。

Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has deeply analyzed and accurately

新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央深入分析和准确研判世情国情党情，对于新时代面临的形势和任务、风险和挑战、矛盾和问题始终保持清醒认识。习近平深刻指出，中国特色社会主义进入新时代之后，“国际形势依然复杂多变，国内改革发展稳定任务依然艰巨繁重，我们具有做好工作的许多有利条件，但也面对着许多严峻挑战。特别是要看到，解决我国经济社会发展的突出矛盾和问题，需要我们付出长期艰苦的努力，不可能一蹴而就”。2022年 10月，习近平在党的二十大上对新时代十年的奋斗历程作了回顾。他指出，新时代之初，我们面对的形势是，“改革开放和社会主义现代化建设取得巨大成就，党的建设新的伟大工程取得显著成效，为我们继续前进奠定了坚实基础、创造了良好条件、提供了重要保障，同时一系列长期积累及新出现的突出矛盾和问题亟待解决”。对于新时代迫切需要解决的突出矛盾和问题，习近平从多个方面进行了概括。比如，在经济建设领域，“经济结构性体制性矛盾突出，发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续，传统发展模式难以为继，一些深层次体制机制问题和利益固化藩篱日益显现”；在政治建设领域，“一些人对中国特色社会主义政治制度自信不足，有法不依、执法不严等问题严重存在”；在文化建设领域，“拜金主义、享乐主义、极端个人主义和历史虚无主义等错误思潮不时出现，网络舆论乱象丛生，严重影响人们思想和社会舆论环境”；在社会建设领域，“民生保障存在不少薄弱环节”；在生态文明建设领域，“资源环境约束趋紧、环境污染等问题突出”；在国家安全领域，“维护国家安全制度不完善、应对各种重大风险能力不强，国防和军队现代化存在不少短板弱项”；在党的建设领域，“党内存在不少对坚持党的领导认识模糊、行动乏力问题，存在不少落实党的领导弱化、虚化、淡化问题，有些党员、干部政治信仰发生动摇，一些地方和部门形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和奢靡之风屡禁不止，特权思想和特权现象较为严重，一些贪腐问题触目惊心”；等等。“面对这些影响党长期执政、国家长治久安、人民幸福安康的突出矛盾和问题”，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持问题导向，审时度势、果敢抉择，“采取一系列战略性举措，推进一系列变革性实践，实现一系列突破性进展，取得一系列标志性成果，经受住了来自政治、经济、意识形态、自然界等方面的风险挑战考验，党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，推动我国迈上全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程”。对于新征程上面临的形势和任务，习近平同样有清醒认识，他深刻指出：“在充分肯定党和国家事业取得举世瞩目成就的同时，必须清醒看到，我们的工作还存在一些不足，面临不少困难和问题。主要有：发展不平衡不充分问题仍然突出，推进高质量发展还有许多卡点瓶颈，科技创新能力还不强；确保粮食、能源、产业链供应链可靠安全和防范金融风险还须解决许多重大问题；重点领域改革还有不少硬骨头要啃；意识形态领域存在不少挑战；城乡区域发展和收入分配差距仍然较大；群众在就业、教育、医疗、托育、养老、住房等方面面临不少难题；生态环境保护任务依然艰巨；一些党员、干部缺乏担当精神，斗争本领不强，实干精神不足，形式主义、官僚主义现象仍较突出；铲除腐败滋生土壤任务依然艰巨，等等。对这些问题，我们已经采取一系列措施加以解决，今后必须加大工作力度。”这就要求我们，必须坚持问题导向，义无反顾进行具有许多新的历史特点的伟大斗争，始终保持清醒的头脑、坚定的态度，始终奔着问题去，切实解决前进道路上的一切问题，克服民族复兴道路上的种种困难，有效应对重大挑战、抵御重大风险、克服重大阻力、解决重大矛盾，不断书写新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的新篇章。

The Key Focus of Adhering to a Problem-Oriented Approach

坚持问题导向的重点指向

Since the beginning of the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, under new historical conditions and proceeding from new actual circumstances, has consistently adhered to a problem-oriented approach, “focusing on new problems encountered in practice, deep-seated problems in reform, development, and stability, problems of urgent concern to the people, major problems in international changes, and prominent problems in Party building, and continuously putting forward new concepts, new ideas, and new methods that truly solve problems,” thereby promoting breakthrough progress in the theory and practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics and in the Party’s own construction.

新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央在新的历史条件下、从新的实际情况出发，始终坚持问题导向，“聚焦实践遇到的新问题、改革发展稳定存在的深层次问题、人民群众急难愁盼问题、国际变局中的重大问题、党的建设面临的突出问题，不断提出真正解决问题的新理念新思路新办法”，推动中国特色社会主义理论和实践以及党的自身建设取得突破性进展。

(I) New Problems Encountered in Practice

（一）实践遇到的新问题

Problems are the call of practice; different stages of practice have different problems, and new development practice will inevitably encounter new problems. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Our country’s socialism has only a few decades of practice and is still in the primary stage; the more the cause develops, the more new situations and new problems there will be”; “The new changes in domestic and international circumstances and the new requirements of practice urgently require us to deeply answer a series of major epochal questions concerning the development of the Party and the country and the Party’s governance of the country from the combination of theory and practice.” [13]13 The “primary stage” refers to the primary stage of socialism, the official designation for China’s current stage of development, which is understood as a long initial phase of building socialism. Adhering to the problem-oriented approach in the New Era, focusing on new problems encountered in practice, means basing oneself on the strategic overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the epochal orientation of changes unseen in a century, and scientifically answering the new problems that emerge in the process of the practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics. In October 2016, at the Second Plenary Session of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, [14]14 The 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection is the Party’s internal disciplinary body for the term of the 18th Central Committee (2012-2017). The Second Plenary Session of this commission was held in January 2013, not October 2016; the text likely refers to the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee (October 2016), where Xi Jinping also spoke. Xi Jinping, in response to the new characteristics of economic and social development after China’s economic development entered the new normal, [15]15 The “new normal” explicitly raised a series of major issues concerning the overall development of the country. For example, “How to solve the difficulties in development, make up for the shortcomings in development, and ensure the realization of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects on schedule? How to grasp the second centenary goal of China’s development and better design the development goals and paths after the completion of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects? How to promote the coordination, matching, and systematic integration of various reforms, and better advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity? How to deeply understand and grasp the laws of China’s development, and better advance the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan and the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy? How to implement the new development concept, promote the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, and better adapt to and lead the new normal of China’s economic development? How to adhere to the people-centered development philosophy and better ensure and improve people’s livelihoods? How to better advance the overall layout of diplomatic work, promote the building of a community with a shared future for mankind through win-win cooperation, and better create favorable external conditions for China’s development? How to better advance comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, and ensure the Party’s long-term governance and the country’s lasting peace and stability? And so on.” He emphasized, “Through extensive and in-depth investigation and research, we must concentrate the wisdom of the entire Party and society, strengthen theoretical thinking, strengthen policy planning,” and effectively “answer these questions.” In January 2021, in response to the new characteristics and changes of the new stage of China’s economic and social development, and focusing on implementing the new development concept, building a new development pattern, and promoting high-quality development, Xi Jinping pointed out at a seminar for principal leading cadres at the provincial and ministerial level to study the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee: [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC,” January 18, 2022. See *People’s Daily*, January 19, 2022. “China’s development has stood at a new historical starting point. We must, according to the new requirements of the new development stage, adhere to the problem-oriented approach, implement the new development concept more precisely, effectively solve the problem of unbalanced and inadequate development, and promote high-quality development.” He also listed some new problems that must be addressed to promote high-quality development in the new development stage, such as, “Self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology have become the basic capability determining China’s survival and development, and there are many ‘bottleneck’ problems”; “The gap between urban and rural regional development in China is relatively large, and how to solve this problem specifically requires in-depth research on many new issues, especially the differentiation and reorganization of regional plates, the acceleration of cross-regional population transfer, and the decline in farmers’ willingness to settle in cities, which need to be studied urgently and clear thinking developed”; “A high degree of consensus has been formed on accelerating the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development, but China’s energy system is highly dependent on coal and other fossil fuels, and the pressure on the production and living systems to transform to green and low-carbon is very high. The task of achieving the peak of carbon emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060 is extremely arduous”; and so on. In July 2024, in response to the new situation of China’s economic and social development and the new tasks proposed by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, [17]17 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Seventh Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC,” January 9, 2023. See *People’s Daily*, January 10, 2023. Xi Jinping, in the “Explanation on the ‘Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization’,” pointed out the major issues that must be solved to further promote high-quality development and better adapt to the changes in the principal contradiction in Chinese society. For example, “The market system is still not sound, market development is not yet sufficient, the relationship between the government and the market has not been fully straightened out, innovation capacity does not meet the requirements of high-quality development, the industrial system as a whole is large but not strong, comprehensive but not refined, the situation of key core technologies being controlled by others has not fundamentally changed, the agricultural foundation is still not solid, the gap between urban and rural regional development and income distribution is still large, and there are still shortcomings in people’s livelihood security and ecological environmental protection, and so on.”

问题是实践的呼唤，实践的不同发展阶段有不同的问题，新的发展实践中必然会遇到新的问题。习近平指出：“我国社会主义只有几十年实践、还处在初级阶段，事业越发展新情况新问题就越多”；“国内外形势新变化和实践新要求，迫切需要我们从理论和实践的结合上深入回答关系党和国家事业发展、党治国理政的一系列重大时代课题”。新时代坚持问题导向，聚焦实践遇到的新问题，就是要立足中华民族伟大复兴的战略全局和世界百年未有之大变局的时代方位，科学回答中国特色社会主义实践进程中出现的新问题。2016年 10月，习近平在党的十八届六中全会第二次全体会议上，针对当时我国经济发展进入新常态后经济社会发展的新特征，明确提出了一系列事关我国发展全局的重大问题。比如，“如何解决好发展中的难题、补上发展中的短板，确保如期实现全面建成小康社会奋斗目标？如何把握我国发展第二个百年奋斗目标，更好设计全面建成小康社会之后的发展目标和路径？如何推进各项改革协调配套、系统集成，更好推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化？如何深入认识和把握我国发展规律，更好推进‘五位一体’总体布局和‘四个全面’战略布局？如何落实新发展理念、推动实施创新驱动发展战略，更好适应和引领我国经济发展新常态？如何坚持好以人民为中心的发展思想，更好保障和改善民生？如何更好推进外交工作总体布局，在合作共赢中推动人类命运共同体建设，更好营造我国发展的良好外部条件？如何更好推进全面从严治党，确保党长期执政和国家长治久安？等等”。他强调，“要通过广泛深入的调查研究，集中全党全社会智慧，加强理论思考，加强政策谋划”，切实“回答好这些问题”。2021年 1月，针对我国经济社会发展新阶段的新特点新变化，围绕落实新发展理念、构建新发展格局、推动高质量发展，习近平在省部级主要领导干部学习贯彻党的十九届五中全会精神专题研讨班上指出：“我国发展已经站在新的历史起点上，要根据新发展阶段的新要求，坚持问题导向，更加精准地贯彻新发展理念，切实解决好发展不平衡不充分的问题，推动高质量发展。”他还列举了一些新发展阶段推动高质量发展必须着力解决的新问题，比如，“科技自立自强成为决定我国生存和发展的基础能力，存在诸多‘卡脖子’问题”；“我国城乡区域发展差距较大，而究竟怎样解决这个问题，有很多新的问题需要深入研究，尤其是区域板块分化重组、人口跨区域转移加快、农民落户城市意愿下降等问题要抓紧研究、明确思路”；“加快推动经济社会发展全面绿色转型已经形成高度共识，而我国能源体系高度依赖煤炭等化石能源，生产和生活体系向绿色低碳转型的压力都很大，实现二〇三〇年前碳排放达峰、二〇六〇年前碳中和的目标任务极其艰巨”；等等。2024年 7月，针对我国经济社会发展的新情况和党的二十届三中全会提出的新任务，习近平在《关于〈中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定〉的说明》中，指明了进一步推动高质量发展、更好适应我国社会主要矛盾变化必须解决的重大问题。比如，“市场体系仍不健全，市场发育还不充分，政府和市场的关系尚未完全理顺，创新能力不适应高质量发展要求，产业体系整体大而不强、全而不精，关键核心技术受制于人状况没有根本改变，农业基础还不稳固，城乡区域发展和收入分配差距仍然较大，民生保障、生态环境保护仍存短板，等等”。

(II) Deep-Seated Problems in Reform, Development, and Stability

（二）改革发展稳定存在的深层次问题

Since reform and opening up, our Party has always attached great importance to correctly handling the relationship between reform, development, and stability, especially insisting on promoting development with reform as the driving force and foundation, solving prominent contradictions and problems in the continuous deepening of reform, striving to promote continuous economic and social progress, and ensuring social stability and harmony. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, [18]18 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects,” Report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, October 16, 2022. See *People’s Daily*, October 26, 2022. “our Party has comprehensively deepened reform with tremendous political courage, highlighted the problem-oriented approach, dared to advance into deep water zones, dared to gnaw on hard bones, dared to wade through dangerous shoals, dared to face new contradictions and challenges, broke through ideological constraints, broke through solidified interest barriers, and resolutely eliminated institutional and mechanistic drawbacks in all aspects. Reform has progressed from partial exploration and breaking through ice to systematic integration and comprehensive deepening,” injecting inexhaustible impetus, laying a solid foundation, and providing important guarantees for development and stability.

改革开放以来，我们党始终高度重视正确处理改革发展稳定的关系，特别是坚持以改革为动力和基础推动发展，在不断深化改革中解决突出矛盾和问题，努力推动经济社会不断进步，确保社会安定和谐。党的十八大以来，“我们党以巨大的政治勇气全面深化改革，突出问题导向，敢于突进深水区，敢于啃硬骨头，敢于涉险滩，敢于面对新矛盾新挑战，冲破思想观念束缚，突破利益固化藩篱，坚决破除各方面体制机制弊端，改革由局部探索、破冰突围到系统集成、全面深化”，为发展和稳定注入了不竭动力，打下了坚实基础，提供了重要保障。

In the New Era, a distinctive feature of our Party’s adherence to comprehensively deepening reform and coordinating reform, development, and stability is its consistent focus on targeting deep-seated problems. This is because, after many years of reform, China has “entered a critical period and deep water zone, with various deep-seated contradictions and problems constantly emerging, and various risks and challenges continuously increasing.” The easy meat has been eaten, and what remains are hard bones that are difficult to gnaw. To better coordinate and advance reform, development, and stability, it is necessary to adhere to the problem-oriented approach and target these deep-seated contradictions and problems. Xi Jinping explicitly emphasized: “China’s reform, development, and stability face many deep-seated contradictions that cannot be avoided or bypassed,” and “we must muster greater courage and adopt more measures to eliminate deep-seated institutional and mechanistic obstacles, adhere to and improve the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.”

新时代我们党坚持全面深化改革、统筹改革发展稳定，一个鲜明特点是始终瞄准深层次问题发力。这是因为我国改革历经多年，已经“进入攻坚期和深水区、各种深层次矛盾和问题不断呈现、各类风险和挑战不断增多”，好吃的肉都吃掉了，剩下的都是难啃的硬骨头。更好统筹推进改革发展稳定，就必须坚持问题导向，瞄准这些深层次矛盾和问题。习近平明确强调：“我国改革发展稳定面临不少深层次矛盾躲不开、绕不过”，“必须拿出更大的勇气、更多的举措破除深层次体制机制障碍，坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化”。

In 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee “profoundly analyzed the major theoretical and practical problems facing China’s reform, development, and stability,” made an overall plan for comprehensively deepening reform, and explicitly set “improving and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity as the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform.” To achieve this goal, the plenary session launched 336 major reform measures. After more than five years of effort, by the time of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee in 2019, [19]19 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Second Plenary Session of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC,” January 9, 2023. See *People’s Daily*, January 10, 2023. significant results had been achieved in reforms in important fields and key links, and basic institutional systems in major fields had been basically formed, laying a solid foundation for advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. In October 2019, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, starting from the strategic needs of comprehensively building a modern socialist country, focused on the deep-seated problems existing in reform, development, and stability, and aimed at the overall goal of improving and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, made further arrangements for comprehensively deepening reform. Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee: “Reform and opening up in the New Era has many new connotations and characteristics, among which a very important point is that the weight of institutional building is greater, reform faces more deep-seated institutional and mechanistic problems, the requirements for top-level design of reform are higher, the requirements for the systematic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform are stronger, and correspondingly, the tasks of establishing rules and regulations and building systems are heavier. To plan comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era, we must take adhering to and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity as the main axis, deeply grasp the requirements of China’s development and the trends of the times, place institutional building and governance capacity building in a more prominent position, continue to deepen institutional and mechanistic reforms in all fields and aspects, promote the maturation and finalization of various systems, and advance the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity.”

2013年党的十八届三中全会“深刻剖析了我国改革发展稳定面临的重大理论和实践问题”，对全面深化改革作出总体部署，明确把“完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化作为全面深化改革的总目标”。为了实现这一目标，全会推出 336项重大改革举措。经过 5年多的努力，到 2019年党的十九届四中全会召开时，重要领域和关键环节改革成效显著，主要领域基础性制度体系基本形成，为推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化打下了坚实基础。2019年 10月，党的十九届四中全会从全面建设社会主义现代化国家的战略需要出发，聚焦改革发展稳定存在的深层次问题，着眼于完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化这一总目标，对全面深化改革作出进一步部署。习近平在党的十九届四中全会上深刻指出：“新时代改革开放具有许多新的内涵和特点，其中很重要的一点就是制度建设分量更重，改革更多面对的是深层次体制机制问题，对改革顶层设计的要求更高，对改革的系统性、整体性、协同性要求更强，相应地建章立制、构建体系的任务更重。新时代谋划全面深化改革，必须以坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化为主轴，深刻把握我国发展要求和时代潮流，把制度建设和治理能力建设摆到更加突出的位置，继续深化各领域各方面体制机制改革，推动各方面制度更加成熟更加定型，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。”

In 2024, the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC,” January 18, 2022. See *People’s Daily*, January 19, 2022. clarified the main directions of the “seven focal points” for further deepening reform comprehensively, namely: focusing on building a high-standard socialist market economy system, focusing on developing whole-process people’s democracy, focusing on building a socialist cultural power, focusing on improving the quality of life of the people, focusing on building a Beautiful China, focusing on building a higher-level Peaceful China, and focusing on improving the Party’s leadership level and long-term governance capacity. These “seven focal points” grasp the deep-seated contradictions and problems facing China’s reform, development, and stability after embarking on the new journey, and possess strong pertinence and guidance for resolving the institutional and mechanistic issues in related fields. They vividly embody the distinct orientation of Chinese Communists in the New Era of always adhering to a deep-seated problem-oriented approach to coordinate and advance reform, development, and stability.

2024年党的二十届三中全会明确了进一步全面深化改革“七个聚焦”的主攻方向，即：聚焦构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制、聚焦发展全过程人民民主、聚焦建设社会主义文化强国、聚焦提高人民生活品质、聚焦建设美丽中国、聚焦建设更高水平平安中国、聚焦提高党的领导水平和长期执政能力。这“七个聚焦”，抓住了迈上新征程后我国改革发展稳定面临的深层次矛盾和问题，对于解决相关领域的体制机制问题，具有很强的针对性、指导性，鲜明体现了新时代中国共产党人始终坚持以深层次问题为导向统筹推进改革发展稳定的鲜明指向。

(3) The People’s Urgent, Difficult, Anxious, and Eagerly Awaited Problems

（三）人民群众急难愁盼问题

Adhering to the problem-oriented approach concerns not only the orientation of thinking but also the orientation of values. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The people’s standpoint is the fundamental political standpoint of a Marxist political party. The people are the true driving force of historical progress, the masses are the true heroes, and the people’s interests are the fundamental starting point and ultimate goal of all our Party’s work.” The people’s standpoint fundamentally determines that the fundamental value orientation and distinctive trait of our Party’s adherence to the problem-oriented approach lie in seeking happiness for the people. Adhering to the problem-oriented approach requires listening to the people’s voices, responding to the people’s expectations, and especially solving the most direct and realistic interest issues that concern the masses most, using genuine and practical measures to resolve the urgent, difficult, anxious, and eagerly awaited problems that trouble the people. In this regard, Xi Jinping clearly stated: “We must grasp the most direct and realistic interest issues that concern the people most, continuously safeguard and improve people’s livelihoods, and promote social fairness and justice”; “We must start from the issues that the people generally pay attention to, strongly reflect on, and repeatedly encounter”; “We must identify the focal points and breakthroughs for reform from the urgent, difficult, anxious, and eagerly awaited problems of the common people, such as employment, income increase, school enrollment, medical treatment, housing, handling affairs, childcare and elderly care, as well as life and property safety. We should launch more reform measures that address urgent livelihood needs and align with the people’s aspirations, and do more practical things that benefit people’s livelihoods, warm people’s hearts, and conform to the people’s will, so that reform can give the people a greater sense of gain, happiness, and security.” These important expositions not only indicate that the value foundation of our Party’s adherence to the problem-oriented approach lies in putting the people first, but also clarify the specific connotations of adhering to the problem-oriented approach and focusing on the people’s urgent, difficult, anxious, and eagerly awaited problems in the New Era.

坚持问题导向不仅关涉思维导向，而且关涉价值导向。习近平指出：“人民立场是马克思主义政党的根本政治立场，人民是历史进步的真正动力，群众是真正的英雄，人民利益是我们党一切工作的根本出发点和落脚点。”人民立场从根本上决定了我们党坚持问题导向的根本价值指向和鲜明特质在于为人民谋幸福。坚持问题导向，就要倾听人民呼声、回应人民期待，特别是要解决好群众最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，用真招、实招解决困扰人民群众的急难愁盼问题。对此，习近平明确指出：要“抓住人民最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，不断保障和改善民生，促进社会公平正义”，“要从人民群众普遍关注、反映强烈、反复出现的问题出发”，“注重从就业、增收、入学、就医、住房、办事、托幼养老以及生命财产安全等老百姓急难愁盼中找准改革的发力点和突破口，多推出一些民生所急、民心所向的改革举措，多办一些惠民生、暖民心、顺民意的实事，使改革能够让人民群众有更多获得感、幸福感、安全感”。这些重要论述不仅指明了我们党坚持问题导向的价值底蕴在于人民至上，而且明确了新时代坚持问题导向、聚焦人民群众急难愁盼问题的具体内涵。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [17]17 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Seventh Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC,” January 9, 2023. See *People’s Daily*, January 10, 2023., the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has actively practiced the people-centered development philosophy, actively responded to the people’s demands in various aspects and multi-level needs, and especially grasped the people’s urgent, difficult, anxious, and eagerly awaited problems and issues concerning their immediate interests. It won the largest-scale battle against poverty in human history, vigorously promoted the construction of whole-process people’s democracy, accelerated the building of a socialist cultural power, promoted the establishment of the world’s largest social security system covering the largest population, and comprehensively advanced the construction of a Beautiful China, continuously enhancing the people’s sense of gain, happiness, and security in the economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological fields. On the new journey, adhering to the problem-oriented approach requires continuing to focus on and solve the people’s urgent, difficult, anxious, and eagerly awaited problems, “persisting in doing everything within our capacity, going deep into the masses and the grassroots, and adopting more measures that benefit people’s livelihoods and warm people’s hearts,” “improving the basic public service system, raising the level of public services, and enhancing their balance and accessibility, and solidly advancing common prosperity.” The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, “focusing on improving the quality of life of the people,” further put forward clear requirements such as perfecting the income distribution and employment systems, improving the social security system, enhancing the balance and accessibility of basic public services, and promoting more obvious substantive progress in the comprehensive development of individuals and common prosperity for all the people. These requirements embody the value orientation of our Party’s consistent adherence to the problem-oriented approach, focusing on the people’s urgent, difficult, anxious, and eagerly awaited problems to carry out reform and promote development, providing an action guide for continuously safeguarding and improving people’s livelihoods.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央积极践行以人民为中心的发展思想，积极回应人民各方面诉求和多层次需要，特别是抓住老百姓急难愁盼问题和切身利益问题，打赢了人类历史上规模最大的脱贫攻坚战，大力推进全过程人民民主建设，加快建设社会主义文化强国，推动建立了世界上规模最大、覆盖人口最多的社会保障体系，全面推进美丽中国建设，让人民群众在经济、政治、文化、社会、生态等领域的获得感、幸福感、安全感不断提升。新征程上，坚持问题导向，就要继续聚焦和解决好人民群众急难愁盼问题，“坚持尽力而为、量力而行，深入群众、深入基层，采取更多惠民生、暖民心举措”，“健全基本公共服务体系，提高公共服务水平，增强均衡性和可及性，扎实推进共同富裕”。党的二十届三中全会“聚焦提高人民生活品质”，进一步提出完善收入分配和就业制度，健全社会保障体系，增强基本公共服务均衡性和可及性，推动人的全面发展、全体人民共同富裕取得更为明显的实质性进展等明确要求。这些要求，体现了我们党始终坚持问题导向，聚焦人民群众急难愁盼问题抓改革、促发展的价值指向，为持续保障和改善民生提供了行动指南。

(4) Major Issues in the International and World Changes

（四）国际和世界变局中的重大问题

“The Communist Party of China is a party that seeks happiness for the Chinese people and rejuvenation for the Chinese nation, and it is also a party that seeks progress for humanity and harmony for the world.” This value pursuit determines that since its founding, our Party has always paid attention to the future and destiny of humanity with an international perspective and a global vision, actively responding to the common problems faced by humanity. Entering the New Era, the changes unseen in a century in the world are accelerating, and “changes in the world, changes in the times, and changes in history are unfolding in unprecedented ways.” Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out that the world is in a period of major development, major transformation, and major adjustment. World multipolarity, economic globalization, social informatization, and cultural diversification are developing in depth. The transformation of the global governance system and the international order is accelerating. The interconnection and interdependence of countries are deepening day by day. The balance of international forces is becoming more balanced, and the trend of peaceful development is irreversible. At the same time, the world faces prominent instability and uncertainty. The momentum of world economic growth is insufficient, the gap between rich and poor is becoming increasingly serious, regional hot-spot issues arise one after another, non-traditional security threats such as terrorism, cyber security, major infectious diseases, and climate change continue to spread, hegemonism and power politics still exist, protectionism and unilateralism are constantly on the rise, wars, terrorist attacks, famines, and epidemics appear alternately, and traditional and non-traditional security issues are complexly intertwined. To respond to international and world changes, conform to the development trend, and gain strategic initiative, Xi Jinping clearly demanded: We must “grasp the laws based on the major

“中国共产党是为中国人民谋幸福、为中华民族谋复兴的党，也是为人类谋进步、为世界谋大同的党。”这一价值追求决定了我们党自成立以来始终以国际视野和世界眼光关注人类前途命运，积极回应人类面临的共同问题。进入新时代，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，“世界之变、时代之变、历史之变正以前所未有的方式展开”。习近平深刻指出，世界正处于大发展大变革大调整时期，世界多极化、经济全球化、社会信息化、文化多样化深入发展，全球治理体系和国际秩序变革加速推进，各国相互联系和依存日益加深，国际力量对比更趋平衡，和平发展大势不可逆转。同时，世界面临的不稳定性不确定性突出，世界经济增长动能不足，贫富分化日益严重，地区热点问题此起彼伏，恐怖主义、网络安全、重大传染性疾病、气候变化等非传统安全威胁持续蔓延，霸权主义、强权政治依然存在，保护主义、单边主义不断抬头，战乱恐袭、饥荒疫情此伏彼现，传统安全和非传统安全问题复杂交织。为了应对国际和世界变局，顺应发展大势，赢得战略主动，习近平明确要求：我们要“立足国际秩序大变局来把握规律”，“洞察时代风云，把握时代大势，站在人类发展前沿，积极探索关系人类前途命运的重大问题，为应对当今世界的全球性挑战、解决人类面临的共性问题贡献中国智慧、中国方案”。

Facing the changes unseen in a century in the world and the transformation of the international order, Xi Jinping, based on China and with a global perspective, insists on closely linking China's future and destiny with that of the world. In response to major issues in human development and international changes, he has creatively put forward a series of Chinese concepts, Chinese propositions, and Chinese solutions with strategic foresight and strong appeal. Xi Jinping emphasizes: "China always adheres to the foreign policy purpose of maintaining world peace and promoting common development, and is committed to promoting the building of a community with a shared future for mankind." Xi Jinping has clearly proposed the concept of common values for all mankind, reflecting the common value pursuit of human society and conforming to the fundamental interests of the Chinese people and the people of the world. He has successively proposed the "three major initiatives" of the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative, [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC,” January 18, 2022. See *People’s Daily*, January 19, 2022. putting the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind into practice through concrete actions, and making important contributions to promoting the building of a fair and just new international order, solving global problems, and constructing a new form of human civilization. He actively promotes the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative, focusing on building an open, inclusive, mutually beneficial, and win-win cooperation platform. He firmly upholds multilateralism and improves global governance, promoting the development of the global governance system in a more just and reasonable direction, adding more positive energy to the cause of human peace and development. These new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies focus on major issues in the international and world changes, making significant contributions to human development and progress.

面对世界百年未有之大变局和国际秩序变革，习近平立足中国、放眼全球，坚持把中国的前途命运同世界的前途命运紧密联系在一起，针对人类发展和国际变局中的重大问题，创造性提出一系列具有战略前瞻性和强大号召力的中国理念、中国主张、中国方案。习近平强调：“中国始终坚持维护世界和平、促进共同发展的外交政策宗旨，致力于推动构建人类命运共同体。”习近平鲜明提出全人类共同价值概念，反映了人类社会共同价值追求，符合中国人民和世界人民的根本利益；先后提出全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议、全球文明倡议“三大倡议”，以实际行动践行人类命运共同体理念，为推动构建公平正义的国际新秩序、解决全球性问题、构建人类文明新形态作出重要贡献；积极推动“一带一路”建设，聚力打造开放包容、互利互惠、合作共赢的合作平台；坚定维护多边主义、完善全球治理，推动全球治理体系朝着更加公正合理的方向发展，为人类和平与发展事业增添更多正能量。这些新理念新思想新战略，聚焦国际和世界变局中的重大问题，为人类发展进步作出了重大贡献。

(5) Prominent issues in Party building

（五）党的建设面临的突出问题

The key to running China’s affairs well lies in the Party, and the key lies in comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. Xi Jinping pointed out: “We must, from the height of ensuring the Party’s long-term governance, the country’s enduring peace and stability, and the people’s happiness and well-being, regard comprehensive and strict governance of the Party as a long-term strategy and an eternal task of the Party, always adhere to the problem-oriented approach, maintain strategic resolve, carry forward the spirit of thorough self-revolution, forever sound the charge, and persistently uphold the strict tone, strict measures, and strict atmosphere.” [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC,” January 18, 2022. See *People’s Daily*, January 19, 2022. This important discourse not only indicates the fundamental path to preserving the Party’s advanced nature and purity in the New Era, but also clarifies that adhering to the problem-oriented approach is an important method for the Party to promote self

办好中国的事情，关键在党，关键在全面从严治党。习近平指出：“要站在事关党长期执政、国家长治久安、人民幸福安康的高度，把全面从严治党作为党的长期战略、永恒课题，始终坚持问题导向，保持战略定力，发扬彻底的自我革命精神，永远吹冲锋号，把严的基调、严的措施、严的氛围长期坚持下去”。这一重要论述既表明了新时代永葆党的先进性和纯洁性的根本路径，也明确了坚持问题导向是党推动自我革命的重要方法。习近平明确指出：“坚持自我革命精神，关键要有正视问题的自觉和刀刃向内的勇气”，“自我革命本身就是对着问题去的，讳疾忌医是自我革命的天敌。无论什么时候，问题总是客观存在的，怕就怕对问题熟视无睹，视而不见，结果小问题变成大问题，小管涌演变为大塌方”。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, in the face of fundamental issues concerning the Party’s long-term governance, such as the weakening, dilution, and marginalization of Party leadership, and the once lax and soft approach to Party governance, the Party Central Committee with

党的十八大以来，面对党的领导弱化、虚化、淡化，管党治党一度宽松软等事关党长期执政的根本性问题，以习近平同志为核心的党中央把全面从严治党纳入“四个全面”战略布局，从制定和落实中央八项规定开局破题，提出和落实新时代党的建设总要求，持之以恒正风肃纪，以钉钉子精神纠治“四风”，开展史无前例的反腐败斗争，刹住了一些长期没有刹住的歪风，纠治了一些多年未除的顽瘴痼疾，确保党永远不变质、不变色、不变味。经过一段时间围绕问题来破题的实践探索，我们党对长期执政的马克思主义政党自身建设的规律性认识达到了新高度，创造性地找到了自我革命这一跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率的“第二个答案”。

Xi Jinping points out: “Comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is always on the way.” [16]16 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC,” January 18, 2022. See *People’s Daily*, January 19, 2022. The more the cause of the Party and the state advances and develops, the more new situations and new problems will emerge, and the more tests, risks, and challenges the governance of the Party will face. From the actual situation of the Party’s self-building, “there are still some aspects that are not aligned or adapted, and some problems that weaken the Party’s advanced nature and impair its purity are highly dangerous and destructive. In particular, some problems in Party conduct and clean governance are recurrent and stubborn; if we are not careful, they will rebound and undo all our previous achievements.” [17]17 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Seventh Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC,” January 9, 2023. See *People’s Daily*, January 10, 2023. In response, Xi Jinping explicitly demands: “We must never slacken our efforts or give in to fatigue or war-weariness. We must unswervingly advance comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, deeply promote the great new project of Party building in the New Era, and use the Party’s self-revolution to lead the social revolution.” [18]18 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects,” Report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC, October 16, 2022. See *People’s Daily*, October 26, 2022. This requires us to consciously apply the method of adhering to the problem-oriented approach, “always maintain the sobriety and determination to solve the unique problems of a large Party, and carry the Party’s great self-revolution through to the end.” [19]19 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Second Plenary Session of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC,” January 9, 2023. See *People’s Daily*, January 10, 2023.

习近平指出：“全面从严治党永远在路上。”党和国家事业越前进、越发展，新情况新问题就会越多，管党治党面临的考验、风险和挑战就会越多。从党自身建设的实际来看，“还存在一些不匹配、不适应的地方，一些弱化党的先进性、损害党的纯洁性的问题具有很大的危险性和破坏性，特别是党风廉政上的一些问题具有反复性和顽固性，稍不注意就会反弹回潮、前功尽弃”。对此，习近平明确要求：“决不能有松劲歇脚、疲劳厌战的情绪，必须持之以恒推进全面从严治党，深入推进新时代党的建设新的伟大工程，以党的自我革命引领社会革命。”这就要求我们要自觉用好坚持问题导向这个方法，“时刻保持解决大党独有难题的清醒和坚定，把党的伟大自我革命进行到底”。

Basic Requirements for Adhering to the Problem-Oriented Approach

坚持问题导向的基本要求

On the new journey of building a strong country and achieving national rejuvenation, to truly open up new prospects for the development of our cause by adhering to the problem-oriented approach, we need to focus on grasping the following basic requirements.

在强国建设、民族复兴的新征程上，我们要切实做到在坚持问题导向中不断开创事业发展新局面，需要着重把握好以下基本要求。

(I) Continuously Enhance Problem Awareness and Elevate the Ideological Consciousness of Adhering to the Problem-Oriented Approach

（一）不断增强问题意识，提升坚持问题导向的思想自觉

Adhering to the problem-oriented approach first requires cultivating a strong problem awareness and continuously enhancing the ideological consciousness of adhering to the problem-oriented approach. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has emphasized on multiple occasions that “society is always developing, and new situations and new problems emerge endlessly,” and that Party members and cadres must “constantly strengthen problem awareness and actively face and resolve the contradictions encountered in progress.” [20]20 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Seminar for Provincial and Ministerial-Level Leading Cadres on Studying and Implementing the Spirit of the 20th National Congress of the CPC,” February 7, 2023. See *People’s Daily*, February 8, 2023. Problem awareness, behind it, reflects the ability to think and requires support from comprehensive qualities in many aspects. For example, one must have a strong sense of political responsibility and historical mission to “face contradictions and problems head-on without evasion, eradicate deep-seated ills without hesitation, and respond to risks and challenges without flinching”; one must be good at bending down to conduct solid investigation and research to “truly clarify the situation, accurately identify the problems, and put forward practical countermeasures”; one must pool wisdom and widely listen to opinions to “truly identify the problems, dig deep into the roots, and clarify the direction of effort and improvement measures”; and so on. Without these abilities and qualities, one will turn a blind eye to problems, fail to perceive their existence, or be unable to correctly understand and analyze them, or even deliberately evade, deny, or cover up problems.

坚持问题导向首先要培养强烈的问题意识，不断增强坚持问题导向的思想自觉。党的十八大以来，习近平在多个场合强调，“社会总是在发展的，新情况新问题总是层出不穷的”，党员干部要“不断强化问题意识，积极面对和化解前进中遇到的矛盾”。问题意识，背后反映的是思维能力，需要多方面的综合素养作支撑。比如，要有强烈的政治责任感和历史使命感，才能“直面矛盾问题不回避，铲除顽瘴痼疾不含糊，应对风险挑战不退缩”；要善于俯身做扎实的调查研究，才能“真正把情况摸清、把问题找准、把对策提实”；要集思广益、广泛听取意见，才能“把问题找实、把根源挖深，明确努力方向和改进措施”；等等。如果不具备这些能力素养，就会对问题视而不见或意识不到问题的存在或无法正确认识和分析问题，甚至有意逃避问题、抹杀问题、掩盖问题。

Regarding how to enhance problem awareness, Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized the importance of raising one’s standpoint and broadening one’s perspective. He points out that one should be good at “thinking about and grasping some major theoretical and practical issues from a broad perspective that connects history and reality, links domestic and international contexts, and combines theory and practice,” [21]21 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Conference Celebrating the 95th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China,” July 1, 2016. See *People’s Daily*, July 2, 2016. continuously enhancing the acuteness of discovering problems and the profundity of analyzing problems. Specifically, adhering to the connection between history and reality means being good at using historical thinking, drawing wisdom and summarizing lessons from history, to provide reference and inspiration for discovering and predicting problems; adhering to the linkage between domestic and international contexts means keeping in mind the “two overall situations,” [22]22 “Two overall situations” refers to the overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the overall situation of changes unseen in a century in the world. being good at looking far and wide, and grasping and analyzing problems within the broad vision of both domestic and international arenas; adhering to the combination of theory and practice means being good at sifting out false problems and discovering real problems through the connection and comparison of theory and practice, scientifically grasping the nature, positioning, degree, and trends of problems, and thereby finding the correct methods to solve them.

对于如何增强问题意识，习近平多次强调提高站位和视野的重要性。他指出，要善于“从历史和现实相贯通、国际和国内相关联、理论和实际相结合的宽广视角，对一些重大理论和实践问题进行思考和把握”，不断增强发现问题的敏锐性、分析问题的深刻性。具体来说，坚持历史和现实相贯通，就是要善于运用历史思维，从历史中汲取智慧、总结经验教训，为发现问题、预知预判问题提供借鉴启示；坚持国际和国内相关联，就是要胸怀“两个大局”，善于登高望远，在国际国内大视野中把握和分析问题；坚持理论和实际相结合，就是要善于在理论和实际的联系对比中筛除假问题、发现真问题，科学把握问题的性质、定位、程度、趋势等，进而找到解决问题的正确方法。

(II) Adhere to the Systems Concept to Provide Effective Methodological Support for the Problem-Oriented Approach

（二）坚持系统观念，为坚持问题导向提供有效方法支撑

Among the “Six Musts,” [23]23 “Six Musts” refers to the six requirements for adhering to and developing Marxism in the New Era, as proposed in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC: must adhere to the people-centered development philosophy, must adhere to self-confidence and self-reliance, must adhere to upholding integrity and innovation, must adhere to the problem-oriented approach, must adhere to the systems concept, and must adhere to a global vision. adhering to the problem-oriented approach and adhering to the systems concept are closely linked and internally connected. Adhering to the systems concept can provide important thinking methods for adhering to the problem-oriented approach, scientifically analyzing and solving problems, enabling us to grasp the laws of development of things as a whole, thereby formulating reasonable solutions and achieving scientific decision-making and effective governance.

在“六个必须坚持”中，坚持问题导向和坚持系统观念联系紧密，内在贯通。坚持系统观念，可以为坚持问题导向，科学分析和解决问题提供重要的思维方法，使我们能够从整体上把握事物的发展规律，从而制定出合理的解决方案，实现科学决策和有效治理。

Adhering to the systems concept requires that “we must be good at seeing reality through history and grasping the essence through phenomena,” [24]24 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Conference Celebrating the 95th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China,” July 1, 2016. See *People’s Daily*, July 2, 2016. which helps us seize the crux and essence of problems when adhering to the problem-oriented approach. Xi Jinping points out that one should be good at “grasping the regularity of things from complex problems, discerning the trends of things from incipient problems, and recognizing the inevitability of things from accidental problems.” [25]25 Xi Only by seeing the essence through phenomena can we avoid being misled by superficial appearances, seize the fundamental aspect of problems, accurately identify false problems, and precisely locate real problems. For example, Xi Jinping emphasizes that “we must be good at analyzing and solving problems from a political perspective,” because “only by analyzing problems from a political perspective can we see the essence clearly, and only by solving problems from a political perspective can we grasp the fundamentals.” [26]26 A Chinese idiom meaning to treat symptoms rather than root causes, or to adopt a piecemeal approach.

坚持系统观念要求“我们要善于通过历史看现实、透过现象看本质”，这就有助于我们在坚持问题导向时抓住问题的症结和本质。习近平指出，要“善于从繁杂问题中把握事物的规律性、从苗头问题中发现事物的趋势性、从偶然问题中认识事物的必然性”。只有透过现象看本质，才能不被表面现象所迷惑，抓住问题的根本所在，才能准确识别伪问题，精准定位真问题。比如，习近平强调“要善于从政治上分析问题、解决问题”，就是因为“只有从政治上分析问题才能看清本质，只有从政治上解决问题才能抓住根本”。

Adhering to the systems concept requires “observing things with a universally connected, comprehensive and systematic, developmental and changing perspective,” which provides an important method for adhering to the problem-oriented approach, accurately grasping the root causes and development trends of problems, and thereby finding effective ways to solve them. In reality, problems are often complex and intertwined, and contradictions are multiple and interwoven. Solving problems cannot be like “treating the head when the head aches, treating the foot when the foot hurts” [26]26 A Chinese idiom meaning to treat symptoms rather than root causes, or to adopt a piecemeal approach.; one must possess systematic thinking and a holistic perspective, achieving forward-looking thinking, overall planning, and integrated advancement. For example, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC [27]27 Held in 2012, the 18th National Congress marked the beginning of Xi Jinping’s leadership and the launch of the New Era., regarding the construction of an ecological civilization, Xi Jinping has clearly emphasized: “We must seek a new way of governance from the perspective of systems engineering and the overall situation, and can no longer treat the head when the head aches, treat the foot when the foot hurts, each tending to its own patch and hindering one another. Instead, we must make overall plans, take comprehensive measures, adopt multiple approaches simultaneously, and carry out ecological civilization construction in an all-round, all-region, and whole-process manner.” Making overall plans does not mean applying equal force everywhere, but rather grasping and solving key problems and principal contradictions. In 2020, when discussing the promotion of high-quality development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Xi Jinping emphasized: “We must start from the integrity of the ecosystem and the systematic nature of the river basin, trace the source, and carry out systematic treatment, preventing the approach of treating the head when the head aches, treating the foot when the foot hurts. We must identify the root causes of problems and systematically carry out ecological environment restoration and protection from the source,” and “we must conduct in-depth research on the hot, difficult, and painful issues currently constraining the development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, get a clear picture of the real situation, identify the crux of the problems, and propose countermeasures.” For law-based governance in all respects, Xi Jinping similarly emphasized the need to “adhere to a problem-oriented and goal-oriented approach, establish dialectical thinking and a holistic perspective, and systematically study, plan, and resolve the prominent issues strongly reflected by the people in the field of the rule of law.” It can be seen that only by adhering to the systems concept can we identify the root causes of problems, find effective ideas and methods for solving them, and form a long-term mechanism for problem-solving.

坚持系统观念要求“用普遍联系的、全面系统的、发展变化的观点观察事物”，这就为坚持问题导向，准确把握问题的产生根源、发展趋势进而找到解决问题的有效办法提供了重要方法。现实中，问题往往是纷繁复杂的，矛盾是多重交织的。解决问题不能头痛医头、脚痛医脚，必须拥有系统思维、全局观念，做到前瞻性思考、全局性谋划、整体性推进。比如，党的十八大以来，对于生态文明建设，习近平明确强调：“要从系统工程和全局角度寻求新的治理之道，不能再是头痛医头、脚痛医脚，各管一摊、相互掣肘，而必须统筹兼顾、整体施策、多措并举，全方位、全地域、全过程开展生态文明建设。”统筹兼顾不是平均用力，而是要抓住和解决关键问题、主要矛盾。2020年，在谈到推动长江经济带高质量发展时，习近平强调：“要从生态系统整体性和流域系统性出发，追根溯源、系统治疗，防止头痛医头、脚痛医脚。要找出问题根源，从源头上系统开展生态环境修复和保护”，“要围绕当前制约长江经济带发展的热点、难点、痛点问题开展深入研究，摸清真实情况，找准问题症结，提出应对之策”。对于全面依法治国，习近平同样强调，要“坚持问题导向、目标导向，树立辩证思维和全局观念，系统研究谋划和解决法治领域人民群众反映强烈的突出问题”。可见，只有坚持系统观念，才能找准问题根源，找到解决问题的有效思路和方法，才能形成解决问题的长效机制。

(III) Adhering to the Unity of the Problem-Oriented Approach and the Goal-Oriented Approach, Effectively Solving Problems

（三）坚持问题导向和目标导向相统一，切实有效地解决问题

“Goals are the direction of struggle; problems are the voice of the times.” Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized the need to properly handle the relationship between goal guidance and the problem-oriented approach, promoting the formation of methods and pathways for solving problems in their dialectical unity. In 2018, in his speech at the conference celebrating the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up, he emphasized that “adhering to the unity of the problem-oriented approach and the goal-oriented approach” is an important methodology for our Party to correctly handle the relationship between reform, development, and stability in the practice of reform and opening up; at the end of 2019, at the Central Economic Work Conference, he emphasized adhering to the problem-oriented approach, the goal-oriented approach, and the results-oriented approach; in 2020, in his speeches at the Seventh Meeting of the Central Committee for Financial and Economic Affairs, the Second Plenary Session of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC [28]28 The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, held in October 2020, adopted proposals for the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) and long-range objectives through 2035., the Symposium on Solidly Promoting the Integrated Development of the Yangtze River Delta, the Central Conference on Work Related to Law-Based Governance in All Respects, and the 21st Collective Study Session of the Political Bureau of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC, he repeatedly emphasized “adhering to the problem-oriented approach and the goal-oriented approach” and “adhering to the unity of the goal-oriented approach and the problem-oriented approach”; on May 23, 2024, when presiding over a symposium of enterprises and experts, Xi Jinping emphasized: “To further deepen reform comprehensively, we must anchor the overall goal of improving and developing the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, closely follow the promotion of Chinese-path modernization, adhere to the combination of the goal-oriented approach and the problem-oriented approach, go after problems, and focus on solving them.”

“目标是奋斗方向，问题是时代声音。”党的十八大以来，习近平多次强调，要处理好目标引领和问题导向的关系，在二者的辩证统一中推动形成解决问题的方法路径。2018年，在庆祝改革开放 40周年大会上的讲话中，他强调“坚持问题导向和目标导向相统一”是我们党改革开放实践中正确处理改革发展稳定关系的重要方法论；2019年底，在中央经济工作会议上，他强调要坚持问题导向、目标导向、结果导向；2020年，在中央财经委员会第七次会议、党的十九届五中全会第二次全体会议、扎实推进长三角一体化发展座谈会、中央全面依法治国工作会议、十九届中央政治局第二十一次集体学习时的讲话中，他反复强调“要坚持问题导向和目标导向”，“坚持目标导向、问题导向相统一”；2024年 5月 23日，习近平在主持召开企业和专家座谈会时强调：“进一步全面深化改革，要锚定完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化这个总目标，紧扣推进中国式现代化，坚持目标导向和问题导向相结合，奔着问题去、盯着问题改。”

Adhering to goal guidance and the problem-oriented approach complement and promote each other. Goal guidance provides macro-level guiding ideology and the direction, impetus, and framework for moving forward to solve problems, while the problem-oriented approach concretizes the strategies and methods of goal guidance in practice, advancing the realization of goals by identifying, analyzing, and solving practical problems encountered. For example, for further deepening reform comprehensively, adhering to the combination of the goal-oriented approach and the problem-oriented approach requires that “we must both take goals as the focus, work hard on overall planning and top-level design to enhance the sense of direction and planning, and take problems as the focal point, continuously exert effort on shoring up weaknesses and strengthening areas of weakness to enhance precision and effectiveness. We must aim at problems, tackle problems, use precise guidance and targeted force, and continue until the problems are completely resolved.”

坚持目标引领和问题导向二者相辅相成、相互促进。目标引领为解决问题提供了宏观的指导思想和前进的方向、动力与框架，而问题导向则在实践中将目标引领的策略和方法具体化，通过识别、分析和解决实际遇到的问题来推进目标的实现。比如，对于进一步全面深化改革，坚持目标导向和问题导向相结合，就必须“既要以目标为着眼点，在统筹谋划、顶层设计上下功夫，以增强方向感、计划性；又要以问题为着力点，在补短板、强弱项上持续用力，以增强精准性、实效性。要瞄着问题去、对着问题改，精确制导、精准发力，直到问题彻底解决为止”。

“Problems are the voice of the times.” Adhering to the problem-oriented approach is not only a distinctive feature and clear requirement of Marxism but also a summary of our Party’s experience in promoting theoretical innovation and practical development. On the new journey [29]29 “New journey” refers to the period of building a modern socialist China in all respects, beginning with the 20th National Congress of the CPC in 2022., we must comprehensively implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, focus on the practical problems of further deepening reform comprehensively and promoting Chinese-path modernization, profoundly answer the questions posed by China, the world, the people, and the times, continue to adapt Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, continue to advance the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and provide methodological support and motivational impetus for building China into a great modern socialist country in all respects and achieving the Second Centenary Goal [30]30 The Second Centenary Goal is the goal of building China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious, and beautiful by the middle of the 21st century, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China..

“问题是时代的声音”。坚持问题导向，既是马克思主义的鲜明特点和明确要求，又是我们党推进理论创新和实践发展的经验总结。新征程上，我们必须全面贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，聚焦进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的实际问题，深刻回答中国之问、世界之问、人民之问、时代之问，继续推进马克思主义中国化时代化，继续推进中国特色社会主义伟大实践，为全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标提供方法支撑和动力支持。

Authors: Xu Hengbing, Professor at the Political College of the National Defense University, Distinguished Researcher at the Research Center for Adapting Marxism to the Chinese Context, Nanjing Academy of Social Sciences; Xu Di, Associate Professor at the Political College of the National Defense University

作者：许恒兵，国防大学政治学院教授，南京市社会科学院马克思主义中国化研究中心特聘研究员；许迪，国防大学政治学院副教授

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心