On Deng Xiaoping’s Lofty Ideals and Conduct as Seen from *The Collected Works of Deng Xiaoping (1925–1949)*

To commemorate the 120th anniversary of the birth of Comrade Deng Xiaoping, with the approval of the Party Central Committee, the Institute of Party History and Literature of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China has selected and compiled important manuscripts of Deng Xiaoping from the mid-1920s to the eve of the founding of New China into *The Collected Works of Deng Xiaoping (1925–1949)* (hereinafter referred to as the *Collected Works*), in three volumes, officially published and distributed by the People’s Publishing House in August 2024. The *Collected Works* includes a total of 207 manuscripts, comprising speeches, reports, talks, articles, telegrams, orders, letters, inscriptions, and the like, most of which are published for the first time. The *Collected Works* is rich in content, with precious historical materials, covering a very wide range of aspects, including politics, military affairs, culture, finance and economics, base area construction, Party building, and many other fields. It is a valuable record of Deng Xiaoping’s revolutionary activities and the formation and development of his thought during the New Democratic Revolution period, providing an extremely valuable and authoritative version of historical materials. It is an important basic collection of historical documents for research work on Party history and literature, and a significant supplement to the *Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping*. Its publication is of great significance for gaining a deeper understanding of Deng Xiaoping’s glorious achievements and spiritual conduct, for deeply studying and researching Deng Xiaoping’s thought and life, and for deeply studying and researching the Party’s history. Reading and studying the *Collected Works* allows for a clearer and deeper understanding of Deng Xiaoping’s lofty ideals and conduct. This article intends to combine relevant content from the *Collected Works* to interpret and analyze this from three prominent aspects.

为纪念邓小平同志诞辰120周年，经中共中央批准，中共中央党史和文献研究院将邓小平 20世纪 20年代中期至新中国成立前的重要文稿，选编成《邓小平文集（1925—1949年）》（以下简称《文集》），分上中下三卷，由人民出版社于 2024年 8月正式出版发行。《文集》编入的文稿共 207篇，包括讲话、报告、谈话、文章、电报、命令、书信、题词等，大部分是第一次公开发表。《文集》内容丰富，史料珍贵，涵盖面非常广泛，涉及政治、军事、文化、财经、根据地建设、党的建设等许多方面，是邓小平在新民主主义革命时期革命活动和思想形成发展的宝贵记录，提供了极为宝贵和权威的史料版本，是从事党史文献研究工作重要的基本历史文献集，是对《邓小平文选》的重要补充。它的出版，对于深入了解邓小平的光辉业绩和精神风范、深入学习和研究邓小平的思想生平、深入学习和研究党的历史具有重要意义。阅读学习《文集》，可以对邓小平的崇高思想风范有更为清晰深刻的认识。本文拟结合《文集》的相关内容，从三个突出方面就此进行一些解读和分析。

I. Firm Conviction: Deng Xiaoping’s Most Distinctive Political Character

一、信念坚定，是邓小平最鲜明的政治品格

Xi Jinping pointed

习近平指出：“信念坚定，是邓小平同志一生最鲜明的政治品格，也永远是中国共产党人应该挺起的精神脊梁。”“他一生的奋斗历程，充分展现了对共产主义远大理想和中国特色社会主义信念无比坚定的崇高品格”。邓小平早年在法国勤工俭学时接受马克思主义，成为一名坚定的共产主义战士。20世纪 90年代，曾和邓小平同在法国留学的郑超麟在接受笔者采访时回忆，当时他已参加在法国的早期中共组织，而那时的邓小平爱说爱笑、生活浪漫，因此他对邓小平还有戒心，曾提醒一起活动的其他同志要注意这个年轻人。但后来的事实证明，邓小平自从接受了马克思主义并加入革命队伍，就成为一名坚定的共产主义者，一辈子没有动摇和改变过。《文集》中的不少内容，对此有充分体现。

For example, the *Collected Works* publishes in full for the first time Deng Xiaoping’s “My Autobiography,” written in January 1926 while he was studying at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow. [1]1 The Three Main Rules of Discipline and the Eight Points for Attention were basic rules of conduct for the People’s Liberation Army, originally formulated by Mao Zedong during the Chinese Civil War. The Three Rules were: obey orders in all your actions; do not take a single needle or piece of thread from the masses; turn in everything captured. The Eight Points included: speak politely; pay fairly for what you buy; return everything you borrow; pay for anything you damage; do not hit or swear at people; do not damage crops; do not take liberties with women; do not ill-treat captives. In it he writes: “My aspiration in coming to Russia was especially to receive the training of iron discipline and the baptism of communism, so that my thoughts and actions would become consistently communized.” “When I came to Moscow, I had already made up my mind to give my body more resolutely to our Party and to our own class. From now on, I am willing to absolutely accept the Party’s training, obey the Party’s command, and always fight for the interests of the proletariat!” The *Collected Works* also publishes for the first time, under the title “I Have Always Been Fairly Communist,” relevant content from a resume form Deng filled out during his studies, which includes this sentence: “I have never been infiltrated by any other ideas; I have always been fairly communist.” Between the lines, this vividly expresses his firm ideals and convictions.

比如，《文集》第一次全文公开发表了邓小平 1926年 1月在莫斯科中山大学学习时所写的《我的自传》。其中写道：“我来俄的志愿，尤其是要来受铁的纪律的训练、共产主义的洗礼，使我的思想行动都成为一贯的共产主义化。”“我来莫的时候，便已打定主意，更坚决地把我的身子交给我们的党，交给本阶级。从此以后，我愿意绝对地受党的训练，听党的指挥，始终为无产阶级的利益而争斗！”《文集》还以《我一直就是相当共产主义的》为题，首次发表了邓小平学习期间填写的履历表的有关内容，其中有这样一句话：“我从来就未受过其他思想的浸入，一直就是相当共产主义的。”字里行间鲜明表达了他的坚定理想信念。

Ever since becoming a professional proletarian revolutionary, Deng Xiaoping “was confident that he had never been the least bit remiss in his work for the organization.” During the arduous years of the revolutionary war, no matter how harsh the struggle environment or what hardships and setbacks he encountered, Deng Xiaoping’s ideals and convictions not only never wavered but, with the continuous enrichment of his revolutionary life experience, became even firmer and more mature.

自从成为一名职业无产阶级革命家，邓小平“自信对团体的工作是未尝稍怠的”。在艰苦卓绝的革命战争年代，无论斗争环境多么恶劣，无论遇到什么样的磨难和挫折，邓小平的理想信念不仅没有丝毫动摇，而且随着他革命人生经历的不断丰富更加坚定、更加成熟。

Deng Xiaoping not only adhered to communist ideals and convictions himself but also paid special attention to cultivating and educating the ideals and convictions of Party members and the revolutionary ranks. For example, in the article “On the Current Situation and the Reorganization of the Red Army,” facing the new situation of the outbreak of the all-out War of Resistance Against Japan and the impending reorganization of the Red Army into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army, Deng Xiaoping clearly proposed: “We must conduct education on Marxism-Leninism and national integrity among the troops,” and “Each regiment should have a new textbook, producing readers for soldiers and anti-Japanese servicemen.” In June 1943, when giving a report to cadres of the Taihang Sub-bureau and the 129th Division of the Eighth Route Army, Deng Xiaoping said: “Some might ask, why do you believe in Marxism? Because Marxism is a science, and science has no national boundaries. The treasure house of Marxism-Leninism contains things from all over the world, and we in China have also added no small amount of content. Natural sciences like algebra and geometry from other countries are likewise without national boundaries; people of all countries can learn and apply them. Naturally, there is nothing strange about Chinese Communists believing in Marxism-Leninism. We Chinese Communists were, are, and will forever be Marxists-Leninists.” In September 1949, in his report “On Loyalty and Honesty” delivered at a conference of branch secretaries and Party-member cadres at or above the platoon level convened by the Nanjing Municipal Party Committee, Deng Xiaoping even more prominently emphasized the issue of ideals and convictions. He pointed out: “Every Communist Party member must hold such a conviction and such a determination from the very first day of joining the Party. The motive for joining the Party should be to embrace a very high enthusiasm, to abandon everything, to struggle for the revolution and for communism, and to do good deeds for the people.” Subsequently, in a report to the Southwest Service Corps, he pointed out: “Youth are our future; the revolution depends on the younger generation to complete the unfinished cause.” “Only when the proletarian party arms youth with revolutionary ideas can youth achieve liberation in thought.” “The responsibility of leadership is to educate youth.”

邓小平不但自己坚守共产主义理想信念，而且特别注重党员和革命队伍理想信念的培养和教育。比如，在《关于时局和红军改编问题》一文中，面对全民族抗战爆发和红军即将改编为国民革命军第八路军的新形势，邓小平鲜明地提出：“要对部队进行马列和民族气节的教育”，“每团要有一个新教材，出战士和抗日军人读本”。1943年 6月，邓小平在给太行分局和八路军第 129师干部作报告时说：“有人会说，你为什么信马克思主义呢？因为马克思主义是科学，科学是没有国界的。马列主义的宝库中，包含了世界各国的东西，我们中国也添加了不少的内容。他国代数几何等自然科学，一样都是没有国界，各国人都可学习应用的，自然中国共产党人信仰马列主义没有什么奇怪的。我们中国共产党人过去是，今后还永远是马列主义者。”1949年 9月，邓小平在中共南京市委召开的支部书记及排以上干部党员大会上所作的报告《论忠诚与老实》，更是突出强调理想信念问题。他指出：“每个共产党员从入党的第一天起就必须抱着这样的信念、这样的决心。入党的动机应该是抱着很高的热诚，抛弃一切，为革命、为共产主义而奋斗，为人民办好事。”他随后在给西南服务团所作的报告中指出：“青年是我们的未来，革命要靠年轻的一代去完成那未完成的事业”。“只有无产阶级的政党用革命的思想去武装青年，才使青年从思想上获得解放。”“领导的责任是教育青年。”

These discussions in the *Collected Works* fully demonstrate that it was precisely because of his firm ideals and convictions that Deng Xiaoping could devote himself so wholeheartedly to the cause he had identified and grow into a great Marxist and a great proletarian revolutionary. From the Baise Uprising to the bloody struggle in Taihang, from the advance into the Central Plains to the decisive Battle of Huaihai, from leading the crossing of the Yangtze River to sweeping through the Southwest, the core of Deng Xiaoping’s worldview, outlook on life, and values was the communist ideal and conviction.

《文集》中的这些论述充分说明，正是有了坚定的理想信念，邓小平才能那样全身心地投入他所认定的事业，并成长为伟大的马克思主义者、伟大的无产阶级革命家。从百色起义到浴血太行，从挺进中原到决战淮海，从领导渡江到挥戈西南，邓小平世界观人生观价值观的核心，就是共产主义理想信念。

II. Seeking Truth from Facts Was Deng Xiaoping’s Most Important Ideological Characteristic and Working Method

二、实事求是，是邓小平最重要的思想特点和工作方法

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Seeking truth from facts was the most important ideological characteristic of Comrade Deng Xiaoping’s life, and it will forever be the thinking method that Chinese Communists should follow.” Deng Xiaoping was a model in implementing our Party’s ideological line of seeking truth from facts. For Deng Xiaoping, seeking truth from facts was not only an ideological style and a work style but also a genuine spirit of dealing with the world, the source of his extraordinary wisdom. This spiritual style is reflected in many places in the *Collected Works*.

习近平指出：“实事求是，是邓小平同志一生最重要的思想特点，也永远是中国共产党人应该遵循的思想方法。”邓小平是贯彻我们党实事求是思想路线的楷模。对邓小平而言，实事求是不仅是一种思想作风和工作作风，而且是一种实实在在的处世精神，是他具有非凡智慧的源头活水。这一精神风范，在《文集》中有多处体现。

No matter how his environment or position changed, Deng Xiaoping was always good at proceeding from reality, integrating the decisions and directives of the Party Central Committee with the actual conditions of his own region, and putting forward policies and strategies for implementation that sought truth from facts. He pointed out: “Our confidence is built on our having a brilliant Central Committee and the leadership of Comrade Mao Zedong. But more importantly, it is how we concretize the Central Committee’s line. If we treat the Central Committee’s line as dogma, fail to understand its spirit and essence, and cannot flexibly apply the Central Committee’s directives to the specific environment, then our confidence will become hollow, and even if we work hard, we will achieve nothing.” In his “Report at the Senior Cadres’ Conference of the Taihang Sub-bureau,” he specifically criticized “the lack of a spirit of hard work that seeks truth from facts in work style, looking upward, despising lower-level work, being unwilling to go into practical work to get close to the masses, substituting oneself for others’ work, and being satisfied with superficial phenomena.” He emphasized: “The conduct of the rectification movement must pay attention to combining with various practical tasks of the current struggle, and must even more focus on combining with the current construction of democratic politics and the mass movement. Because only by actually participating in these struggles can we connect our theoretical study from books with practical work, enrich its living content, and examine and verify from practical work whether our theoretical study from books is correct.”

不论环境和职务如何变迁，邓小平总是善于从实际出发，把党中央的决定和指示同本地区的实际情况结合起来，实事求是地提出贯彻执行的政策和策略。他指出：“我们的信心建筑在我们有英明的中央和毛泽东同志的领导。但更重要的是我们如何将中央的路线具体化。我们如果把中央的路线当作教条，不了解它的精神与实质，不能灵活运用中央指示于具体环境，则我们的信心也将会成为空洞的，即使努力也将是一无所成。”《在太行分局高级干部会议上的报告》一文中，他特别批评了“在工作作风上，缺乏实事求是的苦干精神，眼睛向上，轻视下层工作，不愿到实际工作中去接近群众，包办代替别人工作，满足于表面的现象”。他强调：“整风运动的进行，必须注意与当前斗争的各种实际工作相结合，更要着重与当前的民主政治建设和群众运动相结合。因为只有实际参加到这些斗争中去，才能将我们书本上理论的学习，取得实际工作的联系，充实其活生生的内容，并从实际工作中去检查与证实书本上理论的学习是否正确。”

After the Liu-Deng Army advanced into the Central Plains and established the Dabie Mountains base area in 1947, some localities in the new areas mechanically copied the land reform methods of the old base areas, attempting to complete land reform quickly and “suffering from the malady of impetuosity.” Deng Xiaoping promptly corrected this in accordance with the actual conditions of the new areas, seeking truth from facts. On June 6, 1948, in the “Directive on Implementing the Central Committee’s Instructions on Land Reform and Party Consolidation Work,” drafted for the Central Plains Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, Deng Xiaoping stressed that regarding the impetuosity in land reform, one should “proceed from the existing actual situation, conduct specialized study, formulate measures, and carry out adjustments separately.” After this document was submitted to the Central Committee, Mao Zedong fully affirmed it and forwarded it to all central bureaus, sub-bureaus, and front committees. Because this text had already been included in Volume 1 of *Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping*, it was not included again in the *Collected Works*. However, several texts from the same period included in the *Collected Works*, such as “Work in New Areas Should Deepen Gradually by Stages and Regions,” “Correct the Impetuous Malady of ‘Left’ Adventurism,” “Issues of Land Reform in New Areas,” and “All Work Policies, Guidelines, and Tactics Must Fit Reality,” equally fully embody Deng Xiaoping’s ideological views of seeking truth from facts, such as “all work must proceed from objective reality,” “in work one must oppose subjectivism and empiricism. Any work must emphasize investigation and research, and all work policies, guidelines, and tactics must fit reality,” and new problems “must have new policies, tactics, and new work methods.”

1947年刘邓大军挺进中原、建立大别山根据地后，新区的一些地方照搬老区的土改办法，企图迅速完成土改，“犯有急性病毛病”，邓小平及时根据新区实际实事求是地进行纠正。1948年 6月 6日，邓小平在为中共中央中原局起草的《贯彻执行中共中央关于土改与整党工作的指示》中强调，对于土改中的急性病，应“从现有的实际情况出发，专门研究，订出办法，分别地实行调整”。这份文件上报中央后，毛泽东给予充分肯定并转发给各中央局、分局、前委。这篇文稿因已收入《邓小平文选》第 1卷，这次没有再收入《文集》。但《文集》收入的同时期的几篇文稿，如《新区工作应分阶段分地区地逐步深入》《纠正“左”倾冒险的急性病》《新区土改问题》《一切工作方针、政策策略都要切合实际》等，同样充分体现了邓小平“什么工作都必须从客观实际出发”，“在工作中一定要反对主观主义、经验主义。任何工作必须强调调查研究，一切工作方针、政策和策略都要切合实际”，新的问题“必须有新的政策、策略和新的工作方法”等实事求是的思想观点。

Deng Xiaoping’s spiritual quality of seeking truth from facts is reflected in all aspects of his observation and thinking, decision-making and deployment, work style, interpersonal dealings, and verbal expression. The formation of this quality has deep roots.

邓小平实事求是的精神品质体现在他观察思考、决策部署、工作风格、待人处事、言语表达等各个方面。这种品质的形成，具有深厚的渊源。

First, it originated from a profound grasp of the “living soul” of Marxism. This is concrete analysis of concrete conditions, proceeding from reality in everything, and linking theory with practice. Deng Xiaoping said: “We are forever Marxists-Leninists, but more importantly, we apply the principles of Marxism-Leninism to make them fit Chinese reality.” “Mastering Marxism-Leninism and being familiar with China’s national conditions—this is the prerequisite for determining the correct line.”

其一，源于对马克思主义“活的灵魂”的深刻把握。这就是具体问题具体分析，一切从实际出发，理论联系实际。邓小平说：“我们永远是马列主义者，但更重要的是，我们运用马列主义的原则使之切合中国实际。”“精通马列主义而又熟悉中国国情，这是确定正确路线的前提。”

Second, it originated from a profound understanding of the world and China, as well as the tempering of special revolutionary practice. Having experienced studying in France and the Soviet Union, and especially the tests of revolutionary struggle in different periods later, as well as the honing of posts at both central and local levels, Deng Xiaoping understood world development trends and was familiar with our Party’s history. He studied in the Soviet Union for one year in his early years, delving into the basic theories of Marxism, but was not influenced by dogmatism. After returning to China, he maintained a clear understanding of the harm caused by opportunism and dogmatism to the Party and the revolutionary cause, and resolutely struggled against erroneous ideas within the Party. Deng Xiaoping said: “We Communists have one advantage: we learn from setbacks, and we must remember the lessons of history well.” In the long revolutionary struggle that followed, and throughout his entire life, he always paid special attention to going deep among the masses, going deep into reality, conducting investigation and research, and emphasized that all work must proceed from objective reality, solving all specific problems with the spirit of seeking truth from facts.

其二，源于对世界和中国的深刻了解以及特殊革命实践的磨砺。经历了留法留苏，特别是后来不同时期革命斗争的考验以及中央和地方各岗位的锤炼，邓小平了解世界发展趋势，熟悉我们党的历史。他早年在苏联学习一年，潜心研究马克思主义基本理论，但没有受到教条主义的影响。回国后，他对机会主义、教条主义给党和革命事业造成的危害保持清醒的认识，坚决同党内错误思想作斗争。邓小平说：“我们共产党人有一个好处，就是吃了亏回头，历史上的教训要很好地记住。”在后来长期的革命斗争中，乃至整个一生中，他都始终特别注重深入群众、深入实际、调查研究，强调什么工作都必须从客观实际出发，以实事求是精神解决一切具体问题。

Third, it originated from studying and reflecting on Mao Zedong Thought. At the August 7th Meeting [2], Deng Xiaoping met Mao Zedong for the first time and immediately listened to and agreed with Mao Zedong’s truth about “political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.” In the Central Soviet Area, he personally experienced that the new path opened up by Mao Zedong was precisely the path suited to the Chinese revolution, and thus became the “head of the Mao faction” [3]. Many of Deng Xiaoping’s methods of thinking and working were learned from Mao Zedong. Deng Xiaoping said: “Our leader Comrade Mao Zedong is a master of Marxism-Leninism and the one who best understands China’s national conditions.” Taking giving reports and writing articles as examples, he said: “People without ability pile up nouns and list phenomena, but those who truly understand philosophy proceed from reality and handle problems cleanly and decisively. Chairman Mao is a master of philosophy, but his reports and articles rarely contain these nouns and concepts.”

其三，源于对毛泽东思想的学习思考。在八七会议上，邓小平初次见到毛泽东，就聆听和认同毛泽东关于“枪杆子里面出政权”的真理。在中央苏区，他亲身体会到毛泽东开辟的新道路就是适合中国革命的道路，也因此成为“毛派头子”。邓小平的许多思想方法和工作方法都是从毛泽东那里学取的。邓小平说：“我们的领袖毛泽东同志，是掌握马列主义的能手，也是最了解国情的。”以作报告、写文章为例，他说：“没本领的人才是名词堆砌、现象罗列，而真正懂哲学的人是由实际出发，把问题予以干干脆脆的处理。毛主席是哲学大师，但他的报告、文章中就很少有这些名词概念。”

III. Strong Political Thought Is an Important Guarantee for Deng Xiaoping’s Outstanding Contributions to the Cause of National Independence and People’s Liberation

三、政治思想强，是邓小平为民族独立和人民解放事业作出卓越贡献的重要保证

Mao Zedong once evaluated Deng Xiaoping as follows: “Comrade Xiaoping has strong political thought; he is a rare talent.” He said

毛泽东曾这样评价邓小平：“小平同志政治思想强，人才难得。”说他善于按辩证法办事，“比较顾全大局”。长期的军事指挥生涯，造就了邓小平多谋善断、决胜千里的魄力和胆略；峥嵘的革命斗争岁月，磨砺了邓小平政治敏锐、立场坚定，目光远大、胸怀全局，严明纪律、坚守制度的气度和风范。这是革命战争年代邓小平成长为党和军队重要领导人、“为党领导的民族独立和人民解放事业作出卓越贡献”的重要保证。《文集》对此有具体展现。

For instance, political acumen and firmness of stance. After the Zunyi Conference, as a participant in that meeting, Deng Xiaoping further strengthened his political conviction in supporting the correct line and propositions represented by Mao Zedong, and consciously aligned himself politically with the correct leadership within the Party represented by Mao. In January 1938, having just assumed the post of Political Commissar of the 129th Division of the Eighth Route Army, Deng delivered a speech at a political work conference attended by cadres at the level of battalion political instructors and above. This speech is included in the *Collected Works* in two parts: "Consolidating the United Front and Striving for Victory in the War of Resistance" and "Persisting in the War of Resistance in North China and Maintaining the Party's Independence." In his speech, Deng pointed out that the Party's strategic policy of the united front was entirely correct. The united front was a political alliance of all parties and groups across the country. "The united front has a common program, which is the Ten-Point Program we have put forward," and "maintaining the Party's independence means not becoming the tail of other parties but having independence," among other points. In particular, Deng emphasized: "To develop and consolidate the Party, we must first consolidate and elevate the Party's leading organs and its leader, and enhance the prestige of the Party Central Committee." The leader Deng referred to was Mao Zedong. At that time, the Wang Ming line, which advocated "everything through the united front" and "everything subordinate to the united front," while neglecting the principle of independence and the Party's leadership, had considerable influence within the Party. That Deng could uphold the truth and put forward such views under these circumstances demonstrates his insight and courage. During the War of Resistance, while leading the Taihang Sub-Bureau and presiding over the work of the Northern Bureau, Deng repeatedly emphasized that strengthening the unity of the entire Party and strengthening the unified leadership of the Party were the iron principles of the Party's organization. After the victory of the War of Resistance, in November 1945, at the first plenary session of the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Central Bureau of the CPC, Deng's speech mainly stressed that the entire Party must be centralized and unified under the thought and policies of the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong, laying the foundation for the Party's century-long plan. During the revolutionary era of war and flames, Deng always upheld Mao's correct leadership. He said: "Mao Zedong Thought is the criterion for the entire Party; this has been proven by history. Over twenty years of history have proven that Mao is correct. Following Mao's direction will surely lead to development and victory; going against Mao Zedong Thought will inevitably lead to failure

比如政治敏锐、立场坚定。遵义会议后，作为遵义会议的亲历者，邓小平更加坚定了支持毛泽东所代表的正确路线和主张的政治信念，自觉在政治上与党内以毛泽东为代表的正确领导保持一致。1938年 1月，刚刚出任八路军第129师政委的邓小平在全师营教导员以上干部参加的政治工作会议上发表讲话。这篇讲话分为《巩固统一战线，争取抗战胜利》和《坚持华北抗战，保持党的独立性》两篇收入《文集》。邓小平在讲话中指出，党提出统一战线的战略方针是完全正确的。统一战线是全国各党各派的政治联合，“统一战线有共同纲领，就是我们提出的十大纲领”，“保持党的独立性，不是跟着其他党派做尾巴，而是有独立性”，等等。特别是邓小平强调：“发展和巩固党，首先要巩固和提高党的领导机关和党的领袖，提高党中央威信。”邓小平所说的领袖，指的就是毛泽东。当时，倡导“一切经过统一战线”“一切服从统一战线”、忽视独立自主原则和党的领导权的王明路线在党内有较大影响，邓小平在这样的情况下能坚持真理，提出这样的观点，可见其胆识与气魄。在抗战时期领导太行分局和主持北方局工作中，邓小平反复强调，加强全党团结，加强党的统一领导，是党的组织的铁的原则。抗日战争胜利后，1945年11月，在中共晋冀鲁豫中央局第一次会议上，邓小平讲话主要强调的就是，全党要集中统一于党中央、毛泽东的思想与方针下，奠定党的百年大计。在战火纷飞的革命年代，邓小平始终维护毛泽东的正确领导，他说：“毛主席思想是全党的准绳，这是历史上已经证明了的。二十多年的历史证明了毛主席是正确的。跟毛主席方向走，一定可以发展胜利，与毛主席思想背道而驰，必然要失败。”正如习近平在纪念邓小平同志诞辰 110周年座谈会上的讲话中所说：“新民主主义革命时期，邓小平同志作为毛泽东同志的亲密战友，始终坚持正确路线，以充沛的革命热情，先后担任党和军队许多重要领导职务，为创建发展新型人民军队、赢得革命战争胜利作出了重要贡献。”

For example, far-sightedness and an overall situation in mind. The great practice of the Chinese revolution nurtured Deng Xiaoping’s strategic thinking that took a broad and long-term view. He was sharp-minded and far-sighted, grounded in the present while looking to the future, kept the overall situation in mind, and bravely shouldered heavy burdens. These qualities were especially prominent in the process of the thousand-li advance into the Dabie Mountains and the establishment of the Dabie Mountains base area. In July 1947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping resolutely implemented the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and Chairman Mao, made up their minds to dispense with a rear area, spared no cost, led the troops straight in like a dagger, advanced a thousand li into the Dabie Mountains, and there, overcoming numerous difficulties, gained a firm foothold, drawing the war into the Kuomintang-ruled areas, thereby changing the entire war situation and enabling the People’s Liberation Army to shift from strategic defense to strategic offense. The three sets of telegrams included in the *Collected Works* — “Resolutely Carry Out the Strategic Task of Advancing into the Dabie Mountains,” “Wholeheartedly and Unswervingly Create and Consolidate the Dabie Mountains Base Area,” “It Is Beneficial to the Overall Situation for Us to Bear a Heavy Burden in the Dabie Mountains,” and “We Must Gain a Firm Foothold and Take Root in the Dabie Mountains,” “The General Situation After Entering the Dabie Mountains,” “Several Issues Concerning the Dabie Mountains Area,” “Persevere in the Struggle in the Dabie Mountains and Consolidate the Dabie Mountains Liberated Area,” “Work in the New Areas Should Be Gradually Deepened in Stages and by Region,” “The Strategic Significance of Shifting from Interior-Line Defense to Exterior-Line Offense,” and other manuscripts — fully reflect this kind of strategic vision and awareness of the overall situation in Deng Xiaoping. Taking “The Strategic Significance of Shifting from Interior-Line Defense to Exterior-Line Offense” as an example, this text is part of a report Deng Xiaoping gave in March 1948 at a meeting of cadres directly under the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Field Army held in Weizhai, Linquan County, Anhui. In response to the skeptical attitude some cadres and soldiers held at the time about leaving the liberated areas to fight in the Kuomintang-ruled areas, Deng Xiaoping said in the report that this was because they “only rely on their own intuition and look at problems from one corner or one part.” From a strategic height, he pointed out: “We shifted from interior-line defense to exterior-line offense, liberated the Central Plains region with 45 million people, reversed the wheel of war on this piece of land, completely shattered Chiang Kai-shek’s counter-revolutionary strategic schemes, and forced him into a completely passive position,” “we completed the strategic task Chairman Mao gave us and established a strategic base in the Dabie Mountains for continuing to leap forward.” He educated the comrades: “When we are bearing the heavy end, we must never forget the whole; the entire victory includes our share.”

比如目光远大、胸怀全局。中国革命的伟大实践，孕育了邓小平高瞻远瞩的战略思维。他思想敏锐、目光远大，立足当下、放眼未来，胸怀全局、勇挑重担。这些，在千里跃进大别山和建立大别山根据地的过程中体现得尤为突出。1947年 7月，刘伯承和邓小平坚决落实党中央和毛主席决策部署，下决心不要后方，不惜一切代价，率军单刀直入，千里跃进大别山，并在大别山地区克服重重困难，立稳脚跟，将战争引向国民党统治区，从而改变了整个战争格局，使人民解放军由战略防御转变为战略进攻。《文集》编入的三组电报《坚决执行跃进大别山的战略任务》《全心全意、义无反顾地创造巩固的大别山根据地》《我们在大别山背重些对全局有利》和《一定要在大别山站住脚生下根》《进入大别山后的一般情况》《关于大别山区的几个问题》《坚持大别山斗争，巩固大别山解放区》《新区工作应分阶段分地区地逐步深入》《由内线防御转入外线进攻的战略意义》等文稿，对邓小平的这种战略眼光和大局意识都有充分体现。以《由内线防御转入外线进攻的战略意义》为例，该文是 1948年 3月邓小平在安徽临泉韦寨召开的晋冀鲁豫野战军直属部队干部会议上所作报告的一部分。针对当时有些干部战士对于离开解放区转到国民党统治区作战抱持的怀疑态度，邓小平在报告中说，这是因为他们“只凭着自己的直觉，从一个角落一个局部看问题的结果”。他从战略的高度指出：“我们从内线防御转到外线进攻，解放了四千五百万人民的中原地区，在这一块土地上扭转了战争的车轮，全部打破了蒋介石反革命的战略阴谋，迫使他处于完全被动的地位”，“完成了毛主席给我们的战略任务，在大别山建立了继续向前跃进的战略基地”。他教育同志们：“当我们担着重的一头的时候，千万不要忘记整体，整个胜利是有我们一份的。”

For example, strict discipline and adherence to institutions. During the years of revolutionary war, Deng Xiaoping consistently attached importance to the institutions and discipline of the Party and the army, emphasizing “ensuring the Party’s leadership, perfecting political work, regular institutions, and strict discipline.” After the thousand-li advance into the Dabie Mountains, in order to gain a firm foothold there, Deng Xiaoping demanded that the troops resolutely carry out the Three Main Rules of Discipline and the Eight Points for Attention.[1]1 The Three Main Rules of Discipline and the Eight Points for Attention were basic rules of conduct for the People’s Liberation Army, originally formulated by Mao Zedong during the Chinese Civil War. The Three Rules were: obey orders in all your actions; do not take a single needle or piece of thread from the masses; turn in everything captured. The Eight Points included: speak politely; pay fairly for what you buy; return everything you borrow; pay for anything you damage; do not hit or swear at people; do not damage crops; do not take liberties with women; do not ill-treat captives. In response to some problems that emerged in the process of creating the Dabie Mountains base area, he particularly stressed the need to strictly enforce disciplinary regulations and rectify army discipline. He pointed out: “The Party’s line and the Party’s policies, which everyone in the entire army can and must carry out, are the Three Main Rules of Discipline and the Eight Points for Attention.” In the article “The General Situation After Entering the Dabie Mountains,” he listed some problems of violating discipline and demanded that all districts pay serious attention, “first using the method of criticism and self-criticism, then adopting a serious stance with Party discipline, resolutely following the Central Committee’s Party consolidation policy, to overcome this serious phenomenon.” At the critical moment of entering the strategic decisive battles, he emphasized even more: “To ensure the completion of our strategic tasks, the central link is to raise the level of discipline.”

比如严明纪律、坚守制度。在革命战争年代，邓小平一贯重视党和军队的制度和纪律问题，强调“保证党的领导，健全政治工作，正规制度，严肃纪律”。在千里跃进大别山后，为了能在大别山站稳脚跟，邓小平要求部队坚决执行三大纪律八项注意。针对创建大别山根据地过程中部队出现的一些问题，他特别强调要严明纪律规定，整肃部队纪律。他指出：“党的路线、党的政策，在全军中人人能够办到和必须办到的，就是三大纪律八项注意。”在《进入大别山后的一般情况》一文中，他列举了一些违反纪律的问题，要求各区严重注意，“先用批评和自我批评的方法，继之以党纪采取严肃立场，坚决按照中央整党方针，克服这个严重现象”。在进入战略决战的关键时刻，他更加强调指出：“要保证我们战略任务的完成，中心环节是提高纪律性”。

While strictly enforcing discipline, Deng Xiaoping also particularly emphasized and took the lead in observing the Party’s various institutions. Among these, submitting comprehensive reports to the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong was the most prominent example. Persisting in reporting major matters to the Central Committee for instructions was a manifestation of Deng Xiaoping’s high level of discipline and Party spirit. The *Collected Works*, starting from the 1931 “Report on the Work of the Seventh Red Army,” includes multiple comprehensive reports Deng Xiaoping submitted to the Party Central Committee during different revolutionary periods, especially those from the War of Liberation period. On January 7, 1948, the Party Central Committee issued the directive “On Establishing a Reporting System,” drafted by Mao Zedong, stipulating that each Central Bureau and Sub-Bureau, under the responsibility of its secretary, should personally write and submit a comprehensive report to the Central Committee and the Chairman every two months. On January 15, Deng Xiaoping submitted to the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong the comprehensive report “The General Situation After Entering the Dabie Mountains.” Immediately afterward, on January 22, he submitted to the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong “Several Issues Concerning the Dabie Mountains Area” to answer Mao Zedong’s inquiries on land reform and other issues. On March 8, Deng Xiaoping specifically submitted to the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong a report titled “Correcting the ‘Left’ Adventurist Impatience” regarding the “Left” errors that occurred after the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Field Army entered the Dabie Mountains. Mao Zedong replied by telegram: “Very good, immediately forward to all localities for emulation,” and demanded that Deng Xiaoping “universally notify your subordinates of those strategic and policy viewpoints you have stated, guide them whenever there is an opportunity, and require them to report the results to you.”

在严明纪律的同时，邓小平还特别强调并带头遵守党的各项制度。其中，向党中央和毛泽东上报综合报告就是最为突出的一例。坚持重大事项向中央请示报告，是邓小平高度纪律性和党性原则的体现。《文集》从 1931年《七军工作报告》开始，收入了邓小平不同革命时期给党中央的多篇综合报告，特别是解放战争时期的报告。1948年 1月 7日，党中央发出毛泽东起草的《关于建立报告制度》的指示，规定各中央局和分局，由书记负责，自己动手，每两个月向中央和中央主席作一次综合报告。1月 15日，邓小平即向党中央和毛泽东上报了《进入大别山后的一般情况》的综合报告。紧接着，1月 22日又向党中央和毛泽东报送《关于大别山区的几个问题》，以回答毛泽东关于土改等问题的询问。3月 8日，邓小平对晋冀鲁豫野战军进入大别山后发生的“左”的错误问题，专门向党中央和毛泽东上报《纠正“左”倾冒险的急性病》的报告。毛泽东复电：“非常之好，立即转发各地仿照办理”，并要求邓小平对所部“将你所说的那些策略观点与政策观点普遍通知他们，只要有机会就不失时机地指导他们，并要他们向你处反映结果”。

Among the comprehensive reports Deng Xiaoping submitted to the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong included in the *Collected Works*, the more important ones also include “The Current Focus Should Be on Financial and Economic Work” and “Comprehensive Report on the Work of the Central Plains Bureau.” Every time Deng Xiaoping wrote a report to the Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong, he personally wrote it himself. The reports he wrote had clear themes, prominent examples, detailed data, and a plain style, which won Mao Zedong’s appreciation and were often praised and circulated. While reporting work to the Central Committee, Deng Xiaoping also proposed to his subordinate departments and regions: “To raise the level of discipline, there must be a reporting system,” “either once every two months or once a month; the slogan is ‘Verbal statements are no proof; written evidence is required.’ Black characters on white paper; one must use their brains, cannot write carelessly, and must weigh the wording.” “This not only unifies the Party’s steps across the entire Party but also enables timely correction and timely progress, avoiding blindness.”

《文集》收入的邓小平给党中央和毛泽东的综合报告，比较重要的还有《当前的重点应放在财经工作》《关于中原局工作的综合报告》等。邓小平每一次给党中央和毛泽东的报告，都是自己亲自动手写。他写的报告主题鲜明、事例突出、数据翔实、文风质朴，深得毛泽东赞赏，经常得到表扬、转发。在向中央报告工作的同时，邓小平还向所属部门和地区提出：“提高纪律性一定要有报告制度”，“或两月一次，或一月一次，口号是‘空口无凭、立字为据’，黑字写在白纸上，要用脑筋，不能乱写，文字要斟酌”。“这不仅可以使党的步骤全党一致，而且能及时纠正、及时前进，避免盲目性。”

In summary, the newly published *Collected Works of Deng Xiaoping (1925–1949)* provides us with a new collection of historical materials and a treasure trove of documents for studying and researching Deng Xiaoping’s thought and life, as well as the Party’s history and ideological theory, and it is worthy of further in-depth study and research.

总之，新出版的《邓小平文集（1925—1949年）》为我们学习研究邓小平思想生平和党的历史、党的思想理论又增添了新的史料汇集和文献宝库，值得进一步深入学习和研究。

(Authors: Gao Yi, Researcher at the Institute of Party History and Literature of the CPC Central Committee; Jiang Shuping, Senior Editor at the Institute of Party History and Literature of the CPC Central Committee)

（作者：高屹，中共中央党史和文献研究院研究员；姜淑萍，中共中央党史和文献研究院编审）

Online Editor: Tongxin

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