The People’s Congress System Has the Distinctive Advantage of Rule-of-Law Guarantees

General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speech at the conference celebrating the 70th anniversary of the founding of the National People’s Congress comprehensively reviews the glorious course of the Communist Party of China leading the Chinese people in establishing and perfecting the people’s congress system, profoundly expounds the distinctive political advantages of the people’s congress system, systematically summarizes the major achievements in the theory and practice of the people’s congress system in the New Era, and enriches and develops Xi Jinping’s important thought on upholding and perfecting the people’s congress system. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The people’s congress system has the distinctive advantage of guaranteeing comprehensive law-based governance and realizing the rule of law in all aspects of national work.” Law-based governance is the basic method by which the Party leads the people in governing the country. On the new journey, advancing the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity requires us to more deeply understand the jurisprudential foundation, essential attributes, and practical requirements of the people’s congress system in guaranteeing comprehensive law-based governance and realizing the rule of law in all aspects of national work, so as to better transform the advantages of the people’s congress system into national governance effectiveness.

习近平总书记在庆祝全国人民代表大会成立70周年大会上的重要讲话，全面回顾中国共产党领导中国人民建立、完善人民代表大会制度的光辉历程，深刻阐述人民代表大会制度的显著政治优势，系统总结新时代人民代表大会制度理论和实践创新重大成果，丰富和发展了习近平总书记关于坚持和完善人民代表大会制度的重要思想。习近平总书记指出：“人民代表大会制度具有保障全面依法治国、实现国家各方面工作法治化的显著优势。”依法治国是党领导人民治理国家的基本方式。新征程上，推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，需要我们更加深刻认识人民代表大会制度保障全面依法治国、实现国家各方面工作法治化的法理基础、本质属性、实践要求，推动人民代表大会制度优势更好转化为国家治理效能。

I. The People’s Congress System Consolidates the Institutional Cornerstone for Comprehensive Law-Based Governance and Realizing the Rule of Law in All Aspects of National Work

一、人民代表大会制度夯实全面依法治国、实现国家各方面工作法治化的制度基石

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The people’s congress system is the result of the arduous exploration and long-term struggle of the Communist Party of China leading the Chinese people. It is a completely new political system that has grown out of China’s soil, and a great creation in the history of human political systems.” The people’s congress system is China’s fundamental political system and an important component of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Since reform and opening up, the people’s congress system, taking the Constitution as its fundamental legal guide and standard of activity, has continuously advanced the construction of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, providing important institutional guarantees for the Party leading the people in creating the two miracles of rapid economic development and long-term social stability. [1]1 The “two miracles” refer to rapid economic development and long-term social stability, a formulation frequently used in official Chinese discourse to summarize the achievements of the reform and opening-up period. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has upheld rule by the Constitution and governance by the Constitution, guaranteed the people being the masters of the country by means of rule-of-law thinking and rule-of-law methods, and formed a political advantage unique to China.

习近平总书记指出：“人民代表大会制度是中国共产党领导中国人民艰辛探索长期奋斗的成果，是从中国土壤中生长起来的全新政治制度，是人类政治制度史上的伟大创造。”人民代表大会制度是我国的根本政治制度，是中国特色社会主义制度的重要组成部分。改革开放以来，人民代表大会制度以宪法为根本法律遵循和活动准则，不断推进中国特色社会主义法治建设，为党领导人民创造经济快速发展和社会长期稳定两大奇迹提供了重要制度保障。特别是党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持依宪治国、依宪执政，以法治思维和法治方式保障人民当家作主，形成了独具中国特色的政治优势。

The people’s congress system lays the foundation for the construction of rule-of-law China. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The Constitution is the general charter for governing the country and ensuring national security, the fundamental legal basis for our Party’s governance, and the highest legal norm for national political and social life.” China’s Constitution stipulates the state system of the people’s democratic dictatorship, and further stipulates the form of government compatible with it—the people’s congress system. The people’s congress system is closely linked to the Constitution, developing in tandem, mutually reinforcing each other like the two sides of a coin. In September 1949, the Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, which served as a provisional constitution, solemnly proclaimed that New China would implement the people’s congress system. The 1954 Constitution clearly stipulated: “All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people. The organs through which the people exercise state power are the National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at various levels.” This established the people’s congress system in the form of the fundamental law of the state. The 1982 Constitution, summing up experiences and lessons, strengthened the organization and capacity building of the people’s congresses and their standing committees, further perfected and developed the people’s congress system, and entrusted the major responsibility of supervising the implementation of the Constitution to both the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee. It can be said that the democratic exploration by the Party leading the people in establishing and developing the people’s congress system is also the rule-of-law practice of the Party leading the people in making and amending the Constitution. The people’s congress system is the fundamental political system of the state consistently established by China’s Constitution, possessing a profound historical foundation, a solid rule-of-law basis, and deep social soil.

人民代表大会制度奠定法治中国建设基础。习近平总书记指出：“宪法是治国安邦的总章程，是我们党治国理政的根本法律依据，是国家政治和社会生活的最高法律规范。”我国宪法规定了人民民主专政的国体，进而规定了与之相适应的政体——人民代表大会制度。人民代表大会制度与宪法紧密相连、同频发展，互为表里、相得益彰。1949年9月，具有临时宪法作用的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》庄严宣告，新中国实行人民代表大会制度。1954年宪法明确规定：“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。人民行使权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。”这就以国家根本法的形式确立了人民代表大会制度。1982年宪法总结经验教训，加强人大及其常委会组织和能力建设，进一步完善发展了人民代表大会制度，并将监督宪法实施的重大职责同时赋予全国人大和全国人大常委会。可以说，党领导人民建立发展人民代表大会制度的民主探索也是党领导人民制宪修宪的法治实践。人民代表大会制度是我国宪法一以贯之确立下来的国家根本政治制度，具有厚重的历史根基、坚实的法治基础和深厚的社会土壤。

Law-based governance is the basic method by which the Party leads the people in governing the country. Upholding law-based governance must first uphold rule by the Constitution; upholding law-based governance must first uphold governance by the Constitution. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has placed the implementation of the Constitution in a prominent position in comprehensive law-based governance, attached great importance to giving play to the role of the people’s congresses and their standing committees in constitutional system construction and supervision of constitutional implementation, taken the Constitution as the fundamental standard of activity, continuously perfected the legal system related to the Constitution, improved the systems and mechanisms for ensuring the comprehensive implementation of the Constitution, advanced the standardization and proceduralization of constitutional supervision, and laid a solid foundation for the construction of rule-of-law China.

依法治国是党领导人民治理国家的基本方式。坚持依法治国首先要坚持依宪治国，坚持依法执政首先要坚持依宪执政。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央把实施宪法摆在全面依法治国的突出位置，高度重视发挥人大及其常委会在宪法制度建设和宪法实施监督方面的作用，以宪法为根本活动准则，不断完善宪法相关法律制度，健全保证宪法全面实施的体制机制，推进宪法监督的规范化、程序化建设，为法治中国建设奠定坚实基础。

The people’s congress system provides basic guarantees for the construction of rule-of-law China. The National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee, and local people’s congresses and their standing committees with legislative power, enjoy the legislative power granted by the Constitution and laws, providing guarantees for constructing a legal norm system that is systematic, complete, scientifically standardized, and effectively operational, manifesting Chinese wisdom in rule-of-law construction. Through the mechanism linking legislative planning with legislative plans, coordinating the enactment, amendment, abolition, interpretation, and codification of laws, the systemicity, integrity, synergy, and timeliness of legislation are enhanced; through the formulation of the Legislation Law of the People’s Republic of China, the legislative powers of the state and localities are clarified, ensuring both the unity of the legal system and adapting to the diverse needs of local governance; through the mechanism combining soliciting opinions from the whole society with legislative decision-making consultation, the organic unity of democratic legislation and scientific legislation is guaranteed; through the system of special authorization decisions for major reforms, the further comprehensive deepening of reform and the advancement of Chinese-path modernization within the rule-of-law track are ensured, achieving the unity of reform and the rule of law.

人民代表大会制度为法治中国建设提供基本保障。全国人大及其常委会、有立法权的地方人大及其常委会享有宪法和法律赋予的立法权，为构建系统完备、科学规范、运行有效的法律规范体系提供保障，彰显法治建设的中国智慧。通过立法规划与立法计划相衔接机制，统筹立改废释纂，增强立法的系统性、整体性、协同性、时效性；通过制定《中华人民共和国立法法》明确国家立法与地方立法权限，既保证法律体系的统一性，又适应地方治理的多样性需求；通过向全社会公开征求意见与立法决策咨询相结合机制，保证民主立法与科学立法的有机统一；通过重大改革特别授权决定制度，保障在法治轨道上进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化，实现改革和法治相统一。

The National People’s Congress enjoys the power to supervise the implementation of the Constitution, and its Standing Committee enjoys the power to interpret the Constitution and supervise its implementation, providing guarantees for maintaining the unity of the national rule of law, manifesting the Chinese solution in rule-of-law construction. The requirement for constitutional review is integrated into the Legislation Law of the People’s Republic of China, permeating the entire legislative process with the spirit of the Constitution, forming a closed-loop mechanism for supervising constitutional implementation; through the normalized operation of constitutional review, the revision or abolition of normative documents that violate the Constitution is promoted. The National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee, and local people’s congresses and their standing committees at or above the county level, enjoy the power to supervise the implementation of laws and the power to supervise administrative organs, supervisory organs, adjudicative organs, and procuratorial organs, forming a legal supervision system suited to China’s national conditions, manifesting the Chinese characteristics of rule-of-law construction. Through the formulation of the Supervision Law of the People’s Republic of China for the Standing Committees of People’s Congresses at All Levels, the working mechanisms for people’s congress supervision are improved and perfected; through methods such as law enforcement inspections, special inquiries, and hearing and deliberating special reports, supervision over the implementation of laws, financial budgets, state-owned asset management, ecological and environmental protection, and other work is strengthened; through innovating the methods and approaches of people’s congress supervision work, the connection and linkage between people’s congress supervision and administrative supervision, democratic supervision, intra-Party supervision, public opinion supervision, audit supervision, judicial supervision, and social supervision are strengthened, promoting the innovative development of supervision work.

全国人民代表大会享有宪法实施的监督权，全国人大常委会享有宪法解释权并监督宪法实施，为维护国家法治统一提供保障，彰显法治建设的中国方案。在《中华人民共和国立法法》中融入合宪性审查要求，将宪法精神贯穿立法全过程，形成宪法实施监督闭环机制；通过合宪性审查的常态化运作，推动修订或废止违背宪法的规范性文件。全国人民代表大会及其常委会、县级以上地方各级人民代表大会及其常委会享有法律实施监督权和对行政机关、监察机关、审判机关、检察机关的监督权，形成符合中国国情的法律监督体系，彰显法治建设的中国特色。通过制定《中华人民共和国各级人民代表大会常务委员会监督法》，健全完善人大监督工作机制；通过执法检查、专题询问、听取和审议专项报告等方式，加强对法律实施、财政预算、国有资产管理、生态环境保护等工作的监督；通过创新人大监督工作方式方法，加强人大监督与行政监督、民主监督、党内监督、舆论监督、审计监督、司法监督、社会监督的衔接联动，推动监督工作创新发展。

II. The People’s Congress System Embodies the Essential Attributes of the Development Path of Socialist Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics

二、人民代表大会制度体现中国特色社会主义法治发展道路的本质属性

The people’s congress system ensures that the Party leads the people in effectively governing the country, ensures that all power in the country belongs to the people, ensures the institutionalization and legalization of democracy, and continuously advances the institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization of socialist democratic politics. It not only follows the political logic of the organic unity of Party leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance, but also embodies the rule-of-law logic of the unity of formal justice and substantive justice, and further contains the governance logic of the coordination of order maintenance and innovative development, reflecting the essential attributes of the development path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics.

人民代表大会制度确保党领导人民有效治理国家，确保国家的一切权力属于人民，确保民主的制度化、法律化，不断推进社会主义民主政治制度化、规范化、程序化。既遵循党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一的政治逻辑，又体现形式正义与实质正义相统一的法治逻辑，更蕴含秩序维护与创新发展相协调的治理逻辑，体现了中国特色社会主义法治发展道路的本质属性。

The people’s congress system provides an effective and reliable institutional vehicle and implementation platform for upholding the organic unity of Party leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance. Upholding Party leadership is the essential feature and greatest strength of the people’s congress system. Through the people’s congress system, the Party fully exercises its leadership core role of commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties in the country’s political, economic, and social life, unifying the Party’s leadership of the people in making and implementing the Constitution and laws with the Party’s insistence on acting within the scope of the Constitution and laws. This enables the Party’s propositions to become the will of the state through statutory procedures, enables the candidates recommended by Party organizations to become leading personnel of state power organs through statutory procedures, enables the implementation of leadership over the state and society through state power organs, and uses the principle of democratic centralism to uphold the authority of the Party Central Committee and the unity and solidarity of the whole Party and the whole country. The First Session of the 13th National People’s Congress adopted the Amendment to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, adding “The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics” to Article 1 of Chapter I, General Principles, of the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, enriching the content of upholding and strengthening the Party’s overall leadership, and using the Constitution, the fundamental law of the state, to strengthen the awareness of Party leadership in the country’s political and social life, reflecting the common will of the entire people.

人民代表大会制度为坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一，提供有效可靠的制度载体和实施平台。坚持党的领导是人民代表大会制度的本质特征和最大优势。党通过人民代表大会制度，在国家政治、经济、社会生活中充分发挥总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，把领导人民制定和实施宪法法律同党坚持在宪法法律范围内活动统一起来，使党的主张通过法定程序成为国家意志，使党组织推荐的人选通过法定程序成为国家政权机关的领导人员，通过国家政权机关实施对国家和社会的领导，运用民主集中制原则维护党中央权威、维护全党全国团结统一。十三届全国人大一次会议通过《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》，在《中华人民共和国宪法》第一章总纲第一条中增加“中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征”，充实了坚持和加强党的全面领导内容，以宪法这一国家根本法的形式，在国家政治生活和社会生活中强化党的领导意识，体现全体人民的共同意愿。

The people’s congress system not only emphasizes the completeness of the legal norm system but also stresses the value orientation of the rule of law, promoting core socialist values in legislation and fostering the dialectical integration of formal rule of law and substantive rule of law. It draws on the outstanding achievements of human rule-of-law civilization without copying Western rule-of-law models. By continuously improving the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics with the Constitution at its core, it strengthens the construction of legal systems that embody fairness in rights, opportunities, and rules, accelerates legislation in areas of people’s livelihood such as education, healthcare, social security, elderly care, public safety, the ecological environment, and public security, and uses a complete rule of law to protect people’s rights and interests and enhance people’s well-being. It promotes the optimization of a law-based business environment, strengthens equal protection for market entities, promotes fair competition, and provides legal guarantees for the socialist market economy system. In the implementation of laws, it focuses on balancing the relationships between development and security, development and people’s livelihood, and development and ecological environmental protection, incorporating the people’s satisfaction and sense of gain into the scope of legal supervision, so that the achievements of rule-of-law construction better meet the people’s new expectations for a better life.

人民代表大会制度既注重法律规范体系的完备性，更强调法治的价值导向，在立法中弘扬社会主义核心价值观，促进形式法治与实质法治的辩证融合；既借鉴人类法治文明的优秀成果，又不照搬西方法治模式。通过不断完善以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系，加大体现权利公平、机会公平、规则公平的法律制度建设，加快推进教育、医疗、社保、养老、公共安全、生态环境、社会治安等民生领域立法，用完备的法治保障人民权益、增进民生福祉。促进优化法治化营商环境，加强经营主体平等保护，促进公平竞争，为社会主义市场经济体制提供法律保障。在法律实施中，注重平衡发展与安全、发展与民生、发展与生态环境保护的关系，将人民群众的满意度、获得感纳入法律监督范畴，使法治建设成果更好满足人民群众对美好生活的新期待。

The people’s congress system ensures that the legal system keeps pace with the times, promotes a dynamic balance between institutional stability and reform and innovation, and effectively advances the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity. For example, in the early period of reform and opening up, the National People’s Congress successively enacted the Law on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures, the Law on Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises, and the Law on Sino-Foreign Contractual Joint Ventures, and later, in response to the needs of joining the World Trade Organization and the practical development of pilot free trade zones, carried out two rounds of important revisions. Forty years after reform and opening up, the Foreign Investment Law was passed in 2019, establishing a new type of foreign investment legal system based on pre-establishment national treatment plus a negative list management approach. Another example is in digital economy legislation, where the principle of inclusive and prudent regulation was established, both regulating the order of the platform economy and leaving room for the development of new business forms. The people’s congress system promotes the creative transformation and innovative development of China’s excellent traditional legal culture, achieving a deep integration of cultural heritage and modern governance, and responding to the diversity of rule-of-law civilizations. In social legislation and criminal legislation, it embodies cultural consciousness by elevating some public moral norms into legal obligations. In ecological environment legislation, it absorbs the ecological wisdom of “harmony between man and nature” [2]2 “Harmony between man and nature” (天人合一) is a classical Chinese philosophical concept emphasizing the unity and interdependence of humanity and the natural world. and “the Dao follows nature” [3]3 “The Dao follows nature” (道法自然) is a phrase from the Daoist classic *Dao De Jing*, indicating that the Way (Dao) operates according to its own natural principles., establishing a legal system for the harmonious coexistence of man and nature. In social governance, the system for filing and reviewing village rules and civil compacts respects local order while ensuring compliance with the spirit of the rule of law. Legislation on the protection of intangible cultural heritage introduces the concept of “productive protection,” achieving an institutional connection between cultural heritage and intellectual property protection.

人民代表大会制度确保法律制度与时俱进，促进制度稳定与改革创新的动态平衡，有效促进国家治理体系与治理能力现代化。比如，改革开放早期，全国人大先后制定中外合资经营企业法、外资企业法和中外合作经营企业法，后结合加入世贸组织和自由贸易试验区实践发展的需要，进行了两轮重要修改。改革开放40年后，2019年通过外商投资法，确立外商投资准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理的新型外商投资法律制度。再如，在数字经济立法中，确立包容审慎监管原则，既规范平台经济秩序，又为新业态发展预留空间。人民代表大会制度推动中华优秀传统法律文化创造性转化、创新性发展，实现文化传承与现代治理的深度交融，回应法治文明的多样性。在社会立法、刑事立法中，体现文化自觉，将一些公共道德规范上升为法律义务；在生态环境立法中，吸收“天人合一”、“道法自然”生态智慧，建立人与自然和谐共生的法律制度。在社会治理中，村规民约备案审查制度既尊重乡土秩序，又确保符合法治精神。非物质文化遗产保护立法引入“生产性保护”理念，实现文化传承与知识产权保护的制度衔接。

The distinctive advantage of the people’s congress system in guaranteeing comprehensive law-based governance and realizing the rule of law in all aspects of the country’s work complements and supports other advantages. General Secretary Xi Jinping has profoundly expounded on the distinctive political advantages demonstrated by the people’s congress system in ensuring the Party leads the people in effectively governing the country according to law, ensuring the people are the masters of the country, ensuring that the country’s political life is both vibrant and orderly, realizing the rule of law in all aspects of the country’s work, and ensuring the country’s long-term stability and security. Among these advantages, the advantage of rule-of-law guarantee complements and supports other advantages, possessing an inherent logical unity.

人民代表大会制度保障全面依法治国、实现国家各方面工作法治化的显著优势与其他优势相辅相成、相互支撑。习近平总书记深刻阐述了人民代表大会制度在保证党领导人民依法有效治理国家、保障人民当家作主、保证国家政治生活既充满活力又安定有序、实现国家各方面工作法治化、保障国家长治久安等方面展现出的显著政治优势。在这些优势中，法治保障的优势与其他优势相辅相成、相互支撑，具有内在逻辑的统一性。

In terms of upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of China and ensuring the Party leads the people in effectively governing the country according to law, the correctness of the path of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics is ensured through the Party’s leadership of legislation. The Party’s leadership and ruling status are upheld and consolidated from the legal system, ensuring that the Party’s propositions become the will of the state through statutory procedures, and guaranteeing the comprehensive implementation of the Party’s theories, lines, principles, policies, and decisions in the work of the state. In terms of practicing whole-process people’s democracy and ensuring the people are the masters of the country, by establishing the fundamental political system and basic political systems of the state, the people are supported and ensured in exercising state power through the people’s congresses, forming a comprehensive, extensive, and organically connected institutional system for the people being the masters of the country, and ensuring that all the people carry out democratic elections, democratic consultations, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision according to law, and manage state affairs, economic and cultural undertakings, and social affairs through various channels and forms according to law. In terms of implementing democratic centralism and ensuring that the country’s political life is both vibrant and orderly, representatives are elected through democratic elections to form people’s congresses at all levels, exercising legislative power, decision-making power, appointment and removal power, and supervisory power, and listening to and reflecting the opinions and suggestions of the people through various forms and channels. People’s congresses and their standing committees at all levels implement democratic centralism, fully promote democracy, exercise their powers collectively, ensure the unity of the national rule of law, ensure the efficient and coordinated operation of state organs, and ensure the realization of social fairness and justice. In terms of safeguarding national unity and ensuring the country’s long-term stability and security, on the basis of upholding that China is a unified multi-ethnic country and also a unitary state, the powers of the central and local authorities are reasonably divided. Through the implementation of the system of regional ethnic autonomy, the “one country, two systems” policy, and other legal institutional arrangements, it is conducive to maintaining the unity of the national legal system and national sovereignty and territorial integrity, conducive to giving full play to the initiative of both the central and local authorities and concentrating efforts on major tasks, and conducive to consolidating and developing socialist ethnic relations characterized by equality, solidarity, mutual assistance, and harmony, and advancing the building of the Chinese national community.

在坚持中国共产党领导、保证党领导人民依法有效治理国家方面，通过党领导立法保证中国特色社会主义法治道路的正确性。从法律制度上坚持和巩固党的领导地位和执政地位，确保党的主张通过法定程序成为国家意志，保证党的理论、路线、方针政策和决策部署在国家工作中得到全面贯彻。在践行全过程人民民主、保障人民当家作主方面，通过确立国家根本政治制度和基本政治制度，支持和保证人民通过人民代表大会行使国家权力，形成全面、广泛、有机衔接的人民当家作主制度体系，保障全体人民依法实行民主选举、民主协商、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督，依法通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务、管理经济和文化事业、管理社会事务。在贯彻民主集中制、保证国家政治生活既充满活力又安定有序方面，通过民主选举产生代表，组成各级人民代表大会，行使立法权、决定权、任免权、监督权，通过各种形式和渠道听取和反映人民群众意见和建议。各级人大及其常委会实行民主集中制，充分发扬民主，集体行使职权，保证国家法治统一，保证国家机关高效协调运转，保证实现社会公平正义。在维护国家统一、保障国家长治久安方面，在坚持我国是统一的多民族国家、也是单一制国家的基础上，合理划分中央和地方职权，通过实行民族区域自治制度、“一国两制”等法律制度安排，有利于维护国家法制统一和主权、领土完整，有利于充分发挥中央和地方两个积极性、集中力量办大事，有利于巩固和发展平等团结互助和谐的社会主义民族关系、推进中华民族共同体建设。

III. The People’s Congress System Promotes the Enhancement of the Efficiency of the Rule of Law in All Aspects of the Country’s Work on the New Journey of the New Era

三、人民代表大会制度促进新时代新征程国家各方面工作法治化效能提升

The 20th National Congress of the CPC made comprehensive arrangements for “upholding comprehensive law-based governance and advancing the construction of a rule-of-law China.” The Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform Comprehensively to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization, reviewed and approved by the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, put forward requirements such as “the rule of law is an important guarantee for Chinese-path modernization,” “uphold comprehensive law-based governance, deepen reform and advance Chinese-path modernization on the track of the rule of law, so that reform and the rule of law are unified, major reforms have legal basis, and the results of reform are promptly elevated into the legal system,” and “comprehensively advance the rule of law in all aspects of the country’s work,” pointing the direction for the development of the people’s congress system. Deeply study and implement General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on upholding and improving the people’s congress system and the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, earnestly study and implement Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, especially Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law, adhere to confidence in the path, confidence in the theory, confidence in the system, and confidence in the culture in the work of the people’s congresses, uphold fundamental principles and break new ground, strengthen responsibility and commitment, so that this fundamental political system can radiate greater vitality in the construction of a rule-of-law China, and better transform institutional advantages into governance efficiency.

党的二十大对“坚持全面依法治国，推进法治中国建设”进行全面部署，党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》提出，“法治是中国式现代化的重要保障”，“坚持全面依法治国，在法治轨道上深化改革、推进中国式现代化，做到改革和法治相统一，重大改革于法有据、及时把改革成果上升为法律制度”，“全面推进国家各方面工作法治化”等要求，为人民代表大会制度发展指明了方向。深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于坚持和完善人民代表大会制度的重要思想和党中央决策部署，认真学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想特别是习近平法治思想，在人大履职工作中坚持道路自信、理论自信、制度自信、文化自信，坚持守正创新、强化责任担当，让这一根本政治制度在法治中国建设中焕发更大生机，更好地将制度优势转化为治理效能。

Improve the quality of legislation and perfect the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics. Legislation is an important function of the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee, as well as of local people’s congresses and their standing committees that have legislative power. The unique position and role of legislation in guaranteeing law-based governance and realizing the legalization of all aspects of national work should be fully brought into play, with the focus on improving the quality of legislation to promote the perfection of the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics. Uphold the Party’s overall leadership over legislative work, be adept at transforming the Party’s propositions, guidelines, and policies into legal systems and measures, and better play the leading role of the people’s congresses in legislative work. Improve and perfect the legislative work pattern of Party committee leadership, people’s congress dominance, government reliance, and participation by all parties, ensuring high-quality development of legislative work. Uphold the principle of the supremacy of the Constitution, perfect the systems for constitutional amendment, interpretation, and supervision, and ensure the correctness, completeness, and coordination of constitutional implementation. Perfect the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics with the Constitution at its core, uphold scientific legislation, democratic legislation, and law-based legislation, improve the methods and mechanisms for democratic legislation and open-door legislation, and enhance legislative efficiency on the basis of continuously improving legislative quality. Enhance the systematic nature, wholeness, synergy, and timeliness of legislation, and strengthen regional collaborative legislation. Coordinate multiple legislative methods such as enactment, amendment, abolition, interpretation, and codification, fully bring into play the role of legislation in guaranteeing, regulating, guiding, and promoting comprehensive deepening of reform, and ensure that legislation and reform advance in tandem. Improve the mechanism for linking intra-Party regulations with national laws and regulations, realize the organic integration of intra-Party regulations and national laws and regulations, and form a pattern of benign interaction.

提升立法质量，完善中国特色社会主义法律体系。立法是全国人大及其常委会、有立法权的地方人大及其常委会的重要职能。应充分发挥立法在保障依法治国、实现国家各方面工作法治化方面的独特地位和作用，以提升立法质量为重点，促进完善中国特色社会主义法律体系。坚持党对立法工作的全面领导，善于把党的主张、方针、政策转化为法律制度措施，更好发挥人大在立法工作中的主导作用。健全完善党委领导、人大主导、政府依托、各方参与的立法工作格局，确保立法工作高质量发展。坚持宪法至上原则，完善宪法修改、解释、监督制度，确保宪法实施的正确性、完整性和协调性。完善以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系，坚持科学立法、民主立法、依法立法，健全民主立法、开门立法的方式和机制，在不断提高立法质量的基础上提升立法效率。增强立法的系统性、整体性、协同性、时效性，强化区域协同立法。统筹立改废释纂等多种立法方式，充分发挥立法对全面深化改革的保障、规范、引领和推动作用，确保立法与改革同步推进。健全党内法规与国家法律法规衔接机制，实现党内法规与国家法律法规的有机整合，形成良性互动的格局。

Optimize the working mechanism of the people’s congresses and perfect the institutional system for whole-process people’s democracy. The operation of the people’s congress system includes the links of democratic elections, democratic consultations, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision, and is an important institutional vehicle for realizing whole-process people’s democracy. By perfecting the working mechanism of the people’s congresses and perfecting the institutional system for whole-process people’s democracy, better bring into play the foundational role of whole-process people’s democracy in promoting and realizing comprehensive law-based governance. Perfect the working mechanism for absorbing public opinion and gathering popular wisdom, and implement the practice of whole-process people’s democracy in all links and aspects of the operation of the people’s congress system. Perfect the rules of procedure of the people’s congresses, ensuring full development of democracy, improvement of procedural efficiency, and guarantee of decision-making quality; perfect the systems for argumentation, evaluation, review, and hearings, and expand the orderly participation of the masses in the work of the people’s congresses through multiple methods. Perfect the working mechanism for deputies’ participation in legislation and supervision. Continuously expand the breadth and depth of deputies’ participation in legislation, take deputies’ proposals and suggestions as important bases for drafting and amending draft laws, strengthening supervision over law implementation, and promoting the improvement of work, and embody the public opinion and demands reflected by deputies in legislative and supervisory work. Smooth the channels for deputies to connect with the masses, actively promote the construction of deputies’ homes, deputies’ liaison stations, and grassroots legislative contact points, build and make good use of platforms for deputies to connect with the masses, enhance deputies’ work capacity and convenience in connecting with the masses, further enrich the content and forms of people’s congress deputies’ connection with the masses, and fully bring into play the role of people’s congress deputies. Encourage people’s congress deputies to give full play to their own advantages, actively perform their duties, conduct in-depth investigation and research through online and offline forms such as visits, discussions, receptions, and correspondence, observe social conditions and public opinion, and promptly reflect the opinions of the masses. Refine the theory of rule-of-law practice of whole-process people’s democracy, form a rule-of-law discourse system with international influence, tell China’s rule-of-law stories well, and promote the construction of international rule-of-law discourse power.

优化人大工作机制，健全全过程人民民主制度体系。人民代表大会制度的运行包括了民主选举、民主协商、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督等各环节，是实现全过程人民民主的重要制度载体。通过完善人大工作机制，健全全过程人民民主制度体系，更好发挥全过程人民民主促进和实现全面依法治国的基础性作用。健全吸纳民意、汇集民智工作机制，将践行全过程人民民主贯彻落实到人民代表大会制度运行中的各环节、各方面。健全人大议事规则，保障充分发扬民主、提高议事效率、保证决策质量；健全论证、评估、评议、听证制度，通过多种方式扩大人民群众对人大工作的有序参与。完善代表参与立法、监督工作机制。持续扩大代表参与立法的广度和深度，把代表议案建议作为起草修改法律草案、加强法律实施监督、推动改进工作的重要依据，把代表反映的民意诉求体现在立法和监督工作中。畅通代表联系群众渠道，积极推进代表之家、代表联络站、基层立法联系点等建设，建好用好代表联系群众平台，提升代表联系群众的工作能力和便捷度，进一步丰富人大代表联系人民群众的内容和形式，充分发挥人大代表作用。鼓励人大代表发挥自身优势，积极履职，通过走访、座谈、接待、通信等线上线下形式，深入调查研究，体察社情民意，及时反映群众意见。提炼全过程人民民主的法治实践理论，形成具有国际影响力的法治话语体系，讲好中国法治故事，推动国际法治话语权建设。

Perfect the supervision system of the people’s congresses and promote the deepening and solidification of legal supervision work. The people’s congresses and their standing committees supervise the work of administrative organs, supervisory organs, adjudicatory organs, and procuratorial organs, and supervise and guarantee the implementation of the Constitution and laws; this is an important power and function conferred by the Constitution and laws. The rule-of-law function of the people’s congresses should be fully brought into play, upholding correct supervision, effective supervision, and law-based supervision, and promoting the operation of all aspects of national work on the track of the rule of law. Perfect the supervision mechanism, improve the system for the people’s congresses to supervise administrative organs, supervisory organs, adjudicatory organs, and procuratorial organs, grasp the positioning and direction of people’s congress supervision, closely focus on the central work of the Party and the state in carrying out supervision, and ensure that state organs exercise their powers in accordance with the law. Perfect the procedures for supervision work, ensure that, centering on the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, grasping the shortcomings and weaknesses in the process of law implementation and the prominent issues reflected by the masses, the power of supervision is correctly and effectively exercised, and the authority of the Constitution and the unity of the national legal system are maintained through precise supervision. Strictly follow the principle of “according to law,” carry out supervision work in accordance with statutory duties, within the statutory scope, and in compliance with statutory procedures. Enrich and expand the methods and means of supervision work, reasonably use various supervision methods, practice the requirements of whole-process people’s democracy in supervision, extensively listen to the opinions of the masses, actively respond to the concerns of the masses, and achieve the goal of “when the people call, I respond.” Strengthen follow-up supervision, urge relevant departments to earnestly implement rectifications, and promote the effective resolution of prominent issues in accordance with the law. The rule-of-law guarantee advantages and capabilities demonstrated by the people’s congress system are not only a concentrated embodiment of the superiority of the socialist system with Chinese characteristics but also an important yardstick for the modernization of the national governance system. On the new journey of comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, this system will surely write a new chapter in the construction of a socialist rule-of-law system with Chinese characteristics and contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to the progress of human political civilization.

健全人大监督制度，推动法律监督工作走深走实。人民代表大会及其常委会监督行政机关、监察机关、审判机关、检察机关工作，监督保证宪法法律实施，是宪法法律赋予的重要职权。要充分发挥人民代表大会的法治功能，坚持正确监督、有效监督、依法监督，促进国家各方面工作在法治轨道上运行。完善监督机制，健全人大对行政机关、监察机关、审判机关、检察机关监督制度，把准人大监督的定位方向，紧紧围绕党和国家中心工作开展监督，保障国家机关依法行使权力。健全监督工作程序，确保围绕党中央重大决策部署，抓住法律实施过程中的短板弱项、群众反映的突出问题，正确有效行使监督权，维护宪法权威和国家法制统一精准监督。严格遵循“依法”原则，依照法定职责、限于法定范围、遵守法定程序，开展监督工作。丰富拓展监督工作方式方法，合理运用各种监督方式，在监督中践行全过程人民民主要求，广泛听取人民群众的意见，积极回应人民群众的关切，做到民有所呼、我有所应。加强跟踪监督，督促有关部门认真落实整改，依法推动突出问题切实得到解决。人民代表大会制度展现的法治保障优势和能力，既是中国特色社会主义制度优越性的集中体现，也是国家治理体系现代化的重要标尺。在以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的新征程上，这一制度必将书写中国特色社会主义法治建设的崭新篇章，为人类政治文明进步贡献中国智慧和中国方案。

(Author: Member of the Standing Committee of the 14th National People’s Congress, Vice Chairman of the Environment and Resources Protection Committee, Vice President of the China Law Society)

（作者：第十四届全国人大常委会委员、环境与资源保护委员会副主任委员，中国法学会副会长）

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