Deeply Advancing the Simultaneous Investigation and Governance of Unhealthy Tendencies and Corruption

The interweaving and accumulation of unhealthy tendencies and corruption is a distinctive feature of the “Four Forms of Unhealthy Tendencies” and corruption at the current stage, and has become a prominent problem urgently needing resolution in the construction of a clean and honest Party and the fight against corruption. Deeply advancing the simultaneous investigation and governance of unhealthy tendencies and corruption is both a profound understanding of the laws governing work style construction in the New Era and a scientific grasp of the stage-specific characteristics of the anti-corruption struggle. It is a scientific decision and major strategic deployment made by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core in response to the integrated nature of the problem of unhealthy tendencies and corruption. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Party emphasized the need to improve the institutional mechanisms for preventing and addressing formalism and bureaucracy, and to perfect the working mechanisms for ensuring that officials dare not, cannot, and do not want to engage in corruption, “improving the mechanism for the simultaneous investigation and governance of unhealthy tendencies and corruption” (Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization, People’s Publishing House, 2024 edition, p. 46). General Secretary Xi Jinping prominently emphasized at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection: “We must deeply advance the simultaneous investigation and governance of unhealthy tendencies and corruption.” The simultaneous investigation and governance of unhealthy tendencies and corruption is a strategic measure to promote a fundamental improvement in Party conduct and government conduct, consolidate the overwhelming victory in the anti-corruption struggle, and create a clean and upright political ecosystem. It is conducive to enhancing the awareness of integrity and self-discipline among Party members and officials, continuously improving the Party’s credibility and optimizing its image, and conducive to continuously eradicating the soil and conditions for breeding corruption, thereby strengthening the people’s trust in and support for the Party and government.

不正之风和腐败问题交织叠加，是现阶段“四风”问题和腐败问题呈现出的鲜明特征，成为党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争亟待破解的突出难题。深入推进风腐同查同治，既是对新时代新征程作风建设规律的深刻认识，也是对反腐败斗争阶段性特征的科学把握，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央针对风腐问题一体化本质特征作出的科学决策和重大战略部署。党的二十届三中全会强调，要健全防治形式主义、官僚主义的制度机制，完善一体推进不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐工作机制，“健全不正之风和腐败问题同查同治机制”（《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》，人民出版社2024年版，第46页）。习近平总书记在二十届中央纪委四次全会上突出强调：“要深入推进风腐同查同治。”风腐同查同治是推动党风政风根本好转、巩固反腐败斗争压倒性胜利、营造风清气正的政治生态的战略举措，有利于提升党员干部的廉洁自律意识，不断提升党的公信力和优化党的形象，有利于不断铲除腐败滋生的土壤和条件，增强人民群众对党和政府的信任与支持。

I. The Basic Basis for Adhering to the Simultaneous Investigation and Governance of Unhealthy Tendencies and Corruption

一、坚持风腐同查同治的基本依据

The Party’s work style is a vivid manifestation of the Party’s image, directly related to popular support and the Party’s survival or extinction. The problem of corruption is a concentrated expression of the long-term accumulation and continuous fermentation of various adverse factors within the Party, and is the greatest cancer endangering the Party’s vitality and combat effectiveness. Anti-corruption is the most thorough self-revolution, related to the people’s hearts, which is the greatest political issue, and is a major political struggle that cannot be lost and must not be lost. Work style construction and the anti-corruption struggle are both basic approaches and key tasks for perfecting the system of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and solving the unique problems of a large party in the New Era. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has profoundly recognized that “work style problems are the hotbed of corruption,” “preventing corruption must start with strictly grasping Party conduct construction,” and “corruption problems and unhealthy tendencies are intertwined.” With the concept of systematic treatment and addressing both symptoms and root causes, it has continuously promoted the simultaneous resonance and comprehensive exertion of work style construction and the anti-corruption struggle, achieving remarkable results. Adhering to the simultaneous investigation and governance of unhealthy tendencies and corruption not only has a profound theoretical foundation but also possesses solid institutional guarantees and practical support.

党的作风是党的形象的鲜活体现，直接关系人心向背，关乎党的生死存亡。腐败问题是党内各种不良因素长期积累、持续发酵的集中体现，是危害党的生命力和战斗力的最大毒瘤。反腐败是最彻底的自我革命，关系民心这个最大的政治，是一场输不起也决不能输的重大政治斗争。作风建设和反腐败斗争都是新时代健全全面从严治党体系、破解大党独有难题的基本途径和重点任务。党的十八大以来，党中央深刻认识到“作风问题是腐败的温床”“预防腐败必须从狠抓党风建设入手”“腐败问题和不正之风交织”，以系统施治、标本兼治的理念持续推动作风建设和反腐败斗争同频共振、综合发力，成效卓著。坚持风腐同查同治，不仅具有深厚的理论基础，而且具备坚实的制度保障与实践支撑。

First, the fact that unhealthy tendencies and corruption are mutually reinforcing and share the same root is the logical starting point for adhering to the simultaneous investigation and governance of unhealthy tendencies and corruption. The change and development of things is a process of cyclical repetition from quantitative change to qualitative change. On the one hand, unhealthy tendencies are an important inducement for the breeding of corruption, providing soil and conditions for it. Corruption is often the result of the “Four Forms of Unhealthy Tendencies” evolving from quantitative change to qualitative change, as the saying goes, “a thousand-mile dike collapses due to an ant nest.” If a Party member, official, or public functionary becomes accustomed to taking small advantages and accepting small gifts, they will gradually lose their vigilance and immunity against various unhealthy tendencies, unconsciously relaxing their moral defenses and disciplinary and legal bottom lines. When the accumulated quantitative change develops into a qualitative change of shaken ideals and beliefs and distorted values, they will subconsciously regard various obviously illegal and disciplinary corrupt acts as “normal,” turning them into “conventions” and falling into the abyss of corruption, unable to extricate themselves. Many investigated Party members and officials precisely started from seemingly minor work style issues such as a pack of cigarettes, a cake of tea, a bottle of liquor, a meal, or a gift card, and eventually small greed turned into great greed, and small corruption turned into great corruption. Or they started from drinking and gambling parties, participating in high-end consumption, pursuing a luxurious and hedonistic lifestyle, losing psychological balance in blind comparison, gradually deviating from their original aspiration and founding mission, and sinking deeper and deeper into the quagmire of corruption. On the other hand, corrupt acts fuel unhealthy tendencies and breed new work style problems. If the corruption problems of Party members and officials are not punished in a timely manner, it will greatly affect the behavioral choices and value judgments of social members, exacerbate the breeding and spread of unhealthy tendencies, and seriously damage the political ecosystem of units and regions. The “Four Forms of Unhealthy Tendencies” mainly manifest as hedonism, extravagance, formalism, and bureaucracy, while corruption problems are concentrated in illegal acts such as bribery. Although the two differ in basic nature, forms of manifestation, and degree of harm, in essence, both are manifestations of Party members and officials deviating from their original aspiration and founding mission, shaking their ideals and beliefs, and disregarding the interests of the masses. Their root cause lies in the alienation of power. Therefore, rectifying conduct and fighting corruption complement each other and are indispensable; the two cannot be separated from each other. Punishing corruption alone without correcting unhealthy tendencies cannot effectively eliminate corruption; and if the dike of work style is not solid, the achievements of corruption governance cannot be consolidated. It is necessary to fully grasp the systematic nature and interconnectedness between the two, and with the concept of systematic treatment and addressing both symptoms and root causes, continuously promote the anti-corruption struggle and work style construction to exert force simultaneously and in the same direction. Adhering to the simultaneous investigation and governance of unhealthy tendencies and corruption is an inevitable choice made in response to the essential characteristic of their co-generation and co-existence, and its fundamental direction is to regulate the operation of power and prevent the abuse of power.

首先，不正之风与腐败问题互为表里、同根同源是坚持风腐同查同治的逻辑起点。事物的变化发展是一个从量变到质变循环往复的过程。一方面，不正之风是腐败滋生的重要诱因，为腐败提供土壤和条件。腐败往往是“四风”问题从量变到质变的结果，正所谓“千里之堤，溃于蚁穴”，如果一个党员干部和公职人员习惯占小便宜，收受小礼物，就会逐渐丧失对各种不正之风的警惕心和免疫力，在潜移默化中放松道德防线和纪法底线。当从日积月累的量变发展到理想信念动摇和价值观扭曲的质变，就会在潜意识中将各种明显违纪违法的贪腐行为视为“正常”，使之成为“惯例”而坠入贪腐深渊不能自拔。许多被查处的党员干部正是从一包烟、一饼茶、一瓶酒、一顿饭、一张卡等看似小事小节的作风问题上被打开缺口，最终小贪成大贪、小腐变大腐。或是从酒局牌局开始，参与高档消费，追求奢靡享乐生活方式，在盲目攀比中心态失衡，逐渐背离初心使命，在腐败的泥淖里越陷越深。另一方面，腐败行为助长不正之风，催生新的作风问题。党员干部的腐败问题如果得不到及时惩治，会极大地影响社会成员的行为选择和价值判断，加剧不正之风的滋生蔓延，严重破坏单位、地区的政治生态。“四风”问题以享乐主义、奢靡之风、形式主义和官僚主义为主要表现形式，腐败问题集中在行贿受贿等违规行为当中，二者虽然在基本性质、表现形式、危害程度上有所差别，但究其本质都是党员干部背离初心使命、理想信念动摇、漠视群众利益的表现，究其根源都在于权力的异化。因此，正风反腐相辅相成、缺一不可，两者不能相互割裂。只惩治腐败不纠治歪风，就无法有效清除腐败；而作风堤坝不牢固，腐败治理成果就无法巩固。要充分把握二者之间的系统性和联动性，以系统施治、标本兼治的理念持续推动反腐败斗争和作风建设同时发力、同向发力。坚持风腐同查同治，是针对风腐一体同生的本质特征而作出的必然选择，其根本指向是规范权力运行和防止权力滥用。

Second, the fact that unhealthy tendencies and corruption are mutually causal and intertwined is the theoretical basis for adhering to the simultaneous investigation and governance of unhealthy tendencies and corruption. Unhealthy tendencies are deviations in attitude and behavior exhibited by Party members and officials in their thoughts, work, and life, primarily caused by a distorted view of power, a misplaced outlook on political performance, a decline in revolutionary will, an expansion of hedonism, and a lack of sense of responsibility. (Luo Xing, “The Internal Logic and Practical Requirements of Adhering to the Simultaneous Investigation and Governance of Unhealthy Tendencies and Corruption,” Research on Party Building in Government Organs, Issue 12, 2024) As a very complex social phenomenon, corruption is the result of the intertwining of multiple factors such as history, culture, economy, society, institutions, and ecology. Among these, concepts, ecology, and culture are the soil for breeding corruption, and unhealthy tendencies are closely related to all three. On the one hand, unhealthy tendencies are a catalyst for corruption problems. If a region or unit has an unhealthy atmosphere that is not effectively governed for a long time, it often leads to the alienation of power and rampant corruption. Some unhealthy tendencies are “cloaks” for corruption problems and themselves fall within the category of corruption, such as indiscriminately issuing bonuses or publicly funded tourism. Some acts of illegally giving or receiving gifts and illegally dining out appear on the surface to be work style issues, but behind them lie the careful “encirclement and hunting” by lawbreakers, concealing the secrets of interest exchange and power-for-money deals. “Not eating public funds but eating at the boss’s expense,” hobnobbing with lawbreakers at dinner parties while engaging in corruption in practice. In recent years, relevant cases of disciplinary and legal violations show that a corrupted family style is an important reason for the “fall” of some Party members and officials. Data shows that from January to October 2024, among more than 400 leading officials at the department level and above who received Party disciplinary and government sanctions, over 40 involved family style issues (Sun Liangquan, Liu Yangtao, “Perspectives on the Family Style Problems of Some Corrupt Officials,” Outlook, Issue 4, 2025). At the same time, if the corruption problems of Party members and officials are not punished in a timely manner, it will form an environmental atmosphere that condones formalism and illegal acts that disregard and infringe upon the interests of the masses, thereby affecting the behavioral choices and value judgments of social members, exacerbating the breeding and spread of unhealthy tendencies, and seriously damaging the political ecosystem of units and regions. Only by accurately grasping the essential characteristic of the integration of unhealthy tendencies and corruption and the evolutionary law of their interweaving, and adhering to the simultaneous investigation and governance of unhealthy tendencies and corruption, can the vicious cycle chain between the two be fundamentally severed, achieving the goal of addressing both symptoms and root causes.

其次，不正之风与腐败问题互为因果、相互交织是坚持风腐同查同治的理论依据。不正之风是党员干部在思想、工作和生活等方面表现出的态度和行为偏差，其产生原因主要是权力观扭曲、政绩观错位、革命意志衰退、享乐心膨胀、责任心缺乏。（罗星：“坚持风腐同查同治的内在逻辑与实践要求”，《机关党建研究》2024年第12期）作为一种十分复杂的社会现象，腐败是历史、文化、经济、社会、制度、生态等多方面因素交织作用的结果。其中，观念、生态、文化是腐败滋生的土壤，而不正之风与三者之间均有紧密关联。一方面，不正之风是腐败问题的催化剂。一个地区、单位如果风气不正，长期得不到有效治理，往往会导致权力异化、腐败横行。有些不正之风是腐败问题的“隐身衣”，本身就属于腐败范畴，如滥发奖金、公费旅游等。一些违规收送、违规吃喝表面看是作风问题，背后却是不法分子的精心“围猎”，暗藏利益勾兑、权钱交易的玄机。“不吃公款吃老板”，在饭局上与不法分子勾肩搭背、行腐败之实。近年来，相关违纪违法案件显示，家风败坏是部分党员干部“落马”的重要原因。有数据显示，2024年1月至10月，受到党纪政务处分的400余名厅级及以上领导干部中，涉及家风问题的有40余人（孙亮全、刘扬涛：“部分贪腐干部家风问题透视”，《瞭望》2025年第4期）。同时，党员干部的腐败问题如果不及时惩治，将会形成一种放任官僚主义和漠视侵害群众利益违法乱纪行为的环境氛围，进而影响社会成员的行为选择和价值判断，加剧不正之风的滋生蔓延，严重破坏单位、地区的政治生态。只有准确把握风腐一体的本质特征和风腐交织的演变规律，坚持风腐同查同治，才能从根本上斩断两者之间的恶性循环链条，实现标本兼治。

Finally, the institutional achievements of the Party’s conduct, clean governance, and anti-corruption struggle in the New Era constitute the practical foundation for adhering to the simultaneous investigation and governance of misconduct and corruption. Improving work style and preventing corruption are a systemic project; it is necessary to adjust work concepts and approaches in a timely manner according to changes in the situation and tasks of different periods. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has coordinated and grasped the inherent relationship between rectifying conduct, enforcing discipline, and combating corruption, beginning with the formulation and implementation of the Eight-Point Regulations as a breakthrough to crack the problem, [6]6 The "broken windows theory" in criminology suggests that visible signs of disorder and minor infractions, if left unaddressed, encourage more serious crime. Here it is used metaphorically to describe how unchecked minor misconduct can lead to widespread corruption. and conducting special rectification of bureaucratism, extravagance and waste, and other issues within the Party. By correcting the “Four Forms of Misconduct,” [7]7 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China was held in January 2025. It is a key meeting where the Party's top disciplinary body sets the annual agenda for anti-corruption and integrity work. it won the hearts and minds of the Party and the people, creating better conditions for solving corruption and other problems. At the same time, it has always maintained a high-pressure stance against corruption, increasing the intensity of punishment for corrupt acts such as embezzlement and bribery. When investigating leading cadres suspected of serious violations of discipline and law, it delves deeply into their conduct issues, and regularly publicizes typical cases where misconduct and corruption are intertwined. The Party Central Committee, with Comrade Xi

最后，新时代党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争的制度成就是坚持风腐同查同治的实践基础。改进作风和防治腐败是一项系统工程，要根据不同时期形势和任务的变化，适时调整工作理念和思路。党的十八大以来，党中央统筹把握正风肃纪反腐的内在关系，以制定实施中央八项规定开局破题，专项整治党内存在的官僚主义、奢靡浪费等问题，通过纠治“四风”问题赢得党心民心，为解决腐败等其他问题创造更好条件。同时，始终保持反腐败高压态势，加大对贪污行贿等腐败行为的惩治力度，在查处涉嫌严重违纪违法领导干部时深挖彻查其作风问题，定期通报风腐一体交织的典型案例。以习近平同志为核心的党中央严肃查处各种隐形变异的不正之风问题，督促党员、干部坚决反对特权思想和特权现象，树牢正确权力观、政绩观、事业观。各级党组织聚焦重点问题、重点领域、重点对象，丰富防治新型腐败和隐性腐败有效办法，深化受贿行贿一起查，坚决铲除腐败问题产生的土壤和条件。在中国特色社会主义新时代，纪检监察体制改革深入推进，逐步构建起党统一领导、全面覆盖、权威高效的监督体系，不断完善党的自我革命制度规范体系，完善法律制度、堵塞监管漏洞、优化监督机制，逐步实现腐败风险的全流程管理，不断提升正风反腐效能，探索出依靠党的自我革命跳出历史周期率的成功路径，为深入推进风腐同查同治提供了重要制度支撑。

II. Current Manifestations and Causes of the Integration of Misconduct and Corruption

二、当前风腐一体问题的表现形式及其成因

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, historic achievements have been made in improving conduct and building integrity and in the fight against corruption. However, problems of conduct are stubborn and recurrent, and the situation in the anti-corruption struggle remains severe and complex. At present, phenomena such as misconduct leading to corruption, the integration of misconduct and corruption, and the interweaving of misconduct and corruption are relatively common. These manifest in different regions, at different levels, and in different fields, including both recurrent old problems and new signs that have shifted from open to covert or changed their guise. On the new journey of the New Era, the main manifestations of the problem of the integration of misconduct and corruption include three aspects. First, the transfer of benefits hidden behind illegal eating and drinking. Some Party members and cadres are keen on organizing or participating in various illegal eating and drinking activities. On the surface, these are about "building relationships," but in reality, they conceal exchanges of interests. Second, corruption and embezzlement shielded by formalism and bureaucracy. Various forms of renovated formalism lead to unreal work and low efficiency, creating space for power rent-seeking. Fabrication, deception of superiors and subordinates, and an obsession with "performance projects" and "image projects" often conceal corrupt projects underneath. The prevalence of bureaucratism leads to the evasion and rejection of supervision, effectively opening the door wide for "one person decides policy, one person hires, one person controls spending, and one person manages projects," thereby providing institutional gaps and mechanism loopholes that exacerbate the integration of misconduct and corruption. Third, the parallel pursuit of personal gain through official positions and hedonism and extravagance. Some Party members and cadres who hold power deviate from the Party's purpose, use their positions to amass wealth on a large scale, while simultaneously living in luxury homes, driving luxury cars, wearing designer clothes, and pursuing hedonism and extravagance. Some "abide by discipline and rules" during normal official receptions but are duplicitous behind the scenes, shrinking the circle to have a second round of drinks with their core "circle" or interest alliance. Some have relocated the venues for illegal eating and drinking from public places like restaurants and hotels to private settings such as agency canteens and private clubs, moving from the "open" to the "covert." Some have resorted to tricks in their methods, such as prepaying for illegal meals at high-end venues and then consuming by simply providing a card number or phone number. Some have made changes in form, reducing open exchanges and direct acceptance of bribes, while increasing covert collusion and having "others act on their behalf."

党的十八大以来，作风建设和反腐败斗争取得历史性成就，但作风问题具有顽固性和反复性，反腐败斗争形势仍然严峻复杂。目前，由风及腐、风腐一体、风腐交织现象较为普遍，在不同地区、不同层级、不同领域均有表现，既有易发多发的老问题，也有由明转暗、改头换面的新苗头。新时代新征程，风腐一体问题的主要表现形式包括三方面。一是违规吃喝背后的利益输送。一些党员干部热衷于组织或参与各种违规吃喝活动，表面上是“联络感情”，实则背后隐藏着利益交换。二是形式主义、官僚主义掩护下的贪污腐败。各种花样翻新的形式主义导致工作不实、效率低下，为权力寻租创造空间，弄虚作假、欺上瞒下，热衷搞政绩工程和形象工程，掀开盖子却是腐败工程。官僚主义思想盛行，逃避和排斥监督，实则是为“决策一言堂、用人一句话、用钱一支笔、项目一手抓”大开方便之门，为加剧风腐一体提供制度缝隙和机制漏洞。三是利用职务之便谋取私利与享乐主义、奢靡之风并行。一些手握权力的党员干部背离党的宗旨，利用职务之便大肆敛财，同时住豪宅、开豪车、穿名牌，追求享乐主义和奢靡之风。有的在正常公务接待时“守纪律讲规矩”，背后阳奉阴违，缩小范围同核心“圈子”、利益同盟喝二场酒。有的转移违规吃喝场所，从饭店、酒楼等公共场所转移到机关食堂、私人会所等私密场所，从“明面”走向“暗线”。有的在手段上耍花样，违规吃喝搞预付买单，在一些高消费场所预付资金，届时报卡号、手机号直接消费。有的在形式上搞变通，明面往来和直接收受少了，而暗通款曲、“他人代劳”多了。

The causes of the integration of misconduct and corruption mainly include four aspects. First, the wavering of ideals and convictions and the distortion of values among some Party members and cadres. Under the impact of the market economy and diverse cultures, some Party members and cadres have relaxed their Party spirit cultivation, forgotten their original aspiration for joining the Party, placed personal interests above those of the Party and the people, and ultimately seen their ideological defenses collapse. Second, the lack of effective checks and supervision over power. In some areas, the allocation of power is unreasonable, with power concentrated and lacking a balancing mechanism, providing space for power abuse and the breeding of corruption. There are loopholes in the supervision system, with fragmented supervisory forces and lagging supervision methods, making it difficult to promptly detect and correct the violations of discipline and law by Party members and cadres. Third, weak implementation of systems. Although China's system of intra-Party regulations and national legal system are increasingly well-established, there are phenomena of discounting and making flexible adaptations in the actual implementation process. Some units and departments do not take institutional provisions seriously and lack effective mechanisms for supervising and holding accountable the implementation of systems, causing the systems to become dead letters and unable to play their due constraining role. Fourth, the influence of unhealthy social trends. Some unhealthy trends in society, such as money worship and hedonism, have had a certain negative impact on Party members and cadres. There exists a certain erroneous view in society that corruption is "a sign of ability to get money" and that being brought down is "bad luck" or "accidental involvement." Such unhealthy social concepts have eroded some Party members, cadres, and their families, making some Party members and cadres unable to resist temptation and gradually slide into the abyss of corruption. Furthermore, concepts such as "acquaintance society" and "reciprocity in social interactions" have affected the objective judgment of some Party members and cadres, blurring the line between normal human interaction and bribery, making them targets of "encirclement and hunting." Phenomena like "circle culture" and "relationship-based society" in some places disrupt the normal political ecosystem and provide soil for the breeding of the integration of misconduct and corruption. The existence of corrupt practices easily triggers the "broken windows effect," [6]6 The "broken windows theory" in criminology suggests that visible signs of disorder and minor infractions, if left unaddressed, encourage more serious crime. Here it is used metaphorically to describe how unchecked minor misconduct can lead to widespread corruption. providing a "fig leaf" and "cloak of invisibility" for unhealthy tendencies. Problems of conduct provide opportunities for corruption, and corruption in turn exacerbates problems of conduct, forming a vicious cycle. Therefore, it is essential to effectively prevent the culture of corruption from "taking advantage of weaknesses, polluting society, and ruining the Party's conduct and government conduct."

风腐一体问题的成因主要包括四方面。一是部分党员干部理想信念动摇和价值观扭曲。在市场经济大潮和多元文化冲击下，一些党员干部放松了党性修养，忘记了入党初心，将个人私利置于党和人民利益之上，最终思想防线崩塌。二是权力缺乏有效制约和监督。一些领域权力配置不合理，权力集中且缺乏制衡机制，为权力滥用和腐败滋生提供了空间。监督体系存在漏洞，监督力量分散，监督方式滞后，难以及时发现和纠正党员干部的违规违纪行为。三是制度执行不力。虽然我国党内法规制度体系和国家法律体系日益健全，但在实际执行过程中存在打折扣、搞变通的现象。部分单位和部门对制度规定不重视，缺乏有效的制度执行监督和问责机制，导致制度成为一纸空文，无法发挥应有的约束作用。四是不良社会风气的影响。社会上的一些不良风气，如拜金主义、享乐主义等，对党员干部产生了一定的负面影响。社会上存在某种错误观念，认为贪腐是“有本事能弄钱”，落马是“运气不佳”“偶然牵扯”，这类不良社会观念侵蚀了部分党员干部及其家属，使得部分党员干部抵御不住诱惑，逐渐滑向腐败的深渊。而“熟人社会、礼尚往来”等观念影响了部分党员干部的客观判断，使其混淆人情往来与行贿受贿的界限，成为“围猎”对象。一些地方存在的“圈子文化”“人情社会”等现象，干扰了正常的政治生态，为风腐一体问题的滋生提供了土壤。腐败行为的存在容易诱发“破窗效应”，让不正之风找到“遮羞布”“隐身衣”。作风问题为腐败提供契机，腐败又使作风问题愈演愈烈，形成恶性循环。因此，要切实防止腐败文化“乘虚而入、污染社会、搞坏党风政风”。

III. Practical Requirements for Deeply Advancing the Simultaneous Investigation and Governance of Misconduct and Corruption on the New Journey of the New Era

三、新时代新征程深入推进风腐同查同治的实践要求

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has always focused on the prominent problems existing in different stages of improving Party conduct, building integrity, and the anti-corruption struggle, flexibly adjusting the policy and strategy mix of the anti-corruption struggle, and providing fundamental guidance and a course of action for resolutely fighting the tough, protracted, and all-out battle against corruption. At the Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, [7]7 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China was held in January 2025. It is a key meeting where the Party's top disciplinary body sets the annual agenda for anti-corruption and integrity work. General Secretary Xi Jinping clearly demanded: "Adhere to integrating the rectification of conduct, the enforcement of discipline, and the fight against corruption, severely punish the intertwined problems of misconduct and corruption through 'simultaneous investigation,' and eradicate the common roots of misconduct and corruption through 'simultaneous governance,'" pointing the direction for deeply advancing the simultaneous investigation and governance of misconduct and corruption on the new journey of the New Era. To deeply advance the simultaneous investigation and governance of misconduct and corruption, it is necessary to take real action in "investigation" and achieve real results in "governance," promoting the simultaneous investigation and governance of misconduct and corruption with high quality.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央始终聚焦不同阶段党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争存在的突出问题，灵活调整反腐败斗争的政策和策略组合，为坚决打好反腐败斗争攻坚战、持久战、总体战提供了根本遵循和行动指南。在二十届中央纪委四次全会上，习近平总书记明确要求：“坚持正风肃纪反腐相贯通，以‘同查’严惩风腐交织问题，以‘同治’铲除风腐共性根源”，为新时代新征程深入推进风腐同查同治指明了方向。深入推进风腐同查同治，既要在“查”上动真格，又要在“治”上见真章，高质量推进风腐同查同治。

First, use “simultaneous investigation” to severely punish the intertwined issues of work-style and corruption. Severe punishment is an important prerequisite for education and management, external supervision, and institutional constraints to “grow teeth” and “become electrified.” [8]8 “Grow teeth” and “become electrified” are colloquial metaphors in Chinese political discourse meaning that rules and institutions are made to have real, enforceable power and deterrent effect. Without forceful and effective “simultaneous investigation,” the governance efficacy of work-style and corruption issues lacks guarantee. It is necessary to intensively investigate and punish violations of discipline that brazenly occur, such as giving and receiving gifts and money, and illegal eating and drinking; issues such as ineffective implementation of major decisions of the Party Central Committee and deviations in the outlook on political performance that affect high-quality development; formalism and bureaucracy issues that arouse strong public discontent; and hidden and mutated issues such as “gift-giving by courier,” continuously compressing the space for the “Four Forms of Decadence” [9]9 The “Four Forms of Decadence” (四风) refers to formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism, and extravagance, the four main types of unhealthy work-style that the CPC has targeted in its rectification campaigns since 2013. to hide and grow. Strictly investigate corruption cases where political issues and economic issues are intertwined, focus on systematic rectification in areas where power is concentrated, funds are intensive, and resources are abundant, strive to solve the difficulties in discovering, obtaining evidence, and characterizing new types of corruption and hidden corruption, seriously investigate and punish issues of abuse of power, dereliction of duty, and illegal decision-making causing major losses of state assets, and resolutely investigate and punish those bribe-givers who constantly drag cadres into the water and harm one region. Increase efforts to govern cross-border corruption, improve the supervision system for key cases, and improve the mechanism for pursuing fugitives, preventing flight, and recovering stolen assets. Firmly grasp the key of discovering and handling problem clues, dig deeper along the line based on clarifying the “Four Forms of Decadence” issues of the parties involved, and combine the individual’s consistent performance, reports from letters and visits, and daily organizational understanding to comprehensively judge whether there are phenomena such as “small circles,” requests for favors in handling affairs, and exchange of interests behind the “Four Forms of Decadence,” resolutely eliminating corruption issues cloaked in the guise of interpersonal exchanges. Around the links of discovering, transferring, handling, and managing clues of work-style and corruption issues, refine and substantiate procedural processes, strengthen the implementation of responsibilities, do a good job of tracking and evaluating effectiveness, and continuously improve the standardization and long-term effectiveness of simultaneous investigation of work-style and corruption.

首先，以“同查”严惩风腐交织问题。严厉的惩治是教育管理、外部监督、制度约束等“长牙”“带电”的重要前提条件。缺乏有力和有效的“同查”，风腐问题的治理效能就缺乏保障。要集中查处收送礼品礼金、违规吃喝等顶风违纪问题，贯彻落实党中央重大决策不力、政绩观偏差等影响高质量发展问题，群众反映强烈的形式主义、官僚主义问题，以及“快递送礼”等隐形变异问题，不断压缩“四风”藏匿和生长空间。严查政治问题和经济问题交织的腐败案件，着重抓好权力集中、资金密集、资源富集领域系统整治，着力破解新型腐败和隐性腐败发现、取证、定性难题，严肃查处滥用职权、玩忽职守、违规决策造成国有资产重大损失问题，坚决查处那些老是拉干部下水、危害一方的行贿人。加大跨境腐败治理力度，健全重点案件督办制度，健全追逃防逃追赃机制。牢牢抓住发现和处置问题线索这个关键，在查清当事人“四风”问题的基础上循线深挖，结合个人一贯表现、信访反映、组织日常掌握情况等，综合研判“四风”背后是否存在“小圈子”、请托办事、利益勾兑等现象，坚决清除披着人情往来外衣的腐败问题。围绕风腐问题线索的发现、移送、处置、管理等环节，细化实化程序流程，强化责任落实，做好跟踪问效，不断提高风腐同查的规范化、长效化水平。

Second, use “simultaneous governance” to eradicate the common roots of work-style and corruption. Improve the checks and supervision mechanisms for the allocation and operation of power, and weave a tight “supervision network.” Seize key powers such as setting policies, making decisions, and approving and supervising, deepen institutional and mechanism reforms in key areas, accelerate the construction of governance mechanisms in emerging fields, standardize discretionary power, plug institutional loopholes, and reduce opportunities for rent-setting and rent-seeking. Build a Party and state supervision system with intra-Party supervision as the lead, specialized supervision as the backbone, grassroots supervision as support, and the coordinated connection of various types of supervision. Continuously deepen the reform of the discipline inspection and supervision system, optimize the functions of supervision, inspection, and investigation institutions, improve the discipline inspection and supervision system for vertically managed units, improve the working mechanisms and systems for inspections and patrols, promote the organic connection between discipline enforcement, law enforcement, and criminal justice, and deepen the reform of grassroots supervision systems and mechanisms. Advance the construction of a big data supervision platform for public power, use information technology to promptly discover common problems, strengthen early warning and correction, and improve the ability to discover clues and accurately identify work-style and corruption issues. Keep a close eye on the “key minority,” [10]10 “Key minority” (关键少数) refers to leading cadres, especially those in senior positions, whose behavior has an outsized influence on the political ecosystem. improve supporting systems for supervising “first-in-command” officials and leadership teams, and enhance the targetedness and effectiveness of supervision. At the same time, deepen education and guidance, strengthen ideological and political education, continuously carry out education on Party spirit, ideals and beliefs, and the Party’s purpose, and strive to enhance the Party spirit cultivation and clean governance awareness of Party members and cadres. Continuously improve the effectiveness of special training, themed Party Day activities, visits to red education bases, etc., and enhance the ability and level of Party members and cadres to consciously resist the erosion of bad work-styles and corrupt ideas. Improve the effectiveness of warning education, regularly organize Party members and cadres to watch warning education videos, visit clean governance education bases, and study notifications of typical cases, ensuring that Party members and cadres deepen their understanding of the serious harm of work-style and corruption issues and enhance their awareness of clean governance and self-discipline. Strengthen the construction of a clean governance culture in the New Era, carry out activities such as bringing clean governance culture into government organs, enterprises, schools, and families, integrate clean governance culture into the construction of core socialist values, expand the coverage and influence of clean governance culture, and create a social atmosphere of advocating integrity and rejecting corruption.

其次，以“同治”铲除风腐共性根源。完善权力配置运行的制约和监督机制，织密“监督网”。抓住定政策、作决策、审批监管等关键权力，聚焦重点领域深化体制机制改革，加快新兴领域治理机制建设，规范自由裁量权，堵塞制度漏洞，减少设租寻租机会。构建以党内监督为主导、专责监督为主干、基层监督为支撑、各类监督贯通协调的党和国家监督体系。持续深化纪检监察体制改革，优化监督检查和审查调查机构职能，完善垂直管理单位纪检监察体制，健全巡视巡察工作体制机制，推进执纪执法和刑事司法有机衔接，深化基层监督体制机制改革。推进公权力大数据监督平台建设，运用信息化手段及时发现共性问题，加强预警纠治，提高风腐问题的线索发现和精准识别能力。紧盯“关键少数”，健全加强对“一把手”和领导班子监督的配套制度，增强监督的针对性和有效性。同时，深化教育引导，加强思想政治教育，持续开展党性教育、理想信念教育和党的宗旨教育，努力增强党员干部的党性修养和廉洁意识。不断提升专题培训、主题党日活动、红色教育基地参观等的实效性，提高党员干部自觉抵制不良作风和腐败思想侵蚀的能力和水平。提高警示教育的效能，定期组织党员干部观看警示教育片、参观廉政教育基地、学习典型案例通报等，确保党员干部加深对风腐问题严重危害性的认识，增强廉洁自律意识。加强新时代廉洁文化建设，开展廉洁文化进机关、进企业、进学校、进家庭等活动，将廉洁文化融入社会主义核心价值观建设，扩大廉洁文化的覆盖面和影响力，营造崇廉拒腐的社会风尚。

Finally, strengthen the institutional construction and mechanism innovation of simultaneous investigation and governance of work-style and corruption. Improve the institutional system for work-style construction. Further refine and improve various institutional regulations on opposing formalism, bureaucracy, hedonism, and extravagance, such as formulating stricter standards for official receptions and office space, as well as management measures for official vehicles, to plug institutional loopholes for the rebound of bad work-styles. Improve laws and regulations on anti-corruption, strengthen anti-corruption legislation, improve legal provisions for punishing corruption crimes such as embezzlement, bribery, and abuse of power, and enhance the targetedness and operability of the law. Establish mechanisms aligned with international anti-corruption laws, and strengthen international cooperation in pursuing fugitives and recovering stolen assets. Establish a coordination system for simultaneous investigation and governance of work-style and corruption. Establish and improve the leadership system and responsibility implementation mechanism, adhere to the main responsibility of Party committees (Party leadership groups), the supervision responsibility of discipline inspection commissions, the first responsible person responsibility of Party committee (Party leadership group) secretaries, and the “dual responsibility for one post” of leadership team members, [11]11 “Dual responsibility for one post” (一岗双责) means that a leading cadre is responsible both for their official duties and for the work-style and integrity of subordinates in their jurisdiction. and build a responsibility system for the integrated advancement of rectifying work-styles, enforcing discipline, and combating corruption. Clearly define the division of responsibilities and coordination mechanisms of departments such as discipline inspection and supervision, organization, and auditing in the simultaneous investigation and governance of work-style and corruption, strengthen information sharing and clue transfer, and form a joint working force. Improve the clue investigation and coordination mechanism, strengthen communication and coordination among discipline inspection and supervision, auditing, finance, and statistics departments, promote the penetration of simultaneous investigation and governance of work-style and corruption into all links such as clue transfer and handling, supervision and inspection, and investigation, and continuously transform institutional advantages into governance efficacy. Strengthen organizational leadership, improve working mechanisms, and integrate simultaneous investigation and governance of work-style and corruption into all links of reporting through letters and visits, supervision and inspection, investigation, and inspections and patrols, and implement it in all aspects of warning education, rectification and remediation, and institutional construction. Continuously improve the working mechanism of simultaneous investigation, review, analysis, and governance of work-style and corruption, combine node supervision with daily supervision, combine individual case investigation with systematic governance, combine traditional methods with digital empowerment, implement the “one case, four looks” mechanism of looking at work-style issues, looking at institutional loopholes, looking at responsibility gaps, and looking at the political ecosystem, incorporate simultaneous investigation and governance of work-style and corruption into the political ecosystem assessment system, build a complete chain of “discovering problems, digging deep and investigating carefully, tracing back to the source and rectifying, and optimizing governance,” promote the simultaneous resonance of work-style construction and the anti-corruption struggle, and amplify the comprehensive effect of rectifying work-styles, enforcing discipline, and combating corruption.

最后，加强风腐同查同治制度建设和机制创新。完善作风建设制度体系。进一步细化和完善关于反对形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和奢靡之风的各项制度规定，如制定更加严格的公务接待和办公用房标准，以及公务用车管理办法等，堵塞不良作风反弹的制度漏洞。健全反腐败法律法规，加强反腐败立法工作，完善惩治贪污贿赂、滥用职权等腐败犯罪的法律条款，提高法律的针对性和可操作性。建立与国际反腐败法律接轨的机制，加强国际追逃追赃合作。建立风腐同查同治协同制度。建立健全领导体制和责任落实机制，坚持党委（党组）主体责任、纪委监督责任、党委（党组）书记第一责任人责任和班子成员“一岗双责”，构建正风肃纪反腐一体推进的责任体系。明确纪检监察、组织、审计等部门在风腐同查同治中的职责分工和协作机制，加强信息共享和线索移送，形成工作合力。健全线索排查与协作机制，加强纪检监察、审计、财会、统计等部门的沟通协调，推动风腐同查同治贯穿线索移送处置、监督检查、审查调查等各环节，使制度优势持续转化为治理效能。强化组织领导，健全工作机制，把风腐同查同治贯穿到信访举报、监督检查、审查调查、巡视巡察各环节，落实到警示教育、整改整治、制度建设各方面。不断完善风腐同查同审同析同治工作机制，将节点监督与日常监督相结合、个案查处与系统治理相结合、传统手段与数字赋能相结合，实行看作风问题、看制度漏洞、看责任缺位、看政治生态“一案四看”机制，将风腐同查同治纳入政治生态评估体系，构建“发现问题、深挖细查、溯源整改、优化治理”的完整链条，推动作风建设与反腐败斗争同频共振，放大正风肃纪反腐综合效应。

Deeply advancing the simultaneous investigation and governance of work-style and corruption is a major strategic measure to maintain the Party’s advanced nature and purity, enhance the Party’s cohesion and combat effectiveness, ensure the healthy development of the Party and state’s undertakings, and strengthen the Party’s flesh-and-blood ties with the masses. Deeply advancing the simultaneous investigation and governance of work-style and corruption is a long-term and arduous major political task, of great significance for systematically cultivating a healthy and positive intra-Party political culture and comprehensively fostering a clean and upright intra-Party political ecosystem, and is a strategic breakthrough point for leading and driving a fundamental improvement in social atmosphere with a good Party style and government style. On the new journey of the New Era, the entire Party and society must soberly recognize the serious harm of the integration of work-style and corruption issues, deeply grasp the characteristics, essence, and laws of the interweaving of unhealthy work-styles and corruption issues, insist on digging for corruption cases whenever investigating work-style issues, “investigating corruption from work-styles” to sever the chain of interests; insist on looking for work-style issues whenever investigating corruption cases, “correcting work-styles from corruption” to promote breakthroughs in both directions, resolutely sever the chain from work-styles to corruption, continuously eliminate various viruses that harm the Party’s healthy body, and provide a strong guarantee for advancing Chinese-path modernization and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.

深入推进风腐同查同治是维护党的先进性和纯洁性、增强党的凝聚力和战斗力、保障党和国家事业健康发展、密切党同人民群众的血肉联系的重大战略举措。深入推进风腐同查同治是一项长期而艰巨的重大政治任务，对于系统培育积极健康的党内政治文化和全面涵养风清气正的党内政治生态具有重大意义，是以优良党风政风引领和带动社会风气根本好转的战略突破口。新时代新征程，全党全社会务必清醒认识风腐一体问题的严重危害性，深刻把握不正之风和腐败问题相互交织的特点、本质和规律，坚持凡查作风问题必挖腐败案件，“由风查腐”斩断利益链条；凡查腐败案件必看作风问题，“由腐纠风”推动双向突破，坚决斩断由风及腐的链条，持续清除侵害党的健康肌体的各种病毒，为推进中国式现代化和实现中华民族伟大复兴提供坚强保障。

(Author’s brief introduction: Tang Huangfeng, Wu Yuzhang Chair Professor, School of CPC History and Party Building, Renmin University of China)

（作者简介：唐皇凤，中国人民大学中共党史党建学院吴玉章讲席教授）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心