The Basic Course and Experience of Ruling Party Building since the Founding of New China

Marx’s thought on technology provides a fundamental guide for scientifically understanding the essential attributes and socio-historical effects of artificial intelligence, and for correctly handling the relationship between artificial intelligence and ideological and political education. As a key driving force and strategic technology of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, artificial intelligence profoundly affects the triple socio-historical relationships between humans and nature, humans and other humans, and humans and themselves, and has gradually evolved into a unity of “technical means,” “infrastructure,” and “civilization marker.” For ideological and political education, artificial intelligence, as an endogenous force, embeds itself in and influences the foundational basis, basic contradictions, and practical forms of ideological and political education. Promoting the deep integration of artificial intelligence and ideological and political education is an inherent requirement and rational choice for following the laws of technological change and escaping the trap of the technological tool paradox and the fear of technological domination. This integration deeply contains the symbiotic relationship and interactive logic of “technology–ideological and political education,” which is concretely manifested in two interconnected and mutually reinforcing processes and mechanisms: “the ideological and political education-ization of artificial intelligence” and “the artificial intelligence-ization of ideological and political education.”

马克思工艺学思想为科学认识人工智能的本质属性和社会历史效应，正确处理人工智能与思想政治教育关系提供了根本遵循。人工智能作为新一轮科技革命和产业变革的重要驱动力和战略性技术，深刻影响人和自然、人和人、人和自身三重社会历史关系，并逐步演化为“技术手段”“基础设施”“文明标识”的统一体。对思想政治教育来说，人工智能作为一种内生性力量嵌入并影响思想政治教育的发生基础、基本矛盾和实践形态。推动人工智能与思想政治教育深度融合，是遵循工艺学变革规律，摆脱技术工具悖论与技术宰制之虞的内在要求和理性选择。这种融合深层蕴含着“技术—思政”的共生关系和互动逻辑，集中表现为“人工智能思政化”与“思政人工智能化”两个相互连接、相辅相成的过程和机制。

Xi Jinping points out: “Advancing Party building as a great project, and always adhering to the principle and policy that the Party must govern itself strictly and with discipline, is a major innovation of our Party, and also a major magic weapon for establishing the Party and the country, and for rejuvenating the Party and strengthening the country.” [1]1 The “Two Musts” refers to Mao Zedong’s admonition at the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the CPC in March 1949: comrades must be taught to remain modest, prudent, and free from arrogance and rashness, and comrades must be taught to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle. Fundamentally, what a Marxist ruling party is and how to build a Marxist ruling party constitute the fundamental proposition of Party building. This involves at least four core issues: how to prevent and overcome the alienation of power and power corruption, how to prevent and overcome detachment from the masses, how to overcome “capability panic,” and how to overcome ideological rigidity and institutional rigidity. Through more than 75 years of arduous exploration since the founding of New China, our Party has continuously deepened its understanding of the laws of Party building itself, the laws of socialist construction, and the laws of human social development. This has not only enabled the Party itself to grow from over 4 million Party members at the beginning of New China to the world’s largest ruling party with nearly 100 million members, but also, “through unremitting efforts, the Party has found a second answer to the historical cycle of rise and fall, chaos and order—self-revolution—and has significantly enhanced its capacity for self-purification, self-improvement, self-renewal, and self-enhancement.” [2]2 The “Three-Anti” Movement (1951–1952) was a nationwide campaign within Party, government, military, and state-owned enterprise organs to oppose corruption, waste, and bureaucratism.(P12) Under the strong and correct leadership of the Party, the socialist transformation was successfully completed, the socialist system was established and continuously improved, and adherence to socialism with Chinese characteristics was affirmed as the only way to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Through 14 Five-Year Plans, Chinese-path modernization has been steadily advanced step by step, entering a new journey of uniting and leading the people of all ethnic groups across the country to comprehensively build a great modern socialist country, achieve the Second Centenary Goal, and comprehensively advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization. A profound summary of the basic course and basic experience of ruling Party building since the founding of New China not only helps to further promote the Party’s self-revolution, break out of the “historical cycle of rise and fall, chaos and order,” solve the unique problems of a large Party, and build a long-term Marxist ruling party, but also helps to uphold and strengthen the Party’s overall leadership, and to comprehensively advance the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-path modernization.

习近平指出：“把党的建设作为一项伟大工程来推进，并且始终坚持党要管党、从严治党的原则和方针，是我们党的一大创举，也是立党立国、兴党强国的一大法宝。”[1] 从根本上看，什么是马克思主义执政党、怎样建设马克思主义执政党，是党的建设的根本命题。这至少涉及四个方面的核心问题，即如何防范与克服权力异化与权力腐败，如何防范与克服脱离群众，如何克服“本领恐慌”，如何克服思想僵化与体制机制僵化。经过新中国成立75年多的艰辛探索，我们党不断深化对党的自身建设规律、社会主义建设规律、人类社会发展规律的认识，不仅使党自身从新中国成立初期的400余万党员发展壮大到近亿党员的世界第一大执政党，而且，“经过不懈努力，党找到了自我革命这一跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率的第二个答案，自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高能力显著增强”。[2](P12)在党的坚强而正确的领导下，顺利完成社会主义改造、确立并不断完善社会主义制度，坚持中国特色社会主义是实现中华民族伟大复兴的必由之路，通过14个五年规划不断推进中国式现代化建设拾级而上，进入团结带领全国各族人民全面建成社会主义现代化强国、实现第二个百年奋斗目标、以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴的新征程。深刻总结新中国成立以来执政党建设的基本历程与基本经验，既有助于进一步推进党的自我革命、跳出治乱兴衰“历史周期率”、解决大党独有难题、建设长期执政的马克思主义政党，也有助于坚持和加强党的全面领导，以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业。

I. The Initial Exploration of Ruling Party Building during the Period of Socialist Revolution and Construction

一、社会主义革命和建设时期执政党建设的开篇探索

During the period of socialist revolution and construction, the main task facing the Party was “to realize the transition from New Democracy to socialism, to carry out socialist revolution, to advance socialist construction, and to lay the fundamental political prerequisite and institutional foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.” [3]3 Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan were senior Communist Party officials executed in 1952 for embezzlement during the “Three-Anti” Movement, a landmark case in the early PRC’s anti-corruption efforts.(P9) Facing the historic transformation of the Party’s status and central task, how to overcome the phenomena of arrogance and complacency, indulgence in pleasure, ideological rigidity, bureaucratism, and detachment from the masses brought about by victory; how to effectively solve the problems of ideological impurity, organizational impurity, and style impurity within the Party; how to establish and improve the Party’s organizational system nationwide, strictly enforce Party discipline, and maintain Party unity and solidarity; how to carry out the Party’s overall leadership and improve the Party’s ability and level to effectively govern the country and lead socialist construction; and to strive to build the Party into a “core force established and developed according to Marxist-Leninist principles, continuously improving its organization and work in practice, and continuously strengthening its ties with the masses,” [4]4 “Mountain-stronghold mentality” (山头主义) refers to a tendency within the Party to form factions based on regional or organizational affiliations, prioritizing the interests of one’s own group over the Party as a whole.(P256) and “a core force uniting the entire people to carry out socialist construction” [5]5 The “four modernizations policy for cadres” (干部四化方针) refers to the policy of making the cadre corps more revolutionary, younger, better educated, and more professional, formally adopted at the 12th National Congress of the CPC in 1982.(P50)—these were the core issues and goal orientation of Party building after the founding of New China. To effectively solve the prominent problems facing ruling Party building and achieve the goals of Party building, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Mao Zedong as their main representative, kept in mind the “Two Musts,” [1]1 The “Two Musts” refers to Mao Zedong’s admonition at the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the CPC in March 1949: comrades must be taught to remain modest, prudent, and free from arrogance and rashness, and comrades must be taught to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle. carried out arduous exploration of Marxist ruling Party building, and strengthened Party building through a series of measures.

在社会主义革命和建设时期，党面临的主要任务是“实现从新民主主义到社会主义的转变，进行社会主义革命，推进社会主义建设，为实现中华民族伟大复兴奠定根本政治前提和制度基础”。[3](P9)面对党的地位与中心任务的历史性转变，如何克服因胜利而带来的居功自傲、贪图享乐、思想僵化、官僚主义、脱离群众现象，如何有效解决党内思想不纯、组织不纯、作风不纯问题，如何在全国范围内建立与健全党的组织体系、严明党的纪律、维护党的团结统一，如何进行党的全面领导、提高党有效治国理政、领导社会主义建设的能力和水平，努力把党建设成为“按照马克思列宁主义原则建立和发展起来、在实践中不断地改进自己的组织和工作、不断地加强自己同群众的联系”，[4](P256)“团结全国人民进行社会主义建设的核心力量”，[5](P50)这是新中国成立后党的建设的核心问题与目标导向。为有效解决执政党建设面临的突出问题、实现党的建设目标，以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人牢记“两个务必”，对马克思主义执政党建设进行了艰辛探索，通过一系列举措加强党的建设。

First, open Party building, improve the Party’s organizational system, and strengthen the leadership of the ruling Party. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the founding of the Communist Party of China, and even some Party organizations in the “Kuomintang-controlled areas,” were established in secret, mainly carrying out “underground activities”; after the founding of New China, establishing and improving the Party’s organizational system, open Party building, and strengthening the Party’s organizational construction became requirements of the times. On the one hand, to improve the Party’s organizational system and strengthen the Party’s leadership over state organs, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee adopted the “Decision on Organizing Chinese Communist Party Committees within the Central People’s Government” and the “Decision on Establishing Chinese Communist Party Leading Party Members’ Groups within the Central People’s Government” on November 9, 1949, requiring the establishment of Party committees and leading Party members’ groups within the Central People’s Government, with the aim of “realizing and strengthening the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China over the Central People’s Government, so as to unify and implement the implementation of the Party Central Committee’s political line and policies.” [6]6 “Eight upholds and eight opposes” (八个坚持、八个反对) refers to the main tasks for improving Party work style set by the 15th Central Committee’s Sixth Plenary Session in 2001, including upholding the integration of theory and practice, opposing formalism; upholding close ties with the masses, opposing bureaucracy; upholding democratic centralism, opposing arbitrary decision-making; upholding Party discipline, opposing liberalism; upholding integrity and diligence, opposing corruption; upholding hard struggle, opposing hedonism; upholding the selection of officials on merit, opposing malpractice; and upholding the unity of the Party and the state, opposing sectarianism.(P76) According to the requirements of the above decisions, leading Party members’ groups were successively established within various state organs across the country, and the system of leading Party members’ groups was continuously improved with the reform of the state institutional setup. On the other hand, to further establish and improve Party organizations at all levels, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the “Instructions on Developing and Consolidating Party Organizations” on May 21, 1950, requiring that Party development should “adopt a policy of strict examination and a method of steady progress”; [7]7 The “four forms” of supervision and discipline enforcement refer to a graduated system of disciplinary measures within the CPC: (1) “red-face and sweaty” criticism and self-criticism as routine; (2) light organizational discipline as the majority of formal actions; (3) heavy organizational discipline and major demotions as a minority; and (4) serious disciplinary actions and criminal prosecution for a very small number.(P59) and for the first time put forward the requirement of “open Party building,” emphasizing that “the purpose of open Party building is to more closely connect the Party with the masses, place the Party under the practical help and supervision of the masses, and build a combat-effective, pure Bolshevik-type Party,” [7]7 The “four forms” of supervision and discipline enforcement refer to a graduated system of disciplinary measures within the CPC: (1) “red-face and sweaty” criticism and self-criticism as routine; (2) light organizational discipline as the majority of formal actions; (3) heavy organizational discipline and major demotions as a minority; and (4) serious disciplinary actions and criminal prosecution for a very small number.(P60) which marked a major shift in the basic mode of activity of the Party’s organizational construction.

第一，公开建党，健全党的组织体系，加强执政党的领导。在新民主主义革命时期，中国共产党的成立乃至“国统区”的一些党组织，都是秘密成立、以开展“地下活动”为主；新中国成立以后，建立健全党的组织体系、公开建党、加强党的组织建设等成为时代要求。一方面，为健全党的组织体系、加强党对国家机关的领导，中央政治局于1949年11月9日通过了《关于在中央人民政府内组织中国共产党党委会的决定》和《关于在中央人民政府内建立中国共产党党组的决定》，要求在中央人民政府内建立党委会与党组，目的是“为了实现和加强中国共产党中央对中央人民政府的领导，以便统一并贯彻党中央的政治路线和政策的执行”。[6](P76)根据上述决定要求，全国各国家政权机关内先后建立了党组，并随着国家机构设置的改革而不断完善党组制度。另一方面，为进一步建立完善各级党组织，中共中央于1950年5月21日发出《关于发展和巩固党的组织的指示》，要求党的发展要“采取严格审查的方针和稳步前进的办法”；[7](P59)并首次提出“公开建党”要求，强调“公开建党的目的，是为了更密切党与群众的联系，把党放在群众的切实帮助与监督之下，建设一个有战斗力的、纯洁的布尔什维克式的党”，[7](P60)这标志着党的组织建设的基本活动方式发生了重大转变。

Second, Party consolidation and rectification open a new situation, purifying the ranks through Party consolidation and rectification. At the beginning of the founding of New China, to prevent, correct, and overcome unhealthy ideological tendencies and bureaucratic styles within the Party, purify the Party’s organizations and the ranks of Party cadres and members, enhance the Party’s prestige, and strengthen the Party’s ties with the masses, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the “Instructions on Launching a Rectification Movement throughout the Party and the Army” on May 1, 1950, requiring that “under the overall leadership of the Central Committee, lead the entire Party and the entire army in a large-scale rectification movement, strictly rectify the style of the entire Party, first and foremost rectify the style of cadres.” [7]7 The “four forms” of supervision and discipline enforcement refer to a graduated system of disciplinary measures within the CPC: (1) “red-face and sweaty” criticism and self-criticism as routine; (2) light organizational discipline as the majority of formal actions; (3) heavy organizational discipline and major demotions as a minority; and (4) serious disciplinary actions and criminal prosecution for a very small number.(P1) The main task of this rectification movement was “to raise the ideological level and political level of cadres and ordinary Party members, overcome mistakes made in work, overcome the arrogance and complacency of those who consider themselves meritorious, overcome bureaucratism and commandism, and improve the relationship between the Party and the people.” [7]7 The “four forms” of supervision and discipline enforcement refer to a graduated system of disciplinary measures within the CPC: (1) “red-face and sweaty” criticism and self-criticism as routine; (2) light organizational discipline as the majority of formal actions; (3) heavy organizational discipline and major demotions as a minority; and (4) serious disciplinary actions and criminal prosecution for a very small number.(P144) This rectification movement lasted about half a year in total. It was the first rectification movement after the Party assumed comprehensive power, and it was also a major test of the Party’s ideological construction, organizational construction, and style construction. To further purify the Party’s organizations and the ranks of Party cadres and members, and to overcome and prevent power corruption, in December 1951, the Central Committee decided to launch a movement within Party, government, and military organs with the main content of opposing corruption, opposing waste, and opposing bureaucratism—the “Three-Anti” Movement [2]2 The “Three-Anti” Movement (1951–1952) was a nationwide campaign within Party, government, military, and state-owned enterprise organs to oppose corruption, waste, and bureaucratism.—and combined this “Three-Anti” Movement with the subsequent Party consolidation, requiring that “on the basis of the ‘Three-Anti’ Movement, carry out education on the eight standards for Party members, and carry out registration, review, and handling.” [8]8 “To forge iron, one must be strong oneself” (打铁必须自身硬): A Chinese idiom used by Xi Jinping to emphasize that the Party must first strengthen itself to lead effectively.(P48) This “Three-Anti” Movement initiated the first centralized anti-corruption campaign since the founding of New China, and the case of Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan [3]3 Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan were senior Communist Party officials executed in 1952 for embezzlement during the “Three-Anti” Movement, a landmark case in the early PRC’s anti-corruption efforts. became the “first anti-corruption case” in New China.

第二，整党整风开新局，通过整党整风纯洁队伍。在新中国成立之初，为防范、纠正与克服党内不良思想倾向和官僚主义作风，纯洁党的组织与党员干部队伍，提高党的威信、加强党与群众的联系，中共中央于1950年5月1日发出《关于在全党全军开展整风运动的指示》，要求“在中央的总领导下，领导全党全军，进行一次大规模的整风运动，严格地整顿全党作风，首先是整顿干部作风”。[7](P1)这次整风运动的主要任务，即“提高干部和一般党员的思想水平和政治水平，克服工作中所犯的错误，克服以功臣自居的骄傲自满情绪，克服官僚主义和命令主义，改善党和人民的关系”。[7](P144)这次整风运动前后历经半年左右，是党全面执政以后进行的第一次整风运动，也是对党的思想建设、组织建设和作风建设的一次大检验。为进一步纯洁党的组织与党员干部队伍、克服与防范权力腐败，1951年12月中央决定在党政军机关内部开展以反贪污、反浪费、反官僚主义为主要内容的“三反”运动，并且把“三反”与后续的整党结合起来，要求“在‘三反’运动的基础上，进行党员八项标准的教育，进行登记、审查和处理”。[8](P48)这次“三反”运动开启了新中国成立以来第一次集中反腐败，刘青山、张子善一案成为新中国“反腐第一案”。

Third, strengthen the cultivation and promotion of cadres, and institutionalize cadre education and management. “Once the political line is determined, cadres are the decisive factor”; “without a majority of leading cadres who are both virtuous and talented, it is impossible to accomplish the historical tasks.” [9]9 “The rise of a political order lies in following the people’s will, and its fall lies in opposing it” (政之所兴在顺民心、政之所废在逆民心): A classical allusion from the ancient Chinese text *Guanzi*, meaning that the success or failure of governance depends on whether it aligns with popular will.(P648) After the founding of New China, our Party upheld and developed the cadre line of “appointing people on their merits,” requiring that cadre selection work “must resolutely implement the Party’s principle of selecting cadres based on political quality (virtue) and professional ability (talent).” [10]10 “Taking the people’s support, approval, satisfaction, and consent as the fundamental standard for measuring the gains and losses of all work” (把人民拥护不拥护、赞成不赞成、高兴不高兴、答应不答应作为衡量一切工作得失的根本标准): A formulation attributed to Deng Xiaoping, later reiterated by Xi Jinping, emphasizing a people-centered evaluation criterion for Party work.(P271) To strengthen the cultivation and selection of cadres and to meet the epochal demands of the Party’s organizational construction and central tasks, the Party Central Committee issued on 24 November 1953 the “Decision on the Unified Allocation of Cadres, the Unity and Transformation of Original Technical Personnel, and the Large-Scale Cultivation and Training of Cadres,” requiring that, in accordance with the principles of unified adjustment, key deployment, and bold promotion, a large number of outstanding cadres be transferred into the industrial construction field, ensuring the Party’s industrial cadre corps in both quantity and quality; it also required not only uniting with and transforming original technical personnel but also, more importantly, cultivating large numbers of new technical workers and technical experts. [10]10 “Taking the people’s support, approval, satisfaction, and consent as the fundamental standard for measuring the gains and losses of all work” (把人民拥护不拥护、赞成不赞成、高兴不高兴、答应不答应作为衡量一切工作得失的根本标准): A formulation attributed to Deng Xiaoping, later reiterated by Xi Jinping, emphasizing a people-centered evaluation criterion for Party work.(P272-274) After cultivating and promoting a large number of worker-peasant cadres, cadre education and management became a prominent issue. To this end, the Central Committee adopted measures in two aspects: on the one hand, it successively issued the “Directive on Strengthening Cultural Education Work for Cadres” (24 December 1953) and the “Plan for Rotational Training of All High- and Middle-Ranking Cadres of the Party and Adjustment of Party Schools” (17 December 1954), aiming to strengthen cadre education and training, and to raise cadres’ cultural level, professional competence, and political level. On the other hand, it strengthened the Party’s management of cadres and improved cadre management methods. The “Decision on Strengthening Cadre Management Work” issued on 24 November 1953 required “gradually establishing a system of management of cadres by department and by level under the unified leadership of the Central Committee and Party committees at all levels, and under the unified management of the Organization Departments of the Central Committee and Party committees at all levels,” [10]10 “Taking the people’s support, approval, satisfaction, and consent as the fundamental standard for measuring the gains and losses of all work” (把人民拥护不拥护、赞成不赞成、高兴不高兴、答应不答应作为衡量一切工作得失的根本标准): A formulation attributed to Deng Xiaoping, later reiterated by Xi Jinping, emphasizing a people-centered evaluation criterion for Party work.(P267) thereby initiating the management of cadres by department and by level; in addition, it also required establishing a system of “lists of reserve cadres,” making the selection of reserve cadres a regular task.

第三，加强干部培养提拔，推进干部教育管理制度化。“政治路线确定之后，干部就是决定的因素”，“没有多数才德兼备的领导干部，是不能完成其历史任务的”。[9](P648)新中国成立以后，我们党坚持与发展“任人唯贤”的干部路线，要求干部选拔工作“必须坚决贯彻党的根据政治品质（德）和业务能力（才）来挑选干部的原则”。[10](P271)为加强对干部的培养选拔、适应党的组织建设与中心任务的时代要求，中共中央于1953年11月24日发布《关于统一调配干部，团结、改造原有技术人员及大量培养、训练干部的决定》，要求根据统一调整、重点配备、大胆提拔原则，调配大量优秀干部转入工业建设领域，在数量和质量方面保证党的工业干部队伍配备；要求既要团结、改造原有的技术人员，更要大量培养新的技术工人和技术专家。[10](P272-274)在培养和提拔大量工农干部之后，干部教育管理便成为突出问题。为此，中央采取了两个方面举措：一方面，先后出台《关于加强干部文化教育工作的指示》（1953年12月24日）、《关于轮训全党高中级干部和调整党校的计划》（1954年12月17日）等，旨在加强干部教育培训，提高干部的文化水平、专业能力和政治水平。另一方面，加强党对干部的管理、改进干部管理方法。1953年11月24日发布的《关于加强干部管理工作的决定》，要求“逐步建立在中央及各级党委统一领导下，在中央及各级党委的组织部统一管理下的分部分级管理干部的制度”，[10](P267)开始对干部进行分部管理与分级管理；另外，还要求建立“后备干部名单”制度，将后备干部选拔作为经常工作。

Fourth, establish Party disciplinary inspection organs, strictly enforce Party discipline, and safeguard Party unity and solidarity. Party discipline is the fundamental guarantee for preserving the Party’s purity and combat effectiveness and for safeguarding Party unity and solidarity. To better “implement the Party’s political line and various specific policies, safeguard state and Party secrets, strengthen the Party’s organizational discipline and sense of discipline, maintain close ties with the masses, overcome bureaucracy, and ensure the correct implementation of all Party resolutions,” [6]6 “Eight upholds and eight opposes” (八个坚持、八个反对) refers to the main tasks for improving Party work style set by the 15th Central Committee’s Sixth Plenary Session in 2001, including upholding the integration of theory and practice, opposing formalism; upholding close ties with the masses, opposing bureaucracy; upholding democratic centralism, opposing arbitrary decision-making; upholding Party discipline, opposing liberalism; upholding integrity and diligence, opposing corruption; upholding hard struggle, opposing hedonism; upholding the selection of officials on merit, opposing malpractice; and upholding the unity of the Party and the state, opposing sectarianism.(P72) first, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee passed on 9 November 1949 the “Decision on the Establishment of the Central and All-Level Party Discipline Inspection Committees,” requiring the establishment of Party disciplinary inspection organs to undertake the basic functions of inspecting violations of Party discipline by Party organizations, Party cadres, and Party members; accepting, reviewing, and deciding on disciplinary sanctions and the revocation of sanctions; strengthening disciplinary education; and ensuring Party unity and centralization. It also clearly stipulated the leadership system for disciplinary inspection, namely that the Central Discipline Inspection Committee was directly led by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, that discipline inspection committees at all levels were led by the Party committee at the corresponding level, and that higher-level discipline inspection committees had the authority to alter or annul decisions of lower-level discipline inspection committees. [8]8 “To forge iron, one must be strong oneself” (打铁必须自身硬): A Chinese idiom used by Xi Jinping to emphasize that the Party must first strengthen itself to lead effectively.(P72-73) By the end of 1950, within only about one year, disciplinary inspection organs at the Central Committee, all Central Bureaus, and most provinces, municipalities, and prefectural Party committees had been established one after another, and disciplinary inspection work and the leadership of Party committees at all levels over disciplinary inspection were continuously strengthened. Second, to further strengthen Party discipline, the Party Central Committee decided to establish Party supervision committees. The National Conference of the Communist Party of China in March 1955 passed the “Resolution on the Establishment of the Central and Local Supervision Committees of the Party,” requiring that “the tasks of the Central and local supervision committees at all levels of the Party are to regularly inspect and handle cases of Party members violating the Party Constitution, Party discipline, and state laws and decrees,” and that they “have the authority to inspect and handle all cases of Party members violating the Party Constitution, Party discipline, and state laws and decrees.” [11](P329) Third, strengthen Party unity and solidarity and safeguard the authority of the Central Committee. The Fourth Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Party on 10 February 1954 passed the “Resolution on Strengthening Party Unity,” emphasizing that “Party unity is the life of the Party and a basic principle of Marxism-Leninism; undermining Party unity is to violate the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism and to help the enemy endanger the life of the Party,” [12](P253) aiming to “consolidate the unity of the entire working class and the entire people of the country” by consolidating inner-Party unity; [13](P273) it required upholding the unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, safeguarding the unity and authority of the Central Committee, and making democratic centralism one of the important guarantees of Party unity; it also required strict adherence to the system of collective leadership and resolute opposition to erroneous tendencies such as mountain-stronghold mentality [4]4 “Mountain-stronghold mentality” (山头主义) refers to a tendency within the Party to form factions based on regional or organizational affiliations, prioritizing the interests of one’s own group over the Party as a whole. and individualism, arrogance, and the cult of the individual. [12](P254)

第四，建立党的纪律检查机关，严明党纪、维护党的团结统一。党的纪律是保障党的纯洁性与战斗力、维护党的团结统一的基本保障。为更好地“执行党的政治路线及各项具体政策，保守国家的与党的机密，加强党的组织性与纪律性，密切地联系群众，克服官僚主义，保证党的一切决议的正确实施”，[6](P72)其一，中央政治局于1949年11月9日通过《关于成立中央及各级党的纪律检查委员会的决定》，要求成立党的纪律检查机关，以承担检查党的组织、党的干部和党员违纪的行为，受理、审查并决定违纪处分和取消处分，加强纪律教育、保证党的统一与集中等基本职能；并且，明确规定了纪检领导体制，即中央纪律检查委员会由中央政治局直接领导，各级纪律检查委员会由该级党委领导，上级纪律检查委员会有权改变和取消下级纪律检查委员会的决定。[8](P72-73)到1950年底，仅用一年左右时间，中央及各地中央局以及大部分省、市、地委的纪委机构相继建立，并不断加强纪律检查工作、加强各级党委对纪检工作的领导。其二，为进一步加强党的纪律，中共中央决定成立党的监察委员会。1955年3月中国共产党全国代表会议通过了《关于成立党的中央和地方监察委员会的决议》，要求“党的中央和地方各级监察委员会的任务是经常检查和处理党员违反党章、党纪和国家法律、法令的案件”，且“有权检查和处理一切党员违反党章、党纪和国家法律、法令的案件”。[11](P329)其三，加强党的团结统一、维护中央权威。1954年2月10日党的七届四中全会通过了《关于增强党的团结的决议》，强调“党的团结是党的生命，是马克思列宁主义的基本原则，破坏党的团结就是违反马克思列宁主义的基本原则，就是帮助敌人来危害党的生命”，[12](P253)旨在通过巩固党内团结来“巩固地团结整个工人阶级和全国人民群众”；[13](P273)要求维护党中央统一领导、维护中央的团结和权威，把民主集中制作为党的团结的重要保证之一；要求严格遵守集体领导制度，坚决反对山头主义和个人主义、骄傲情绪、个人崇拜等错误倾向。[12](P254)

The Eighth National Congress of the CPC, held from 15 to 27 September 1956, was the first National Congress of the Party after the founding of New China. The Congress profoundly summarized the basic experience of Party building since the Seventh National Congress, especially since the founding of New China, and made pioneering explorations and relatively systematic plans for the construction of the ruling Party. It required adhering to the correct ideological line and the mass line, and opposing subjectivism and bureaucracy; it required upholding democratic centralism, with Party organizations at all levels adhering to collective leadership, safeguarding Party unity and solidarity, and explicitly making Party unity and solidarity “one of the most important issues in Party building”; [4]4 “Mountain-stronghold mentality” (山头主义) refers to a tendency within the Party to form factions based on regional or organizational affiliations, prioritizing the interests of one’s own group over the Party as a whole.(P235) it required striving to raise Party membership standards and continuously improve the quality of Party members, “protecting and expanding the democratic rights of Party members,” [4]4 “Mountain-stronghold mentality” (山头主义) refers to a tendency within the Party to form factions based on regional or organizational affiliations, prioritizing the interests of one’s own group over the Party as a whole.(P248) and earnestly strengthening Party building. In November 1956, Mao Zedong further emphasized at the Second Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee the need to be vigilant, not to allow the growth of a bureaucratic style of work, and not to form an aristocratic stratum divorced from the people. In sum, after the founding of New China, our Party made great efforts to strengthen Party building and consolidate Party leadership from the ideological, organizational, and work-style perspectives. Through a series of measures, “it enhanced the Party’s purity and the unity of the entire Party, strengthened the Party’s ties with the masses, and accumulated preliminary experience in the construction of the ruling Party.” [3]3 Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan were senior Communist Party officials executed in 1952 for embezzlement during the “Three-Anti” Movement, a landmark case in the early PRC’s anti-corruption efforts.(P12) At the same time, it provided a powerful ideological guarantee, organizational guarantee, and political guarantee for leading the socialist revolution and construction.

1956年9月15日至27日召开的中共八大，是新中国成立以后召开的第一次党的全国代表大会；大会深刻总结了中共七大以来尤其是新中国成立以来党的建设的基本经验，对执政党建设做出了开创性探索与比较系统性的规划，要求坚持正确的思想路线、群众路线，反对主观主义、官僚主义；要求坚持民主集中制、各级党组织坚持集体领导，维护党的团结和统一，明确把党的团结和统一作为“党的建设的最重要问题之一”；[4](P235)要求努力提高党员标准、不断提高党员质量，“保护和扩大党员的民主权利”，[4](P248)切实加强党的建设。1956年11月，毛泽东在八届二中全会上进一步强调要警惕，不要滋长官僚主义作风，不要形成一个脱离人民的贵族阶层。总之，新中国成立以后，我们党着力从思想上组织上作风上加强党的建设、巩固党的领导，通过一系列举措，“增强了党的纯洁性和全党的团结，密切了党同人民群众的联系，积累了执政党建设的初步经验”。[3](P12)同时，为领导社会主义革命和建设提供了有力的思想保障、组织保障与政治保障。

II. Reform and Innovation in the Construction of the Ruling Party during the New Period of Reform and Opening Up and Socialist Modernization

二、改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期执政党建设的改革创新

The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party in 1978 ceased using the slogan “take class struggle as the key link” and made the strategic decision of reform and opening up, shifting the Party’s and the state’s central work to economic construction. The socialist modernization drive entered a new period, opening a new phase in the construction of the ruling Party. However, it also simultaneously faced tests such as the test of governance, the test of reform and opening up, the test of the market economy, and the test of the external environment. How to uphold, strengthen, and improve Party leadership; how to strengthen the construction of Party conduct and clean governance and maintain the Party’s advanced nature and purity; and how to effectively solve the two major historical tasks of “raising the Party’s leadership and governance level and raising the ability to resist corruption, prevent degeneration, and withstand risks” were all prominent issues and main tasks that Party building faced and needed to resolve during this historical period.

1978年党的十一届三中全会停止使用“以阶级斗争为纲”口号、作出改革开放战略决策，把党和国家的工作中心转移到经济建设上来，社会主义现代化建设进入新时期，开启了执政党建设新局面。但同时也面临着执政考验、改革开放考验、市场经济考验、外部环境考验等，如何坚持、加强与改善党的领导，如何加强党风廉政建设、保持党的先进性和纯洁性，如何有效解决“提高党的领导水平和执政水平、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力”两大历史性课题等，都是这一历史时期党的建设面临的突出问题、需要解决的主要任务。

As early as the beginning of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping clearly pointed out: it was necessary to think about and solve, under new historical conditions, the questions of “what kind of party a ruling party should be” and “how a party can be said to be good at leading”;[14](P276) “what is a Marxist ruling party and how to build a Marxist ruling party”, and “what is the Party’s leadership and how to uphold, strengthen and improve Party leadership” can be described as the distinctive themes of Party building in this historical period; “combining with the new reality, following the Party’s basic line, upholding the principle that the Party must supervise itself and govern itself strictly, strengthening and improving Party building, and striving to raise the Party’s level of governance and leadership”,[15](P245) and “striving to build the Party into a strong core leading the socialist modernization cause”,[16](P39-49) can be described as the basic goals of Party building in this period. To effectively solve the prominent problems facing Party building and achieve the goals of Party building, our Party adhered to the principle that the Party must supervise itself and govern itself strictly, took the Party’s governance capacity building and advanced nature construction as the main line, advanced Party building with a reformist spirit, initiated and advanced the great new project of Party building, and opened up a new situation in the construction of a Marxist ruling party.

早在改革开放之初，邓小平就明确指出：要在新的历史条件下思考和解决“执政党应该是一个什么样的党”“党怎样才叫善于领导”问题；[14](P276)“什么是马克思主义执政党、怎样建设马克思主义执政党”，“什么是党的领导，怎样坚持、加强与改善党的领导”，可谓这一历史时期党的建设的鲜明主题；“结合新的实际，遵循党的基本路线，坚持党要管党和从严治党，加强和改进党的建设，努力提高党的执政水平和领导水平”，[15](P245)“努力把党建设成为领导社会主义现代化事业的坚强核心”，[16](P39-49)可谓这一时期党的建设的基本目标。为有效解决党的建设面临的突出问题、实现党的建设目标，我们党坚持党要管党、从严治党，以党的执政能力建设和先进性建设为主线，以改革精神推进党的建设，开创并推进党的建设新的伟大工程，开启了马克思主义执政党建设新局面。

First, deepen the reform of Party and state institutions and the leadership system, uphold and improve Party leadership. On the basis of the great discussion on the criterion of truth and the rectification of the Party’s ideological line, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC in 1978 made the strategic decision of reform and opening up, shifted the focus of the Party and state work to economic construction, and achieved the rectification of the Party’s political line; at the same time, it decided to improve the Party’s leadership organs, requiring that under the unified leadership of the Party, the phenomena of non-separation between the Party, government and enterprises, substitution of the Party for the government, and substitution of the government for enterprises be seriously addressed, and requiring the streamlining of institutions, the delegation of power, and the solution of the problem of excessive concentration of power. In the early period of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping clearly pointed out that in order to uphold Party leadership, it was necessary to strive to improve Party leadership, “in addition to improving the organizational situation of the Party, it is also necessary to improve the working conditions of Party leadership and improve the Party’s leadership system”.[14](P269) In 1980, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC took “upholding Party leadership, improving Party leadership, and enhancing the Party’s combat effectiveness” as the theme of the session, focusing on studying the issue of strengthening and improving Party leadership. Deng Xiaoping’s speech in August 1980, “On the Reform of the Party and State Leadership System”, further outlined a blueprint for the reform of the Party and state leadership system, emphasizing the need to effectively solve some malpractices in the current specific system through the reform of the Party and state leadership system; “the main malpractices are bureaucratism, excessive concentration of power, patriarchalism, the lifelong tenure of leading cadres, and various forms of privilege”;[14](P327) later measures such as abolishing the lifelong tenure of leading cadres and implementing the “four modernizations policy for cadres”,[5]5 The “four modernizations policy for cadres” (干部四化方针) refers to the policy of making the cadre corps more revolutionary, younger, better educated, and more professional, formally adopted at the 12th National Congress of the CPC in 1982. the reform of the Party’s leadership system, and the reform of State Council institutions all belong to important initiatives in the reform of Party and state institutions and the leadership system.

第一，深化党和国家机构改革与领导制度改革，坚持与改善党的领导。在进行真理标准问题大讨论、实现党的思想路线拨乱反正基础上，1978年党的十一届三中全会作出改革开放的战略决策，把党和国家的工作中心转移到经济建设上来，实现了党的政治路线的拨乱反正；同时，决定完善党的领导机构，要求在党的一元化领导之下认真解决党政企不分、以党代政、以政代企现象，要求精简机构、下放权力、解决权力过于集中问题。在改革开放初期，邓小平明确指出，为了坚持党的领导，必须努力改善党的领导，“除了改善党的组织状况以外，还要改善党的领导工作状况，改善党的领导制度”。[14](P269)1980年党的十一届五中全会把“坚持党的领导，改善党的领导，提高党的战斗力”作为会议主题，集中研究加强和改善党的领导问题。1980年8月邓小平《党和国家领导制度的改革》讲话，进一步描绘出党和国家领导制度改革蓝图，强调要通过党和国家领导制度改革来有效解决现行具体制度中的一些弊端，“主要的弊端就是官僚主义现象，权力过分集中的现象，家长制现象，干部领导职务终身制现象和形形色色的特权现象”；[14](P327)后来的废除干部领导职务终身制与推行干部“四化方针”、党的领导体制改革以及国务院机构改革等，都属于党和国家机构与领导制度改革的重要举措。

Second, establish rules and regulations, and promote the institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization of Party building. In the early period of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping pointed out: “A state must have its laws, and a party must have its party rules and regulations. The Party Constitution is the most fundamental party rule and regulation. Without party rules and regulations, state laws are difficult to guarantee.”[17](P23) This historical period was an important period of initiation and development for establishing rules and regulations and strengthening the construction of intra-Party regulations. The “Guiding Principles for Inner-Party Political Life” adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC in 1980 established the basic guidelines and basic content requirements for Party building since reform and opening up; the “Constitution of the Communist Party of China” revised and adopted at the 12th National Congress of the CPC in 1982 laid the basic framework and basic content of the Party Constitution since reform and opening up and established the fundamental guidelines for governing and managing the Party. On this basis, the Party Central Committee successively formulated and promulgated more than 20 intra-Party regulations, including the “Interim Regulations on the Procedures for the Formulation of Intra-Party Regulations of the Communist Party of China” (1990), the “Working Regulations of the Local Committees of the Communist Party of China (for Trial Implementation)” (1996), the “Several Guidelines for the Clean and Honest Conduct of Leading Cadres of the Communist Party of China (for Trial Implementation)” (1997), the “Regulations on the Selection and Appointment of Party and Government Leading Cadres” (2002), the “Regulations on Disciplinary Sanctions of the Communist Party of China” (2003), the “Regulations on the Protection of the Rights of Members of the Communist Party of China” (2004), and the “Regulations on Inspection Work of the Communist Party of China (for Trial Implementation)” (2009), providing basic legal and regulatory guarantees for strengthening Party building and laying a good foundation for the construction of the intra-Party regulatory system.

第二，建章立制，推进党的建设制度化、规范化、程序化。在改革开放初期，邓小平指出：“国要有国法，党要有党规党法。党章是最根本的党规党法。没有党规党法，国法就很难保障。”[17](P23)这一历史时期，是建章立制、加强党内法规制度建设的一个重要开创期与发展期。1980年党的十一届五中全会通过的《关于党内政治生活的若干准则》，确立了改革开放以来党的建设的基本遵循与基本内容要求；1982年党的十二大修改通过的《中国共产党章程》，奠定了改革开放以来党章的基本框架与基本内容、确立了管党治党的根本遵循。在此基础上，党中央先后制定与颁布了《中国共产党党内法规制定程序暂行条例》（1990）、《中国共产党地方委员会工作条例（试行）》（1996）、《中国共产党党员领导干部廉洁从政若干准则（试行）》（1997）、《党政领导干部选拔任用工作条例》（2002）、《中国共产党纪律处分条例》（2003）、《中国共产党党员权利保障条例》（2004）、《中国共产党巡视工作条例（试行）》（2009）等20余部党内法规，为加强党的建设提供了基本法规制度保障，奠定了党内法规制度建设的良好基础。

Third, improve the Party’s work style and maintain close ties with the masses. In the process of reform and opening up, improving the Party’s work style and maintaining close ties with the masses became a major proposition of the times. At the beginning of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping pointed out, “I agree with Comrade Chen Yun’s statement that the work style of the ruling party is a matter of life and death for the Party”,[14](P358) and believed that “if our Party does not pay serious attention and resolutely stop this trend, then our Party and state will indeed face the question of whether their ‘face will change’. This is not an alarmist statement”.[14](P403) To improve the Party’s work style and maintain close ties with the masses, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee of the CPC in 1990 adopted the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Strengthening the Party’s Ties with the Masses”, elevating the ability to always maintain and develop flesh-and-blood ties with the masses to the level of “directly related to the rise and fall of the Party and the state”,[18](P338) requiring the entire Party to implement the Party’s mass line and maintain close ties with the masses. In 2001, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 15th Central Committee of the CPC adopted the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Strengthening and Improving the Party’s Work Style”, emphasizing that “the work style of the ruling party is related to the Party’s image, the will of the people, and the life and death of the Party and the state”,[19](P235) requiring the strengthening and improvement of the Party’s work style construction with the main task of “eight upholds and eight opposes”.[6]6 “Eight upholds and eight opposes” (八个坚持、八个反对) refers to the main tasks for improving Party work style set by the 15th Central Committee’s Sixth Plenary Session in 2001, including upholding the integration of theory and practice, opposing formalism; upholding close ties with the masses, opposing bureaucracy; upholding democratic centralism, opposing arbitrary decision-making; upholding Party discipline, opposing liberalism; upholding integrity and diligence, opposing corruption; upholding hard struggle, opposing hedonism; upholding the selection of officials on merit, opposing malpractice; and upholding the unity of the Party and the state, opposing sectarianism. Since the 16th National Congress of the CPC, the emphasis has been on “whom to trust, whom to rely on, and whom to serve, and whether one always stands on the side of the vast majority of the people is the watershed between historical materialism and historical idealism, and also the touchstone for judging a Marxist political party”,[20](P16) requiring the entire Party to vigorously foster a style of maintaining close ties with the masses, a style of seeking truth from facts, a style of hard struggle, and a style of criticism and self-criticism.

第三，改进党的作风，密切联系群众。在改革开放过程中，改进党的作风、密切联系群众成为重大时代命题。邓小平在改革开放之初就指出，“我赞成陈云同志讲的，执政党的党风问题是有关党的生死存亡的问题”，[14](P358)并且认为“如果我们党不严重注意，不坚决刹住这股风，那末，我们的党和国家确实要发生会不会‘改变面貌’的问题。这不是危言耸听”。[14](P403)为了改进党的作风、密切联系群众，1990年党的十三届六中全会通过了《中共中央关于加强党同人民群众联系的决定》，把能否始终保持和发展同人民群众的血肉联系上升到“直接关系到党和国家的盛衰兴亡”高度来强调，[18](P338)要求全党要贯彻执行党的群众路线、密切联系群众。2001年党的十五届六中全会通过了《中共中央关于加强和改进党的作风建设的决定》，强调“执政党的党风，关系党的形象，关系人心向背，关系党和国家的生死存亡”，[19](P235)要求以“八个坚持、八个反对”为主要任务加强和改进党的作风建设。党的十六大以来，着力强调“相信谁、依靠谁、为了谁，是否始终站在最广大人民的立场上，是区分唯物史观和唯心史观的分水岭，也是判断马克思主义政党的试金石”，[20](P16)要求在全党大兴密切联系群众之风、大兴求真务实之风、大兴艰苦奋斗之风、大兴批评和自我批评之风。

Fourth, oppose corruption, strengthen clean governance, and build clean politics. In the early period of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping clearly pointed out: “We must oppose corruption and build clean politics. It is not a matter of one or two days, or one or two months; we must oppose corruption throughout the entire process of reform and opening up.”[21](P327) With the deepening of reform and opening up and the development of the socialist market economy, the anti-corruption situation has become increasingly severe and the task increasingly arduous. The 15th National Congress of the CPC elevated anti-corruption to the level of “a serious political struggle related to the life and death of the Party and the state”, believing that “if corruption is not effectively punished, the Party will lose the trust and support of the masses”,[22](P46) requiring that anti-corruption be treated as a systematic project, adhering to addressing both symptoms and root causes, comprehensive management, and sustained efforts, and continuously eradicating the soil that breeds corruption through deepening reform. Since the 16th National Congress of the CPC, the central authorities have further required that, in accordance with the requirements of the Party’s advanced nature and purity, anti-corruption should be carried out, adhering to the policy of addressing both symptoms and root causes, comprehensive management, combining punishment and prevention, with emphasis on prevention, focusing on strengthening the construction of a system for punishing and preventing corruption, earnestly implementing the responsibility system for building a clean and honest Party conduct, and resolutely punishing corruption.

第四，反对腐败，加强廉政建设，搞廉洁政治。在改革开放初期，邓小平明确指出：“我们要反对腐败，搞廉洁政治。不是搞一天两天、一月两月，整个改革开放过程中都要反对腐败。”[21](P327)随着改革开放、发展社会主义市场经济的深入，反腐败形势越来越严峻、任务越来越艰巨，党的十五大把反腐败上升到“关系党和国家生死存亡的严重政治斗争”高度来强调，认为“如果腐败得不到有效惩治，党就会丧失人民群众的信任和支持”，[22](P46)要求把反腐败作为一个系统工程来抓，坚持标本兼治、综合治理、持之以恒，通过深化改革不断铲除腐败现象滋生蔓延的土壤。党的十六大以来中央进一步要求，要按照党的先进性与纯洁性要求反对腐败，坚持标本兼治、综合治理、惩防并举、注重预防的方针，着力加强惩治和预防腐败体系建设，认真贯彻落实党风廉政建设责任制，坚决惩治腐败。

Fifth, strengthening the Party’s governing capacity and the system of governing theory, and vigorously advancing the scientization of Party building. Since reform and opening up, with the development and change in the situation and tasks of ruling Party building, the construction of the Party’s governing capacity, the system of governing theory, and the scientization of Party building have become important elements of ruling Party building. Regarding the construction of governing capacity, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC adopted the “Decision of the Central Committee of the CPC on Strengthening the Party’s Governing Capacity Building,” emphasizing that the construction of the Party’s governing capacity is “a fundamental construction after the Party comes to power,”[23](P272) requiring that, in accordance with the various requirements of the overall layout of socialist modernization, we “continuously improve the ability to control the socialist market economy, develop socialist democratic politics, build an advanced socialist culture, construct a harmonious socialist society, and respond to international situations and handle international affairs,”[23](P276) and focus on solving the problem of governing capacity under the new situation. Regarding the construction of the system of governing theory, in June 2004 Hu Jintao explicitly put forward the major propositions of “the construction of the Party’s governing theory” and “the system of governing theory,” emphasizing that the construction of the Party’s governing theory is a systematic project, requiring that Marxist governing theory be closely integrated with the new practice of the Party’s governance, with the construction of the Party’s governing capacity as the focus,[24] and that the Party’s governing theory system be established and improved from seven aspects: the Party’s governing concept, governing foundation, governing strategy, governing system, governing method, governing resources, and governing environment, thereby enhancing the systematicity, foresight, and scientific nature of ruling Party building. Regarding the scientization of Party building, this complements the Scientific Outlook on Development, requiring that strengthening and improving Party building under the new situation must raise the scientific level of Party building, and strive to achieve tangible results in guiding Party building with scientific theory, ensuring Party building with scientific institutions, and advancing Party building with scientific methods.

第五，加强党的执政能力与执政理论体系建设，着力推进党的建设科学化。改革开放以来，随着执政党建设的形势与任务的发展变化，党的执政能力建设、执政理论体系建设、党的建设科学化等成为执政党建设的重要内容。其中，就执政能力建设而言，党的十六届四中全会通过了《中共中央关于加强党的执政能力建设的决定》，强调党的执政能力建设是“党执政后的一项根本建设”，[23](P272)要求按照社会主义现代化建设的整体布局的各项要求，“不断提高驾驭社会主义市场经济的能力、发展社会主义民主政治的能力、建设社会主义先进文化的能力、构建社会主义和谐社会的能力、应对国际局势和处理国际事务的能力”，[23](P276)着力解决好新形势下执政能力问题。就党的执政理论体系建设而言，2004年6月胡锦涛明确提出“党的执政理论建设”与“执政理论体系”重大命题，强调党的执政理论建设是一项系统工程，要求把马克思主义执政理论同党执政新的实践紧密结合起来，以党的执政能力建设为重点，[24]从党的执政理念、执政基础、执政方略、执政体制、执政方式、执政资源和执政环境等七个方面建立与完善党的执政理论体系，增强执政党建设的系统性、预见性、科学性。就党的建设科学化而言，这与科学发展观相辅相成，要求加强和改进新形势下党的建设必须提高党的建设科学化水平，努力在以科学理论指导党的建设、以科学制度保障党的建设、以科学方法推进党的建设上见到实效。

Sixth, unifying thought and purifying the organization through Party consolidation and thematic education to advance Party building. In 1983, the Second Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee of the CPC adopted the “Decision of the Central Committee of the CPC on Party Consolidation,” requiring that the main tasks be “unifying thought, rectifying work style, strengthening discipline, and purifying the organization,” and that a comprehensive Party consolidation be carried out from top to bottom, in batches over three years, focusing both on solving the problems of ideological impurity, work style impurity, and organizational impurity within the Party to achieve a fundamental improvement in Party conduct, and on solving the problem of the Party’s ideological work level being incompatible with the situation and tasks, striving to build the Party into a strong core leading the cause of socialist modernization. To meet the requirements of the new era, a new method of Party building was opened up through intra-Party thematic education to unify thought and purify the organization. In 1996, the Sixth Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee of the CPC decided to conduct a three-year Party spirit and conduct education, using criticism and self-criticism as the main method, with “studying, politics, and healthy tendencies” as the main content, targeting leading cadres at and above the county and department level, and proceeding from top to bottom. After this centralized intra-Party education, there followed the “Three Represents” important thought study and education activities, the “education campaign to preserve the vanguard nature of Party members,” and the in-depth study and practice of the Scientific Outlook on Development activities, with thematic education or centralized education becoming an important method for advancing Party building.

第六，通过整党与主题教育来统一思想、纯洁组织，推进党的建设。1983年党的十二届二中全会通过了《中共中央关于整党的决定》，要求以“统一思想，整顿作风，加强纪律，纯洁组织”为主要任务，用三年时间自上而下、分期分批进行全面整党，既要着力解决党内思想不纯、作风不纯、组织不纯问题，实现党风的根本好转；也要着力解决全党思想工作水平同形势任务不相适应问题，努力把党建设成为领导社会主义现代化事业的坚强核心。为适应新的时代要求，开辟了通过党内主题教育来统一思想、纯洁组织的党的建设新方式。1996年党的十四届六中全会决定，以批评和自我批评为主要方式、以“讲学习、讲政治、讲正气”为主要内容、以县处级以上领导干部为对象、自上而下进行为期三年的党性党风教育。这次党内集中教育之后，先后进行了“三个代表”重要思想学习教育活动、“保持共产党员先进性教育活动”、深入学习实践科学发展观活动等，主题教育或集中教育成为推进党的建设的重要方式。

In summary, during the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, while establishing and developing the socialist market economy system and deepening the understanding of “what socialism is and how to build socialism,” our Party further deepened its understanding of the laws concerning “what kind of ruling party the Party should be and how to build such a party,” adhered to the principles that the Party must supervise itself and govern itself strictly, and pursued reform and innovation, initiating and advancing the new great project of Party building. This provided strong leadership, organizational, and political guarantees for realizing the Party’s central tasks during this historical period, achieving great accomplishments in reform and opening up and socialist modernization, enabling “our country to achieve a historic leap from a state of relatively backward productive forces to becoming the world’s second largest economy, a historic leap in the people’s lives from insufficient food and clothing to moderate prosperity overall and then to comprehensive moderate prosperity, and advancing the great leap of the Chinese nation from standing up to becoming prosperous.”[3]3 Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan were senior Communist Party officials executed in 1952 for embezzlement during the “Three-Anti” Movement, a landmark case in the early PRC’s anti-corruption efforts.(P22)

总之，在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，我们党在确立与发展社会主义市场经济体制、深化对“什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义”认识的同时，进一步深化了对“执政党应该是一个什么样的党、怎样建设这样的党”的规律性认识，坚持党要管党、从严治党、改革创新，开创和推进党的建设新的伟大工程，为实现这一历史时期党的中心任务提供了坚强领导保障、组织保障与政治保证，取得了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大成就，使“我国实现了从生产力相对落后的状况到经济总量跃居世界第二的历史性突破，实现了人民生活从温饱不足到总体小康、奔向全面小康的历史性跨越，推进了中华民族从站起来到富起来的伟大飞跃”。[3](P22)

III. The Adherence and Innovation of Marxist Ruling Party Building in the New Era and Comprehensive and Strict Governance of the Party

三、新时代马克思主义执政党建设的守正创新与全面从严治党

In the New Era, the Party’s main task is to “realize the First Centenary Goal, embark on the new journey of realizing the Second Centenary Goal, and continue to advance toward the grand goal of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation”;[3]3 Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan were senior Communist Party officials executed in 1952 for embezzlement during the “Three-Anti” Movement, a landmark case in the early PRC’s anti-corruption efforts.(P23) at the same time, questions such as “what is a Marxist ruling party and how to build a long-term governing Marxist ruling party,” and how to “focus on solving the historic question of ‘thriving in its rise and suddenly perishing in its decline,’ enhance the Party’s consciousness of supervising itself and governing itself strictly, improve the Party’s governing capacity and leadership level, and enhance the Party’s ability to self-purify, self-improve, self-reform, and self-enhance”[25](P701) have historically been superimposed onto Party building, becoming the problem orientation and goal orientation of Party building in the New Era. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has implemented comprehensive and strict governance of the Party from the height of the life and death of the Party and the state, regarding comprehensive and strict governance of the Party as the great practice of the Party’s self-revolution in the New Era; “the Party has found the second answer to the historical cycle of rise and fall through self-revolution, significantly enhancing its ability to self-purify, self-improve, self-reform, and self-enhance, fundamentally reversing the lax and soft state of Party management and governance, and continuously forming and developing a clean and upright political ecology within the Party, ensuring that the Party never changes its nature, color, or flavor.”[26](P14) Looking at the theory and practice of Party building in the New Era, carrying out top-level design for Party building and proposing the general requirements for Party building in the New Era, taking comprehensive and strict governance of the Party as the distinct theme of Party building and continuously improving the system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, fundamentally achieving a historic shift in Party management and governance from “lax and soft” to “strict, firm, and hard,” and advancing the Party’s self-revolution through comprehensive and strict governance of the Party to effectively solve the unique problems of a large Party—these can be described as the distinct themes and notable features of Party building in the New Era.

新时代，党面临的主要任务是“实现第一个百年奋斗目标，开启实现第二个百年奋斗目标新征程，朝着实现中华民族伟大复兴的宏伟目标继续前进” ；[3](P23)同时，“什么是马克思主义执政党、如何建设一个长期执政的马克思主义执政党”，如何“着力解决好‘其兴也勃焉，其亡也忽焉’的历史性课题，增强党要管党、从严治党的自觉，提高党的执政能力和领导水平，增强党自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高能力”[25](P701)等，历史性地叠加到党的建设中来，成为新时代党的建设的问题导向与目标导向。以习近平同志为核心的党中央从事关党和国家生死存亡高度全面从严治党，把全面从严治党作为新时代党的自我革命的伟大实践；“党找到了自我革命这一跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率的第二个答案，自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高能力显著增强，管党治党宽松软状况得到根本扭转，风清气正的党内政治生态不断形成和发展，确保党永远不变质、不变色、不变味”。[26](P14)纵观新时代党的建设的理论与实践，对党的建设进行顶层设计、提出新时代党的建设总要求，把全面从严治党作为党的建设的鲜明主题、不断健全全面从严治党体系，从根本上实现管党治党从“宽松软”向“严紧硬”的历史性转变，通过全面从严治党推进党的自我革命、有效解决大党独有难题等，可谓新时代党的建设的鲜明主题与显著特点。

First, carrying out top-level design and systematic planning, and summarizing and proposing the general requirements for Party building in the New Era. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has, from the height

第一，进行顶层设计与系统规划，概括提出新时代党的建设总要求。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央从党的建设、党的领导、党的事业相辅相成、“四个伟大”相辅相成的高度，着力强调“党要团结带领人民进行伟大斗争、推进伟大事业、实现伟大梦想，必须毫不动摇坚持和完善党的领导，毫不动摇把党建设得更加坚强有力”，[27](P43)对新时代党的建设进行顶层设计与系统规划，概括提出新时代党的建设总要求。新时代党的建设的总要求，把坚持和加强党的全面领导作为新时代党的建设的基本目的，把坚持党要管党、全面从严治党作为新时代党的建设的基本方针；把加强党的长期执政能力建设、先进性和纯洁性建设作为新时代党的建设的主线；把党的政治建设、思想建设、组织建设、作风建设、纪律建设、制度建设、反腐败斗争等作为党的建设的基本内容。同时，对各项基本内容进行系统规划；进一步概括提出新时代党的建设的总目标，并紧紧围绕新时代党的建设总要求、基本内容与总目标，确立新时代党的建设的重大任务。总之，新时代党的建设总要求，是党的建设基本目的、基本方针、建设主线、内容布局、重点任务、建设目标的有机统一，充分体现了新时代党的建设的整体性、系统性、全面性与创造性。

Second, taking the implementation of the “Eight-Point Regulations of the Central Committee” as the entry point, persistently advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, in the face of the severe situation and arduous tasks of Party building, Xi Jinping clearly pointed out: “We have grasped the main line of work style construction, consistently and step by step deepening it.” [28](P3) Looking at the theory and practice of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in the New Era, taking the implementation of the “Eight-Point Regulations of the Central Committee” as the entry point, taking the strict rectification of the “Four Forms of Decadence” [7]7 The “four forms” of supervision and discipline enforcement refer to a graduated system of disciplinary measures within the CPC: (1) “red-face and sweaty” criticism and self-criticism as routine; (2) light organizational discipline as the majority of formal actions; (3) heavy organizational discipline and major demotions as a minority; and (4) serious disciplinary actions and criminal prosecution for a very small number. as the breakthrough, and persistently advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party through strict rectification of the “Four Forms of Decadence” and severe punishment of corruption, is the basic practical path of Party building in the New Era. In December 2012, the Party Central Committee formulated the “Regulations on Improving Work Style and Maintaining Close Ties with the Masses” (i.e., the “Eight-Point Regulations of the Central Committee”), requiring that the implementation of the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulations be taken as the entry point with strictness and practicality, unremittingly rectifying work style and enforcing discipline, adhering to both symptoms and root causes, both focusing on solving current prominent problems and committed to building a long-term mechanism for work style construction; at the same time, adhering to “no forbidden zones, full coverage, zero tolerance” in anti-corruption, insisting on “cracking down on tigers,” “swatting flies,” and “hunting foxes” [8]8 “To forge iron, one must be strong oneself” (打铁必须自身硬): A Chinese idiom used by Xi Jinping to emphasize that the Party must first strengthen itself to lead effectively. together, severely punishing corruption, and gradually building a system and mechanism that ensures officials dare not, cannot, and do not want to be corrupt. Through unremitting strict rectification of the “Four Forms of Decadence” and severe punishment of corruption, efforts were made to solve prominent issues strongly reflected by the people, rectify the important roots that damage Party-mass and cadre-mass relations, and continuously advance comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in depth.

第二，以贯彻落实“中央八项规定”为切入点，持之以恒推进全面从严治党。党的十八大以来，面对党的建设的严峻形势与艰巨任务，习近平明确指出：“我们抓住作风建设这条主线，一以贯之，步步深入。”[28](P3)纵观新时代全面从严治党的理论与实践，以贯彻落实“中央八项规定”为切入点、以严整“四风”为突破口，通过严整“四风”、严惩腐败来持续推进全面从严治党，是新时代党的建设的基本实践路径。2012年12月，中共中央制定了《关于改进工作作风密切联系群众的规定》（即“中央八项规定”），要求以从严从实贯彻落实八项规定精神为切入点，驰而不息正风肃纪，坚持标本兼治，既着力解决当前突出问题，又致力于构建作风建设长效机制；同时，坚持反腐败“无禁区、全覆盖、零容忍”，坚持“打虎”“拍蝇”“猎狐”一起抓，严惩腐败，逐步构建起不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐的体制机制。通过驰而不息严整“四风”、严惩腐败，着力解决人民群众反映强烈的突出问题，整治损害党群干群关系的重要根源，不断推进全面从严治党向纵深发展。

Third, taking thematic education as the starting point and intra-Party political life as the main pathway, strictly enforcing Party discipline and rules, advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has successively carried out the “Party’s Mass Line Education and Practice Activity,” the “Three Stricts and Three Honests” [9]9 “The rise of a political order lies in following the people’s will, and its fall lies in opposing it” (政之所兴在顺民心、政之所废在逆民心): A classical allusion from the ancient Chinese text *Guanzi*, meaning that the success or failure of governance depends on whether it aligns with popular will. special education, the “Two Studies and One Action” [10]10 “Taking the people’s support, approval, satisfaction, and consent as the fundamental standard for measuring the gains and losses of all work” (把人民拥护不拥护、赞成不赞成、高兴不高兴、答应不答应作为衡量一切工作得失的根本标准): A formulation attributed to Deng Xiaoping, later reiterated by Xi Jinping, emphasizing a people-centered evaluation criterion for Party work. learning and education, the “Remain True to Our Original Aspiration and Keep Our Mission Firmly in Mind” thematic education, Party history learning and education, the thematic education on studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and Party discipline learning and education, making thematic education an important measure for advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in depth. At the same time, strictly regulating and standardizing intra-Party life, strictly enforcing Party discipline and rules, is another important pathway for solving the Party’s own problems

第三，以主题教育为抓手、以党内政治生活为主要途径，严明党的纪律和规矩、推进全面从严治党。党的十八大以来，党中央先后开展了“党的群众路线教育实践活动”、“三严三实”专题教育、“两学一做”学习教育、“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题教育、党史学习教育、学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想主题教育、党纪学习教育等，把主题教育作为推进全面从严治党向纵深发展的重要举措。同时，把严肃与规范党内生活、严明党的纪律和规矩作为解决党内自身问题的又一重要途径，正如习近平指出：“党内政治生活是党组织教育管理党员和党员进行党性锻炼的主要平台，从严治党必须从党内政治生活严起。”[29](P95)要求严明党的纪律和规矩，着力使全党各级组织和全体党员、干部都按照党内政治生活准则和党的各项规定办事，[29](P96)着力优化、重构、净化党内政治生态，使党内政治生活呈现新气象、党内政治生态明显好转。

Fourth, advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party with strict governance of officials as the key. In the New Era, Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed that “the Party must govern the Party, and the first task is to govern officials well; strict governance of the Party hinges on strict governance of officials,”[25](P350) requiring that in grasping work style building, one must start with the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, that what one demands of others one must first do oneself, and what one demands others not do one must resolutely refrain from doing oneself, using a good Party work style to drive government work style and popular customs, truly winning the trust and support of the masses; requiring that the strict management of officials be implemented throughout the entire process of cadre team building, adhering to strict education, strict management, and strict supervision. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, whether in rectifying work styles and combating corruption or in various thematic education initiatives, strengthening the construction of intra-Party regulations, and confining power to the cage of institutions, the focus has been on leading officials at all levels; strict governance of officials, adhering to the use of institutions to regulate power, affairs, and personnel, is both the focus and key of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in the New Era and a distinctive feature of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in the New Era.

第四，以从严治吏为关键推进全面从严治党。在新时代，习近平反复强调“党要管党，首先是管好干部；从严治党，关键是从严治吏”，[25](P350)要求抓作风建设，首先要从中央政治局做起，要求别人做到的自己先要做到，要求别人不做的自己坚决不做，以良好党风带动政风民风，真正赢得群众信任和拥护；要求把从严管理干部贯彻落实到干部队伍建设全过程，坚持从严教育、从严管理、从严监督。党的十八大以来，无论是正风反腐还是各项主题教育、加强党内法规制度建设、把权力关进制度笼子里，都是以各级领导干部为重点对象；从严治吏，坚持用制度管权、管事、管人，既是新时代全面从严治党的重点与关键所在，也是新时代全面从严治党的显著特点。

Fifth, enhancing the awareness of governing the Party and strengthening the Party, and implementing the Party building responsibility system at every level. The experience and lessons of Party building profoundly show that without the awareness of governing the Party and strengthening the Party, without clarifying responsibilities, without implementing responsibilities, and without holding responsibilities accountable, comprehensive and strict governance of the Party cannot be achieved or done well; to achieve comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, it is necessary to enhance the awareness of governing the Party and strengthening the Party, strengthen responsibility, strengthen supervision, strengthen accountability, and implement the Party building responsibility system at every level. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core adheres to combining ideological Party building with institutional Party governance, exerting force in the same direction, adhering to the unity of grasping punishment and grasping responsibility, continuously strengthening the responsibility for governing the Party and strengthening the Party, strengthening supervision and accountability, and implementing responsibilities at every level. It requires both clearly delineating the main responsibility, supervisory responsibility, and leadership responsibility for governing the Party and strengthening the Party, formulating and implementing the Party building responsibility system; requiring the strengthening of intra-Party supervision, improving the intra-Party supervision system, and giving play to the sharp sword role of inspections; and requiring the promotion of the organic unity of responsibility, supervision, and accountability in governing the Party and strengthening the Party. As Xi Jinping emphatically pointed out: “We must improve the accountability mechanism, adhere to the principle that where there is responsibility there must be accountability, and accountability must be strict, organically combining supervision and inspection, target assessment, and accountability to form a strong driving force for the implementation of laws and regulations.”[30] According to this new concept, new thinking, and new measures for governing the Party and strengthening the Party, efforts are made to fundamentally solve the problems of lack of main responsibility, lack of supervisory responsibility, and lax and soft governance of the Party and strengthening the Party, effectively promoting and realizing the integration of supervision, discipline enforcement, and accountability.

第五，增强管党治党意识，层层贯彻落实党建责任制。党的建设的经验教训深刻表明：缺乏管党治党意识，不明确责任、不落实责任、不追究责任，全面从严治党是做不到、做不好的；要全面从严治党，必须增强管党治党意识，强化责任、强化监督、强化问责，层层推行党建责任制。以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持思想建党与制度治党相结合、同向发力，坚持抓惩治和抓责任相统一，不断强化管党治党责任、加强监督与问责、层层落实责任。既要求明确划分管党治党的主体责任、监督责任与领导责任，制定实行党建责任制；要求强化党内监督、健全党内监督体系、发挥巡视利剑作用；又要求推进管党治党责任、监督、问责的有机统一。正如习近平强调指出：“要健全问责机制，坚持有责必问、问责必严，把监督检查、目标考核、责任追究有机结合起来，形成法规制度执行强大推动力。”[30]根据这一管党治党新理念、新思路、新举措，着力从根本上解决主体责任缺失、监督责任缺位、管党治党宽松软的问题，有效推动与实现了监督、执纪、问责的一体化。

Sixth, strengthening the construction of intra-Party regulations and institutions, adhering to institutional Party governance and rule-based Party governance. Xi Jinping clearly pointed out that “laws and regulations are fundamental, holistic, stable, and long-term,”[31](P150) creatively applying modern governance concepts, systematic thinking, and dialectical thinking to governing the Party and strengthening the Party, requiring adherence to institutional Party governance and rule-based Party governance, taking the strengthening of intra-Party regulations and institutions as a long-term and fundamental strategy for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party,[32](P12) and taking rule-based Party governance as the basic method of governing the Party and strengthening the Party in the New Era. It requires establishing new concepts of governing the Party and strengthening the Party such as clear distinction between public and private, clear distinction between law and discipline, discipline stricter than law, and discipline before law, effectively using the “four forms”[7]7 The “four forms” of supervision and discipline enforcement refer to a graduated system of disciplinary measures within the CPC: (1) “red-face and sweaty” criticism and self-criticism as routine; (2) light organizational discipline as the majority of formal actions; (3) heavy organizational discipline and major demotions as a minority; and (4) serious disciplinary actions and criminal prosecution for a very small number. of supervision and discipline enforcement to comprehensively and strictly govern the Party; requiring the strengthening of intra-Party regulations and institutions, continuously improving the quality of rule-making, forming a complete and supporting system of intra-Party regulations, and focusing on enhancing the authority and enforceability of intra-Party regulations, striving to achieve that there are rules to rely on, rules must be followed, rule enforcement must be strict, and violations must be investigated, effectively using intra-Party regulations to implement the Party’s governance of the Party and comprehensive and strict governance of the Party; requiring the coordinated promotion of the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, adhering to the coordinated advancement and integrated construction of law-based governance, institutional Party governance, and rule-based Party governance.[32](P12) Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, nearly 40 intra-Party regulations have been formulated or revised, including the *Code of Integrity and Self-Discipline of the Communist Party of China*, the *Norms of Political Life within the Party under the New Situation*, the *Regulations on Disciplinary Punishments of the Communist Party of China*, the *Regulations on Accountability of the Communist Party of China*, the *Regulations on Intra-Party Supervision of the Communist Party of China*, and the *Regulations on Inspection Work of the Communist Party of China*, establishing a relatively complete system of intra-Party regulations, providing a solid regulatory and institutional guarantee for upholding and strengthening the Party’s overall leadership and comprehensively and strictly governing the Party in the New Era.

第六，加强党内法规制度建设，坚持制度治党、依规治党。习近平明确指出，“法规制度带有根本性、全局性、稳定性、长期性”，[31](P150)创造性地将现代治理理念、系统观念、辩证思维运用到管党治党之中，要求坚持制度治党、依规治党，把加强党内法规制度建设作为全面从严治党的长远之策、根本之策，[32](P12)把依规治党作为新时代管党治党的基本方式。要求树立公私分明、法纪分明、纪严于法、纪在法前等管党治党新理念，有效运用监督执纪“四种形态”全面从严治党；要求加强党内法规制度建设，不断提高立规质量，形成配套完备的党内法规制度体系，着力增强党内法规的权威性与执行力，努力做到有规可依、有规必依、执规必严、违规必究，有效运用党内法规把党要管党、全面从严治党落到实处；要求协调推进“四个全面”战略布局，坚持依法治国与制度治党、依规治党统筹推进、一体建设。[32](P12)党的十八大以来，先后制定或修订了《中国共产党廉洁自律准则》《关于新形势下党内政治生活的若干准则》《中国共产党纪律处分条例》《中国共产党问责条例》《中国共产党党内监督条例》《中国共产党巡视工作条例》等近40部党内条例，建立起比较完善的党内法规体系，为新时代坚持和加强党的全面领导、全面从严治党提供了坚实的法规制度保障。

In the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has persistently and comprehensively and strictly governed the Party, continuously advancing theoretical innovation, practical innovation, and institutional innovation in Party building, taking the construction of a comprehensive and strict governance of the Party system as a major task of Party building in the New Era, continuously improving the education system for consolidating the foundation and cultivating the soul, improving the supervision system for precise targeting and addressing both symptoms and root causes, improving the institutional system that is scientifically complete, effective and practical, and improving the responsibility system with clear subjects and clear requirements. Through comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, a relatively complete system of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party has been basically constructed, which has not only effectively solved the problem of “lax, soft, and weak” governance of the Party and strengthening the Party, but also continuously promoted the Party’s self-revolution and always maintained the sobriety and firmness to solve the unique problems of a large Party. At the same time, it continuously upholds and strengthens the Party’s overall leadership, continuously improves the Party’s leadership level and long-term governance capacity, enabling our country not only to achieve the goal of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects as scheduled, but also to achieve historic achievements and historic changes in the cause of the Party and the state, and “the Chinese nation has ushered in a great leap from standing up, becoming prosperous, to becoming strong.”[3]3 Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan were senior Communist Party officials executed in 1952 for embezzlement during the “Three-Anti” Movement, a landmark case in the early PRC’s anti-corruption efforts.(P62)

新时代，以习近平同志为核心的党中央持之以恒全面从严治党，不断推进党的建设理论创新、实践创新、制度创新，把构建全面从严治党体系作为新时代党的建设的重大任务，不断健全固本培元、凝心铸魂的教育体系，健全精准发力、标本兼治的监管体系，健全科学完备、有效管用的制度体系，健全主体明确、要求清晰的责任体系等基本要求。经过全面从严治党，基本上构建起比较完善的全面从严治党体系，既有效解决了管党治党“宽松软”问题，又不断推进党的自我革命、始终保持解决大党独有难题的清醒和坚定。同时，不断坚持和加强党的全面领导，不断提高党的领导水平与长期执政能力，使我们国家不仅如期实现了全面建成小康社会目标，而且使党和国家事业取得了历史性成就、发生了历史性变革，“中华民族迎来了从站起来、富起来到强起来的伟大飞跃”。[3](P62)

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

The basic experience of the Chinese Communist Party in strengthening ruling party building since the founding of New China fully proves: on the one hand, the rise of a political order lies in following the people’s will, and its fall lies in opposing it; the direction of popular support determines the rise and fall of a party and the success or failure of its governance. The root and key to winning popular support depend both on a party’s original aspiration and founding mission and its own construction, and even more on the party’s actual actions and great achievements in promoting national and social development and securing the fundamental interests of the broadest masses of the people. On the other hand, “to forge iron, one must be strong oneself”; a Marxist ruling party must always bear in mind the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission, uphold fundamental principles and break new ground, continuously strengthen Party building, always maintain the Party’s advanced nature and purity, and constantly improve the Party’s leadership ability and governance level; the more complex the situation the Party faces and the more arduous the tasks, the more it must advance reform and opening up and develop the socialist market economy, the more it must keep pace with the times in comprehensively and strictly governing the Party and improving and strengthening Party leadership, and the more it must continuously enhance the Party’s building capacity and quality and constantly improve the Party’s leadership ability and governance level.

新中国成立以来中国共产党加强执政党建设的基本经验充分证明：一方面，政之所兴在顺民心、政之所废在逆民心，民心向背决定政党兴衰与执政成败；而赢得民心的根本与关键，既取决于一个政党的初心使命与自身建设状况，更取决于政党推动国家与社会发展、谋取最广大人民群众根本利益的实际行为与丰功伟绩。另一方面，“打铁必须自身硬”，马克思主义执政党必须始终牢记党的初心使命，坚持守正创新，不断加强党的建设，始终保持党的先进性和纯洁性，不断提高党的领导能力和执政水平；党面临的形势愈复杂、任务愈艰巨，越要推进改革开放、发展社会主义市场经济，越要与时俱进地全面从严治党、改善与加强党的领导，越要不断提高党的建设能力与质量、不断提高党的领导能力与执政水平。

This fundamental experience and basic law profoundly explain that Party leadership, Party building, and the Party’s cause are mutually reinforcing; ruling party building must keep pace with the times according to changes in the situation and the demands of the era, must always adhere to problem orientation, goal guidance, and mission guidance. It must both closely revolve around the main thread of Party building, strengthen the Party’s own construction toward the goal of Party building, always maintain the Party’s advanced nature, purity, and long-term governance capacity, and constantly enhance the Party’s creativity, cohesion, and combat effectiveness; and it must closely link the Party’s political line and central tasks to strengthen Party building, keep pace with the times in upholding, strengthening, and improving Party leadership, constantly raise the Party’s leadership level and governance level, enhance the ability to resist corruption, prevent degeneration, and withstand risks, so that the Party always becomes the strong leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. At the same time, the practical effectiveness of Party building and Party leadership must ultimately be tested by the practical effectiveness of advancing Chinese-path modernization and constantly realizing the fundamental interests of the people; the fundamental standard for testing all work of Party building and Party leadership lies in the mass standard, that is, “taking the people’s support, approval, satisfaction, and consent as the fundamental standard for measuring the gains and losses of all work.” [33]

这一根本经验与基本规律深刻说明，党的领导、党的建设、党的事业是相辅相成的，执政党建设必须根据形势变化与时代要求与时俱进，必须始终坚持问题导向、目标引领与使命引领，既要紧紧围绕党的建设主线，朝着党的建设目标来加强党的自身建设，始终保持党的先进性、纯洁性与长期执政能力，不断提高党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力；又要密切联系党的政治路线与中心任务来加强党的建设，与时俱进地坚持、加强与改善党的领导，不断提高党的领导水平和执政水平，增强拒腐防变和抵御风险能力，使党始终成为中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心。同时，党的建设、党的领导的实践成效，最终要靠推进中国式现代化、不断实现人民群众根本利益的实践成效来检验；检验党的建设与党的领导的各项工作的根本标准，就在于群众标准，即“把人民拥护不拥护、赞成不赞成、高兴不高兴、答应不答应作为衡量一切工作得失的根本标准”。[33]

(Author’s brief introduction: Liu Honglin, Distinguished Professor at Fudan University, Dean of the Institute of CPC History and Party Building, Director of the Research Center for Intra-Party Regulations, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor at the School of Marxism)

（作者简介：刘红凛，复旦大学特聘教授，中共党史党建研究院院长、党内法规研究中心主任，马克思主义学院教授、博士生导师）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心