Identification and Resonance: The Transmission and Publicity of the Spirit of the Zunyi Meeting of 1935

The Zunyi Meeting “was a life-or-death turning point in the Party’s history” and “at the most critical juncture saved the Party, saved the Red Army, and saved the Chinese revolution.” The Zunyi Meeting was an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee; in just three days it reached consensus among the top central leadership and opened the pivot of the turn. Yet “any policy decision or change, and any correct or erroneous part of any policy, must be promptly disclosed not only to cadres but also to the masses, so that it can win their understanding and support and become a force. Leaders must always take the initiative in this; they must not, out of excessive caution, confine many policy-related issues to the knowledge of a few cadres, leaving the masses and lower-level cadres hesitant and uncertain, which will inevitably put them in a passive position.” Hence the spirit of the Zunyi Meeting had to be transmitted to every Red Army commander and fighter in an extremely short time, and then consolidated through publicity, ultimately turning it into the unified consensus of the entire Party and the entire army. Only then could the turn be regarded as finally accomplished.

遵义会议“在党的历史上是一个生死攸关的转折点”，“在最危急关头挽救了党、挽救了红军、挽救了中国革命”。遵义会议是中央政治局扩大会议，短短三天时间里在中央高层达成了共识，开启了转折之枢纽。但“任何政策的决定或改变，任何政策中之正确的部分或错误的部分，必须适时地不但向干部而且向群众公开指出，才能得到群众的了解和拥护而成为力量。领导者必须经常掌握这一主动，不要因为过分小心，许多有关政策问题，仅限于少数干部知道，弄得群众及下级干部反彷徨不定，结果必使自己陷于被动”。故遵义会议精神需要在极短的时间内传达给每一位红军指战员进而通过宣介巩固传达成效，最终化为全党全军的统一共识。至此，才能标志着转折的最终实现。

I. The Transmission of the Spirit of the Zunyi Meeting and Its Forms

一、遵义会议精神传达及其形式

“Transmission” means effectively conveying the thoughts, emotions, information, or intentions of one party to another through appropriate means, so that the latter can understand and accept them. It is the foundation of communication among people, the bridge for information transfer, and the cornerstone of understanding and cooperation. Timely and effective transmission can eliminate misunderstandings, enhance understanding, promote cooperation, and improve work efficiency. The transmission of the spirit of the Zunyi Meeting can be divided into two categories: transmission at the central level and transmission at the army-unit level. The specific forms are mainly as follows.

“传达”就是指将一方的思想、情感、信息或意图通过有效的方式准确地传递给另一方，使其能够理解和接受。它是人们之间沟通的基础，是信息传递的桥梁，也是理解和合作的基石。及时有效的传达能够消除误解，增进理解，促进合作，提高工作效率。遵义会议精神的传达可分为中央层面的传达和部队层面的传达两大类，具体形式主要有以下几种。

1. Transmission at the Central Level

1.中央层面的传达

Transmission at the central level of the spirit of the Zunyi Meeting first achieved the transmission to senior Red Army commanders through direct participation in the meeting. Liu Bocheng, Li Fuchun, Lin Biao, Nie Rongzhen, Peng Dehuai, Yang Shangkun, Li Zhuoran, and others—heads of the Red Army General Headquarters and of various army corps—attended the Zunyi Meeting. Except for Peng Dehuai, who left early due to military exigencies, all the others received the transmission of the meeting’s spirit at Zunyi itself. Apart from those who directly attended, the central level’s transmission of the Zunyi Meeting spirit mainly adopted the following methods: oral face-to-face notification, telegram transmission and written directives, and centralized meetings for transmission.

中央层面对遵义会议精神的传达首先通过直接参会的方式实现了对红军高级将领的传达。红军总部和各军团负责人刘伯承、李富春、林彪、聂荣臻、彭德怀、杨尚昆、李卓然等人参加了遵义会议，除彭德怀中途因军情需要离会外，其余均在遵义会议上接受了会议精神的传达。除直接参会人员外，中央层面对遵义会议精神的传达主要采取以下方式：口头当面告知、电报传达和文件指示、会议集中传达。

The first was oral face-to-face notification. For units located nearby, the central authorities adopted the method of oral face-to-face notification to transmit the spirit of the Zunyi Meeting. Taking the First Red Division as an example, its leading cadres were informed, just as they were about to cross the river at the Yuanyangchang ferry, to go to the headquarters to meet Mao Zedong. According to Li Jukui’s recollection: “Comrade Mao Zedong sent a staff officer from the General Headquarters to find us at the ferry, telling me, Political Commissar Huang Su, and Director of the Political Department Tan Zheng to go to his place (Chief of Staff Geng Biao of the division was at the front directing the troops in crossing the river).” During the face-to-face conversation, Mao Zedong briefed them on the situation of the Central Committee’s Zunyi Meeting, saying the meeting “went very well,” and especially stressed that the meeting “resolved the issue of the Military Commission’s leadership,” and further elaborated on the issues of flexible and mobile strategic tactics and the reorganization of the troops. This method of face-to-face transmission ensured the accurate conveyance of the meeting’s spirit.

一是口头当面告知。对于地处临近的部队，中央采取的是口头面告的方式传达遵义会议精神。以红一师为例，其领导干部就是在猿猴场渡口准备渡河之际，被告知前往司令部与毛泽东会面。据李聚奎回忆：“毛泽东同志派总司令部的一位参谋到渡口来找我们，要我和政委黄甦、政治部主任谭政同志到他那里去一下（师参谋长耿飚同志正在前面指挥部队渡河）。”在面谈中，毛泽东通报了中央召开遵义会议的情况，说这个会议“开得很好”，特别强调会议“解决了军委的领导问题”，更着重阐述了机动灵活的战略战术问题和部队的缩编问题。这种面对面传达的方式，确保了会议精神的准确传达。

The second was telegram transmission and written directives. Due to the urgency of military affairs, most of the more dispersed units learned of the spirit of the Zunyi Meeting via telegram. Leaders of the Second and Sixth Red Army Corps, such as He Long and Xiao Ke, learned of the Zunyi Meeting spirit through a telegram from the Central Committee. The leaders of the Second and Sixth Army Corps, puzzled by the new formulation of “decisive defense” [1]1 “Decisive defense” (决战防御) was a strategic formulation used during the fifth counter-encirclement campaign, associated with the military line then dominant in the Central Soviet Area, which called for seeking decisive battles with the enemy even under unfavorable conditions. from the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, telegraphed the Central Committee for clarification. The Central Committee replied with the outline of the Zunyi Meeting resolution. Only then did the leaders of the Second and Sixth Army Corps learn that the Central Committee had convened the Zunyi Meeting, and they proceeded to transmit the meeting’s spirit to their troops. The Ninth Red Army Corps similarly learned of the relevant circumstances of the Zunyi Meeting. Lin Wei recorded in his diary: “The Military Commission instructed: The Central Committee held an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau in Zunyi. The meeting summarized the work of the fifth counter-encirclement campaign. The current situation, due to the deepening national crisis and Chiang Kai-shek’s policy of selling out the country and waging civil war, has aroused the anger of the people nationwide and the development of the people’s anti-Japanese national salvation movement. The Central Committee decided, in view of this new situation and estimating that a high tide of the Chinese revolution would soon arrive, that to meet the development of the new situation, the Central Committee decided that the First Front Army of the Red Army must move north from the northern Guizhou region, prepare to cross the Yangtze River between Luzhou and Yibin, join forces with the Fourth Front Army of the Red Army in the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet area, so as to advance to a region close to the front line of opposing Japanese imperialism, establish a Soviet base area, and thereby lead and promote the nationwide anti-Japanese struggle of the people.” Because the Zunyi Meeting resolution was lengthy, and under urgent military circumstances there was no time for thorough study, analysis, and distillation—especially to overcome the comprehension deviations that could arise from telegram transmission—the Central Committee specially issued an outline to distill and transmit the main spirit. On February 8, 1935, the Central Committee of the CPC issued the “Outline of the Resolution of the Enlarged Meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee Summarizing the Experiences and Lessons of the Campaign to Break the Fifth ‘Encirclement and Suppression’,” drafted by Zhang Wentian, which provided a concise summary of the basic spirit of the resolution.

二是电报传达和文件指示。由于军情紧急，分布较为分散的部队大多是以电报的形式得知遵义会议精神。贺龙、萧克等红二、六军团领导就是经由中央电报获悉遵义会议精神的。红二、六军团领导因对中央革命军事委员会“决战防御”的新提法不解而发电询问中央。中央复电其遵义会议决议大纲。直到这时，红二、六军团领导才得知中央召开了遵义会议，并向部队传达会议精神。红九军团也是如此得知遵义会议的相关情况的。林伟在日记中记道：“军委指示：中央在遵义举行了中央政治局扩大会议。会议总结了在五次战争的工作，目前形势，由于民族危机日益深重，又因蒋介石卖国内战政策，激起了全国人民愤怒和人民抗日救亡运动的发展，中央决定有鉴于这种新的形势，估计中国革命高潮不久即将到来的情况。为迎接新形势的发展，中央决定红一方面军必须从黔北地区北上，准备在沪[泸]州宜宾之间渡过长江，取得与川陕苏区红四方面军会合，以便进到接近反对日本帝国主义前线的地区建立苏区根据地，以便领导和推动全国人民的反日斗争。”由于遵义会议决议内容较多，军情紧急的情况下缺乏研读分析提炼的时间，尤其是为了克服电报传达出现的理解偏差，中央特别通过大纲将主要精神予以提炼传达。中共中央于1935年2月8日发布了由张闻天起草的《中央政治局扩大会议总结粉碎五次“围剿”战争中经验教训决议大纲》，对决议的基本精神进行了精练的概括。

The third was centralized transmission through meetings. The Central Committee attached great importance to the transmission of the spirit of the Zunyi Meeting; even amidst frequent battles and troop movements, it strove to convene meetings for centralized transmission. This mainly went through the following stages.

三是会议集中传达。中央高度重视遵义会议精神的传达，即使在频繁的战斗和转移之际，也力求召开会议集中传达，主要经历以下阶段。

The first stage, starting with the Zhaxi Meeting, was the first formal meeting transmission by the central authorities. Shortly after the Zunyi Meeting, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held a meeting in a village called “Cockcrow at Three Provinces” [2]2 “Cockcrow at Three Provinces” (鸡鸣三省) refers to a village at the border of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces, so named because a rooster’s crow could be heard in all three provinces. The meeting held there in early February 1935 is also known as the “Cockcrow at Three Provinces Meeting.” at the junction of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou. The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau decided that Zhang Wentian would replace Bo Gu as the person in overall charge, and decided that Mao Zedong would assist Zhou Enlai in military command. The Cockcrow at Three Provinces Meeting was a continuation and supplement of the Zunyi Meeting, further implementing the decisions and deployments of the Zunyi Meeting. The further establishment of the organizational line provided organizational guarantees for transmission at the central level. The Zhaxi Meeting (February 5–10, 1935) adopted the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPC on the Summary of the Campaign against the Enemy’s Fifth ‘Encirclement and Suppression’,” drafted the “Outline of the Resolution,” and demanded its transmission and implementation within the Central Red Army. On February 10, the Central Committee convened a meeting of cadres from the central column in Zhaxi to transmit the spirit of the Zunyi Meeting. Leading comrades including Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, and Wang Jiaxiang were all present. Zhang Wentian delivered a report at the meeting on the spirit of the Zunyi Meeting. The content of the transmission was electrifying, yet the arrangement of the meeting was extremely simple. According to Liu Ying’s recollection, “The venue was a makeshift wooden platform, without even slogans or decorations. The attending cadres at the battalion level and above sat casually on long benches, listening intently to the transmission.” This shows the considerable urgency of transmitting the spirit of the Zunyi Meeting. After Zhang Wentian’s transmission report, comrades spontaneously took the stage, and criticisms of the “Left” line were very enthusiastic. The transmission and implementation of the “Resolution of the Zunyi Meeting” and the “Outline of the Resolution” played a major role in further deepening the turn initiated by the Zunyi Meeting.

第一阶段，以扎西会议为起点，中央首次正式开会传达。遵义会议召开后不久，中央政治局在川滇黔三省交界的一个叫鸡鸣三省的村子召开会议，中央政治局常委决定由张闻天接替博古负总的责任，决定毛泽东为周恩来在军事指挥上的帮助者。鸡鸣三省会议是遵义会议的继续和补充，对遵义会议决策部署进行了再落实。组织路线的进一步确立为中央层面的传达提供了组织保证。扎西会议（1935年2月5日—10日）通过了《中共中央关于反对敌人五次“围剿”的总结的决议》，拟定了“决议大纲”，并要求在中央红军中传达贯彻。中央于2月10日在扎西召开中央纵队干部会议，传达遵义会议精神。毛泽东、周恩来、朱德、王稼祥等领导同志悉数到场，由张闻天在会上就遵义会议精神作报告。会议传达的内容让人热血沸腾，可会议的布置却是简单异常。据刘英回忆，“会场临时搭了个木板台子，连标语之类的布置都没有。参加会议的营以上干部随便坐在长凳子上，聚精会神地听传达”。由此可见，遵义会议精神的传达具有相当的紧迫性。张闻天传达报告之后，同志们自发上台，批评“左”倾路线的发言十分踊跃。“遵义会议决议”和“决议大纲”的传达贯彻，对于进一步深化遵义会议开启的转折，起了重大的推动作用。

In the second stage, Mao Zedong, Zhang Wentian, Chen Yun and other members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee went to various army corps to convene meetings and convey the spirit of the resolution in a concentrated manner. On 18 February, Mao Zedong and Zhang Wentian attended a meeting of cadres of the First Army Corps, conveyed the spirit of the Zunyi Conference, and sharply criticized the erroneous line of the Fifth Counter-Encirclement Campaign. Mao Zedong pointed out that the purely defensive line of the Fifth Counter-Encirclement Campaign, short, swift assaults, dividing forces to guard every pass, and not allowing the enemy to occupy even an inch of Soviet territory, were all erroneous. Since the “counter-offensive” began, this error had continued to develop, turning into retreat and flight, described as “a beggar beating a dog — hitting while running away,” which was also erroneous. On the 20th, Mao Zedong, Zhang Wentian and Chen Yun attended a meeting of cadres of the Third Army Corps at Huilongchang to convey the spirit of the Zunyi Conference. Mao Zedong delivered a combat mobilization report at the meeting, calling on them to “heighten the courage to annihilate the enemy: the enemy is like the five fingers on a hand; we must cut them off one by one.” It is worth noting that Chen Yun, in order to accurately convey the spirit of the resolution to the army corps, specially wrote the “Outline for Conveying the Enlarged Meeting of the Political Bureau in Zunyi.” The outline clearly introduced the background of the meeting, the content of the discussions, the conclusions reached, and the decisions made, providing an important reference for the central authorities’ transmission. Shortly thereafter, Chen Yun was sent to Shanghai to restore the Party’s underground work, while Mao Zedong and Zhang Wentian continued to convey the spirit of the Zunyi Conference. On 4 March, the two attended a “meeting of activist elements” [3]3 “Activist elements” (活动分子) refers to Party members and cadres who were particularly active and reliable in political work, often convened for special briefings or mobilization meetings. held at the General Political Department headquarters in the Catholic Church in the old city of Zunyi, where they again conveyed the spirit of the Zunyi Conference and summarized the military actions since the conference.

第二阶段，中央政治局常委毛泽东、张闻天、陈云等赴各军团开会集中传达决议精神。2月18日，毛泽东、张闻天出席红一军团干部会议，传达遵义会议精神，深刻批评了第五次反“围剿”的错误路线。毛泽东指出，第五次反“围剿”的单纯防御路线，短促突击，分兵把口，不让敌人进占苏区一寸土地等，都是错误的。“反攻”以来这个错误还在发展，变成退却逃跑，叫作“叫化子打狗——边打边跑”，这也是错误的。20日，毛泽东、张闻天、陈云在回龙场出席红三军团干部会议向其传达遵义会议精神，毛泽东在会上作战斗动员报告，号召“要提高消灭敌人的勇气：敌人就像手上的五个指头，我们要一个指头一个指头地把它割掉”。值得一提的是，陈云为向军团精准传达决议精神专门撰写了《遵义政治局扩大会议传达提纲》。提纲条理清晰地介绍了会议召开的背景、讨论的内容、得出的结论和作出的决定，为中央传达提供了重要参照。不久，陈云被派往上海恢复党的地下工作，毛泽东、张闻天二人则继续传达遵义会议精神。3月4日，二人出席了在遵义老城天主堂总政治部驻地召开的党员“活动分子会议”，再次就遵义会议精神进行传达，并总结遵义会议以来的军事行动。

In the third stage, the transmission was deepened through subsequent meetings. From 10 to 12 March 1935, the Central Committee held an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau at Gouba, which resolved the issues of military command that had not been fully settled at the Zunyi Conference, and decided to establish a new “Three-Person Group” [4]4 The “Three-Person Group” (三人团) was the supreme military command organ established at the Gouba Meeting, superseding the previous collective leadership structure and effectively placing military decision-making in the hands of Mao, Zhou, and Wang. composed of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Wang Jiaxiang. The Gouba Meeting was a continuation and perfection of the Zunyi Conference. On 12 May, an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau was held on the outskirts of Huili in Sichuan Province. The Huili Meeting criticized Lin Biao’s erroneous views, further elucidated the extreme importance of the principle of mobile warfare, and consolidated Mao Zedong’s leading position in the entire Party and army. The Huili Meeting consolidated the achievements of the Zunyi Conference and unified the understanding of the entire Party and army.

第三阶段，通过后续会议深化传达。1935年3月10日至12日，中央在苟坝召开政治局扩大会议，解决了遵义会议没有完全解决的关于军事指挥的问题，决定成立由毛泽东、周恩来、王稼祥组成的新“三人团”。苟坝会议是遵义会议的继续和完善。 5月12日在四川会理郊外召开了政治局扩大会议。会理会议批评了林彪的错误意见，进一步阐明了机动作战方针的极端重要性，巩固了毛泽东在全党全军的领导地位。会理会议巩固了遵义会议的成果，统一了全党全军的认识。

2. Transmission at the Troop Level

2.部队层面的传达

After the central transmission, the internal transmission within each troop was carried out intensively, the main method being centralized transmission through meetings, achieving the study and implementation of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference by listening to cadre reports, studying relevant materials, and conducting discussions and speeches.

中央传达之后，各部队的内部传达集中展开，其主要方式为开会集中传达，通过听取干部报告、学习相关材料、开展讨论发言等实现对遵义会议精神的学习贯彻。

First, listening to cadre reports. The main content of the meetings was to first listen to cadres’ reports conveying the spirit of the Zunyi Conference. Taking the First Red Division as an example, its transmission meeting was presided over by Director Tan Zheng, with Division Commander Li Jukui, Political Commissar Huang Su, Chief of Staff Geng Biao, and the regimental commanders and political commissars all in attendance. Political Commissar Huang Su centrally conveyed the spirit of the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee held in Zunyi at the meeting. Meetings in other troops also mostly adopted the form of cadre reports. Lin Wei of the Ninth Red Army Corps recorded in his diary on 17 March: “Today we marched over thirty li. At 11 a.m. our army arrived at Pingjiazhai. At 1 p.m. the entire corps held a meeting of cadres at the company level and above, with over 300 attendees. In addition, most of the training battalion also participated in this cadre meeting. We gathered in a tall brick-and-tile house belonging to a landlord. This was the largest cadre gathering since the long march began, apart from the New Year’s banquet for all corps cadres in Yuqing County. Everyone was able to meet, which was exceptionally pleasant. Today’s meeting mainly consisted of listening to Director Huang Huoqing convey part of the content of the enlarged meeting of the Central Political Bureau held in Zunyi from January 6[15] to 10[17].” The main reason for adopting the method of cadre reports for transmission was, on the one hand, to ensure the accuracy and authority of the transmission to the greatest extent. The resolution of the Zunyi Conference was of great importance; unified transmission within the troops by authoritative leading cadres was conducive both to forming a unified understanding internally to maintain ideological consistency, and to ensuring, to a certain extent, that the spirit of the meeting was accurately understood and expressed, avoiding distortion or deviation in the transmission process. On the other hand, it met the practical requirement of achieving large-scale transmission in a short time. As recorded in Lin Wei’s diary, this transmission meeting was the “largest cadre gathering” since the army’s Long March. Through such large-scale meetings with a high number of participants, the scope of transmission could be effectively expanded, and the time required for step-by-step transmission could be further shortened, thereby achieving efficient transmission of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference to the grassroots level of the troops.

一是听取干部报告。会议的主要内容便是先行听取干部就遵义会议精神所作的传达报告。以红一师为例，其传达会议由谭政主任主持召开，李聚奎师长、黄苏政委、耿飚参谋长以及各团团长、政委等均到会，政委黄苏在会上集中传达了党中央在遵义召开的政治局扩大会议精神。其他部队的会议也大多采取干部报告的形式予以传达。红九军团林伟就在3月17日的日记中记道：“今天走了三十多里，上午十一时我军行进到平家寨。下午一时全军团召开了连以上的干部会议，到会者达三百人，此外教导队大部也参加这个干部大会。在一栋地主的高大砖瓦房里聚集开会，这是长途行军以来，除在余庆县城举行全军团干部元旦会餐外的最大一次干部集会。大家都能见面，异常愉快。今天会议主要是听取黄火青主任传达中共中央在一月六[十五]日—十[十七]日在遵义举行的中央政治局扩大会议内容的一部分。”之所以主要采取干部报告传达的方式，一方面是为了最大程度保证传达的准确性和权威性，遵义会议决议事关重大，由具有威信的领导干部在部队内统一传达，既有利于在内部形成统一认识以保持思想一致，又可以在一定程度上确保会议精神得到准确理解和表述，避免在传达过程中出现曲解或偏差。另一方面是为了实现短时间内大范围传达的现实要求。由林伟日记中的记述可知此次传达会议是部队长征以来“最大一次干部集会”。通过这种人数众多的较大规模会议能够有效地扩大传达范围，并进一步缩短逐级传达的时间，从而实现遵义会议精神在部队基层的高效传达。

Second, studying relevant documents. The troops mainly studied the spirit of the Zunyi Conference by studying relevant documents, including the “Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Summary of the Campaign to Counter the Enemy’s Fifth ‘Encirclement and Suppression’,” the “Outline of the Resolution of the Enlarged Meeting of the Central Political Bureau Summarizing the Lessons of the War of the Fifth Counter-‘Encirclement and Suppression’,” and the “Letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission to All Red Officers and Men.” According to Geng Biao’s recollections, at the transmission meeting, while listening to and studying the “Resolution,” each participant was also given a copy of the “Letter to All Red Army Officers and Men.” Xiao Ke also mentioned in his recollections the troops’ study of the “Outline.” These three documents each had their own focus and complemented each other, providing important support for the Red Army officers and men to study and grasp the spirit of the Zunyi Conference. The “Resolution,” as the core document of the Zunyi Conference, was the program for correcting the erroneous “Left” leadership and establishing the correct line, providing the basic guidance for officers and men to grasp the spirit of the meeting. The “Outline” was a refinement and summary of the “Resolution,” concisely highlighting the important directive content of the Zunyi Conference resolution, so that all officers and men could grasp the key points of the resolution in an extremely short time. The “Letter to All Red Officers and Men” served as a mobilization document, used to inspire the revolutionary confidence and fighting spirit of all officers and men in the entire army.

二是学习相关文件。部队主要通过学习包括《中共中央关于反对敌人五次“围剿”的总结的决议》《中央政治局扩大会议总结粉碎五次“围剿”战争中经验教训决议大纲》《共产党中央委员会与中央革命军事委员会告全体红色指战员书》在内的遵义会议相关文件，实现对遵义会议精神的领会。据耿飚回忆，传达会议在听取学习“决议”的同时发参会人员人手一份“告全体红军指战员书”。萧克在回忆中亦提及部队对“大纲”的学习。这三份文件各有侧重、相辅相成，为红军指战员学习领会遵义会议精神提供了重要支撑。“决议”作为遵义会议的核心文件，是纠正“左”倾错误领导、确立正确路线的纲领，为指战员领会会议精神提供了基本遵循。“大纲”则是对“决议”的提炼与概述，简练凸显遵义会议决议的重要指示内容，以便全体指战员在极短的时间内掌握决议要点。“告全体红色指战员书”则作为动员性文件，用以激发全军指战员的革命信心和斗志。

Third, conducting discussions and speeches. On the basis of listening to the transmission and studying the documents, the troops conducted discussions and speeches, which further deepened their understanding and comprehension of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference. First, the discussions and speeches adopted a method of proceeding from top to bottom, layer by layer. Zhao Rong of the Ninth Red Army Corps recorded in his diary: “Today, the corps political department held a meeting of cadres at the platoon level and above in the directly subordinate units at Liangheyan to convey the Central Committee’s decision on creating a Soviet base area in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Sichuan region, and to mobilize for thorough implementation of this policy. After the general meeting, each unit of the supply department separately held meetings to discuss the spirit of the political department meeting and the specific methods for implementation.” It can be seen that after the spirit of the meeting was conveyed at the corps level, each functional department then held its own meetings to discuss the spirit of the meeting. This was not only about studying and grasping the spirit of the meeting, but also about implementing and carrying it out, transforming the spirit of the meeting into feasible goals and tasks in light of the specific conditions of each unit. Second, the discussions and speeches emphasized the integration of theory and practice, aiming to sum up experience and draw lessons. At the transmission meeting of the First Red Division, after listening to the cadre report and studying the relevant materials, cadres were required to speak and criticize the “Left” line based on their own experiences. This method of criticism combined with personal experience was more persuasive and impactful than purely theoretical study. It could, while summing up experiences and lessons, deepen the personal understanding of the harm of the erroneous line, and lead to conscious implementation of the correct decisions of the Zunyi Conference. Most crucially, through discussions and speeches, a major transformation in the ideological understanding of the officers and men was achieved. As Xiao Ke pointed out: “Through study and discussion, mobile warfare and guerrilla warfare were elevated to the level of strategic thinking for understanding. We consciously abandoned the erroneous military principles of ‘Left’ opportunism, recognized the laws of the long-term and repeated struggle between the enemy’s ‘encirclement and suppression’ and our counter-‘encirclement and suppression,’ and understood that the Zunyi Conference was a negation of the past military line.”

三是开展讨论发言。部队在听取传达、学习文件的基础上开展讨论发言，通过开展讨论发言进一步深化了对遵义会议精神的理解和认识。首先，讨论发言采取了由上至下、层层深入的方式。红九军团赵镕在日记中记道：“今天军团政治部在两合岩召开直属队排以上干部大会，传达中央关于创造云、贵、川苏区根据地的决定，动员彻底执行此方针。大会后，供给部各单位分别召开了会议，讨论政治部大会的精神和贯彻执行的具体办法。”由此可见，以军团为单位传达会议精神后，各职能部门又各自召开会议，就会议精神进行讨论。这不仅是对会议精神的学习领会，更是对会议精神的贯彻落实，结合各部具体情况将会议精神转化为切实可行的目标任务。其次，讨论发言注重理论与实践的结合，旨在总结经验，吸取教训。红一师的传达会议，就在听取干部报告传达，学习相关材料后，要求干部结合自身经历发言批评“左”倾路线。这种结合个人经历的批评方式比单纯的理论学习更具说服力和感染力，能够在总结经验教训的同时加深对错误路线危害的切身体会，自觉地贯彻落实遵义会议的正确决策。最为关键的是通过讨论发言，实现指战员思想认识上的重大转变。正如萧克指出的：“通过学习讨论,把运动战、游击战提高到战略思想上来认识，自觉地抛弃了‘左’倾机会主义错误的军事原则，认识到敌人的‘围剿’和我们的反‘围剿’的长期、反复斗争的规律，理解到遵义会议是对过去军事路线的否定。”

Whether through oral transmission, documents and telegrams, or meeting reports, the central authorities and all departments ensured the precise transmission and implementation of the conference spirit in the shortest possible time. The step-by-step transmission and implementation of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference from the central authorities down to the grassroots level of the troops not only reflected the central authorities’ precise grasp of the importance and urgency of transmitting the conference spirit under complex wartime conditions, but also demonstrated the high sense of responsibility and execution of all Red Army commanders and fighters in identifying with and implementing the correct line. The transmission of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference can be regarded as a highly efficient process of spiritual mobilization and ideological unification in the history of the Chinese Communist Party’s revolution. The transmission of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference not only profoundly criticized and summarized the “Left” errors in content, but also, through the explanations and encouragement of Mao Zedong and other members of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and leading cadres from various departments, as well as the in-depth study and comprehension of the Red Army commanders and fighters, injected into the Red Army the conviction and strength to adhere to the correct line and unite in forging ahead. This broad and profound ideological unification laid the foundation for the Red Army to win a military turning point and also injected confidence and hope for future development.

无论是通过口头传达、文件电报还是会议报告，中央与各部层层确保了会议精神在尽可能短时间内的精准传达和落实。遵义会议精神从中央到部队基层的逐级传达落实，不仅体现了中央在复杂战局下对会议精神传达的重要性和紧迫性的精准把握，也彰显了全体红军指战员对正确路线的认同和贯彻的高度责任感与执行力。遵义会议精神的传达堪称中国共产党革命史上一次极具效率的精神动员和思想统一过程。遵义会议精神的传达不仅在内容上对“左”倾错误进行了深刻批判与总结，更通过毛泽东等中央常委和各部领导干部的讲解和鼓舞与红军指战员们的深入学习领会，为红军注入了坚持正确路线、团结奋进的信念与力量。这种广泛而深刻的思想统一，为红军赢得军事转机奠定了基础，也为未来发展注入了信心与希望。

II. The Publicity of the Spirit of the Zunyi Conference and Its Forms

二、遵义会议精神宣介及其形式

After the transmission of the conference spirit, the central authorities and various departments further consolidated the effectiveness of the transmission through publicity, ensuring the implementation of the conference spirit. “Publicity” (宣介) means propaganda and introduction, propaganda and promotion. It aims to enable more people to understand and pay attention to the object of publicity through different forms of propaganda and introduction, so as to promote its visibility and influence. The publicity of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference mainly took the following forms.

会议精神传达后，中央及各部通过宣介进一步巩固传达成效，确保会议精神的贯彻执行。“宣介”就是宣传介绍、宣传推介。旨在通过不同形式的宣传和介绍，使更多人了解并关注所宣介的对象，以促进其知名度、影响力。遵义会议精神的宣介主要有以下几种形式。

1. Proclamation Publicity

1.文告宣介

The central authorities precisely publicized to the Red Army commanders and fighters through issuing documents, calling on them to study and implement the spirit of the Zunyi Conference and inspiring their morale. The most widely circulated was the “Letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission to All Red Commanders and Fighters.” On February 16, 1935, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission issued the “Letter from the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission to All Red Commanders and Fighters.” The form of publicity adopted in the “Letter to All Red Commanders and Fighters” can be classified as proclamation publicity. This form was both suited to the tense wartime situation and met the actual needs of the Red Army during the Long March. An analysis of this text reveals the following characteristics: First, it was extremely concise. The text clearly conveyed the new strategic policy established by the Zunyi Conference: “We are now in the vast region of the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan, and we are going to create a new Soviet base area here.” This concise expression avoided lengthy theoretical explanations and ensured that the Red Army commanders and fighters could quickly grasp the core essence of the resolution. In this way, the central authorities’ strategic thinking was effectively condensed into a practical guide for action, enabling every Red Army commander and fighter to clearly understand their mission with a clear goal, thereby further enhancing their sense of mission and responsibility. Second, it was highly mobilizing. The text “calls on all comrades to muster a hundredfold courage, heighten their determination to fight, and struggle to annihilate the vicious enemy and create a new Soviet area in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan! All comrades! Strive together for this bright future!” By using emotionally charged language, employing words with strong mobilizing power such as “a hundredfold courage” and “bright future,” it inspired the morale of the Red Army. Especially against the backdrop of complex battlefields and difficult circumstances, this kind of emotional mobilization played a role that cannot be ignored, helping soldiers overcome difficulties, strengthen their convictions, and throw themselves into new battles. Third, it was highly practical. It used plain language to provide specific action guidance, covering how the Red Army should fight, how to choose favorable opportunities for combat, and how to win over mass support, ensuring that commanders and fighters at all levels could quickly react and put it into practice. Through this straightforward expression, commanders and fighters could respond quickly in complex battlefield environments, ensuring the efficient execution of decisions.

中央通过发文精准向红军指战员进行宣介，号召他们学习贯彻遵义会议精神，鼓舞其干劲。传扬最为广泛的是《共产党中央委员会与中央革命军事委员会告全体红色指战员书》。1935年2月16日，中共中央委员会与中央革命军事委员会发布《共产党中央委员会与中央革命军事委员会告全体红色指战员书》。“告全体红色指战员书”所采用的宣介形式可以归为文告宣介，这种形式既适应战时紧张形势，又符合长征中红军的实际需要。通过对该文本的分析可发现其具有如下特征：一是极具简练性。文中清晰传达了遵义会议确立的新战略方针：“我们现在是在云贵川三省的广大地区中，我们就要在这里创造新的苏区根据地。”这种简洁的表述避免了冗长的理论阐释，确保了红军指战员们能够迅速地把握决议的核心要义。通过这种方式，中央的战略思想被有效地凝聚成切实的行动指南，以明确的目标让每位红军指战员都能够清楚地了解自己的使命，从而进一步增强其使命感与责任感。二是极具动员性。文中“号召全体同志鼓起百倍的勇气，提高作战决心，为消灭万恶的敌人，创造新的云贵川新苏区而斗争！全体同志们！为着这一光明的前途共同奋斗呵”。通过富有感染力的语言，使用“百倍的勇气”“光明的前途”等具有极强动员作用的词汇，激发红军士气。特别是在战局复杂、环境艰难的背景下，这种情感上的动员作用不容忽视，能够帮助战士们克服困难、坚定信念，投入新的战斗中。三是极具实用性。采用通俗的文字进行具体的行动指导，涉及关于红军如何战斗、如何选择有利时机进行作战、如何争取群众支持等内容，确保各级指战员能够迅速作出反应并付诸实践。通过这种直截了当的表达，指战员能够在复杂的战场环境中迅速作出反应，确保决策的高效执行。

The “Letter to All Red Commanders and Fighters,” with “a bright future” at its core, painted a picture of victory for the Red Army. This kind of publicity reshaped the Red Army’s historical mission and conviction in inevitable revolutionary victory in a positive way, helping the entire army maintain its fighting spirit in adversity. Geng Biao recalled in his memoirs that he received this copy of the “Letter to All Red Army Commanders and Fighters,” one for each person, at a cadre meeting, and that he “kept this precious historical document by his side all along.” [5]5 Geng Biao, *Geng Biao Memoirs* (Beijing: PLA Press, 1991), p. 210. Dai Runsheng also stated, “What I remember most deeply is the central authorities’ ‘Letter to All Red Army Commanders and Fighters’”; “the soldiers all understood the significance of turning and twisting around with the enemy and marching continuously. No matter how hard the marching and fighting were, everyone’s spirits were high, and there were no more complaints or grumbling.” [6]6 Dai Runsheng, “The Zunyi Conference Brought New Life to the Red Army,” in *The Zunyi Conference: Collected Memoirs* (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1985), p. 78. This fully demonstrates that this “Letter to All Red Army Commanders and Fighters” was, for the Red Army commanders and fighters, a “blueprint for operations” guiding the direction, a “spiritual benchmark” inspiring fighting spirit, and a “program of action” unifying thought.

“告全体红色指战员书”以“光明的前途”为核心，为红军描绘了一幅胜利的图景。这种宣介以积极的方式重塑了红军的历史使命感和革命必胜信念，帮助全军在困境中保持斗志。耿飚在回忆中提道，他是在干部会议上收到这人手一份的“告全体红军指战员书”的，并且他将这份“珍贵的历史文件”“一直保存在身边”。戴润生也谈道，“我记得最深的是中央‘告全体红军指战员书’”，“战士们都明白了和敌人转来转去、连续行军的意义，无论行军作战多么艰苦，大家的情绪都很高，再也没有说怪话、发牢骚的了”。由此，足以说明这份“告全体红军指战员书”对红军指战员而言，是指引方向的“作战宏图”、激励斗志的“精神标杆”、统一思想的“行动纲领”。

2. Media Publicity

2．媒体宣介

After the Red Army’s Long March began, *Struggle* (斗争) and *Red China* (红色中华) were successively discontinued, so the burden of publicity fell on *Red Star* (红星). [7]7 *Struggle* was the organ of the Central Bureau of the Soviet Area; *Red China* was the newspaper of the Chinese Soviet Republic’s central government; *Red Star* was the newspaper of the Red Army’s General Political Department. The *Red Star* newspaper’s publicity of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference was mainly carried out from the following four aspects. First, it published important directive documents and related news about the Zunyi Conference resolutions from the central authorities, providing an official channel for all Red Army commanders and fighters to understand the relevant content of the conference, such as the “Letter to Red Commanders and Fighters” and the “Resolution of the Party Cadres Meeting of the Military Commission Column.” Second, it published editorials, using clear and forceful language to directly point out the important tasks of the Red Army determined by the Zunyi Conference, such as “Struggle to Create a New Soviet Border Area in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan” and “All for the Creation of a New Soviet Area,” emphasizing that “the task of creating a new Soviet border area in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan is already before every Red commander and fighter. We must use all our strength to strive for the realization of this task and struggle for it,” and “Brave fighters, mobilize intensely for battle. Only victory in war, only deep mass work, only abandoning any wavering or illusions, can we complete our task of creating a new Soviet border area in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan.” Third, it promoted models, enhancing the cohesion of the troops and inspiring the combat enthusiasm of the broad masses of commanders and fighters, making them more steadfast in their confidence to complete the tasks of the resolution. For example, the front page of the twelfth issue, “Write the Model Companies and Platoons of the Zunyi Battle on the Red Board,” used a full page to promote the deeds of outstanding model companies and platoons: “Six people of the Sixth Company routed two enemy companies,” “The Third Company was a model in attacking the city,” “The Fifth Company pursued swiftly and captured the enemy regimental commander alive,” etc. Fourth, it issued victory bulletins, promptly conveying news of victories to the entire army, such as “The Fourth Front Army Annihilates Four Enemy Regiments in Sichuan” and “The Central Red Army Routed Five White Regiments,” [8]8 “White” (白) was a term used by the Red Army to refer to the forces of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party). which not only boosted the Red Army’s morale but also consolidated the commanders’ and fighters’ trust in the Party Central Committee’s leadership and military policy, forming a positive and upward combat atmosphere. Of course, in the process of publicity, *Red Star* did not blindly tout victories and exaggerate the positive situation, but focused on guiding Red Army commanders and fighters to correctly face and effectively solve practical problems, encouraging them to bravely overcome difficulties.

红军长征后，《斗争》与《红色中华》相继停办，因此宣介的重任就落在了《红星》的肩上。《红星》报对遵义会议精神的宣介主要从以下四个方面展开。一是发表中央关于遵义会议决议的重要指示文件与相关消息，为红军全体指战员提供了了解会议相关内容的官方渠道，诸如“告红色指战员书”“军委纵队党的干部会议议案”等。二是登载社论，以清晰有力的文字，直接点明遵义会议确定的红军重要任务，如《为创造云贵川边新苏区而斗争》《一切为着创造新苏区》等，强调“创造云贵川边新苏区的任务已经摆在每个红色指战员的面前，我们要用一切力量来争取这一任务的实现而斗争”，“英勇的战士们，紧张的战斗的动员起来。只有战争的胜利，只有深入的群众工作，只有抛弃任何的动摇与幻想，才能完成我们创造云贵川边新苏区的任务”。三是宣扬模范，增强部队的凝聚力，激发广大指战员的战斗热情，使他们更加坚定完成决议任务的信心。譬如，第十二期头版《把遵义战斗中的模范营连写在红板上》以整版篇幅宣扬优秀模范营连事迹：“连六部六个人击溃敌人二连”“连三团攻城的模范”“连五部追击迅速，活捉敌团长”等。四是发捷报，及时向全军传递胜利的消息，例如《四方面军消减川敌四团》《中央红军击溃白匪五团》等，不仅增强了红军的士气，也巩固了指战员对党中央领导和军事方针的信任，形成了积极向上的战斗氛围。当然，《红星》报在宣介过程中，并非一味鼓吹胜利，烘托积极形势，而是注重引导红军指战员正确面对和有效解决实际问题，鼓励他们勇于克服困难。

3. Propaganda Team Publicity

3.宣传队宣介

Zhang Nansheng of the Fifth Red Army Corps recalled that after the Zunyi Conference, “Party committee work was strengthened, and political work became more active. The regimental political department also had a small propaganda team, which set up agitation sheds during marches, beating gongs and drums and singing songs to encourage everyone to advance bravely; when stationed, they wrote slogans and conducted propaganda. The entire army took on a completely new look.” [9]9 Zhang Nansheng, “The Zunyi Conference Shone a Ray of Light on the Red Army,” in *The Zunyi Conference: Collected Memoirs* (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1985), p. 112.

红五军团张南生回忆，遵义会议后“党委工作健全起来了，政治工作也更加活跃了。团政治处还有一支小小的宣传队，行军中组织鼓动棚，敲锣打鼓唱歌，鼓动大家奋勇前进；住下来又写标语作宣传。整个部队面貌焕然一新”。

First, setting up agitation sheds. The agitation shed was a unique and flexible form of publicity used by the Red Army’s propaganda teams during the Long March. As a temporarily constructed propaganda platform, the agitation shed could move flexibly along the Red Army’s marching route. Whether on mountain passes and dangerous roads, at river crossings, or in campsites, the propaganda teams could quickly set up agitation sheds. Through this efficient and adaptable form, Red Army commanders and fighters could receive spiritual encouragement and policy education at any time and place during the march. The agitation shed was not merely a one-way propaganda platform; it was also a site of emotional exchange, effectively strengthening the connection between officers and soldiers and the cohesion of the troops. The propaganda teams integrated the spirit of the Zunyi Conference into speeches, songs, and theatrical performances, playing an important role in boosting morale and unifying thought during the march and at encampments. Chen Jing, a propagandist of the Second Red Army Corps, evaluated his work in this way: “Propagandist, propagandist, every day walking ahead of difficulties, shouting, singing, blowing, playing, pen and legs never at rest!” This basically summarized a propagandist’s daily life and work. According to Chen Jing’s recollection, “Every day at dawn, I had to carry a bundle of agitation slogans and rush to the vanguard troops, moving together with the advance guard regiment. In the afternoon, after finishing the rear-guard regiment’s collection work, I had to return to our own unit to camp. Along the road from the vanguard to the rear guard, besides writing and pasting up hundreds of propaganda slogans and agitation slogans, I also had to set up one to three ‘agitation sheds’ along the way (that is, at some mountain pass, dangerous road, or river crossing, carrying out agitation work such as blowing, playing, singing, and performing).”

一是设置鼓动棚。鼓动棚是红军宣传队在长征途中使用的一种独特而灵活的宣介形式。鼓动棚作为临时搭建的宣传平台，能够跟随红军的行军路线灵活移动，无论是在山头险路、河流渡口，还是在宿营地，宣传队都能迅速设置鼓动棚。通过这种高效且适应性强的形式，红军指战员在行军中随时随地都能受到精神的激励与政策的教育。鼓动棚不只是单向的宣传平台，更是一种情感交流的场所，有效加强了官兵之间的联系和部队的凝聚力。宣传队将遵义会议精神融入演讲、歌唱、剧演中去，在行军途中和驻地发挥了振奋士气、统一思想的重要作用。红二军团宣传员陈靖这样评价自己的工作：“宣传员，宣传员，每天走在困难前，演讲喊叫吹弹唱，笔杆腿杆没得闲！”这基本概括了宣传员一天的生活和工作。据陈靖回忆，“每天一早起来，就要背着一捆鼓动标语赶到先头部队去，同前卫团一道行动，下午要同后卫团搞完收容后，才能赶回本队来宿营。从前卫到后卫这一路上，除了要写和贴出数以百计的宣传标语、鼓动标语外，还要在途中设一至三次‘鼓动棚’(即在某个山头、险路或渡口，搞吹弹演唱等鼓动工作)”。

Second, deploying slogans and shouting scripts. Chen Jing’s recollection also brings out another important aspect of the propaganda teams’ work: the extensive deployment of propaganda slogans and shouting scripts. These slogans and shouting scripts were a direct publicity of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference, for example: “Create new Soviet areas in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan. Peasants organize Red游击 detachments to eliminate landlord armed forces! Workers and peasants unite to establish your own government,” and so on. At a peasant’s home in Yuhua Village, Mao Zedong saw slogans deployed by Red Army propagandists publicizing Red Army policies and was very pleased; he even praised a shouting script on the wall. “White Army brothers, I am the Red Army, we are all, poor folks. You don’t fight me, I don’t fight you, unite together, form a group. The group is tightly bound, conquer the three provinces of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan. Red Armies rise everywhere in the three provinces, all poor folks in the three provinces are awakened. First, fight the landlords and divide the land; second, no rent payment; third, resist debts; fourth, resist exorbitant taxes; fifth, resist miscellaneous levies; sixth, everyone has food to eat; seventh, everyone has clothes to wear; eighth, wages must increase; ninth, all goods must be cheap. When these ten items are done, everyone says the Red Army is good. The Red Army’s military might shakes the world, all bureaucrats and warlords are overthrown. Dear White Army brothers, we will act once we speak. Rely on no one but ourselves, rely on no Buddha but ordinary people.” The shouting script was not only a tool for publicizing Red Army policies externally; it also played an important role in propaganda among Red Army commanders and fighters internally. The shouting script, in a concise and clear form, encapsulated the important content of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference, transforming complex revolutionary concepts into “slogans” that commanders and fighters could easily understand and remember, clarifying the mission and tasks shouldered by the Red Army, and facilitating the formation of a common understanding and operational language within the troops. It used popularized language and colloquial expressions to consolidate consensus, strengthen confidence, and clarify direction, exerting considerable influence on Red Army commanders and fighters at the levels of thought, emotion, and action.

二是布设标语与喊话词。陈靖的回忆也引出了宣传队另一方面的重要工作，就是大量布设宣传标语与喊话词。这些标语与喊话词是对遵义会议精神的直观宣介，例如：“创造云、贵、川新苏区。农民组织赤色游击队消灭地主武装！工农群众团结起来建立自己的政府”等。毛泽东在鱼化村一位农民家的墙壁上看到红军宣传员布设的宣传红军政策的标语很是欣慰，更称赞了上面的一篇喊话词。“白军弟兄，我是红军，我们彼此，都是乾人。你不打我，我不打你，联合起来，结成团体。团体结得紧又紧，打平云贵川三省。三省到处起红军，三省乾人都唤醒。一打土豪二分田；三不交租四抗债；五抗苛捐六抗税；七条人人有饭吃；八条人人有衣穿；九条工价要增加；十条百货要便宜。这个十条都做了，人人都说红军好。红军军威震天下，官僚军阀都打倒。亲爱的白军弟兄们，我们说了就要行。不靠他人靠自己，不靠菩萨靠凡人。”喊话词不仅是对外宣传红军政策的工具，同时对红军指战员内部也起到了重要的宣介作用。喊话词以简洁明了的形式囊括了遵义会议精神的重要内容，将复杂的革命理念转化为指战员易于理解和记忆的“口号”，明晰了红军肩负的使命任务，有利于形成部队内部的共同认知与行动语言。它以通俗化的语言和口语化的表述，凝聚共识、增强信心、明确方向，在思想、情感和行动层面对红军指战员产生了相当大的影响。

Publicity on the basis of transmission further expanded the influence of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference among Red Army commanders and fighters. Transmission was more about passive reception, while the result of publicity was more about active participation. Through self-participatory publicity, Red Army commanders and fighters ultimately achieved a transformation from ideological confusion to firm conviction, from disorientation and frustration to high morale and awakening, thereby laying a solid foundation for the revolution’s shift from danger to safety and from defeat to victory.

在传达基础上的宣介进一步扩大了遵义会议精神在红军指战员中的影响力。传达更多地体现在被动接收，而宣介的结果则更多地体现在主动参与。通过自我参与式的宣介使红军指战员最终实现了从思想混乱到信念坚定的转变，从迷茫失意到斗志昂扬的觉醒,进而为革命由危及安、由败转胜奠定了坚实基础。

III. Identification and Resonance with the Spirit of the Zunyi Conference

三、遵义会议精神的认同与共鸣

Looking back over Party history, the Zunyi Conference can be described as far-reaching and of great significance. Why was the Zunyi Conference able to achieve the major transformation of the revolution from crisis to victory? The transmission and publicity of the conference’s spirit undoubtedly occupy an important position. Major decisions and deployments require not only attention to the methods and means of transmission and publicity but also, even more, emphasis on ideological identification and emotional resonance. The implementation of decisions cannot be separated from the firm conviction of the executors, and the establishment of conviction stems from rational cognition and profound understanding of the correctness of the decisions. From transmission to publicity, Red Army commanders and fighters developed widespread identification and resonance with the spirit of the Zunyi Conference, thereby realizing the transformation from passivity to initiative.

纵观党史，遵义会议可谓是影响深远、意义重大。遵义会议为何能够实现革命从危机走向胜利的重大转变？会议精神的传达与宣介无疑占据重要地位。重大决策部署，既要讲究传达与宣介的方式方法，更要重视思想认同与情感共鸣。决策的贯彻离不开执行者的坚定信念，而信念的确立源于对决策正确性的理性认知与深刻体悟。从传达到宣介，红军指战员对遵义会议精神产生了普遍的认同和共鸣，从而实现了从被动到主动的转变。

First, it manifested as identification and resonance with the new ideological line. The Zunyi Conference summarized the lessons of the defeat in the Fifth Counter-Encirclement Campaign [10]10 The Fifth Counter-Encirclement Campaign (1933–1934) was the Communist Party’s military campaign against the Nationalist government’s fifth encirclement campaign; its failure, due largely to “Left” military errors, forced the Red Army to begin the Long March., corrected the “Left” erroneous leadership within the Party, and was the first time the Communist Party of China independently applied the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism to solve problems concerning its own line, policies, and principles, achieving a rectification of the ideological line [11]11 “Rectification” (拨乱反正) is a Chinese idiom meaning to set things right after a period of disorder; in Party history it refers to correcting erroneous lines or policies.. Through top-down transmission and publicity, the entire Party and army developed identification and resonance with the new ideological line through comparison between the past and the present. At the cadre transmission meeting in Zhaxi [12]12 Zhaxi is a town in Yunnan Province where, in February 1935, the Party Central Committee held a meeting (the Zhaxi Meeting) to further implement the decisions of the Zunyi Conference., some cadres who had previously suffered from Wang Ming’s “Left” line, when mentioning the past erroneous leadership and the losses it brought to the revolution, were so angry that they pounded tables and benches. They were not only indignant at the unwarranted blows they personally suffered but also deeply grieved over the losses that the erroneous line had caused to the Chinese revolution. Precisely because of this, when Red Army commanders and fighters learned of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference, it felt like a long-awaited rain after a drought. Xiao Feng recalled: “After it was transmitted to the company level, the soldiers were all beaming with joy and high in spirits, as if through the fog they saw sunlight; their thinking suddenly brightened. The various doubts since the Fifth Counter-Encirclement Campaign were cleared up. On the way back to Tongzi, wherever we went, we heard commanders and fighters happily discussing: ‘Now that Chairman Mao is back in command, victory is hopeful, the revolutionary future has something to look forward to!’” For Red Army commanders and fighters who had suffered enough from Wang Ming’s “Left” opportunist line, the spirit of the Zunyi Conference was truly a “thrilling great joy.”

首先，表现为对新思想路线的认同与共鸣。遵义会议总结了第五次反“围剿”失利的教训，纠正了党内“左”倾领导错误，是中国共产党第一次独立自主地运用马克思列宁主义基本原理解决自己路线、方针和政策方面问题的会议，实现了思想路线的拨乱反正。通过自上而下的传达与宣介，全党全军在前后比较中对新的思想路线产生了认同与共鸣。在扎西干部传达会议上，一些过去遭受王明“左”倾路线打击的干部，一提起过去的错误领导和给革命带来的损失时，就气得又捶桌子又打板凳。他们不只是为个人遭受无端打击而愤懑，更是对错误路线给中国革命造成的损失而痛心疾首。也正因如此，红军指战员们得知遵义会议精神，颇有久旱逢甘霖之感。肖锋回忆道：“传达到连队后，战士们个个喜形于色，情绪高昂，好似透过迷雾，看到了阳光一样，思想豁然亮了。从第五次反‘围剿’以来的种种疑团澄清了。在部队折回桐梓的途中，无论走到哪里，都听到指战员们高兴地议论：‘这回毛主席重新回来指挥部队，胜利有希望了，革命前途有盼头了！’”遵义会议精神对吃够了王明“左”倾机会主义路线苦头的红军指战员们而言，真可谓是“激动人心的大喜事”。

Second, it manifested as identification and resonance with the new military line. The “Left” erroneous military line not only constrained the Red Army’s mobility and caused severe consumption of military resources but also led to the Red Army losing its initiative and falling into a passive and beaten position. Fang Qiang, political commissar of the 22nd Red Division, said with deep feeling: “In the past, when we fought, we always got ‘richer’; with every battle, the troops grew, and weapons and ammunition were replenished.” However, “at the beginning of the Fifth Counter-Encirclement Campaign, we were ordered to divide our forces and guard positions on the southern front, entrenched in blockhouses, tying our own hands and feet, stubbornly enduring daily bombing by enemy planes and artillery,” and the troops “got ‘poorer’ and ‘poorer’; for every bullet consumed, there was one less bullet.” The transmission and publicity of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference enabled Red Army commanders and fighters, through a profound comparison of the two military lines, to form a clear understanding of the war situation, thereby liberating the Red Army from the erroneous military line and returning it to the track of the correct military line. As Yang Shangkun said, “Participating in the Zunyi Conference was like taking an extremely good lesson,” and “at the Zunyi Conference, in the intense contrast between the two military lines, I profoundly realized the brilliance and correctness of the military line represented by Chairman Mao.”

其次，表现为对新军事路线的认同与共鸣。“左”倾错误军事路线，不仅束缚了红军的机动能力，造成了严重的军事资源消耗，更导致红军丧失主动地位，陷于被动挨打的不利局面。红二十二师政委方强深有体会地说道：“以前作战，我们总是越打越‘富’，每打一仗，队伍壮大一次，武器弹药得到补充。”然而“第五次反‘围剿’一开始，我们却被命令在南方战线分兵把口，固守在碉堡里，捆住了自己的手脚，硬挺着天天挨敌人的飞机、大炮轰炸”，部队是“越打越‘穷’，消耗一粒子弹，就少一粒子弹”。遵义会议精神的传达与宣介使红军指战员在两条军事路线的深刻对比中对战局形成了清醒认识，从而把红军从错误的军事路线中解放出来，使其重新回到正确军事路线的轨道。正如杨尚昆所说，“参加遵义会议是上了极好的一课”，“在遵义会议上，在两条军事路线的强烈对比中，我深刻地体会到以毛主席为代表的军事路线的英明正确”。

The communication and promotion of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference enabled the Red Army to gradually break free from the mindset of passive defense and establish an operational policy of active defense. This transformation was reflected both at the strategic level—in "avoiding the strong and striking the weak" and "avoiding the solid and striking the void"—and in the application of specific tactics. Liu Bocheng exclaimed: "After the Zunyi Conference, our army completely reversed its previous situation, as if it had suddenly gained new life, winding and weaving, threading its way among the enemy, so that when they thought we were going east we went west, when they thought we were crossing the river to go north we made a long-range counterattack, taking the initiative everywhere, full of vigor and vitality, controlling the enemy... Comparing these circumstances with the period under the rule of the 'Left' line, the commanders and fighters of the entire army came to understand more deeply: Chairman Mao's correct line and his highly developed Marxist military art are the sole guarantee that our army will remain invincible." Guided by the spirit of the Zunyi Conference, commanders and fighters found the reasons for taking detours, clarified the dialectical relationship between defending the base areas and annihilating the enemy's effective strength, raised their consciousness in implementing active defense and fighting mobile warfare and guerrilla warfare, and fundamentally shook off the influence of passive defense. Zhou Renjie of the Sixth Red Army Corps exclaimed: "Once our strategic thinking was liberated, our tactical thinking came alive. From then on, we revised our operational plans and gradually formed a new, flexible operational policy in practice that both embodied active defense and had its own characteristics."

遵义会议精神的传达与宣介使红军逐步突破了消极防御的思维定式，确立了积极防御的作战方针。这种转变既体现在战略层面的“避强击弱”“避实击虚”上，也表现在具体战术的运用中。刘伯承感叹道：“遵义会议以后，我军一反以前的情况，好象忽然获得了新的生命，迂回曲折，穿插于敌人之间，以为我向东却又向西，以为我渡江北上却又远途回击，处处主动，生龙活虎，左右敌人……这些情况和‘左’倾路线统治时期相对照，全军指战员更深刻地认识到：毛主席的正确的路线和高度发展了的马克思主义的军事艺术，是使我军立于不败之地的唯一保证。”在遵义会议精神的指引下，指战员找到了走弯路的原因，弄清了保卫根据地与消灭敌人有生力量之间的辩证关系，提高了实行积极防御，打运动战、游击战的自觉性，更从根本上摆脱了消极防御的影响。红六军团周仁杰就感叹道，“战略思想解放了，战术思想也就活了。从这以后，我们修改了作战方案，并在实践中逐步形成了既体现积极防御，又有自己特色的灵活机动的新作战方针”。

Finally, it manifested as identity and resonance with the new organizational line. Through the communication and promotion of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference, Red Army commanders and fighters not only highly identified with the spirit of the resolution ideologically, but also one after another supported the leading position of the correct Marxist line, with Comrade Mao Zedong as its main representative, within the Party Central Committee. Deng Rong, recalling her father Deng Xiaoping, noted: "Father said many times that in the history of our Party, it was not until the Zunyi Conference that a true leading core was truly formed. This leading core is the first generation of leading core of the Chinese Communist Party. Before this, no true leading core had been formed." Zhu De even composed a poem praising this momentous Zunyi Conference: "When the dragons gain a leader, they soar of themselves; the line is mastered, they walk one path. High and low, left and right, they can correct; the sky is boundless, they fly freely." This vividly illustrates that the Party Central Committee leadership collective with Mao Zedong at its core, formed at the Zunyi Conference, gave the Red Army hope of escaping its predicament and turning the situation around. On the one hand, through their personal experience, Red Army commanders and fighters deeply recognized the vastly different results brought by Wang Ming's erroneous "Left" dogmatist leadership and Mao Zedong's correct leadership. On the other hand, Mao Zedong's displayed outstanding leadership abilities were proven. His profound grasp of the laws of the Chinese revolutionary war, his accurate judgment of the enemy-our situation, and his far-sighted strategic vision all convinced Red Army commanders and fighters from the bottom of their hearts. For Red Army commanders and fighters, supporting Mao Zedong's position as the core leader of the entire Party was not only an ideological identification but also a rational choice. Upon learning of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference, He Long exclaimed: "Although I have never met Comrade Mao Zedong, from my own experience and lessons, and from reading the articles he wrote, I deeply feel he is our correct leader." Nie Rongzhen recalled that when the Zhaxi cadre meeting [13]13 The Zhaxi cadre meeting was a meeting of Red Army cadres held in Zhaxi (present-day Weixin County, Yunnan) in February 1935, shortly after the Zunyi Conference, to communicate and study the spirit of the Zunyi Conference. communicated the spirit of the Zunyi Conference, it happened to be rainy, but during the several hours of communication, everyone was so absorbed in listening that no one even moved to take shelter from the rain; at the meeting, everyone supported Comrade Mao Zedong coming forward to lead.

最后，表现为对新组织路线的认同与共鸣。通过对遵义会议精神的传达与宣介，红军指战员们不仅在思想上高度认同决议精神，而且纷纷拥护以毛泽东同志为主要代表的马克思主义正确路线在党中央的领导地位。邓榕在回忆其父邓小平时提及：“父亲多次说过，在我们党的历史上，直到遵义会议，才真正形成了一个领导核心。这个领导核心，是中国共产党的第一代领导核心。在此以前，没有形成过真正的领导核心。”朱德更作诗称赞这具有重大意义的遵义会议：“群龙得首自腾翔，路线精通走一行。左右高低能纠正，天空无限任飞扬。”这生动形象地说明，遵义会议形成的以毛泽东同志为核心的党中央领导集体让红军看到了摆脱困境、扭转局面的希望。一方面，红军指战员通过亲身经历，深刻认识到王明“左”倾教条主义错误领导与毛泽东的正确领导带来的截然不同的结果。另一方面，毛泽东展现出的卓越领导才能得到了检验。他对中国革命战争规律的深刻把握，对敌我态势的准确判断，以及高瞻远瞩的战略眼光，都让红军指战员发自内心地信服。对红军指战员而言，对毛泽东在全党领导核心地位的拥护，不仅是一种思想的认同，更是一种理性的选择。贺龙在得知遵义会议精神后，感叹道：“我虽然没有见过毛泽东同志，但从我本身的经验教训中，从读到他写的文章中，深感他是我们的正确领导者。”聂荣臻回忆，扎西干部会议传达遵义会议精神时正逢阴雨，但在长达数小时的传达中大家只顾着听取传达，甚至无人走动避雨，会上大家都拥护毛泽东同志出来领导。

Furthermore, the Zunyi Conference resolution corrected the erroneous practice of "ruthless struggle and merciless blows" under the "Left" line. Fang Qiang, political commissar of the 22nd Red Division, had been arrested and imprisoned in the State Security Bureau by a central inspection team due to the unfavorable outcome of the Junmenling battle. Fang Qiang recalled that upon reading the Zunyi Conference resolution, "Holding this precious document, I was so moved that I shed tears." "We comrades who were imprisoned in the State Security Bureau read the Central Committee's 'Summary Resolution on the Campaign Against the Enemy's Fifth 'Encirclement and Suppression''" [14]14 The "Summary Resolution on the Campaign Against the Enemy's Fifth 'Encirclement and Suppression'" is the formal name of the resolution adopted at the Zunyi Conference, which criticized the military errors of the "Left" line., "We read the Zunyi Conference documents word by word, over and over again. Between the lines shone the brilliance of Mao Zedong Thought," "At that time, I felt as if I had seen a ray of dawn on the horizon." The next day, Fang Qiang and the other comrades imprisoned in the State Security Bureau were released, assigned work, and returned to the Party's revolutionary ranks. Fang Qiang carefully placed the Zunyi Conference resolution document in his leather bag; he felt filled with confidence and strength, and continued the Long March with the Party Central Committee and Comrade Mao Zedong.

此外，遵义会议决议纠正了“左”倾路线的“残酷斗争、无情打击”的错误做法。红二十二师政委方强就因筠门岭战斗不利被中央检查团关押进国家保卫局。方强回忆，在读到遵义会议决议时，“我捧着这份珍贵的文献，激动得流下了眼泪”。“我们被关在国家保卫局的同志，读到了中央《关于反对敌人五次‘围剿’的总结决议》”，“我们逐字逐句地反复阅读遵义会议文献，在那字里行间闪耀着毛泽东思想光辉”，“当时，感到如同见到天边的一线曙光”。第二天，方强等被关押在国家保卫局的同志就被释放了，并予以工作分配，重新回到党的革命队伍中来。方强更是将遵义会议决议文献珍重地装进皮包里，他感到浑身充满了信心和力量，继续跟随党中央和毛泽东同志长征。

"The Zunyi Conference was like spring, bringing new hope and immense encouragement to the troops." It can be said that this was the common sentiment formed throughout the entire Party and army after accepting the spirit of the Zunyi Conference. The high degree of identification of Red Army commanders and fighters with the spirit of the Zunyi Conference transcended mere emotional resonance; it can truly be called a rational choice and a spiritual awakening. At this point, the Zunyi Conference truly achieved a turning point from top to bottom.

“遵义会议就象春天一样给部队带来了新的希望和巨大的鼓舞”。可以说，这是全党全军在接受遵义会议精神之后形成的共同心声。红军指战员对遵义会议精神的高度认同，超越了单纯的情感共鸣，更称得上是一种理性的选择和精神的觉醒。至此，遵义会议才真正实现了从上到下的转折。

As a turning point of life-and-death importance in the history of the Chinese Communist Party, the Zunyi Conference will only become more significant with the passage of time. In June 2015, General Secretary Xi Jinping, while visiting the Zunyi Conference site and the Zunyi Conference Exhibition Hall, pointed out: "We must make good use of the historical experience of the Zunyi Conference and let the spirit of the Zunyi Conference shine forever." The year 2025 marks the 90th anniversary of the Zunyi Conference. Studying and applying the historical experience of the Zunyi Conference has even greater historical and practical significance. At the macro level, we must strengthen the summation of its historical and practical significance; at the meso and micro levels, we must also pay attention to the study of its implementation process, and the communication and promotion of the spirit of the Zunyi Conference falls into this category. Before the Zunyi Conference, Red Army commanders and fighters from top to bottom generally felt lost and confused, not knowing where the Chinese revolution was headed. The Zunyi Conference formed correct decisions at the central high level, which were then promptly and accurately communicated to every Red Army commander and fighter; through promotion, the effectiveness of the communication was consolidated, ultimately becoming the unified consensus of the entire Party and army. This process enlightens us: for major decisions and deployments, we must not only pay attention to the timeliness and accuracy of communication and promotion, but also to the methods and means of communication and promotion, focusing efforts on ideological identification and emotional resonance.

遵义会议作为中国共产党历史上生死攸关的转折点，会随着时代的久远更加历久弥新。2015年6月，习近平总书记在参观遵义会议会址和遵义会议陈列馆时指出：“我们要运用好遵义会议历史经验，让遵义会议精神永放光芒。”2025年是遵义会议召开90周年，研究和运用遵义会议的历史经验，更加具有历史的和现实的意义。从宏观方面，我们要加强对其历史和现实意义的总结；从中观和微观层面，我们也要重视其贯彻执行过程的研究，遵义会议精神的传达与宣介当属此类。遵义会议之前，红军指战员从上到下普遍感到迷茫、困惑，不知中国革命将向何处去。遵义会议在中央高层形成了正确决定，然后及时准确地传达给每一个红军指战员进而通过宣介巩固传达成效，最终成为全党全军的统一共识。这一过程启示我们：重大决策部署，既要注重传达与宣介的及时性和准确性，又要注意传达与宣介的方式方法，着重从思想认同和情感共鸣上下功夫。

(Author's brief biography: Zhang Xudong, Professor and Doctoral Supervisor, Department of CPC History Teaching and Research, Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC (National Academy of Governance))

（作者简介：张旭东，中共中央党校（国家行政学院）中共党史教研部教授、博士生导师）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心