An Examination of the Path of Promoting the Party’s Self-Revolution through Ideological Building

The 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out that self-revolution is the Party’s second answer to escaping the historical cycle of rise and fall, that comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is always on the way, and that the Party’s self-revolution is always on the way. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC further proposed maintaining a high degree of consciousness in using the Party’s self-revolution to lead social revolution and perfecting the system and norms for the Party’s self-revolution. What is called self-revolution refers to the actions of the Chinese Communist Party to “strengthen its bones and marrow, expel toxins and sterilize, cut off its own wrists to survive, remove decay and regenerate flesh, continuously eliminate viruses that erode the Party’s healthy body, constantly improve its own immunity, and prevent the ruin of the Party and the state.” [1]1 The “four forms of decadence” (四风) refer to formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance, which were targeted in the Party’s mass-line education campaign launched in 2013. The problems that the Party’s self-revolution must solve are multifaceted, and these problems share a common characteristic: their roots all lie at the ideological level. As Xi Jinping emphasized, “The problems that appear in intra-Party political life and the political ecology are rooted in the wavering of the ‘ballast stone’ of ideals and convictions among some Party members and cadres, and in the deviation of the ‘master switch’ of their worldview, outlook on life, and values.” [2]2 The August 7th Meeting (八七会议) was an emergency meeting of the CPC Central Committee held on 7 August 1927 in Hankou, which ended Chen Duxiu’s leadership and set the course for armed resistance against the Kuomintang. Therefore, promoting the Party’s self-revolution requires exerting effort from the Party’s ideological building and working hard at the roots where problems arise. Promoting the Party’s self-revolution through ideological building is not only one of the important experiences of promoting the Party’s self-revolution through comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in the New Era, but also an important requirement and key measure for continuously deepening the Party’s self-revolution on the new journey and solving the various problems that exist within the Party itself.

党的二十大指出，自我革命是我们党跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率的第二个答案，全面从严治党永远在路上，党的自我革命永远在路上。党的二十届三中全会进一步提出，保持以党的自我革命引领社会革命的高度自觉，完善党的自我革命制度规范体系。所谓自我革命，指的是中国共产党“补钙壮骨、排毒杀菌、壮士断腕、去腐生肌，不断清除侵蚀党的健康肌体的病毒，不断提高自身免疫力，防止人亡政息”的行动。党的自我革命要解决的问题是多方面的，这些问题的产生具有一个共性特征，即根源都在思想层面，正如习近平所强调，“党内政治生活、政治生态出现这样那样的问题，根子还是一些党员、干部理想信念这个‘压舱石’发生了动摇，世界观、人生观、价值观这个‘总开关’出现了偏差”。因此，推进党的自我革命，需要从党的思想建设上发力，在解决问题产生的根源上下功夫。以思想建设推进党的自我革命，既是新时代全面从严治党推进党的自我革命的重要经验之一，也是新征程上不断把党的自我革命引向深入、解决好党自身存在的各种问题的重要要求和关键举措。

I. The Internal Mechanism of Promoting the Party’s Self-Revolution through Ideological Building

一、以思想建设推进党的自我革命的内在机理

Thought is the precursor of action; theory is the guide to practice. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Marxism is a sharp ideological weapon for guiding us in transforming the objective world and the subjective world.” [3]3 The Zunyi Meeting (遵义会议) was a pivotal Politburo meeting held in January 1935 during the Long March, which established Mao Zedong’s leadership within the Party and corrected the military line of the “left” dogmatists. In the process of strengthening the Party’s ideological building, the Chinese Communist Party unremittingly promotes adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, using Marxism and the theoretical achievements of its adaptation to the Chinese context to arm the entire Party and guide practice. This not only provides a sharp ideological weapon for the Party to transform the world, but also provides a sharp ideological weapon for the Party to transform itself.

思想是行动的先导，理论是实践的指南。习近平指出：“马克思主义是指导我们改造客观世界和主观世界的锐利思想武器。”在加强党的思想建设过程中，中国共产党不懈推进马克思主义中国化、时代化，用马克思主义及其中国化理论成果武装全党、指导实践，不仅为党改造世界提供锐利思想武器，也为党改造自身提供锐利思想武器。

(A) Ideological Building Provides Theoretical Guidance for the Party’s Self-Revolution

（一）思想建设为党的自我革命提供理论指导

Marxism holds that the movement of cognition is a dialectical process. In the process of transforming the world, practice needs to be carried out under the guidance of theory, thus requiring the practical subject to have a high degree of rational consciousness, forming a rational understanding of the basis, concepts, and methods of practice. Mao Zedong summarized this law of cognition as “practice, knowledge, again practice, and again knowledge. This form repeats itself in endless cycles, and with each cycle the content of practice and knowledge rises to a higher level.” [4]4 The Yan’an Rectification Movement (延安整风运动) was a Party-wide ideological education campaign (1941–1945) that promoted the study of Marxism-Leninism and Mao’s thought, criticized subjectivism and dogmatism, and established “seeking truth from facts” as the Party’s ideological line.

马克思主义认为，认识运动是一个辩证过程，在改造世界的过程中，实践需要在理论的指导下进行，因此要求实践主体有较高的理性自觉，对实践的依据、理念、方式等形成理性认识。毛泽东将这一认识规律概括为“实践、认识、再实践、再认识，这种形式，循环往复以至无穷，而实践和认识之每一循环的内容，都比较地进到了高一级的程度”。

In the process of promoting self-revolution, the Chinese Communist Party vigorously strengthens ideological building, combining adherence to Marxism with the development of Marxism. By continuously refining and summarizing practical experience, it elevates this to an understanding of laws, forming theoretical innovation achievements, so as to better guide the Party’s practice of self-revolution. Here, cognition and practice are unified; the Party’s self-revolution is a rational practice that conforms to the laws of cognition. Promoting the Party’s self-revolution through ideological building is both in accordance with regularity and in accordance with purpose. On the one hand, the Chinese Communist Party insists on promoting theoretical innovation on the basis of practical innovation in self-revolution. The Party insists on combining the basic principles of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the excellent traditional Chinese culture, promptly summarizing the practical experience of self-revolution, and promoting theoretical innovation. This is one of the key reasons why the Party can carry out self-revolution. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, by carrying out comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, this self-revolution of the Party in the New Era, the Chinese Communist Party, while effectively solving the prominent problems existing within itself, has actively promoted theoretical exploration and innovation, forming Xi Jinping’s important thought on the Party’s self-revolution, and opening up a new realm for the self-revolution of a century-old major Party. On the other hand, the Chinese Communist Party insists on using new theories to guide new practices of self-revolution. While promoting theoretical innovation, the Chinese Communist Party insists on using the Party’s innovative theories to arm the minds of the entire Party and guide the Party’s practice of self-revolution. Carrying out intra-Party centralized education campaigns is an important practice for strengthening theoretical arming and promoting self-revolution. The vast majority of Party members and cadres deeply study the Party’s innovative theories in intra-Party centralized education campaigns, earnestly examine and correct their own problems and shortcomings. This is an important way to maintain the advanced nature and integrity of the contingent of Party members and cadres, and also a vivid practice of promoting the Party’s self-revolution through ideological building.

在推进自我革命过程中，中国共产党大力加强思想建设，把坚持马克思主义同发展马克思主义相结合，通过不断提炼和总结实践经验，将其上升为规律性认识，形成理论创新成果，以更好地指导党的自我革命实践。在这里，认识与实践是统一的，党的自我革命是一种符合认识规律的理性实践。以思想建设推进党的自我革命，既具有合规律性，又具有合目的性。一方面，中国共产党坚持在自我革命实践创新基础上推动理论创新。党坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，及时总结自我革命的实践经验，推进理论创新，这是党为什么能自我革命的关键原因之一。尤其是党的十八大以来，通过开展全面从严治党这场新时代党的自我革命，中国共产党在有效解决自身存在的突出问题的同时，积极推进理论探索和创新，形成习近平总书记关于党的自我革命的重要思想，开辟了百年大党自我革命新境界。另一方面，中国共产党坚持以新的理论指导自我革命新的实践。在推进理论创新的同时，中国共产党坚持用党的创新理论武装全党头脑，指导党的自我革命实践。开展党内集中教育活动，就是强化理论武装、推进自我革命的重要实践。广大党员、干部在党内集中教育活动中深入学习党的创新理论，认真查找和改正自身问题和不足，这是保持党员干部队伍先进性和纯洁性的重要途径，也是以思想建设推动党的自我革命的生动实践。

(B) Ideological Building Provides Value Guidance for the Party’s Self-Revolution

（二）思想建设为党的自我革命提供价值指引

Why does the Chinese Communist Party carry out self-revolution? The direct purpose is to solve the various problems existing within the Party itself, ensuring that the Party does not change its nature, its color, or its flavor. The more profound purpose is to realize the Party’s ideals and pursuits, in a word, to promote the great social revolution. “Using the great self-revolution to lead the great social revolution” is an important proposition of the Party’s self-revolution, which centrally explains the goals and mission of self-revolution.

中国共产党为什么要进行自我革命，直接目的是解决党自身存在的各种问题，确保党不变质、不变色、不变味，更深远的目的则是为了实现党的理想和追求，概言之，推进伟大社会革命。“以伟大自我革命引领伟大社会革命”是党的自我革命的重要命题，集中阐释了自我革命的目标使命。

The great social revolution promoted by the Chinese Communist Party leading the people includes the lofty ideal of realizing communism, as well as the common ideal of realizing socialism with Chinese characteristics. Marxism reveals the laws of the development of human society and clarifies the historical mission of the proletarian party, namely, to realize the freedom and liberation of the people and to realize communism. From its very founding, the Chinese Communist Party took the realization of communism as its goal. The program adopted at the Party’s First National Congress clearly stated that “the Party’s fundamental political purpose is to carry out social revolution,” and the Party’s Second National Congress proposed that the Party’s purpose is to realize communism. [5]5 The Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee (七届二中全会) was held in March 1949 in Xibaipo, Hebei, on the eve of the nationwide victory, where Mao Zedong delivered his famous “Two Musts” speech. Over more than one hundred years, the Party has continuously promoted social revolution and striven for the realization of communism. At the same time, the specific content and requirements of social revolution develop and change. The Chinese Communist Party not only regards the realization of communism as its lofty ideal, but also formulates phased goals in light of the realities of China’s revolution, construction, and reform, continuously enriching the content of social revolution. For example, the Party’s Second National Congress proposed the minimum program at that time, namely, opposing imperialism and feudalism. After the founding of New China, vigorously developing social productive forces became a new historical task put forward. The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the CPC shifted the Party’s work focus to economic construction, and the Party’s Twelfth National Congress proposed the major proposition of “building socialism with Chinese characteristics.” From then on, the Chinese Communist Party has closely revolved around the theme of socialism with Chinese characteristics to promote the great social revolution. Using the great self-revolution to lead the great social revolution is an inevitable requirement for realizing the Party’s ideals and pursuits. To better advance this action, it is necessary to firmly establish in all Party members the lofty ideal of communism and the common ideal of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This requires strengthening ideological building, especially strengthening the education of ideals and convictions for Party members and cadres, making it a lifelong required course, to be studied constantly and renewed, cultivated constantly and comprehended. In this sense, the Party’s self-revolution is first and foremost an ideological revolution; that is, through ideological building, all Party members are made to firm up their ideals and convictions, enhance the courage and confidence to carry out self-revolution, and always maintain a high degree of consciousness in using the Party’s self-revolution to lead the great social revolution.

中国共产党领导人民推进的伟大社会革命，包含实现共产主义的远大理想，也包含实现中国特色社会主义的共同理想。马克思主义揭示了人类社会发展规律，明确无产阶级政党的历史使命，即实现人民自由和解放、实现共产主义。中国共产党一经成立，就把实现共产主义作为奋斗目标，党的一大通过的纲领明确指出“党的根本政治目的是实行社会革命”，党的二大提出党的目的是实现共产主义。一百多年来，党不断推进社会革命，为实现共产主义而奋斗。同时，社会革命的具体内容和要求是发展变化的，中国共产党不仅将实现共产主义作为远大理想，也结合中国革命、建设和改革的实际制定阶段性目标，不断丰富社会革命的内容。比如，党的二大提出了当时的最低纲领，即反帝反封建。新中国成立后，大力发展社会生产力，成为新的历史任务被提出来。党的十一届三中全会将党的工作中心转移到经济建设上来，党的十二大提出“建设有中国特色的社会主义”重大命题，从此中国共产党紧紧围绕中国特色社会主义这个主题推进伟大社会革命。以伟大自我革命引领伟大社会革命，这是实现党的理想和追求的必然要求。更好推进这一行动，必须使全体党员牢固树立共产主义远大理想和中国特色社会主义共同理想。这就需要加强思想建设，特别是强化对党员、干部的理想信念教育，使之成为终身必修课，常学常新、常修常悟。从这个意义上讲，党的自我革命首先是一场思想革命，就是通过思想建设使全体党员坚定理想信念，增强进行自我革命的勇气、底气，始终保持以党的自我革命引领伟大社会革命的高度自觉。

(C) Ideological Building Provides Methodological Pathways for the Party’s Self-Revolution

（三）思想建设为党的自我革命提供方法路径

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Ideals and convictions are the ‘calcium’ in the spiritual life of Communists; if Communists lack ideals and convictions, they will be ‘calcium-deficient’ in spirit and suffer from ‘osteomalacia,’ inevitably leading to political degeneration, economic greed, moral decay, and a dissolute life.” From the practice of the Party’s self-revolution, it can be found that the various problems rectified by the Communist Party of China, such as disloyalty and dishonesty toward the Party, the “four forms of decadence,”[1]1 The “four forms of decadence” (四风) refer to formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance, which were targeted in the Party’s mass-line education campaign launched in 2013. and corruption, all trace their roots back to the level of ideals and convictions. It can be said that once a Party member or cadre has a problem at the fundamental level of ideals and convictions, then all other problems may emerge, or it is only a matter of time. For example, the problem of corruption. From the typical cases of corruption that have been investigated and dealt with, it can be found that some cadres never formed ideals and convictions at all, regarding communism as something illusory and intangible, even disbelieving in Marxism-Leninism and believing in ghosts and gods; these people can be called opportunists, whose joining of the Party organization is merely a speculative act for personal gain, and their path to corruption is inevitable. Some cadres have unsteady ideals and convictions, unable to withstand the influence of various temptations, struggling in vain, ultimately abandoning political and moral bottom lines and falling into the abyss of corruption. There are also cadres who have lost their ideals and convictions, lost their Party spirit principles, completely deviated from their original aspiration and founding mission, betrayed the Party and the people, and degenerated into corrupt elements. Thus, for the Communist Party of China to deeply advance self-revolution and solve these various problems, the key lies in making efforts to strengthen the ideals and convictions of Party members and cadres, tightening the “master switch” of worldview, outlook on life, and values.

习近平指出：“理想信念是共产党人精神上的‘钙’，共产党人如果没有理想信念，精神上就会‘缺钙’，就会得‘软骨病’，必然导致政治上变质、经济上贪婪、道德上堕落、生活上腐化。”从党的自我革命实践看，可以发现中国共产党纠治的各类问题，比如对党不忠诚不老实、“四风”问题、腐败问题等，其根源都可以追溯到理想信念层面。可以说，一旦党员、干部在理想信念这个根本上出了问题，那么其他一切问题就都有可能出现，或者说只是时间问题。譬如，腐败问题。从那些查处的腐败问题典型案例中，可以发现有的干部是压根没有形成理想信念，认为共产主义是虚无缥缈的东西，甚至不信马列信鬼神，这部分人可谓机会主义者，加入党组织只是一种为了谋取私利的投机行为，其走上腐败道路具有必然性；有的干部是理想信念不坚定，经不住各种诱惑的影响，苦苦挣扎无效，最终放弃政治底线、道德底线，堕入腐败的深渊；还有的干部是理想信念丧失、党性原则丧失，完全背离了初心使命、背叛了党和人民，堕落为腐败分子。由此可见，中国共产党深入推进自我革命，解决这种种问题，关键要在推动党员、干部坚定理想信念上下功夫，拧紧世界观、人生观、价值观的“总开关”。

Promoting the Party’s self-revolution through ideological building has inevitability and necessity. By strengthening ideological building, making firm ideals and convictions the first requirement and first standard for Party members and cadres, strengthening management and supervision throughout the entire cycle of joining the Party, growth, promotion, and appointment, focusing on selecting and using Party members and cadres with firm convictions and outstanding abilities, promptly providing education and warnings to Party members and cadres whose ideals and convictions show nascent or trending problems, and resolutely expelling from the ranks those Party members and cadres who have lost their ideals and convictions—this is the key to the success of the Party’s self-revolution.

以思想建设推进党的自我革命具有必然性和必要性。通过加强思想建设，把理想信念坚定作为对党员、干部的第一要求、第一标准，在入党、成长、提干、使用的全周期中加强管理监督，注重将信念过硬、能力突出的党员、干部选出来、用起来，及时对理想信念出现苗头性、倾向性问题的党员、干部进行教育提醒，坚决将理想信念丧失的党员、干部清除出队伍，这是党的自我革命能够取得成功的关键。

II. A Historical Examination of Promoting the Party’s Self-Revolution through Ideological Building

二、以思想建设推进党的自我革命的历史考察

The history of the Communist Party of China is a history of daring to carry out self-revolution. In the journey of leading revolution, construction, and reform, the CPC has always adhered to promoting the Party’s self-revolution through ideological building, continuously eliminating the viruses that erode the Party’s healthy body, and forever maintaining the Party’s advanced nature and purity.

中国共产党的历史，就是一部勇于进行自我革命的历史。在领导革命、建设、改革事业的征程中，中国共产党始终坚持以思想建设推进党的自我革命，不断清除侵蚀党的健康肌体的病毒，永葆党的先进性和纯洁性。

(I) The Period of the New Democratic Revolution: Focusing on Solving Prominent Problems within the Party from Their Ideological Roots

（一）新民主主义革命时期：着力从思想根源上解决党内突出问题

During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the problems that emerged within the Party were prominently manifested at the ideological level, including various erroneous ideological lines and non-proletarian ideologies. The CPC focused on promoting self-revolution at the ideological level, solving prominent problems within the Party from their ideological roots, thereby providing a strong guarantee for advancing the revolutionary cause.

在新民主主义革命时期，党内出现的问题突出体现在思想层面，包括各种错误思想路线和非无产阶级思想等，中国共产党着力从思想层面推进自我革命，从思想根源上解决党内突出问题，为推进革命事业提供坚强保障。

First, carrying out inner-Party ideological struggle to correct erroneous ideological lines. In the early days of the CPC’s founding, due to a lack of deep and complete understanding of Marxism and a failure to form a scientific understanding of the laws of development of the Chinese revolution, some erroneous ideological lines emerged within the Party. During the Great Revolution period, Chen Duxiu committed the error of right opportunism, abandoning the proletariat’s leadership over the revolution, which brought serious consequences to the young Party and the Chinese revolutionary cause. During the Agrarian Revolutionary War period, several “left” errors appeared successively within the Party, causing setbacks to the Party’s cause, especially “left” dogmatism, which once plunged the Chinese revolution into a desperate situation. The Party corrected these erroneous ideological lines by strengthening ideological building and actively carrying out inner-Party ideological struggle. The August 7th Meeting of 1927[2]2 The August 7th Meeting (八七会议) was an emergency meeting of the CPC Central Committee held on 7 August 1927 in Hankou, which ended Chen Duxiu’s leadership and set the course for armed resistance against the Kuomintang. decisively corrected Chen Duxiu’s right opportunist error and established the general policy of agrarian revolution and armed struggle. The Zunyi Meeting of 1935[3]3 The Zunyi Meeting (遵义会议) was a pivotal Politburo meeting held in January 1935 during the Long March, which established Mao Zedong’s leadership within the Party and corrected the military line of the “left” dogmatists. ended the dominant position of “left” dogmatism, saving the Party and the Chinese revolutionary cause at a critical moment. In the process of correcting these erroneous ideological lines, the Party gradually matured politically.

第一，开展党内思想斗争纠正错误思想路线。在中国共产党成立初期，由于对马克思主义缺乏深入完整的理解，对中国革命发展规律尚未形成科学的认识，导致党内出现一些错误思想路线。大革命时期，陈独秀犯了右倾机会主义错误，放弃了无产阶级对革命的领导权，给幼年的党和中国革命事业带来了严重后果。土地革命时期，党内相继出现了几次“左”倾错误，使党的事业遭遇挫折，特别是“左”倾教条主义，一度使中国革命陷入绝境。党通过加强思想建设，积极开展党内思想斗争来纠正这些错误思想路线。1927年八七会议果断纠正了陈独秀右倾机会主义错误，确定了土地革命和武装斗争的总方针，1935年遵义会议结束了“左”倾教条主义的统治地位，在危机关头挽救了党和中国革命事业。在纠正这些错误思想路线的过程中，党在政治上不断走向成熟。

Second, solving the problem of ideological and organizational impurity within the Party through ideological Party building. With the opening up of the revolutionary path of encircling the cities from the countryside and seizing state power by armed force, a large number of peasants and petty-bourgeois elements joined the Party organization, leading to the emergence of some non-proletarian ideologies within the Party, causing impurity in the Party’s ideology and organization. Mao Zedong once pointed out: “There are many Party members who have joined the Party organizationally but have not yet joined the Party ideologically, or have not even joined at all.” In solving this problem, Mao Zedong creatively proposed the principle of ideological Party building, that is, through strict Marxist-Leninist ideological and political education and communist ideal education for Party members, enabling the broad masses of Party members to firmly establish communist ideals and convictions and the purpose of serving the people, thereby achieving the goal of enabling Party members to “join the Party not only organizationally but also ideologically.” The principle of ideological Party building is an important innovation of the CPC in Marxist Party-building theory, providing scientific guidance for purging various non-proletarian ideologies within the Party and maintaining the Party’s advanced nature and purity.

第二，通过思想建党解决党内思想和组织不纯问题。随着农村包围城市、武装夺取政权革命道路的开辟，大量农民和小资产阶级分子加入了党的组织，导致党内出现一些非无产阶级思想，造成党在思想上和组织上的不纯。毛泽东曾指出：“有许多党员，在组织上入了党，思想上并没有完全入党，甚至完全没有入党。”在解决这个问题的过程中，毛泽东创造性地提出了思想建党原则，即通过对党员进行严格的马克思列宁主义思想政治教育和共产主义理想教育，使广大党员牢固树立共产主义的理想信念和为人民服务的宗旨意识，从而达到使党员“不仅在组织上入党，更在思想上入党”的目的。思想建党原则是中国共产党对马克思主义党建理论的重要创新，为肃清党内各种非无产阶级思想、保持党的先进性和纯洁性提供了科学指导。

Third, the Yan’an Rectification Movement[4]4 The Yan’an Rectification Movement (延安整风运动) was a Party-wide ideological education campaign (1941–1945) that promoted the study of Marxism-Leninism and Mao’s thought, criticized subjectivism and dogmatism, and established “seeking truth from facts” as the Party’s ideological line. conducted a centralized purge of erroneous ideologies within the Party. To better advance the revolutionary cause, it was urgently necessary to ideologically purge erroneous ideologies such as subjectivism and dogmatism, which had caused serious harm to the Party’s cause. From May 1941 to April 1945, the Party Central Committee, centered on Yan’an, launched a rectification movement across the entire Party, correcting subjectivism and dogmatism from their ideological roots. Mao Zedong pointed out: “We oppose looking at problems subjectively and one-sidedly; we must break down the subjectivity and one-sidedness of dogmatism.” During the rectification process, Mao Zedong summarized the Party’s ideological line as “seeking truth from facts,” solving the long-standing problem of the ideological line within the Party, enabling the entire Party to understand and apply Marxism in light of China’s actual conditions, and continuously advancing the adaptation of Marxism to the Chinese context. The Yan’an Rectification Movement pioneered centralized inner-Party education activities, achieving unprecedented unity in the Party’s ideology and organization, and laying an important foundation for winning the New Democratic Revolution.

第三，延安整风对党内错误思想进行集中清理。为了更好推进革命事业，迫切需要从思想上清理主观主义、教条主义等给党的事业带来严重危害的错误思想。从1941年5月到1945年4月，党中央以延安为中心，在全党范围开展整风运动，从思想根源上纠治主观主义、教条主义。毛泽东指出：“我们反对主观地片面地看问题，必须攻破教条主义的主观性和片面性。”。在整风过程中，毛泽东将党的思想路线概括为“实事求是”，解决了党内长期存在的思想路线问题，使全党能够结合中国实际来理解和运用马克思主义，不断推进马克思主义中国化。延安整风运动开创了党内集中教育活动的先河，使党在思想和组织上实现了空前统一，为取得新民主主义革命的胜利奠定重要基础。

(II) The Period of Socialist Revolution and Construction: Carrying out Party Consolidation and Rectification to Correct Erroneous Ideologies and Work Styles within the Party

（二）社会主义革命和建设时期：开展整党整风纠正党内错误思想和作风

In March 1949, at the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Party,[5]5 The Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee (七届二中全会) was held in March 1949 in Xibaipo, Hebei, on the eve of the nationwide victory, where Mao Zedong delivered his famous “Two Musts” speech. Mao Zedong admonished the entire Party to remain modest, prudent, and free from arrogance and rashness, and to maintain the style of hard struggle, in order to meet the upcoming new test of governance. After the founding of New China, the CPC adhered to the “Two Musts” and vigorously strengthened its own construction. During this period, the overall organizational state of the Party was good, but some problems also emerged. Some Party members and cadres developed feelings of arrogance and complacency, and the work styles of bureaucracy and commandism began to breed. Moreover, work style problems were always accompanied by corruption problems. A small number of cadres failed to withstand the attack of “sugar-coated bullets,” and corruption cases occurred from time to time, damaging the Party-mass relationship and the Party’s image.

1949年3月，在党的七届二中全会上，毛泽东告诫全党务必继续保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄、不躁的作风，务必继续保持艰苦奋斗的作风，迎接即将到来的新的执政考验。新中国成立后，中国共产党坚持“两个务必”，大力加强自身建设。这一时期，党的组织状态整体是好的，但也出现了一些问题，部分党员干部产生了骄傲自满情绪，官僚主义和命令主义作风开始滋生，且作风问题总是与腐败问题相伴相生，少数干部没有经受住“糖衣炮弹”的攻击，腐败案件时有发生，破坏了党群关系和党的形象。

Party conduct is the form, while Party spirit is the soul; the root cause of improper Party conduct is impure Party spirit. The key to solving the problem of Party conduct is to strengthen the Party’s ideological building, promote Party members and cadres to firm up their ideals and convictions, enhance Party spirit cultivation, and always maintain flesh-and-blood ties with the masses. During this period, the CPC carried out multiple Party consolidation and rectification campaigns. For example, the Party consolidation activity that began in the second half of 1951 and lasted until the spring of 1954 carried out a general consolidation of the entire Party, strengthening education on Party membership conditions and the prospects of socialism and communism, and conducting organizational handling of unqualified Party members. In between, in 1952, combined with the “Three-Anti” Campaign,[6]6 The “Three-Anti” Campaign (三反运动) was a nationwide movement launched in late 1951 against corruption, waste, and bureaucratism within the Party and government. it severely punished corruption and embezzlement, especially the serious handling of the Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan case,[7]7 Liu Qingshan and Zhang Zishan were senior Communist Party officials executed in 1952 for embezzlement and corruption during the “Three-Anti” Campaign, a landmark case in the early PRC’s anti-corruption efforts. known as the first major anti-corruption case of the Republic, establishing for the people of the whole country an image of the Party enforcing the law impartially and severely punishing corruption. After the consolidation, the quality of Party members and cadres was significantly improved, ideological building and work style construction were strengthened, and the flesh-and-blood ties between the Party and the masses were tightened. This was a self-revolution turned inward after the Party came to power nationwide, promptly removing the moths from the cadre ranks and promoting the formation of a clean and upright atmosphere.

党风是形，党性是魂，党风不正的根本原因是党性不纯。解决党风问题，关键是要加强党的思想建设，推动党员、干部坚定理想信念、增强党性修养，始终保持同人民群众的血肉联系。这一时期中国共产党开展多次整党整风，比如从1951年下半年开始至1954年春的整党活动，对全党进行了一次普遍的整顿，加强对党员条件和社会主义、共产主义前途的教育，对不合格党员进行组织处理，其间1952年又结合“三反”运动，严惩贪污腐败行为，特别是严肃处理了号称共和国反腐第一案的刘青山、张子善案件，向全国人民树立了党秉公执法、严惩腐败的形象。经过整顿，党员、干部素质明显提高，思想建设和作风建设得到加强，密切了党同人民群众的血肉联系。这是党在全国范围执政后进行的刀刃向内的自我革命，及时清除了干部队伍里的蛀虫，推动形成了清正廉洁的良好风气。

(III) The New Period of Reform and Opening Up and Socialist Modernization: Exploring the Construction of Institutional Mechanisms for Promoting the Party’s Self-Revolution through Ideological Building

（三）改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期：探索构建以思想建设推进党的自我革命的制度机制

Since reform and opening up, the Communist Party of China has actively advanced self-revolution, paying particular attention to carrying forward the Party’s fine traditions, striving to resolve various problems emerging within the Party from the ideological level, and exploring the construction of institutional mechanisms for promoting the Party’s self-revolution through ideological building.

改革开放以来，中国共产党积极推进自我革命，特别注重弘扬党的优良传统，着力从思想层面推动解决党内出现的各种问题，探索构建以思想建设推进党的自我革命的制度机制。

First, adhering to emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, and correcting “Left” errors. After the end of the “Cultural Revolution,”[8]8 The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) was a sociopolitical movement initiated by Mao Zedong, officially intended to preserve “true” communism and purge capitalist elements, but which resulted in widespread chaos, persecution, and economic disruption. in order to break free from the shackles of “Left” errors, Chinese Communists represented by Deng Xiaoping promoted a great discussion on the criterion of truth. This discussion greatly emancipated people’s thinking. On this basis, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee[9]9 The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee (December 1978) was a landmark meeting that ended the dominance of Maoist class struggle ideology and launched Deng Xiaoping’s reform and opening-up policy. established the ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, laying the ideological foundation for achieving rectification on all fronts and comprehensively advancing reform and opening up. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, some people questioned the line, principles, and policies since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee, fearing that “there were too many capitalist elements and that the capitalist road had been taken,” leading to an ideological debate over whether reform and opening up was “socialist” or “capitalist.” In early 1992, during his southern tour speeches, Deng Xiaoping profoundly elucidated major cognitive and practical issues such as the essence of socialism and the relationship between planning and the market. He emphasized that one could not simply judge whether something was socialism based on forms like planning and the market; “the criterion for judgment should mainly be whether it is conducive to developing the productive forces of a socialist society, whether it is conducive to enhancing the comprehensive national strength of a socialist country, and whether it is conducive to improving the people’s living standards.” These theoretical judgments once again emancipated people’s thinking, becoming a powerful ideological driving force for unswervingly adhering to the established line, principles, and policies of reform and opening up and accelerating the process of reform and opening up.

第一，坚持解放思想、实事求是，纠正“左”倾错误。“文革”结束后，为了冲破“左”倾错误的禁锢，以邓小平为代表的中国共产党人推动关于真理标准问题的大讨论，这场讨论极大地解放了人们思想。在此基础上，党的十一届三中全会确立起解放思想、实事求是的思想路线，为实现各条战线上的拨乱反正，推动改革开放全面展开奠定思想基础。随着苏联解体和东欧剧变，一些人质疑党的十一届三中全会以来的路线方针政策，“怕资本主义的东西多了，走了资本主义道路”，出现了改革开放姓“社”还是姓“资”的思想争论。1992年初，邓小平在南方谈话中深刻阐释了社会主义本质、计划和市场的关系等重大认识和实践问题，他强调不能简单地从计划和市场等形式来判断是不是社会主义，“判断的标准，应该主要看是否有利于发展社会主义社会的生产力，是否有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力，是否有利于提高人民的生活水平”。这些理论判断再次解放了人们思想，成为坚持改革开放既定路线方针政策不动摇、加快改革开放进程的强大思想动力。

Second, carrying out a comprehensive rectification of the Party to change the state of impurity in ideology, organization, work style, and lax discipline within the Party. In the early period of reform and opening up, the Party’s self-building faced both old problems, such as bureaucratism and the exercise of privilege, and new problems, such as some cadres becoming involved in economic criminal activities during the process of opening up. To address these issues, in October 1983, the Second Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee[10]10 The Second Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee (October 1983) decided on a comprehensive Party rectification campaign to address ideological, organizational, and disciplinary problems exacerbated by the early reform period. decided to carry out a comprehensive rectification of the Party. This comprehensive rectification took unifying thinking, rectifying work style, strengthening discipline, and purifying the organization as its main tasks. By strengthening education on ideals and convictions for Party members and education on the line, principles, and policies since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee, it organized all Party members to earnestly carry out criticism and self-criticism, identify and correct their own errors, further establish the lofty ideal of communism, and enhance the concept of serving the people wholeheartedly. After the rectification, the state of impurity in ideology, organization, work style, and lax discipline within the Party was significantly improved, and the cohesion and combat effectiveness of Party organizations at all levels were further strengthened, laying the organizational foundation for promoting the rapid development of the cause of reform and opening up.

第二，开展全面整党改变党内思想、组织、作风不纯和纪律松弛状况。在改革开放初期，党的自身建设，既面临一些老问题，比如搞官僚主义、搞特权等，同时也面临一些新问题，比如对外开放过程中有的干部卷入了经济犯罪活动等。为了解决这些问题，1983年10月，党的十二届二中全会决定进行全面整党。这次全面整党，以统一思想、整顿作风、加强纪律、纯洁组织为主要任务，通过加强对党员的理想信念教育和党的十一届三中全会以来路线方针政策教育，组织全体党员认真开展批评和自我批评，查找和改正自身错误，进一步树立共产主义远大理想，增强全心全意为人民服务的观念。经过整顿，党内思想、组织、作风不纯和纪律松弛状况明显改善，各级党组织的凝聚力和战斗力进一步增强，为推动改革开放事业快速发展奠定组织基础。

Third, strengthening Party spirit and Party conduct education, and deeply advancing the construction of a clean government and the fight against corruption. Since reform and opening up, while promoting rapid economic and social development, the Communist Party of China has deeply advanced the construction of a clean government and the fight against corruption. Drawing on past experience and lessons, it put forward a new approach of “combining punishment and prevention,” paying particular attention to making efforts in “prevention,” emphasizing exerting force from ideological building, and by strengthening Party spirit and Party conduct education, building a solid ideological defense line for Party cadres to resist corruption and prevent degeneration. From 1998 to 2001, a three-year concentrated Party spirit and Party conduct education was carried out with the main content of “emphasizing study, emphasizing politics, and emphasizing healthy tendencies.”[11]11 “Emphasizing study, emphasizing politics, and emphasizing healthy tendencies” (讲学习、讲政治、讲正气) was a Party-wide education campaign (1998–2001) aimed at improving cadre ideological and political quality. Entering the new century, activities such as the education campaign on maintaining the advanced nature of Communist Party members and the in-depth study and practice of the Scientific Outlook on Development were successively carried out. These activities effectively solved prominent problems in Party spirit and Party conduct, significantly raising the level of integrity and self-discipline among Party cadres. Therefore, this effective practice was retained as an “institutional arrangement,” for example, Party spirit education became an important part of cadre education work, providing an important lever for deeply advancing the Party’s self-revolution.

第三，加强党性党风教育，深入推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争。改革开放以来，中国共产党在推动经济社会快速发展的同时，深入推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争。在吸取以往经验教训基础上，提出了“惩治和预防并举”的新思路，特别注重在“预防”上下功夫，强调从思想建设上发力，通过加强党性党风教育，筑牢党员干部拒腐防变的思想防线。从1998年到2001年，集中三年时间开展以“讲学习、讲政治、讲正气”为主要内容的党性党风教育。进入新世纪，又先后开展了保持共产党员先进性教育活动和深入学习实践科学发展观活动等。这些活动有力解决了党性党风方面存在的突出问题，使党员干部廉洁自律水平显著提高，因此这一有效做法作为一种“制度安排”被保留了下来，比如党性教育成为干部教育工作的重要内容，为深入推进党的自我革命提供重要抓手。

(IV) The New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: Promoting Comprehensive and Strict Governance of the Party Based on Ideological Building

（四）中国特色社会主义新时代：以思想建设为基础推进全面从严治党

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has systematically summarized and applied the historical experience of the Party’s self-revolution, insisted on taking ideological building as the Party’s foundational construction, and promoted comprehensive and strict governance of the Party based on ideological building, making the Party stronger and more powerful through revolutionary tempering.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央系统总结和运用党的自我革命历史经验，坚持把思想建设作为党的基础性建设，以思想建设为基础推进全面从严治党，使党在革命性锻造中更加坚强有力。

First, strengthening ideals and convictions in carrying out centralized intra-Party education. Fully utilizing the method of carrying out centralized intra-Party education to guide Party members and cadres to strengthen their ideals and convictions, and effectively solve the problem of lack or wavering of ideals and convictions. During this period, activities were carried out including the education campaign on the mass line, the “Three Stricts and Three Honests”[12]12 “Three Stricts and Three Honests” (三严三实): a 2014–2015 campaign requiring cadres to be strict in cultivating moral character, using power, and disciplining themselves, and honest in planning, starting undertakings, and conducting themselves. special education, the “Two Studies and One Action”[13]13 “Two Studies and One Action” (两学一做): a 2016 campaign to study the Party Constitution, Party regulations, and Xi Jinping’s speeches, and to become qualified Party members. education, the education campaign on “remaining true to our original aspiration and founding mission,” the Party history study and education campaign, the education campaign on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and the education campaign on Party discipline. Although these activities differed in time, name, and content, they all took strengthening ideals and convictions as their direction and goal. The educational methods adopted around this goal share commonalities, including in-depth study of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era; making good use of the weapon of criticism and self-criticism, promoting Party members and cadres to earnestly conduct Party spirit analysis, identify their own problems, and resolutely rectify them; adhering to the unity of knowledge and action, widely carrying out activities to do good and practical things for the people, and so on. The vast majority of Party members and cadres further strengthened their ideals and convictions in centralized intra-Party education, transformed their thinking and work style, and the Party’s cohesion and combat effectiveness were enhanced.

第一，在开展党内集中教育中坚定理想信念。充分运用开展党内集中教育这种方式引导党员、干部坚定理想信念，切实解决理想信念缺失或动摇的问题。这一时期开展了包括群众路线教育实践活动、“三严三实”专题教育、“两学一做”学习教育、“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题教育、党史学习教育、习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想主题教育、党纪学习教育等活动。这些活动虽然时间、名称、内容各异，但是都将坚定理想信念作为方向和目标。围绕这一目标采取的教育方式具有共性，包括深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想；用好批评和自我批评的武器，推动党员、干部认真做好党性分析，查找自身问题并坚决整改；坚持知行合一，广泛开展为人民群众办好事、办实事活动，等等。广大党员、干部在党内集中教育中进一步坚定了理想信念，转变了思想和工作作风，党的凝聚力和战斗力得到提高。

Second, starting from ideological education to solve the problems of unhealthy tendencies and lax discipline within the Party. The “Four Forms of Decadence”[14]14 The “Four Forms of Decadence” (四风) is a term used by Xi Jinping—formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance—are concentrated manifestations of unhealthy tendencies within the Party and also key issues to be resolved in comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline form an organic whole; Party spirit is the foundation, Party conduct is the manifestation, and Party discipline is the guarantee.” The formation of the “Four Forms of Decadence” problem is due both to the misalignment of values among Party cadres and its relationship with the state of lax discipline within the Party. Therefore, solving the “Four Forms of Decadence” problem requires starting from both Party spirit education and discipline construction, achieving the simultaneous management of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. In terms of Party spirit education, study, education, and theoretical arming are placed first, guiding Party members and cadres to remember the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission and fundamental purpose, firmly establish and practice a correct outlook on political performance, and constantly connect with ideological reality and transform the subjective world. In terms of discipline construction, the Communist Party of China has issued a series of intra-Party regulations, while particularly emphasizing strengthening discipline education. For example, in 2024, a special education campaign on Party discipline was carried out to enhance the entire Party’s awareness of discipline and rules and promote the rectification of work style through strict discipline.

第二，从思想教育入手解决党内不正之风和纪律松弛问题。形式主义、官僚主义、享乐主义和奢靡之风这“四风”问题是党内不正之风的集中表现，也是全面从严治党要解决的关键问题。习近平指出：“党性、党风、党纪是有机整体，党性是根本，党风是表现，党纪是保障。”“四风”问题的形成，既有党员干部价值观错位的原因，也同党内纪律松弛状况有关系，因此解决“四风”问题，需要从党性教育和纪律建设两方面入手，实现党性党风党纪一起抓。在党性教育方面，把学习教育、理论武装放在第一位，教育引导党员、干部牢记党的初心使命和根本宗旨，牢固树立和践行正确政绩观，不断联系思想实际、改造主观世界。在纪律建设方面，中国共产党出台了一系列党内法规，同时特别强调加强纪律教育，比如2024年专门开展了党纪学习教育，增强全党纪律规矩意识，推动以严明纪律整饬作风。

Third, by strengthening clean governance education, enhancing the consciousness of Party cadres to “not dare to be corrupt.” Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China has carried out an unprecedented fight against corruption, forming an effective mechanism for the integrated advancement of not daring to be corrupt, not being able to be corrupt, and not wanting to be corrupt. The “Three Non-Corruptions” are an organic whole that are interdependent and mutually reinforcing, among which “not wanting to be corrupt” is fundamental, aiming to build a solid ideological defense line against corruption and degeneration through education and guidance. In promoting Party cadres to “not want to be corrupt,” the Communist Party of China has fully leveraged the foundational role of clean governance education, widely carrying out education on the situation, discipline and law, role models, and warnings, paying particular attention to conducting education at key junctures, such as promptly carrying out clean governance education for newly recruited Party members and newly promoted cadres, conducting clean governance reminder education during holidays and festivals, and educating leading cadres to pay attention to family, family education, and family traditions, and so on. On the basis of conducting education, the Communist Party of China has further promoted the construction of a clean culture. In 2022, the “Opinions on Strengthening the Construction of a Clean Culture in the New Era” was issued, actively exploring cultural paths to advance the fight against corruption. These measures have greatly enhanced the consciousness of Party cadres not to want to be corrupt, laying the ideological foundation for achieving an overwhelming victory in the fight against corruption.

第三，通过强化廉洁教育增强党员干部“不想腐”的自觉。党的十八大以来，中国共产党开展了史无前例的反腐败斗争，形成不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐一体推进的有效机制。“三不腐”是相互依存、相互促进的有机整体，其中“不想腐”是根本，旨在通过教育引导，筑牢拒腐防变思想防线。在推动党员干部“不想腐”方面，中国共产党充分发挥廉洁教育的基础作用，广泛开展形势教育、纪法教育、榜样教育、警示教育，特别注重在一些关键节点开展教育，比如对新入职党员、新提拔干部及时开展廉洁教育，逢年过节进行廉政提醒教育，以及教育领导干部注重家庭家教家风，等等。在开展教育的基础上，中国共产党进一步推动建设廉洁文化，2022年印发《关于加强新时代廉洁文化建设的意见》，积极探索推进反腐败斗争的文化路径。这些举措极大地增强了党员、干部不想腐的自觉，为反腐败斗争取得压倒性胜利奠定思想基础。

III. Further Promoting the Party’s Self-Revolution through Ideological Building

三、进一步以思想建设推进党的自我革命

The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC pointed out that our Party’s work currently faces not a few difficulties and problems, such as the phenomena of formalism and bureaucracy still being relatively prominent, and the task of eradicating the soil that breeds corruption remaining arduous. [15]15 The 20th National Congress of the CPC was held in October 2022. Formalism and bureaucracy refer to work styles that prioritize form over substance or rigid adherence to procedures, criticized as deviations from the mass line. Solving these problems requires unswervingly advancing the Party’s self-revolution, making good use of the historical experience of promoting the Party’s self-revolution through ideological development, and driving the Party’s self-revolution to continuously achieve tangible results on the new journey of the New Era.

党的二十大报告指出，当前我们党的工作面临不少困难和问题，比如形式主义、官僚主义现象仍较突出，铲除腐败滋生土壤任务依然艰巨等。解决这些问题，需要坚定不移推进党的自我革命，用好以思想建设推进党的自我革命的历史经验，在新时代新征程上推动党的自我革命不断取得实效。

(I) Firmly Establish Ideals and Convictions, and Fortify the Ideological Defense Line against Corruption and Degeneration

（一）坚定理想信念，筑牢拒腐防变思想防线

Firm ideals and convictions are an important guarantee for resisting various unhealthy tendencies and negative corrupt phenomena. Xi Jinping emphasized: “Forming firm ideals and convictions is neither achieved overnight nor accomplished once and for all.” [16]16 Xi Jinping, speech at the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance) for the training of young and middle-aged cadres, 1 March 2022. It is necessary to continuously educate and guide Party cadres and members to fortify the foundation of faith and replenish the spiritual “calcium” by strengthening education on ideals and convictions, Party spirit tempering, and moral cultivation. First, strengthen education on ideals and convictions to consolidate the foundation of ideals and convictions. Persist in arming the minds of Party members with Marxist scientific theory, enabling Party members to understand and grasp the laws of social development, firming up their belief in communism, and fully leveraging the motivating, guiding, and cohesive role of the lofty ideal of communism. At the same time, strengthen education on Party history learning, enabling Party members to clearly recognize that realizing communism is an extremely long historical process, to recognize that China is in the primary stage of socialism as its basic national condition, to consciously combine the highest ideal with the current stage’s struggle goals, and to actively devote themselves to the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the New Era. Second, strengthen Party spirit tempering and resolutely stand firm on the political stance. “Party spirit is, in the final analysis, a matter of stance.” The key for Party cadres and members to strengthen Party spirit tempering is to stand firm on the stance of the Party and the people, always placing the interests of the Party and the people first. Strictly implement democratic centralism, resolutely carry out the Party’s decisions, continuously enhance Party consciousness and Party member consciousness, and achieve speaking for the Party, worrying for the Party, and acting for the Party. Firmly establish the purpose of serving the people, take being a good public servant and a good attendant of the people as the highest pursuit, resolutely resist various temptations and tests, and fulfill the original aspiration and founding mission through concrete actions of doing practical things for the people and solving difficult problems. Third, strengthen moral cultivation and nurture noble moral sentiments. Strengthen political moral cultivation, take loyalty to the Party and the people as the primary virtue and great virtue, firmly support the Two Establishments, resolutely achieve the Two Upholds, be consistent in appearance and inner self, and not engage in “double-dealing” or become “two-faced people.” Fully leverage the power of role models, learn from the lofty demeanor of revolutionary martyrs and heroic figures, learn from the exemplary deeds of outstanding cadres such as Jiao Yulu, Gu Wenchang, and Liao Junbo, learn from advanced model figures around them, and continuously form correct life attitudes, civilized lifestyles, and healthy life interests. [17]17 Jiao Yulu (1922–1964), Gu Wenchang (1915–1981), and Liao Junbo (1964–2017) are exemplary CPC cadres celebrated for their dedication to serving the people and incorruptibility.

坚定的理想信念是抵御各种不正之风和消极腐败现象的重要保证。习近平强调：“形成坚定理想信念，既不是一蹴而就的，也不是一劳永逸的。”要通过加强理想信念教育、党性锤炼和道德修养等方式，不断教育引导党员干部筑牢信仰之基、补足精神之“钙”。一是加强理想信念教育，夯实理想信念根基。坚持用马克思主义科学理论武装党员头脑，使党员认识和理解社会发展规律，坚定对共产主义的信仰，充分发挥共产主义远大理想的激励、导向与聚集作用。同时，要加强党史学习教育，使党员清醒认识到实现共产主义是一个极为漫长的历史过程，认识到中国正处于社会主义初级阶段的基本国情，自觉将最高理想同现阶段的奋斗目标结合起来，积极投身新时代中国特色社会主义伟大实践。二是加强党性锤炼，坚决站稳政治立场。“党性说到底就是立场问题。”党员干部加强党性锤炼，关键是要做到站稳党和人民的立场，始终把党和人民利益放在第一位。严格贯彻落实民主集中制，坚决执行党的决定，不断增强党的意识、党员意识，做到在党言党、在党忧党、在党为党。牢固树立为人民服务的宗旨，把做好人民的公仆、人民的勤务员作为最高追求，坚决抵御各种诱惑和考验，以为人民群众办实事、解难题的实际行动践行初心使命。三是加强道德修养，涵养高尚道德情操。加强政治道德修养，把对党和人民忠诚作为首德、大德，坚定拥护“两个确立”、坚决做到“两个维护”，做到表里如一，不搞“两面派”、不做“两面人”。充分发挥榜样的力量，学习革命先烈和英模人物的崇高风范，学习焦裕禄、谷文昌、廖俊波等优秀干部的模范事迹，学习身边的先进模范人物，不断形成正确的生活态度、文明的生活方式、健康的生活情趣。

(II) Adhere to the Two Integrations, and Promote Theoretical Innovation through Practical Innovation

（二）坚持“两个结合”，以实践创新推动理论创新

The prerequisite for promoting the Party’s self-revolution through ideological development is to form advanced theories capable of convincing, educating, and influencing people. To further promote the Party’s self-revolution through ideological development on the new journey of the New Era, it is necessary to adhere to the Two Integrations, continue to advance theoretical innovation on the basis of self-revolution practice, and guide new self-revolution practice with new theories. First, adhere to the integration of Marxism with China’s actual conditions, and promptly address the new problems, new situations, and new challenges encountered in the Party’s self-revolution. Take analyzing and solving major practical problems as the focal point and growth point of theoretical innovation, focus on issues to which cadres and the masses have relatively strong reactions, deepen research on comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, and comprehensively and systematically propose scientific concepts and effective countermeasures to solve practical problems in Party governance. Promptly summarize the Party’s successful experience in advancing self-revolution in the New Era, especially the fresh experience created by the vivid practices of grassroots cadres and the masses, continuously deepen the understanding of the laws of the Party’s strategic thought on self-revolution, expand new perspectives in theory, and make new generalizations. Second, adhere to the integration of Marxism with China’s excellent traditional culture, and explore cultural paths for deeply advancing the Party’s self-revolution. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The Second Integration is another ideological emancipation, allowing us to fully utilize the precious resources of China’s excellent traditional culture in a broader cultural space, and explore theoretical and institutional innovations oriented toward the future.” [18]18 Xi Jinping, speech at a symposium on cultural heritage, 2 June 2023. It is necessary to strengthen historical confidence and cultural confidence, and excavate the wisdom and nutrients for advancing the Party’s self-revolution from China’s excellent traditional culture. For example, one can absorb traditional concepts of official moral cultivation, the ancient governance wisdom of appointing people on their merit, selecting the worthy and capable, and putting virtue first, as well as the concise, refined, and lucid expression methods of classic traditional literary works, to help solve current practical problems in Party governance. Third, strive to promote the systematization and theorization of the Party’s innovative theories, and drive the Party’s innovative theories deep into the hearts of the people. Promoting the systematization and theorization of theories is an important requirement for enhancing the vitality and persuasiveness of theories. In the process of advancing theoretical innovation, efforts should be made to strengthen the systematic sorting and theoretical interpretation of Xi Jinping’s important thought on the Party’s self-revolution, striving to clearly explain the scientific system of this important thought and the principles, theories, and philosophies contained therein in plain and understandable language, promoting all Party members to deeply understand, grasp, and implement this important thought.

以思想建设推进党的自我革命的前提，是要形成能够说服人、教育人和影响人的先进理论。在新时代新征程进一步以思想建设推进党的自我革命，必须坚持“两个结合”，继续推进自我革命实践基础上的理论创新，以新的理论指导自我革命新的实践。一是坚持马克思主义同中国实际相结合，及时解答党的自我革命遇到的新问题新情况新挑战。将分析解决重大现实问题作为理论创新的着眼点和生长点，聚焦干部群众反应比较强烈的问题，深化对全面从严治党的研究，全面系统地提出解决管党治党现实问题的科学理念、有效对策。及时总结党在新时代推进自我革命的成功经验，特别是基层干部群众生动实践创造的新鲜经验，不断深化对党的自我革命战略思想的规律性认识，在理论上拓展新视野、作出新概括。二是坚持马克思主义同中华优秀传统文化相结合，探索深入推进党的自我革命的文化路径。习近平指出：“‘第二个结合’是又一次的思想解放，让我们能够在更广阔的文化空间中，充分运用中华优秀传统文化的宝贵资源，探索面向未来的理论和制度创新。”要坚定历史自信、文化自信，从中华优秀传统文化中挖掘推进党的自我革命的智慧养分，比如可以吸收传统官德修养理念，任人唯贤、选贤与能、以德为先的古代吏治智慧，以及传统经典文学作品言简意赅、凝练晓畅的表达方式等，推动解决当前管党治党现实问题。三是着力推进党的创新理论体系化学理化，推动党的创新理论深入人心。推进理论体系化学理化，是增强理论生命力、说服力的重要要求。在推进理论创新过程中，要着力加强对习近平总书记关于党的自我革命重要思想的体系化梳理和学理化阐释，努力做到用通俗易懂的语言讲清楚这一重要思想的科学体系以及蕴含其中的道理学理哲理，推动全体党员深入理解、把握和贯彻这一重要思想。

(III) Strengthen Theoretical Armament, and Use the Party’s Innovative Theories to Unite Souls and Forge Spirits

（三）强化理论武装，用党的创新理论凝心铸魂

Arming the entire Party with the Party’s innovative theories is an important task of the Party’s ideological development and an important reason for the continuous success of the Party’s self-revolution. It is necessary to make good use of the important historical experience of combining centralized education with regular education, and continuously do a good job in arming with the Party’s innovative theories.

以党的创新理论武装全党，是党的思想建设的重要任务，也是党的自我革命不断成功的重要原因。要用好集中性教育和经常性教育相结合这一重要历史经验，持续做好党的创新理论武装工作。

On the one hand, make good use of the important weapon of centralized education. In response to the prominent problems facing Party building, concentrate a period of time to carry out educational activities in stages and batches. First, focus on the theme and main line. Always adhere to a problem-oriented approach, concentrate on carrying out education on some prominent and specific issues, and enhance the pertinence and timeliness of educational activities. Second, integrate with central work. The purpose of solving problems is to promote development; attention should be paid to combining with central work, organically linking with ongoing tasks, and transforming the effectiveness of learning and education into tangible results that promote development. Third, innovate educational forms. Based on the characteristics of educational activities and the actual needs of Party cadres and members, advance innovation in content, form, and methods in step with the times, attach importance to leveraging the role of new media, and make educational activities more attractive and infectious. Fourth, do a good job in rectifying problems. Strictly require Party members and cadres to seriously identify and correct their own existing problems, earnestly carry out criticism and self-criticism through forms such as holding special democratic life meetings and organizational life meetings, strengthen management and supervision of problem rectification, and ensure that problems are effectively rectified in place.

一方面，要用好集中性教育这一重要武器。针对党的建设面临的突出问题，集中一段时间，分阶段、分批次开展教育活动。一是聚焦主题主线。始终坚持问题导向，针对一些突出的和专门性的问题集中开展教育，增强教育活动的针对性、时效性。二是结合中心工作。解决问题的目的是推动发展，要注重与中心工作相结合，与正在做的事情有机衔接，将学习教育的成效转化为推动发展的实效。三是创新教育形式。立足教育活动的特点和党员干部实际需求，与时俱进地推进内容、形式、方法的创新，重视发挥新媒体作用，使教育活动更富有吸引力和感染力。四是做好问题整改。严格要求党员、干部认真查找改正自身存在的问题，通过召开专题民主生活会和组织生活会等形式认真开展批评和自我批评，加强对问题整改的管理监督，确保问题切实整改到位。

On the other hand, give full play to the consolidating and expanding role of regular education. Historical experience shows that the effect of carrying out centralized education is very significant, but it cannot solve all problems, and there is also the possibility of recurrence for problems that have already been solved. Therefore, it is necessary to simultaneously give full play to the consolidating and expanding role of regular education, and promote the transformation of “tangible results” into “long-term effects.” First, do a good job in learning and education. Adhere to the combination of collective learning and individual self-study, organize planned collective learning for Party members through forms such as running training courses, giving Party lessons, and holding report meetings. At the same time, actively create good conditions for Party members to learn, guide Party members to earnestly carry out self-study based on their own actual conditions and work needs. Second, strictly organize Party life. Conscientiously implement systems such as the “three meetings and one lesson,” [19]19 “Three meetings and one lesson” refers to regular meetings of the Party branch general meeting, branch committee meeting, and Party group meeting, plus one Party lesson, a standard feature of intra-Party organizational life. theme Party days, democratic life meetings, and organizational life meetings, integrate content such as education on ideals and convictions and theoretical education into the Party’s organizational life, and promote Party cadres and members to continuously improve their ideological awareness and theoretical literacy. Third, strengthen practical training. Adhere to the combination of theory and practice, actively build platforms for Party members to serve the masses and strengthen Party spirit training, educate and guide Party cadres and members to train at the grassroots frontline, use the theoretical knowledge they have learned to serve the people, and achieve the integration of learning, thinking, and application, and the unity of knowledge, belief, and action.

另一方面，要发挥好经常性教育的巩固拓展作用。历史经验表明，开展集中性教育的作用非常显著，但是不能解决所有问题，并且已经解决了的问题也有出现反复的可能，因此要同时发挥好经常性教育的巩固拓展作用，推动“实效”变为“长效”。一是抓好学习教育。坚持集体学习和个人自学相结合，通过办培训班、上党课、举行报告会等形式，有计划地组织党员集体学习，同时，积极为党员学习创造良好条件，引导党员根据自身实际和工作需要，认真开展自学。二是严格组织生活。认真执行“三会一课”和主题党日、民主生活会和组织生活会等制度，将理想信念教育、理论教育等内容融入党的组织生活，推动党员、干部不断提高思想觉悟和理论素养。三是加强实践锻炼。坚持理论与实践相结合，积极为党员服务群众、加强党性锻炼搭建平台，教育引导党员、干部到基层一线锻炼，运用所学理论知识为人民群众服务，做到学思用贯通、知信行统一。

(IV) Seize the “Key Minority” and Play a Demonstrative and Leading Role

（四）抓住“关键少数”，发挥示范引领作用

Xi Jinping points out: “Whether the requirement of strict management can be implemented depends very much on the leadership organs and leading cadres taking the lead. When leadership organs and leading cadres set an example, those below will follow suit and act accordingly.” [14]14 The “Four Forms of Decadence” (四风) is a term used by Xi Jinping To further advance the Party’s self-reform through ideological development, it is necessary to grasp the “key minority” of leading cadres, so that leading cadres at all levels undergo strict ideological tempering and become the key force for deepening the Party’s self-reform. First, strengthen management and supervision, and urge leading cadres to take the lead in studying the Party’s innovative theory. In studying the Party’s innovative theory, leading cadres at all levels bear not only the main responsibility and leadership responsibility but also the demonstration responsibility. In studying Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, leading cadres must lead by example, set a precedent from above, fully play a demonstrative and leading role, and continuously improve their theoretical literacy and ideological awareness. On the basis of strengthening their own study, leading cadres must strictly implement the political responsibility of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, do a good job of theoretical study work in their own units and departments, resolutely rectify formalism and bureaucracy, and achieve the “key minority” driving the “vast majority.” Second, make good use of the “baton” of assessment, and earnestly strengthen the assessment and evaluation work of leading cadres. Examine whether leading cadres have truly understood, mastered, and implemented Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and whether they have truly raised their ideological awareness and formed an ideological line of defense against corruption and degeneration. Examine whether the theoretical study center groups of Party committees (Party groups) at all levels have taken the serious study and implementation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important speeches as the “first agenda item,” [20

习近平指出：“从严管理的要求能不能落到实处，领导机关和领导干部带头非常重要。领导机关和领导干部做出样子，下面就会跟着来、照着做。”[14]进一步以思想建设推进党的自我革命，必须抓住领导干部“关键少数”，使各级领导干部经受严格思想淬炼，成为纵深推进党的自我革命的关键力量。一是加强管理监督，督促领导干部带头学习党的创新理论。学习党的创新理论，各级领导干部既负有主体责任、领导责任，也负有示范责任。在学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想方面，领导干部要以身作则、以上率下，充分发挥示范带动作用，不断提高理论素养和思想觉悟。在加强自身学习的基础上，领导干部要严格落实管党治党政治责任，抓好所在单位、部门理论学习工作，坚决纠治形式主义、官僚主义，实现“关键少数”带动“绝大多数”。二是用好考核“指挥棒”，切实加强领导干部考核评价工作。考察领导干部是否学懂弄通做实习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，是否真正提高思想觉悟、形成拒腐防变思想防线。考察各级党委（党组）理论学习中心组是否将认真学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和习近平总书记重要讲话精神作为“第一议题”，是否积极落实“两学一做”学习教育常态化制度化各项举措等，推动以思想建设推进党的自我革命落实落细。三是加强家庭家教家风建设，培育领导干部良好家风。从查处的领导干部违纪违法典型案例可以看出，很多领导干部出问题是因为家庭家教缺失、家风败坏，是被身边人“拉下水”，因此要教育引导领导干部坚持廉洁修身、廉洁齐家，严格按照党纪国法教育约束亲属和身边工作人员，做到抓早抓小、防微杜渐。坚持正面引导与警示教育相结合，既要学习勤廉家风故事，也要加强警示教育，吸取家风不正的典型案例的教训，筑牢拒腐防变的“亲情防线”。

(5) Improving institutional mechanisms to promote normalization and long-term effectiveness

（五）健全制度机制，推动常态化长效化

Xi Jinping pointed out: "To advance comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, it is necessary to solve both ideological problems and institutional problems. The two, one soft and one hard, complement each other with hardness and softness, exert force in the same direction and at the same time, and can produce an effect where one plus one is greater than two." To deeply advance the Party's self-revolution on the new journey, the key is to adhere to the combination of building the Party through ideology and governing the Party through institutions, and to construct a long-term mechanism for advancing the Party's self-revolution through ideological construction. The first is to improve the learning mechanism. Consolidate the "basic skills" of theoretical study, strengthen theoretical education, ideal and belief education, Party spirit education, discipline and law education, and other aspects of learning and education, so as to integrate them into daily life and grasp them regularly, and continuously consolidate the achievements of learning and education. Adhere to promoting correction through learning and timely rectification of deviations, guide Party members to carefully examine their own existing problems in the learning process, and continuously improve their ideological awareness and Party spirit cultivation in the process of correcting problems. The second is to improve the practice mechanism. Adhere to the unity of knowledge and action, work hard and do solid work, continuously enhance organizational concepts, take loyalty to the Party and active work as the basic requirements for practicing ideals and beliefs, conscientiously do every task assigned by the Party organization, and especially have the courage to take responsibility and act proactively in the face of urgent, difficult, dangerous, and heavy tasks. Establish and practice a correct outlook on political performance, take benefiting the people as the greatest political achievement, combine firm ideals and beliefs with solving practical problems, strive to solve the urgent, difficult, and anxious problems of the people, and make ideals and beliefs more attractive and persuasive. Enhance the determination to resist corruption, resolutely withstand tests in the face of temptations such as power, money, and beauty, and guard the bottom line of clean governance with firm ideals and beliefs. The third is to improve the assessment mechanism. Adhere to the standard of having both ability and moral integrity, take firm ideals and beliefs as the basic indicator for assessing Party cadres, and accurately assess the actual situation of Party cadres in terms of firm ideals and beliefs, loyalty and honesty to the Party, and practicing the purpose of benefiting the people. Strengthen the application of assessment results. Cadres with correct moral character and outstanding ability should be commended and given important positions. Cadres who cannot withstand tests and have low moral character should be dealt with in a timely manner. Use a clear orientation to guide Party cadres to strengthen their ideals and beliefs and become good cadres who are politically reliable and trusted by the Party and the people.

习近平指出：“推进全面从严治党，既要解决思想问题，也要解决制度问题，二者一柔一刚、刚柔相济，同向发力、同时发力，能产生一加一大于二的功效。”在新征程上深入推进党的自我革命，关键是要坚持思想建党与制度治党相结合，构建以思想建设推进党的自我革命的长效机制。一是健全学习机制。夯实理论学习“基本功”，强化理论教育、理想信念教育、党性教育、纪法教育等各方面学习教育，做到融入日常、抓在经常，不断巩固学习教育成果。坚持以学促改、及时纠偏，引导党员在学习过程中认真查找自身存在问题，在改正问题中不断提高思想觉悟和党性修养。二是健全践行机制。坚持知行合一、真抓实干，不断增强组织观念，把对党忠诚、积极工作作为践行理想信念的基本要求，认真做好党组织布置的每一项工作，特别是在急难险重任务面前勇于担当、主动作为。树立和践行正确政绩观，把为民造福作为最大政绩，将坚定理想信念与解决实际问题相结合，努力解决人民群众的急难愁盼问题，使理想信念更具有吸引力和说服力。增强抵腐定力，坚决做到在权力、金钱、美色等诱惑面前经得住考验，以坚定的理想信念守好廉洁自律底线。三是健全考核机制。坚持德才兼备的标准，把理想信念坚定作为党员干部考核的基本指标，考实考准党员干部在坚定理想信念、对党忠诚老实、践行宗旨为民造福等方面的情况。强化考核结果运用，对于品德端正、能力突出的干部要进行褒奖和重用，对于经不起考验、品行低劣的干部要及时进行处理，以鲜明的导向引导党员干部坚定理想信念，成为政治上可靠、党和人民放心的好干部。

Source: *Scientific Socialism*, Issue 6, 2024

文章来源：《科学社会主义》2024年第6期

Online editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆