Zhu De’s Understanding and Reflections on Talent Work in the Early Days of the People’s Republic of China

Our Party has always attached importance to talent work. As an important member of the Party’s first generation of central collective leadership, Zhu De’s emphasis on talent work ran through his entire revolutionary career. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, he pointed out that it was necessary to “planfully raise the military technology of the soldiers” and to attach importance to “the cultivation of specialized technical personnel, such as machine gunners, anti-aircraft machine gunners, artillery, engineers, signal corps, and chemical specialists.” [1]1 The “basic plate” (基本盘) is a Chinese political-economic term referring to the core, stable foundation or base that must be secured and consolidated before any further development can be undertaken. In the early days of the People’s Republic of China, Zhu De, based on China’s national conditions, stressed that “the large population is our country’s greatest productive force and our most precious asset,” and that it must be “fully and rationally utilized” so that “every person’s strength is used to the full.” [2]2 The “War of Liberation” (解放战争, 1945–1949) was the Chinese Communist Party’s military campaign against the Kuomintang, culminating in the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. He devoted a great deal of time and energy to the talent work of the new China, putting forward many profound discussions and insights, and making important contributions to the start and development of the talent enterprise of the new China.

我们党历来重视人才工作。作为党的第一代中央领导集体的重要成员，朱德对人才工作的重视贯穿其整个革命生涯。新民主主义革命时期，他就曾指出，必须“有计划地提高战士们的军事技术”，重视“专门技术人才的养成，如机关枪手、高射机关枪手，炮兵、工兵、通信、化学专门人才”。新中国成立初期，朱德立足中国国情，强调“众多的人口，是我国最大的生产力，是我国最宝贵的财产”，必须加以“充分地合理地利用”，使“人尽其力”。他对新中国人才工作倾注了大量时间和精力，提出了许多思想深刻的论述和见解，为新中国人才事业的起步和发展作出了重要贡献。

On the High Urgency and Extreme Importance of Talent Work in the New China

关于新中国人才工作的高度紧迫性和极端重要性

In the early days of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, a hundred things awaited to be done and a hundred undertakings awaited to be launched. As Zhu De pointed out, “We are building the socialist family enterprise on the basis of a very meager legacy.” [3]3 The “Chiang Kai-shek regime” refers to the government of the Republic of China led by the Kuomintang, which retreated to Taiwan after its defeat in the Chinese Civil War and continued to claim authority over all of China. To build the country well, it was necessary to rely on talent. But in old China, science and technology were backward, and economic development was slow. When the new China was first established, there were fewer than 50,000 scientific and technical personnel nationwide with a college education or above. The entire country faced an astonishing talent gap at almost every level and in every field. In response, Zhu De used the expression “our technical personnel are so few, so lacking,” with the repetition of “so,” to highlight his anxiety over the severe shortage of talent, especially technical talent, facing the new China. On the basis of directly confronting the grim reality of the new China’s acute talent shortage, Zhu De closely linked talent with advancing national industrialization, developing science and technology, and building a modernized national defense force, repeatedly emphasizing the extreme importance of talent for all undertakings of the new China.

新中国成立之初，百废待兴、百业待举。正如朱德指出的，“我们是在遗产很少的基础上建立社会主义家业的”。要把国家建设好，必须依靠人才。但在旧中国，科学技术落后，经济发展缓慢。新中国刚成立时，全国具有大学以上学历的科学技术人员只有不到5 万人，整个国家几乎在各个层面、各个领域都面临着惊人的人才缺口问题。对此，朱德用“我们的技术人员这样少，这样缺乏”的“两个这样”的表述，突出表达了对新中国面临的人才特别是技术人才严重不足窘境的忧虑。在直面新中国人才高度紧缺的严峻现实的基础上，朱德将人才与推进国家工业化、发展科学技术和建设现代化的国防军紧密联系在一起，多次强调人才对新中国各项事业的极端重要性。

(I) The Need to Advance National Industrialization

（一）推进国家工业化的需要

Advancing national industrialization and transforming China from an agricultural country into an industrial country was the foundational task and strategic goal for casting off poverty and backwardness and achieving national prosperity. As early as July 1, 1949, when Zhu De attended the Beijing conference celebrating the 28th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, he pointed out that after the victory of the revolution, “even greater, more arduous, and more complex tasks lie ahead,” and that “we should, in the great economic construction, transform our country from a backward agricultural country into an advanced industrial country. Only when our industry is developed and we are no longer economically dependent on foreign countries will our national independence have a foundation and the happiness of our people’s lives be guaranteed.” [4]4 The “28th anniversary of the founding of the CPC” refers to July 1, 1949, a date marking the Party’s founding in 1921. To advance national industrialization and engage in economic construction, a large number of personnel mastering industrial technology were necessary. To this end, Zhu De vigorously advocated “learning technology, respecting technology, and mastering technology,” stressing “relying on technology to build the country.” [5]5 “学习技术，尊重技术，掌握技术” (xuéxí jìshù, zūnzhòng jìshù, zhǎngwò jìshù) is a three-part slogan used by Zhu De to promote technical education. In June 1949, at the first Engineers’ Day commemorative conference after the liberation of Tianjin, he pointed out: “China has abundant resources, a hardworking and intelligent people, a relatively good industrial foundation in North China and the Northeast, especially the foundation of heavy industry, and a number of knowledgeable and experienced engineers, technicians, and skilled workers. These are all favorable existing conditions for our construction.” He encouraged engineering and technical personnel to “contribute all their technology to the people’s own country.” [6]6 “工程师节” (Engineers’ Day) was a commemorative day established in the Republic of China era

推进国家工业化，把中国由农业国变为工业国，是摆脱贫穷落后面貌、实现国家富强的基础性任务和战略目标。早在1949 年7 月1 日，朱德在参加北平各界庆祝中国共产党成立28 周年大会时就指出，革命胜利后，“更伟大、更艰苦、更复杂的任务还在前面”，“我们应当在伟大的经济建设中，把我们的国家从落后的农业国，变成先进的工业国。只有我们的工业发展了，在经济上不依赖外国了，我们民族的独立自主才有基础，我们人民的生活幸福才有保障”。推进国家工业化、搞经济建设，必须要有一大批掌握工业技术的人才。为此，朱德大力倡导“学习技术，尊重技术，掌握技术”，强调“依靠技术建设国家”。1949年 6月，他在天津市解放后首届工程师节纪念大会上指出：“中国资源丰富，人民勤劳而且富于智慧，华北和东北有较好的工业基础，特别是重工业的基础，还有一部分有学识、有经验的工程师、技师和熟练工人，这些都是我们从事建设的既有的优良的条件”，他勉励工程技术人员“把一切技术贡献给人民自己的国家”。

(II) The Need to Develop Science and Technology

（二）发展科学技术的需要

Zhu De attached great importance to the important role of science and technology in economic construction. In June 1949, at the inaugural meeting of the Preparatory Committee for the All-China First Scientific Conference, he clearly stated: “For China to transform from an agricultural country into an industrial country, the development of science is very important,” and “you are all a great force for building the new China in the future,” and they should “unite,” “rely on our own efforts,” and “quickly turn our country into a scientific new China.” [7]7 The Yunnan Army Military Academy (云南陆军讲武堂) was a major military academy in late Qing and early Republican China, known for training many officers who later played key roles in the Chinese revolution. In August 1950, at the opening ceremony of the All-China First Conference of Representatives of Natural Science Workers, he reiterated the importance of science, pointing out: “Natural science work must be closely integrated with the country’s economic construction, cultural construction, and national defense construction. This is an extremely important condition for the development of natural science.” [8]8 Zhu De (1886–1976) was a Chinese communist military leader and statesman, a founding father of the People’s Republic of China, and served as Commander-in-Chief of the People’s Liberation Army from 1949 to 1954. From December 1955 to April 1956, Zhu De led a delegation to visit Romania, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, the Soviet Union, and Mongolia. He strongly felt that “what we need now is technology,” and that “we must master the latest technological achievements to enable our country’s economy to rapidly catch up with the world’s advanced level.” [9] On this basis, Zhu De profoundly pointed out: “The issue of technical cadres is an issue related to the development of science and technology for the entire country,” [10] and strongly called for strengthening scientific and technological training for all types of personnel and accelerating the cultivation and shaping of scientific and technological talent. To better leverage the role of science and technology, it was necessary to value intellectuals and actively cultivate various types of personnel with culture and technical knowledge. Zhu De regarded intellectuals who mastered and created science and technology as precious resources supporting the development of the new China. He pointed out that because “the number of intellectuals in our country is currently very small,” “intellectuals who are determined to serve the people and possess technical knowledge and professional knowledge are an important national asset,” [11] requiring that they be highly valued and doubly cherished, given due respect and care, and their roles fully utilized.

朱德十分重视科学技术在经济建设中的重要作用。1949年 6月，他在中华全国第一次科学会议筹备会成立大会上明确指出：“中国要从农业国变为工业国，科学的发展是很重要的”，“诸位都是将来建设新中国的很大力量”，要“团结起来”，“自力更生”，“使我们的国家很快地变为一个科学的新中国”。1950年 8月，他在中华全国第一次自然科学工作者代表会议开幕式上重申科学的重要性，指出：“自然科学工作一定要同全国的经济建设、文化建设与国防建设密切地结合起来。这对发展自然科学是个极为重要的条件。”1955年 12月至1956年 4月，朱德率团出访罗马尼亚、民主德国、匈牙利、捷克斯洛伐克、波兰、苏联和蒙古等国。他强烈地感受到，“现在我们需要的就是技术”，“要掌握最新技术成就，才能使我国的经济迅速地赶上世界的先进水平”。在此基础上，朱德深刻指出：“技术干部问题是关系到整个国家科学技术发展的问题”，强烈呼吁对各类人员加强科学技术培养，加快对科技人才的培育和塑造。为了更好发挥科学技术的作用，必须重视知识分子，积极培养各种有文化、懂技术的人才。朱德将掌握和创造科学技术的知识分子视为支撑新中国发展的珍贵资源。他指出，由于当前“我国的知识分子为数很少”，因此“决心为人民服务、有技术知识和业务知识的知识分子是国家重要的财富”，要求对他们高度重视和倍加珍惜，给予应有的尊重和关爱，发挥好他们的作用。

(III) The Need to Build a Modernized National Defense Force

（三）建设现代化的国防军的需要

National defense is the armed guarantee of a country’s independence. With the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the major issue of building a modernized national defense force was prominently placed on the agenda. As one of the main leaders of the new China’s national defense and military work, Zhu De was particularly concerned with the cultivation of military talent. In September 1949, in his speech at the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, he solemnly proposed: “We must build a unified, modernized, politically steadfast, powerful people’s army that serves the people.” [12] This clearly put forward modernization as the overall goal and general task for the construction of the new China’s people’s army. In August 1950, he also specially inscribed for the People’s Liberation Army: “Build a modernized national defense force, oppose aggression, and defend peace!” [13] In the past, the People’s Liberation Army was basically a single type of infantry force. After the founding of the new China, with the acceleration of the construction of the air force, navy, armored corps, and other arms and services, these new arms and services had very high requirements for the technical literacy of personnel. Under the conditions at that time, it was difficult to cultivate and train the relevant personnel in place quickly. Therefore, the acute shortage of technical talent became a clear shortcoming hindering the development of the new arms and services. Zhu De deeply understood that an important prerequisite and key element for realizing the modernization of the military was to realize the modernization of military personnel. Therefore, he placed the cultivation of military personnel with both political integrity and professional competence in a priority position in military construction, believing that “without a cadre contingent with high political awareness, good military quality, and strong professional capability, military modernization cannot be achieved,” and that “if one cannot master complex weapons technology and learn to command joint operations of various arms and services, one cannot defeat the enemy.” [14] To this end, on October 1, 1950, at the military parade celebrating the first anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Zhu De called on all commanders and fighters to “study earnestly without complacency, master new technology proficiently, learn the ability for joint operations of various arms, raise the level of modern military science and command art… and strive to build a powerful modernized national defense force.” [15] In April 1954, when Zhu De attended the state examination activity at the PLA Military Academy, he again stressed: “Without a large number of military command cadres and political cadres meeting the requirements of a modernized military, it is impossible to build a powerful modernized military.” [16] To this end, he strongly demanded that “all academies and schools should clearly recognize the great responsibility they bear for cultivating cadres in the task of building a modernized national defense.” [17]

国防是国家独立自主的武力保障。随着新中国的成立，建设一支现代化的国防军这个重大课题被突出地提到议事日程上来。作为新中国国防和军事工作的主要领导人之一，朱德对军事人才的培养尤为关注。1949年 9月，他在中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议上发言时郑重提出：“一定要建立一支统一的、现代化的、政治上坚定地为人民服务的强大的人民军队。”这就明确将现代化作为新中国人民军队建设的总目标和总任务提了出来。1950年8月，他还专门为人民解放军题词：“建设现代化的国防军，反对侵略，保卫和平！”中国人民解放军在过去基本上是单一的步兵类型的部队。新中国成立后，随着空军、海军、装甲兵等军兵种建设步伐加快，这些新军兵种对人才的技术素养要求很高，而在当时的条件下，短时间内相关人才难以较快地培养训练到位，因此，技术人才的高度缺乏成为推进新军兵种发展的明显短板。朱德深知，实现军队现代化的重要前提和关键要素是实现军队人才的现代化。因此，他将培养德才兼备的现代化军事人才置于军队建设的优先地位，认为“没有一支政治觉悟高，军事素质好，专业能力强的干部队伍，军队现代化是化不起来的”，“如果不能掌握复杂的武器技术和学会指挥诸军兵种的联合作战，就不能战胜敌人”。为此，1950年 10月 1日，在庆祝中华人民共和国成立一周年的阅兵式上，朱德号召全体指战员“毫不满足地认真学习，熟练掌握新的技术，学会诸兵种联合作战的本领，提高现代军事科学和指挥艺术的水平……为建设一支强大的现代化国防军而奋斗”。1954年 4月，朱德在出席解放军军事学院举行的国家考试活动时再次强调：“如果没有一大批与现代化军队要求相适应的军事的指挥干部和政治干部，要建设一支强大的现代化军队”，“是不可能的”，为此他强烈要求各学院、各学校“应明确认识自己在国防现代化的建军任务中所负培养干部的重大责任”。

On Fully Utilizing the Role of Old Professional and Technical Personnel on the Basis of “Unity, Education, and Transformation”

关于在“团结、教育、改造”的基础上充分发挥旧专业技术人才的作用

In response to the actual situation of a severe shortage of talent nationwide, in November 1949, the Central Committee of the CPC issued the “Directive on Handling the Issue of Former Personnel,” which clearly stated that “for former Kuomintang staff,” except for “those with proven reactionary behavior or notorious misdeeds,” “as long as they have a skill,” “they should all be maintained and not laid off.” This provided a clear policy basis for the rational and proper use of various types of professional talent among former personnel, and also fully demonstrated the Party’s long-standing high degree of openness and broad inclusiveness in talent policy. Zhu De advocated “mobilizing all positive factors to serve our country’s construction cause.” He believed that “for former intellectuals, scientists, public educators, etc., except for those with serious political problems, they should all be employed and trusted,” and through the work of “uniting, educating, and transforming” them, they could “become useful people,” thereby achieving the fundamental goal of “fully mobilizing them all” to better build our country.

针对全国范围内人才严重匮乏的实际状况，1949年 11月，中共中央发出的《关于旧人员处理问题的指示》明确提出，“对于国民党的旧工作人员”，除了“反动有据或劣迹昭著的分子”，其他“只要有一技之长”，“一概予以维持，不要裁减”。这为合理妥善地使用旧人员中的各类专业人才提供了明确的政策依据，也充分彰显了我们党长期以来在人才政策上的高度开放性和广泛包容性。朱德主张“调动一切积极因素来为我国的建设事业服务”，他认为，“对于旧的知识分子、科学家、公教人员等，除有严重政治问题的以外，都应该予以使用和信任”，“经过团结、教育、改造”等环节的工作，使他们“变为有用的人”，从而实现“把他们都充分地调动起来”以更好建设我们的国家这一根本目的。

(I) Fully tapping into and effectively leveraging the role of former professional and technical talent in advancing national industrialization

（一）充分挖掘和有效发挥旧专业技术人才在推进国家工业化中的作用

To meet the urgent demand for cadres in advancing national industrialization, the Central Committee of the CPC made a special decision, emphasizing that “unified deployment of cadres, uniting and transforming original technical personnel, and vigorously cultivating and training cadres to solve the urgent cadre needs in industrial construction and other areas—this is one of the main tasks of the Party’s organizational work at present,” and proposed strengthening “political and ideological education work” for original technical personnel, “actively leveraging the role of their technical expertise.” Zhu De, with his profound insight and accurate understanding of the talent structure in the early days of New China, also proposed that we must base ourselves on the present, actively consolidate the existing talent resources as the “basic plate,” give full and reasonable use to all types of original professional talent, promptly dispel and relieve their ideological and spiritual concerns, and eliminate all phenomena of talent waste and abandonment.

为应对推进国家工业化对干部的迫切需求，中共中央专门作出决定，强调“统一调配干部，团结、改造原有技术人员及大量培养、训练干部，以解决工业建设及其他方面迫切需要的干部问题，这是当前党的组织工作的主要任务之一”，并提出要加强对原有技术人员的“政治、思想教育工作”，“积极发挥其技术专长的作用”。朱德以其对新中国成立初期人才结构状况的深刻洞察与准确认知，也提出必须立足当下，积极巩固好现有的人才资源这个“基本盘”，对原有各类专业人才给予充分合理的使用，及时打消和解除他们思想与精神上的顾虑，杜绝一切人才废置、弃置等现象的发生。

Zhu De repeatedly expressed at important meetings the high necessity and unprecedented urgency of rationally using existing professional and technical talent. In early 1950, when attending the Machinery Industry Conference, he pointed out that under the current severe shortage of talent, if the already very limited professional and technical personnel were “improperly used, and they could not work well and contribute to the country,” then “it would be an irreparable loss to our industrial construction.” In May of the same year, at the National Steel Quality Conference, he further stated, “We must unite existing personnel,” “give full play to everyone’s strengths, and do a good job in production.” In September 1951, he put forward several opinions on the 1952 industrial production plan, particularly emphasizing that under the current circumstances, it was necessary to “fully leverage the role of existing engineering and technical personnel and skilled workers to expand production.” The “experience of the past few years since the founding of New China has proven that the vast majority of original technical personnel can be transformed to serve the people,” and they are an organic part of the talent system of New China.

朱德多次在重要会议上明确表达了合理使用好现有专业技术人才的高度必要性和空前紧迫性。1950年初，他在出席机械工业会议时指出，在当前这样的人才严重紧缺情况下，如果对本已经十分有限的专业技术人员“再使用不当，不能让他们很好地工作，贡献力量给国家”，那么“对我们的工业建设将是一个不可补偿的损失”。同年 5月，他在全国钢铁质量会议上进一步表示，“要团结现有人员”，“发挥每个人的长处，把生产搞好”。1951年 9月，他就 1952年的工业生产计划提出若干意见，其中特别强调，在目前情况下，要“充分发挥现有的工程技术人员、熟练工人的作用，扩大生产”。新中国成立后“几年来的经验证明，原有技术人员中的绝大多数是可以改造过来为人民服务的”，他们是新中国人才体系的有机组成部分。

(II) Educating and transforming technical talent from the former Kuomintang army to use their strengths

（二）教育改造原国民党军队中的技术人才，以用其长

With the successive victories of the War of Liberation, the Central Committee of the CPC and the Central Military Commission assessed the situation and began planning to establish technical branches such as the Air Force and Navy. In January 1949, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC adopted the resolution “The Current Situation and the Party’s Tasks in 1949,” clearly stating that in 1949 and 1950, it was necessary to “strive to form a usable air force and a navy to defend the coastal areas and rivers.” At the beginning of the creation of the People’s Air Force and the People’s Navy, their main personnel were basically transferred from the army system, with a clear shortage of professional air force and navy talent, starting almost from scratch. At this time, the technical personnel of the former Kuomintang Air Force and Navy became a very important talent resource.

随着解放战争的节节胜利，中共中央和中央军委审时度势，开始筹划建立空军、海军等技术军种。1949年 1月，中共中央政治局作出《目前形势和党在一九四九年的任务》的决议，明确提出 1949年及 1950年“争取组成一支能够使用的空军，及一支保卫沿海沿江的海军”。人民空军、人民海军在创建之初，其主要人员基本上是从陆军系统调配，专业的空军、海军人才明显匮乏，几乎是从零起步。此时原国民党空军、海军技术人员就成为一个十分重要的人才资源。

Zhu De believed that after education and transformation, the technical personnel of the former Kuomintang Air Force and Navy could be fully utilized by us, thereby providing talent support for the rapid establishment of a new type of strong People’s Air Force and People’s Navy. He demanded that this very precious and special talent resource be fully tapped and scientifically utilized from a political perspective. In March 1950, at the Air Force Political Work Conference, Zhu De clearly positioned the full utilization of technical talent from the former Kuomintang Air Force as a major political task. He pointed out: “With the development of the situation, a large number of technical personnel have come over from the Kuomintang, which presents us with a major political task: to win them over and transform them well.” “If we earnestly do a good job of uniting, educating, and transforming them, and use them according to their abilities, it will be quite helpful to the development of the Air Force cause.” One month later, at the Air Force Staff Work Conference, Zhu De again emphasized that for the defectors and received personnel in the Air Force, “we must strengthen their political education, transform their thinking and work style, and improve their technical level.” Through the work of uniting, educating, and transforming, we should fully leverage their professional role, “promote those who perform well to become teaching assistants, and call on our comrades to learn from them,” “so that they can join us in building the new China’s Air Force.” The same approach was taken with talent in the Navy. On October 10, 1949, Zhu De, together with Mao Zedong, sent a telegram to all personnel of the defected Kuomintang Coastal Defense First Fleet flagship “Changzhi,” congratulating them on their heroic defection while expressing high hopes for their role in the construction of the New China’s Navy, clearly stating the hope that they would “study hard, actively participate in the construction of the Chinese People’s Navy, and complete the great cause of liberating all of China.”

朱德认为，经过教育改造后的原国民党空军、海军技术人员完全可以实现为我所用，从而为尽快建成一支新式的、强大的人民空军和人民海军提供人才支撑。他要求从政治的高度充分挖掘和科学利用好这部分十分宝贵而特殊的人才资源。1950年 3月，在空军政治工作会议上，朱德明确将充分利用好原国民党空军中的技术人才定位为一项重大的政治任务。他指出：“随着形势的发展，从国民党那里过来了大批的技术人员，这就向我们提出了一个重大的政治任务：很好地去争取和改造他们”，“如果我们认真地做好团结、教育、改造工作，量才使用，对空军事业的发展是有相当帮助的”。一个月后，朱德在空军参谋工作会议上再次强调，对空军中的起义和接收人员，“要加强对他们的政治教育，改造他们的思想和作风，提高他们的技术水平”，经过团结教育改造工作，充分发挥好他们的专业作用，“把他们之中表现好的升为助教，并号召我们的同志也向他们学习”，“使他们和我们一起来建设新中国的空军”。对待海军方面的人才也是如此。1949年 10月 10日，朱德同毛泽东联名致电起义的国民党海防第一舰队旗舰“长治号”全体人员，在对他们英勇起义行动表示祝贺的同时，对他们在新中国海军建设中发挥作用寄予了殷切期望，明确表示希望他们“努力学习，积极参加中国人民海军建设和完成解放中国全境的伟大事业”。

On the Self-Cultivation of Modern Talent

关于现代化人才的自我培养

While making good use of old talent, it is also necessary to actively cultivate new talent; this is the key to fundamentally and continuously developing and strengthening our country’s talent team. To this end, Zhu De, with far-sighted strategic thinking, repeatedly emphasized the need to accelerate the cultivation of our own talent, demanded attention to running schools well, especially military academies, and paid special attention to the cultivation of youth talent and women’s talent.

在利用好旧人才的同时，还要积极培养出新人才，这是从根本上不断发展壮大我国人才队伍的关键所在。为此，朱德以深谋远虑的战略思维，反复强调要抓紧培养自己的人才，要求重视办好学校特别是军校，还特别关注青少年人才和妇女人才的培养。

(I) Accelerating the cultivation of our own talent

（一）抓紧培养自己的人才

In the newly born republic, conditions in all aspects were still relatively weak. Under these circumstances, it was unrealistic to completely rely on self-cultivation of talent. At that time, countries in the socialist camp, such as the Soviet Union, provided multifaceted strong support for the cultivation and construction of talent in New China, offering important external assistance for the start of our country’s talent work. While fully affirming the necessity of external support, Zhu De emphasized the need to continuously enhance the capacity for self-cultivation of talent, firmly grasping the leadership and initiative in talent cultivation in our own hands.

新生的共和国各方面条件都还比较薄弱，在这种情况下试图完全实现人才的自我培养并不现实。当时，苏联等社会主义阵营国家为新中国的人才培养和建设给予了多方面的大力支持，为我国人才工作的开局提供了重要外部帮助。朱德在充分肯定外部支持必要性的同时，强调要不断提升人才的自我培养能力，把人才培养的主导权和主动权充分掌握在自己手中。

At the beginning of the founding of New China, US imperialism and the Chiang Kai-shek regime in Taiwan often used air superiority to harass the mainland. New China’s demand for air defense talent was extremely strong. In January 1950, in a reply letter to the leadership of the PLA Air Defense School, Zhu De emphasized that both teachers and students should “learn from the Soviet comrades,” but “we hope even more that you will study hard on your own,” “make long-term plans,” “not only run anti-aircraft artillery classes, but also run heavy artillery schools, field artillery schools, and other artillery training classes,” and at the same time, “train many specialized artillery teachers.” Zhu De’s meaning was clear: we must earnestly do a good job of overall planning and comprehensive layout to achieve two talent cultivation goals: first, to quickly form a multi-dimensional, three-dimensional air defense talent cultivation system for New China, actively strengthen the cultivation of various types of air defense talent, and supply a large number of outstanding talents for the republic’s air defense cause; second, on this basis, to strive at a higher level to build as soon as possible our own excellent teaching staff dedicated to cultivating air defense talent, thereby forming an independent and strong air defense talent cultivation chain for New China, and continuously enhancing New China’s national defense, especially air defense military strength.

新中国成立之初，美帝国主义和台湾蒋介石政权常利用空中优势对大陆进行袭扰。新中国对防空人才的需求极为强烈。1950年 1月，朱德在给解放军防空学校领导的复信中强调，无论教员、学生都“应向苏联同志学习”，但“更希望你们自己努力学习”，“要长期打算”，“不仅办高射炮班，并且要办重炮兵学校、山野炮学校及其他炮兵训练班”，与此同时，还要“造成许多炮兵专科教员”。朱德的意思很明确，要认真做好统筹谋划和全面布局，以实现两个方面的人才培养目标：一是尽快形成新中国多维度、立体式的防空人才培养体系，积极加强各种类型防空人才的培养，为共和国的防空事业输送大量优秀人才；二是在此基础上，努力在更高层面上尽早造就一支我们自己的、致力于培养防空人才的优良师资队伍，从而形成新中国自主的、强有力的防空人才培养链条，以此不断增强新中国的国防特别是防空军事实力。

In view of the overall situation of severe shortage of engineering and technical talent in our country, Zhu De also clearly recognized the need to accelerate self-cultivation. On the eve of the founding of New China, during his inspection of the Shijingshan Iron and Steel Plant, he said earnestly to several military representatives stationed at the plant: “In the past we were all fighters, we knew how to fire guns and cannons, but we did not know how to smelt iron and steel; now we are to engage in construction, how can we manage without understanding? Enemies at home and abroad are watching us; they have calculated that we cannot succeed. What is to be done? We must learn, learn from the old workers, learn from the technical personnel, take them as our teachers, learn honestly, learn respectfully. As long as you dig into it, in three to five years, eight to ten years, you can become experts in iron and steel.” At the Machinery Industry Conference held in February 1950, Zhu De demanded that through the joint growth and progress of “new” and “old” personnel, industrial technical talent be vigorously cultivated. He stressed: “We must extensively cultivate and promote new technical workers and technical personnel, organize workers to study culture and technology, and call on veteran cadres to study technology.” In 1952, when offering suggestions for the first Five-Year Plan, he specifically emphasized the need to “while extensively inviting Soviet experts, at the same time step up the cultivation of our engineering and technical personnel,” striving to achieve sustainable development of engineering and technical talent in New China. To cultivate more industrial technical talent, in July 1953, Zhu De demanded at the Administrative Conference of Higher Industrial Schools that they must earnestly shoulder the responsibility of “cultivating large numbers of industrial construction cadres with both ability and moral integrity and sound physique.”

针对我国工程技术人才严重匮乏的整体现状，朱德也十分清醒地认识到要抓紧自己培养。新中国成立前夕，他在视察石景山钢铁厂时，对驻厂的几位军代表语重心长地说：“过去我们都是打仗的，懂得放枪放炮，不懂得炼铁炼钢；现在要搞建设，不懂怎么成呢？国内外的敌人看着我们，他们算定我们搞不成。怎么办呢？就要学习，向老工人学习，向技术人员学习，拜他们为师，老老实实地学，恭恭敬敬地学，只要钻进去，三年五年，十年八年，你们就能变成搞钢铁的行家。”在 1950年 2月召开的机械工业会议上，朱德要求通过“新”“老”人员共同成长进步，来大力造就工业技术人才。他强调：“必须大量地培养和提拔新的技术工人和技术人员，组织工人学习文化和技术，号召老干部学习技术。”1952年，他在对第一个五年计划提出建议时专门强调，要“在大量聘请苏联专家的同时，抓紧培养我们的工程技术人员”，努力使新中国工程技术人才实现可持续发展。为了造就更多的工业技术人才，1953年 7月，朱德在高等工业学校行政会议上要求，必须切实担负起“培养大批德才兼备、体质健康的工业建设干部的责任”。

(2) Attaching Importance to Running Schools Well

（二）重视办好学校

Schools are an important front for talent cultivation. Zhu De had long led military work, and was himself a graduate of the “regular training” of one of modern China’s three famous military academies—the Yunnan Army Military Academy [7]7 The Yunnan Army Military Academy (云南陆军讲武堂) was a major military academy in late Qing and early Republican China, known for training many officers who later played key roles in the Chinese revolution.—so he paid particular attention to running military schools well and grasping the education and cultivation of military talent. In November 1950, at the first National Military School Work Conference, Zhu De pointed out that looking back on the more than 20 years of development of the people’s army, “military education has never been interrupted, such as military schools, training teams, training classes, military teams, political teams, etc.,” which “cultivated many cadres,” providing extremely important talent support for the ultimate victory of the Chinese revolution. It is necessary to deeply summarize historical experience and “improve on the original foundation.”

学校是人才培养的重要阵地。朱德长期领导军队工作，本身又是中国近代三大著名讲武堂之一——云南陆军讲武堂“科班”出身，对办好军校、抓好军事人才教育培养尤为关注。1950年 11月，朱德在全国首次军事学校工作会议上指出，回顾人民军队 20多年发展历程，“军事教育从未间断过，如军事学校、教导队、训练班、军事队、政治队等”，“培养了许多干部”，为中国革命的最终胜利提供了极为重要的人才支撑，必须深刻总结历史经验，“在原有的基础上提高”。

Zhu De believed that under the new circumstances, the construction of military schools should precede the construction of the army, stressing that “school education must be regularized; only by studying in school can one become regularized after going out,” and that “building regularized schools to cultivate and train cadres is a very important task for our country at present, and also a long-term task.” In his view, constrained by the turbulent war environment during the New Democratic Revolution, “in the past, cadres came from among the soldiers”; this practice had its historical inevitability, but under the new circumstances after the founding of New China, it could not be simply copied and continued. Instead, the source and method of producing cadres and talent must be effectively improved. Henceforth, “only those with knowledge trained in schools can be qualified,” and it is necessary to “rely on cadres to teach soldiers, and to cultivate cadres.” Only in this way could the higher demands for knowledge and quality in modern military struggle be met. In September 1951, at the second National Military School Work Conference, Zhu De further stressed: “Running schools well is the first important task in building the army,” and “only good schools can cultivate and train good cadres for us.” That is to say, regularized military education must provide strong talent guarantees for the construction of the people’s army; only in this way can the modernization of the army be continuously advanced and the combat effectiveness of the troops be continuously enhanced. These important thoughts and viewpoints of Zhu De played a positive role in accelerating the construction and development of military academies in the early years of New China.

朱德认为，在新的形势下，军校建设要走在军队建设的前面，强调“学校教育要正规化，只有在学校里学了出去才能正规化”，“建设正规化的学校，培养训练干部，是我们国家当前一项很重要的任务，也是一项长期的任务”。在他看来，新民主主义革命时期受动荡战争环境的制约，“过去的干部是从兵中来的”，这种做法有其历史必然性，但在新中国成立后的新形势下就不能简单复制和沿袭，而必须对干部人才的来源与产生方式切实加以改进，“今后要有知识的经过学校培养的人才能行”，要“靠干部去教战士，要培养干部”，只有这样才能胜任现代化军事斗争对知识与素质的更高要求。1951年 9月，朱德在第二次全国军事学校工作会议上进一步强调：“办好学校是建设军队的第一项重要工作”，“只有好的学校才能给我们培养训练出好的干部”。也就是说，必须通过正规化的军事教育为人民军队建设提供有力的人才保障，只有这样才能不断推进军队现代化和持续提升部队战斗力。朱德的这些重要思想和观点，对于新中国成立初期加快军事院校的建设与发展产生了积极推动作用。

(3) Attaching Importance to the Cultivation of Youth Talent and Women Talent

（三）重视青少年人才和妇女人才的培养

With profound strategic vision, Zhu De attached great importance to the cultivation of youth talent, regarding them as an important force full of vitality for promoting the development of New China, and earnestly hoped that “the new generation of youth will truly become New China construction talents who are proficient in both civilian and military affairs, and expert in everything.” On June 1, 1950, at the capital’s “June 1st” Children’s Day celebration, he encouraged the children to “study hard, learn all kinds of scientific knowledge, and build up a strong physique, preparing to participate in the work of building New China in the future, transforming the poor and backward China into a China with a high level of culture and a strong industrial base.” In July 1951, when attending the closing ceremony of the 15th National Congress of the All-China Student Federation, Zhu De demanded that the vast number of young students, as “an important reserve force for building New China,” must “study Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought diligently,” and at the same time “study various scientific knowledge of national defense construction, economic construction, and cultural construction,” “learn skills well, prepare strength, and participate in building our great and beloved motherland.” In November 1953, at the opening ceremony of the second National Children’s Work Conference convened by the Central Committee of the New Democratic Youth League of China, Zhu De once again called for strengthening the cultivation of youth talent, actively “guiding the nation’s children to aspire to become outstanding laborers in building a socialist country”; at the same time, he proposed that “cultivating and educating the new generation is a glorious and also arduous task,” hoping that everyone “can undertake this work with the greatest enthusiasm.” Zhu De also paid close attention to the growth of military youth talent. In October 1950, when attending the PLA All-Army Youth Work Conference, he proposed that “youth should play a vanguard and exemplary role in the study of culture and new military science and technology,” and efforts should be made to “cultivate millions of young combat heroes.”

朱德以深邃的战略眼光高度重视青少年人才的培养，把他们作为推动新中国发展朝气蓬勃的重要力量，殷切希望“新的一代青年都真正成为能文能武，样样精通的新中国建设人材”。1950年 6月 1日，他在首都“六一”儿童节庆祝大会上，勉励小朋友们“努力学习，学会各种科学知识，并把身体锻炼强壮，准备将来参加建设新中国的工作，把贫穷的落后的中国变成有高度文化的强大工业基础的中国”。1951年 7月，朱德在出席中华全国学生第十五届代表大会闭幕式时，要求广大青年学生作为“建设新中国的重要后备力量”，一定要“努力学习马克思列宁主义和毛泽东思想”，同时“学习国防建设、经济建设和文化建设的各种科学知识”，“学好本领，准备力量，参加建设我们这个伟大、可爱的祖国”。1953年 11月，在中国新民主主义青年团中央委员会召开的第二次全国少年儿童工作会议开幕式上，朱德再次呼吁，要加强对青少年人才的培养，积极“引导全国的少年儿童立志做建设社会主义祖国的优秀劳动者”；同时提出，“培养和教育新生的一代是光荣的同时也是艰巨的任务”，希望大家“能以最大的热情来担负这个工作”。朱德还十分关注军队青年人才的成长。1950年 10月，他在出席解放军全军青年工作会议时提出，“青年在文化学习以及新的军事科学技术的学习中，要起先锋带头作用”，要着力“培植千百万个青年战斗英雄”。

At the same time, Zhu De also cared deeply about and respected the development of women talent. He believed that the founding of New China provided a broader stage for the growth, talent development, and value realization of the vast number of women, and that a large number of outstanding women had already or would soon emerge in the construction of New China. On March 8, 1952, at the capital’s celebration of International Women’s Day, Zhu De warmly encouraged women in New China to fully play their roles and display their talents in national construction posts, confidently expecting that “various specialized talents, many scientists, designers, engineers, etc.” would emerge from among the women of New China, and encouraged the vast number of women to “study hard, continuously improve their knowledge level and master new technologies, and participate in practical struggles,” to show their skills and actively contribute “wisdom and creativity” to the construction of New China. On the same day, when attending the “March 8th” takeoff ceremony of New China’s first group of female aviation personnel, Zhu De once again expressed his firm confidence in the emergence of large numbers of outstanding women talents in New China, earnestly believing that “Chinese women should produce various specialized talents in various positions in the motherland’s construction cause,” and pointed out that this was also “the most practical step for Chinese women to completely liberate themselves and participate in the motherland’s economic construction.”

与此同时，朱德也十分关心和尊重女性人才的发展。他认为，新中国的成立为广大妇女的成长成才和价值实现提供了更为广阔的舞台，一大批优秀女性已经或即将在新中国建设中崭露头角。1952年 3月 8日，在首都各界庆祝三八国际劳动妇女节大会上，朱德热情鼓励新中国女性在国家建设岗位上充分发挥作用、施展才能，充满信心地期待新中国的女性队伍中“出现各种专门人才，出现许多科学家、设计师、工程师等”，勉励广大妇女“努力学习，不断提高自己的知识水平和掌握新的技术，并且参加到实际斗争中去”，为新中国的建设一展身手，积极地贡献“智慧和创造性”。同日，朱德在出席新中国第一批女航空人员“三八”起飞典礼时，再次表达了对新中国大批优秀女性人才的涌现所持有的坚定信心，热切相信“中国妇女在祖国建设事业的各种岗位上应当出现各种专门人才”，并指出这也是“中国妇女彻底解放自己和参加祖国经济建设最实际的步骤”。

On the Principles of Talent Cultivation

关于人才培养的原则

Zhu De adhered to the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method, based on the actual development of New China, accurately grasped the growth characteristics of talent, and proposed scientific principles for talent cultivation.

朱德坚持马克思主义的立场、观点、方法，立足新中国发展实际，准确把握人才的成长特点，提出了科学的人才培养原则。

(1) Adhering to the Unity of Politics and Professional Competence

（一）坚持政治和业务相统一

Zhu De believed that the cultivation of talent must follow the principle of the unity of politics and professional competence. He vividly and intuitively put forward the talent cultivation idea of “politics plus technology, then you can be invincible in every battle,” and widely propagated the Party’s talent view of having both ability and moral integrity.

朱德认为，人才的培养必须遵循政治和业务相统一的原则，他形象而直观地提出了“政治加技术，才能百战百胜”的人才培养思路，广泛宣传党的德才兼备的人才观。

In the early days after the founding of New China, Zhu De earnestly admonished: “If a person cannot constantly improve himself ideologically and cannot pursue progress in his work every day, he will certainly be unable to do any job well.” Therefore, “one must seriously study Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, seriously study policies in all areas, and integrate them with one’s own work.” In Zhu De’s view, a deficiency in either politics or professional work would have a major constraining effect on a person’s growth and progress. In particular, if a person’s “political thought does not advance, then no matter how great the skills he has learned, they are useless.” For this reason, he demanded that one must insist on the “dual improvement” of political cultivation and professional competence. For talents in different specialized fields and types of domains, Zhu De clearly put forward the requirement that politics and professional work must be unified. For example, in October 1949, when speaking with senior cadres attending the first National Public Security Work Conference, Zhu De demanded that everyone must “study politics well” and at the same time “study advanced public security work techniques”; only in this way could they “shoulder this heavy burden.” In January 1950, when attending the inaugural meeting of the Beijing People’s Art Theatre, Zhu De put forward clear requirements for the cultivation of literary and artistic talents under the new situation, emphasizing that first of all, “there must be a correct political direction,” and on this basis, “there must also be a high level of artistic skill,” achieving “the perfect integration of politics and art.”

新中国刚刚成立时，朱德就谆谆告诫：“一个人，如果不能在思想上不断提高自己，不能在业务上每天追求进步，他一定是做不好任何工作的”，因此，“一定要认真学习马列主义和毛泽东思想，认真研究各方面的政策，拿来和自己的业务结合起来”。在朱德看来，在政治和业务两者中如果有任何一方面的缺失，对人的成长进步都会产生重大制约性影响，特别是一个人如果“政治思想不进步，那么尽管他学了再大的本领，也是没有用处的”。为此，他要求一定要坚持政治修养和业务能力“双提升”。针对不同专业特长和类型领域的人才，朱德都明确提出了必须坚持政治和业务相统一的要求。比如，1949年 10月，和参加第一次全国公安工作会议的高级干部谈话时，朱德要求大家必须“好好学习政治”，同时“学习先进的公安工作技术”，只有这样，“才能担起这副重担子”。1950年 1月，在出席北京人民艺术剧院成立大会时，朱德对新形势下文艺人才的培养提出了明确要求，强调首先“要有正确的政治方向”，在此基础上“还要有高度的艺术水平”，实现“政治和艺术的完美结合”。

As the Commander-in-Chief of the People’s Liberation Army, Zhu De set even stricter requirements for military talents bearing the heavy responsibility of national security, making “must have high military quality and political quality” the cornerstone for ensuring and enhancing the combat effectiveness of the troops. Zhu De believed that consistently emphasizing the close integration of political nature and professional expertise had long been an important factor enabling the people’s army to maintain vigorous revolutionary morale and strong combat effectiveness. In March 1950, when attending the Air Force Political Work Conference, he stressed: “We must not only ensure that members of the Air Force are loyal, reliable, brave, and steadfast, but also ensure that they learn technology, and integrate politics and technology well.” In December of the same year, at the first all-army conference on propaganda, education, and cultural work, he pointed out: “High political consciousness and cultural education are the foundation of our army’s political work, the source of consolidating and unleashing the army’s combat effectiveness, and an important weapon for us to strive for victory.” In September 1951, at the Navy’s first Political Work Conference, Zhu De again demanded the integration of politics and professional work, and put forward the goal and task of “two guarantees” for Navy political work: “Guarantee the leadership of the Party, so that all personnel have the thought of being loyal to the people and the motherland, and strict revolutionary discipline”; “Guarantee that all officers and soldiers learn modern naval technology.” This pointed the way for strengthening the construction of naval talent and promoting the modernization of the Navy. In April 1954, at a cadre meeting of the PLA General Advanced Infantry School, Zhu De demanded that everyone must not only “make continuous progress in military knowledge” but also “make continuous progress in political thought”; only in this way could they be “the cadres with both moral integrity and professional competence that our Party requires.” In the same month, when attending a national examination activity at the PLA Military Academy, he gave a detailed explanation of “cadres must have both virtue and talent,” namely, they “must serve the cause of defending socialism with wholehearted loyalty, study hard, and equip themselves with the ideological foundation of Marxism-Leninism”; they must “possess modern military scientific knowledge and the cultural level necessary to master modern military science and technology, and be able to master their professional work, full of revolutionary dedication.” Zhu De’s talent concept of “cadres must have both virtue and talent” had very important guiding significance for carrying out talent work in New China.

作为人民解放军总司令，朱德更是对肩负共和国安全重任的军队人才提出了严格要求，把“必须有高度军事素质与政治素质”作为保证和提升部队战斗力的基石。朱德认为，始终注重政治性与专业性的紧密结合，是长期以来人民军队能够一直保持旺盛革命斗志和强劲战斗力的重要因素。1950年 3月，他在出席空军政治工作会议时强调：“不仅要保证空军的成员忠实可靠、勇敢坚定，还要保证他们学会技术，把政治和技术很好地结合起来。”同年 12月，他在全军第一次宣传、教育、文化工作会议上指出：“高度的政治自觉与文化的教育，是我们部队政治工作的基础，是巩固与发挥部队战斗力的源泉，是我们争取胜利的重要武器。”1951年 9月，朱德在海军第一次政治工作会议上，再次要求政治与业务相结合，并就海军政治工作提出了“两个保证”的目标任务：“保证党的领导，要使全体人员具有忠于人民、忠于祖国的思想和严格的革命纪律性”；“保证全体指战员学会现代化的海军技术”。这就为加强海军人才建设，推进海军的现代化指明了方向。1954年 4月，朱德在解放军总高级步兵学校干部会上要求大家，不但“在军事学识上要不断进步”，而且“政治思想上也要不断进步”，只有这样“才是我们党所要求的德才兼备的干部”。当月，他在出席解放军军事学院举行的国家考试活动时，对“干部必须是有德有才”进行了详细阐释，即“必须忠心耿耿地为保卫社会主义事业而服务，努力学习，使自己具有马克思列宁主义思想基础”；必须“有现代化军事科学知识和为掌握现代化军事科学技术所必需的文化水平，并能掌握业务，富有革命事业心”。朱德关于“干部必须是有德有才”的人才观，对于开展新中国人才工作具有十分重要的指导意义。

(2) Adhere to the Integration of Theory and Practice

（二）坚持理论和实践相结合

Adhering to the integration of theory and practice, and discovering, selecting, and forging talents from practice, has always been the talent cultivation policy vigorously implemented by our Party. Zhu De strongly advocated a talent cultivation model that unifies learning and application.

坚持理论和实践相结合，从实践中发现、选拔和锻造人才，一直是我们党大力贯彻实施的人才培养方针。朱德大力倡导学用一致的人才培育模式。

In October 1950, when attending the opening ceremony of Renmin University of China, the first new-type regular university founded by our Party, he demanded that the university “adhere to and implement the policy of integrating teaching with reality” in future talent cultivation, and stressed that this was “the most scientific and effective teaching method, and also an indispensable method for cultivating cadres for various practical construction tasks.” Moreover, it had been fully tested by time and practice: “The experience of China and foreign countries, past and present, all proves that this method is correct.” Zhu De’s requirement that educational activities must adhere to the integration of teaching with reality had a profound impact on the talent cultivation activities of higher education institutions in New China, represented by Renmin University of China.

1950年 10月，他在出席我们党创办的第一所新型正规大学——中国人民大学的开学典礼时，要求学校在今后的人才培养中“坚持和贯彻教学与实际相结合的方针”，并强调这是“最科学、最有效的教学方法，也是培养各种实际建设工作干部所不可缺少的方法”，而且已经得到时间和实践的充分检验，“中国和外国、过去和现在的经验都证明，这个方法是正确的”。朱德关于教育活动必须坚持教学与实际相结合的要求，对以中国人民大学为代表的新中国高等学校开展人才培养活动产生了深远的影响。

Zhu De believed that the fundamental goal of talent cultivation was to enable talents to “exert their greatest role in practice, so that each person can truly do practical work to the best of their ability.” In January 1950, when attending the Ministry of Railways’ 1950 National Engineering Political Work Conference, he proposed that “engineers and experts should go to the worksite, go among the masses to exert their strength and enrich themselves.” Only by going deep into the front line and among the people to display their professional talents could engineering and technical talents effectively bring into play the actual functions and roles of talent. In September 1951, at the second National Military School Work Conference, Zhu De clearly pointed out regarding the cultivation of military talents: “In the implementation of the education plan, attention must be paid to the unity of learning and application, to suit the needs of army building. Do not let the army do one set and the school do another.” Zhu De demanded that the close connection between learning and application must be taken as the starting point and foothold for carrying out talent cultivation activities, truly achieving the goal of applying what is learned and promoting learning through application, so that the content of learning can truly connect with, actively serve, and be closely applied to reality. This talent cultivation concept of unifying learning and application, advocated by Zhu De, established the basic principles and policies for New China’s educational work.

朱德认为，人才培养的根本目标指向，就是使人才能够在实践中“发挥其最大的作用，使各人都能真正尽他的能力做实际的工作”。1950年 1月，他在出席铁道部 1950年全国工程政治工作会议时，提出“工程师和专家要到现场去，到群众中去发挥力量，充实自己”。工程技术人才只有深入到一线、到人民群众中施展专业才华，才能有效发挥出人才的实际功能与作用。1951年 9月，在第二次全国军事学校工作会议上，朱德就军事人才的培养明确指出：“在教育计划的贯彻执行中，要注意学用一致，要适合军队建设的需要，不要军队搞一套，学校又搞一套。”朱德要求，必须将学习与应用的紧密联系作为开展人才培养活动的出发点和落脚点，真正做到学以致用、以用促学，使学习的内容能够真正对接、积极服务、紧密应用于实际。朱德倡导的这种学用一致的人才培养观，为新中国的教育工作确立了基本原则和方针。

In the early days of the founding of New China, Zhu De, harboring strong expectations for achieving national prosperity and people’s happiness, as well as genuine care and support for the growth and cultivation of talents, based on China’s actual national conditions, deeply pondered the nation’s future, fully exerted historical initiative, and put forward a series of guiding opinions and constructive ideas on talent work. He planned the layout, designed the blueprint, and actively promoted the implementation for the sustainable development of New China’s talent cause, fully demonstrating the foresight and insight of the older generation of proletarian revolutionaries on the major issue of talent, which concerns the future and destiny of the Party and the state. It also provides historical inspiration for us to further improve talent work today.

新中国成立初期，朱德怀着实现国家强盛、人民幸福的强烈期望，以及对人才成长和培养事业发自内心的关心支持，立足中国现实国情，深刻思考民族未来，充分发挥历史主动精神，对人才工作提出了一系列指导性意见和建设思路，为新中国人才事业的可持续发展谋篇布局、设计蓝图并积极推进实施，充分彰显了老一辈无产阶级革命家在人才这个事关党和国家前途命运的重大问题上的远见卓识，也为我们今天进一步做好人才工作提供了历史启迪。

(Author’s brief introduction: Zhang Feng, Associate Researcher at the School of Marxism, Yangzhou University)

（作者简介：张锋，扬州大学马克思主义学院副研究员）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心