The Basic Logic and Strategic Path of Improving the Party’s Leadership Level over Comprehensively Deepening Reform

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has proactively assumed the mission and responsibility of effectively leading comprehensively deepening reform, driving historic changes, systemic restructuring, and holistic reconstruction in the fields of the economy, politics, culture, society, cultural-ethical progress, and Party building, thereby opening up a new realm for building a great modern socialist country. The *Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform to Advance Chinese-Path Modernization* (hereinafter referred to as the *Decision*), reviewed and approved at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC, makes systematic arrangements for further comprehensively deepening reform. It explicitly identifies “focusing on improving the Party’s leadership level and long-term governance capacity, innovating and improving leadership and governance methods, deepening the reform of the Party building system, and perfecting the system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party” as one of the important goals of the “seven focal points” for further comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era and new journey. It also explicitly identifies “upholding the Party’s overall leadership, firmly safeguarding the authority of the Party Central Committee and its centralized, unified leadership, giving full play to the Party’s core leadership role in commanding the overall situation and coordinating all parties, integrating Party leadership throughout the entire process and all aspects of reform, and ensuring that reform always advances in the correct political direction” as the first principle among the “six upholdings” basic principles for further comprehensively deepening reform. Finally, in the fifteenth part of the *Decision*, it makes systematic arrangements specifically for “improving the Party’s leadership level over further comprehensively deepening reform and advancing Chinese-path modernization,” fully demonstrating the major strategic significance of improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform. At the same time, in his speech at the second plenary meeting of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, Xi Jinping emphasized: “We must maintain a high degree of consciousness in using the Party’s self-revolution to lead social revolution, persist in governing the Party with a reform spirit and strict standards, and continuously improve the Party’s leadership level.” The Party’s leadership level concerns the overall situation of reform and opening up and directly determines the success or failure of further comprehensively deepening reform. Therefore, it is necessary to theoretically clarify the deep logic of improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform, deeply analyze the internal mechanism through which improving the Party’s leadership level acts on comprehensively deepening reform, and on this basis, systematically plan effective paths for improving the Party’s leadership level over further comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era and new journey.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央主动承担起有效领导全面深化改革的使命与责任，推动经济、政治、文化、社会、生态文明和党的建设等领域实现历史性变革、系统性重塑、整体性重构，开辟了社会主义现代化强国建设的新境界。党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革 推进中国式现代化的决定》（以下简称《决定》），对进一步全面深化改革做出系统部署，将“聚焦提高党的领导水平和长期执政能力，创新和改进领导方式和执政方式，深化党的建设制度改革，健全全面从严治党体系”明确为新时代新征程进一步全面深化改革“七个聚焦”的重要目标之一，并将“坚持党的全面领导，坚定维护党中央权威和集中统一领导，发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用，把党的领导贯穿改革各方面全过程，确保改革始终沿着正确政治方向前进”明确为进一步全面深化改革“六个坚持”的基本原则的首条原则，最后在《决定》的第十五部分专门对“提高党对进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的领导水平”作出系统部署，充分彰显出提高党对进一步全面深化改革领导水平的重大战略意义。同时，在党的二十届三中全会第二次全体会议上的讲话中，习近平强调：“必须保持以党的自我革命引领社会革命的高度自觉，坚持用改革精神和严的标准管党治党，不断提高党的领导水平。”党的领导水平关涉改革开放全局，直接决定了进一步全面深化改革的成败得失。因此，必须从理论上厘清提高党对全面深化改革领导水平的深层逻辑，深入剖析提高党的领导水平作用于全面深化改革的内在机理，并在此基础上系统谋划新时代新征程提高党对进一步全面深化改革领导水平的有效路径。

I. The Basic Logic of Improving the Party’s Leadership Level over Comprehensively Deepening Reform

一、提高党对全面深化改革领导水平的基本逻辑

Comprehensively deepening reform is planned and promoted against the backdrop of reform entering a critical period and deep-water zone. Improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform is not only a concentrated embodiment of the scientific socialist principle of the leadership authority of a Marxist political party, but also a profound summary of the successful experience of the Communist Party of China in initiating and leading the great cause of reform and opening up, and moreover, an inevitable requirement for demonstrating the Party’s governance mission and political responsibility in the New Era and new journey.

全面深化改革是在改革进入攻坚期和深水区的背景下谋划和推动的。提高党对全面深化改革的领导水平，既是科学社会主义关于马克思主义政党领导权原理的集中体现，也是中国共产党开创和引领改革开放伟大事业成功经验的深刻总结，更是彰显新时代新征程党的执政使命和政治责任的必然要求。

(I) An Inevitable Requirement for Following the Basic Principles of Scientific Socialism

（一）遵循科学社会主义基本原理的必然要求

Adhering to the leadership authority of a Marxist political party over the proletarian revolutionary movement and socialist modernization is a basic principle of scientific socialism. The Communist Party of China, closely integrating the vivid practices of revolution, construction, and reform, has continuously deepened its theoretical understanding of the leadership authority of a Marxist political party. Especially in the process of leading and promoting reform and opening up, it has always been committed to improving the Party’s leadership level, ensuring that the Party remains the core leadership of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and providing a fundamental political guarantee for comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization.

坚持马克思主义政党对无产阶级革命运动和社会主义现代化建设的领导权，是科学社会主义的基本原理。中国共产党紧密结合革命、建设、改革的鲜活实践，不断深化对马克思主义政党领导权的理论认识，特别是在领导和推动改革开放的过程中，始终致力于提升党的领导水平，确保党始终成为中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心，为以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业提供根本政治保证。

The classical Marxist writers attached great importance to the issue of the leadership authority of a Marxist political party, believing that the dominant position of a Marxist political party is the fundamental prerequisite for implementing all communist measures, and its leadership level is a key factor determining the success or failure of the revolutionary movement and the effectiveness of socialist construction. Engels clearly pointed out that, in the face of powerful hostile forces, to make the proletariat strong enough to achieve victory at the decisive moment, it must form “a conscious class party,” that is, a Marxist political party serving as the leader of the proletarian struggle. Marx and Engels also emphasized: “The workers’ party may, under certain conditions, use other parties and factions to achieve its own ends, but it should not subordinate itself to any other party”; it must always maintain political and organizational independence and cannot be reduced to an appendage of a bourgeois party. Lenin believed that after seizing state power, the Communist Party, representing the people in governing the country, is the leading force in socialist construction: “The Party is the vanguard of the directly ruling proletariat, it is the leader,” and “all political and economic work of the state power is led by the Communist Party, the vanguard of the class-conscious workers”; the Party must maintain overall leadership and long-term ruling status throughout the entire process of the proletariat fulfilling its historical mission. Scientific socialism clearly states that the proletarian revolution and the cause of socialist construction must uphold the Party’s leadership authority. Comprehensively deepening reform is a great practice of socialist modernization; it is necessary to continuously improve the Party’s leadership level and governance capacity to demonstrate the Party’s authority and legitimacy in national governance and social development.

马克思主义经典作家高度重视马克思主义政党的领导权问题，认为马克思主义政党占据领导地位是实行一切共产主义举措的根本前提，其领导水平是决定革命运动成败和社会主义建设成效的关键因素。恩格斯鲜明指出，面对强大的敌对势力，要使无产阶级在决定关头强大到足以取得胜利，就必须组成“一个自觉的阶级政党”，即作为无产阶级斗争领导者的马克思主义政党。马克思、恩格斯同时也强调：“工人政党在一定的条件下完全可以利用其他政党和派别来达到自己的目的，但是它不应当隶属于任何其他政党”，必须始终保持政治上和组织上的独立性，不能降格为资产阶级政党的附属品。列宁认为，执掌政权之后，共产党代表人民管理国家，是社会主义建设的领导力量，“党是直接执政的无产阶级先锋队，是领导者”，且“国家政权的一切政治经济工作都由工人阶级觉悟的先锋队共产党领导”，党在无产阶级完成历史使命的整个过程中都必须始终保持全面领导和长期执政地位。科学社会主义明确提出无产阶级革命和社会主义建设事业必须坚持党的领导权。全面深化改革是社会主义现代化建设的伟大实践，必须不断提高党的领导水平和执政能力，才能彰显党在国家治理和社会发展过程中的权威性和正当性。

Since reform and opening up, Chinese Communists have upheld and developed the theory of the Party’s leadership authority, and in the process of continuously improving the Party’s leadership level, they have provided a fundamental guarantee for reform and opening up to always adhere to the socialist direction. Deng Xiaoping clearly pointed out: “The cause of China’s socialist modernization is led by the Communist Party; this principle cannot be shaken; if it is shaken, China will regress into division and chaos, and modernization will be impossible.” The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the foundation of governing the country and the basis of strengthening the country, determining the correct political direction of the modernization cause and ensuring that the country’s development always advances on the track and path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Only by continuously improving the Party’s leadership level can the quality and level of socialist modernization be steadily enhanced, and the people’s vision of a better life be realized. Similarly, as a key link in socialist modernization, “our reform cannot depart from the socialist road, nor can it be without the leadership of the Communist Party.” Upholding reform and opening up and upholding the Party’s leadership are interdependent and share a common destiny; they are closely linked. Once the Party loses its leadership position, the cause of reform and opening up will lose its direction and face the great risk of committing subversive mistakes. Deng Xiaoping repeatedly emphasized that upholding the leadership of the Communist Party in reform is to “implement correct and effective leadership,” not to “weaken or abolish Party leadership.” Deng Xiaoping’s important thoughts on upholding and improving Party leadership in the process of reform and opening up greatly enriched the scientific socialist theory on the leadership authority of a Marxist political party, laying a solid theoretical foundation and providing a scientific guide for action for upholding the Party’s leadership over reform and opening up and improving the Party’s leadership level over reform and opening up.

改革开放以来，中国共产党人坚持并发展了党的领导权理论，在不断提升党的领导水平的过程中，为改革开放始终坚持社会主义方向提供了根本保证。邓小平鲜明指出：“中国的社会主义现代化建设事业由共产党领导，这个原则是不能动摇的；动摇了中国就要倒退到分裂和混乱，就不可能实现现代化”。中国共产党的领导是治国之本和强国之基，决定着现代化建设事业的正确政治方向，确保国家的发展始终在中国特色社会主义的方向和轨道上前进。只有持续提升党的领导水平，社会主义现代化建设的质量和水平才能稳步提升，人民的美好生活愿景才能变为现实。同样地，作为社会主义现代化建设的关键环节，“我们的改革不能离开社会主义道路，不能没有共产党的领导”。坚持改革开放与坚持党的领导唇齿相依、命运与共，二者紧密关联，一旦党丧失领导地位，改革开放事业就会迷失方向，就有犯颠覆性错误的巨大风险。邓小平反复强调，在改革中坚持共产党的领导，是为了“实施正确的和有效的领导”，而不能“削弱和取消党的领导”。邓小平关于在改革开放过程中坚持和改善党的领导的重要思想，极大丰富了科学社会主义关于马克思主义政党领导权的理论，为坚持党对改革开放的领导、提高党对改革开放的领导水平奠定了坚实的理论基础，提供了科学的行动指南。

In the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, Xi Jinping attaches great importance to the issue of improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform, holding that raising the Party’s leadership level helps comprehensively deepening reform proceed steadily and far-reachingly, and that “upholding and improving Party leadership is the foundation and lifeline of the Party and the country.” Raising the Party’s leadership level is the fundamental guarantee for giving full play to the Party’s political advantages so as to continuously advance comprehensively deepening reform. In his speech at the conference celebrating the 40th anniversary of reform and opening up, he pointed out unequivocally: “Upholding the Party’s overall leadership is our greatest political advantage and the fundamental guarantee for the successful advancement of China’s reform and opening up.” Positioning “upholding the Party’s overall leadership” as “the fundamental guarantee for the successful advancement of China’s reform and opening up” means that the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has reached a new height in grasping the laws governing reform and opening up. At the same time, Xi Jinping elevates raising the Party’s

在中国特色社会主义新时代，习近平高度重视提高党对全面深化改革的领导水平的问题，认为提升党的领导水平有助于全面深化改革行稳致远，“坚持和完善党的领导，是党和国家的根本所在、命脉所在”。提升党的领导水平是发挥党的政治优势以持续推进全面深化改革的根本保证。在庆祝改革开放四十周年大会上的讲话中，他旗帜鲜明地指出：“坚持党的全面领导，这是我们的最大政治优势，是我国改革开放成功推进的根本保证”，将“坚持党的全面领导”定位为“我国改革开放成功推进的根本保证”，意味着以习近平同志为核心的党中央对于改革开放规律性认识的把握达到了一个新的高度。同时，习近平把提升党的领导水平上升到推进全面深化改革的重要方法论的高度，强调“坚持党的全面领导”是全面深化改革必须坚持的重要原则，“任何时候任何情况下都不能有丝毫动摇”，“要适应不同领域特点和基础条件，不断改进和完善党的领导方式和执政方式”。习近平关于全面深化改革过程中不断提高党的领导水平的论述，是对科学社会主义关于马克思主义政党领导权理论的继承与发展，是对中国共产党人坚持和改善党对改革开放的领导等重要思想的守正与创新，实现了马克思主义政党领导全面深化改革的重大理论创新。

(2) A Concentrated Embodiment of Drawing on the Party’s Successful Experience in Leading Reform and Opening Up

（二）汲取党领导改革开放成功经验的集中体现

The Party led the people in launching the great journey of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, driving reform and opening up to achieve pioneering accomplishments, and making reform and opening up the most distinctive feature and most magnificent scene in contemporary China. The Communist Party of China is the initiator and trailblazer of the cause of reform and opening up. Continuously improving the Party’s ability and level in leading reform is the most important reason and the most fundamental experience for the great achievements of reform and opening up. Xi Jinping systematically summarized the valuable experience accumulated over forty years of reform and opening up, in which “we must uphold the Party’s leadership over all work and constantly strengthen and improve the Party’s leadership” was listed as the first of nine experiences. He profoundly pointed out: “It is precisely because we have always adhered to the Party’s centralized and unified leadership that we have been able to achieve a great historical turning point, open a new era of reform and opening up and a new journey of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and successfully respond to a series of major risks and challenges and overcome countless difficulties and obstacles.” The Communist Party of China has a profound insight into the trends of the times, effectively grasps the future and destiny of the Party and the state, scientifically summarizes the historical experience of socialist modernization, systematically understands the expectations and needs of the broadest masses of the people, continuously deepens the scientific understanding of the laws of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, and constantly improves the Party’s ability to lead reform and opening up, providing the most solid political guarantee for the smooth progress of reform and opening up.

党领导人民开启了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大征程，推动改革开放取得了开创性成就，使改革开放成为当代中国最显著的特征、最壮丽的气象。中国共产党是改革开放事业的发起者和开拓者，不断提高党领导改革的能力和水平，是改革开放取得伟大成就最重要的原因和最根本的经验。习近平系统总结了改革开放四十年积累的宝贵经验，其中“必须坚持党对一切工作的领导，不断加强和改善党的领导”被列为九条经验中的第一条，并深刻指出：“正是因为始终坚持党的集中统一领导，我们才能实现伟大历史转折、开启改革开放新时期和中华民族伟大复兴新征程，才能成功应对一系列重大风险挑战、克服无数艰难险阻”。中国共产党深刻洞察时代发展潮流，有效把握党和国家前途命运，科学总结社会主义现代化建设历史经验，系统体悟最广大人民群众的期盼和需要，不断深化对改革开放和社会主义现代化建设规律的科学认识，不断提高党领导改革开放的能力，为顺利推进改革开放提供了最坚实的政治保证。

Reviewing the history of reform and opening up, the Party led the people in formulating the basic line for the primary stage of socialism and the “three-step” strategy [n], clarifying goals, establishing principles, and planning blueprints for reform and opening up. The Communist Party of China promoted reforms such as the household contract responsibility system, the reform of state-owned enterprises, the reform of the leadership system of the Party and the state, and the reform of the socialist market economy system, continuously expanding the fields of reform and optimizing reform measures, implementing great changes of far-reaching historical significance in Chinese society, and laying an important foundation for the “two major miracles” of rapid economic development and long-term social stability [n]. It is precisely because the Communist Party of China has always improved its leadership level in accordance with changes in the situation and the requirements of the times, and continuously promoted practical, theoretical, and institutional innovation in reform and opening up, that the great cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics has achieved a qualitative leap. As an extremely arduous pioneering undertaking, reform and opening up is highly systematic and complex. Only by continuously improving the Party’s leadership level can we correctly respond to the dynamic and diverse internal and external development environment, continuously enhance the strategic confidence and political resolve of reform and opening up, coordinate and balance various intricate interest relations, effectively mobilize and fully stimulate the enthusiasm, initiative, and creativity of all sectors of society in promoting socialist modernization, and resolutely eliminate the institutional and mechanistic obstacles hindering the reform process, comprehensively promoting deep-level reform and high-level opening up.

回顾改革开放的历史，党领导人民制定社会主义初级阶段的基本路线、“三步走”战略，为改革开放明确目标、确立原则、规划蓝图。中国共产党推进家庭联产承包责任制改革、国有企业改革、党和国家领导制度改革、社会主义市场经济体制改革等，不断拓展改革的领域，优化改革的举措，在中国社会实施了具有深远历史意义的伟大变革，奠定了经济快速发展和社会长期稳定“两大奇迹”的重要基础。正是由于中国共产党始终根据形势变化和时代要求提升领导水平，不断推进改革开放的实践创新、理论创新和制度创新，才使得中国特色社会主义伟大事业实现了质的飞跃。作为一项极其艰巨的开创性事业，改革开放具有高度的系统性和复杂性。只有不断提升党的领导水平，才能正确应对多元动态的内外发展环境，不断增强改革开放的战略自信和政治定力，才能统筹协调各种错综复杂的利益关系，有效动员和充分激发社会各方面推进社会主义现代化建设的积极性、主动性、创造性，才能坚决破除阻碍改革进程的体制机制障碍，统筹推进深层次改革和高水平开放。

In the New Era of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Communist Party of China led the people in scientifically grasping the current situation and trends facing reform, continuously deepening the understanding of the laws of reform, and embarking on a new journey of comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era. In November 2013, the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee [n], proceeding from enhancing the systemic, holistic, and coordinated nature of reform, proposed the overall goal of comprehensively deepening reform, made detailed arrangements for the important areas and key links of comprehensively deepening reform, and clarified the task book, timetable, and construction blueprint for comprehensively deepening reform, providing theoretical guidance and practical direction for promoting the stable progress of comprehensively deepening reform. Thanks to the continuous improvement of the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform, reform has undergone a transformation from local exploration and breakthrough to systemic integration and comprehensive deepening, and the relevance, linkage, holism, and coordination of various reform measures have been significantly enhanced. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee [n] made a scientific top-level design and overall plan for further comprehensively deepening reform, clarifying the guiding ideology, important principles, strategic priorities, order of precedence, main direction of attack, and working mechanisms for further comprehensively deepening reform. Reform is advancing in a direction that places greater emphasis on highlighting key points, systemic integration, and focusing on practical results. The level of the Communist Party of China in overall design, overall coordination, overall promotion, and supervision and implementation of major measures for comprehensively deepening reform has been continuously improved. The successful experience of China’s reform and opening up shows that the Communist Party of China is the anchor that ensures the ship of reform and opening up braves wind and rain and cleaves through waves in a world full of uncertainty. Continuously improving the Party’s overall leadership level and long-term governance capacity is the core secret of reform and opening up achieving historic feats.

在中国特色社会主义新时代，中国共产党领导人民科学把握改革面临的时与势，不断深化对改革的规律性认识，开启了新时代全面深化改革的新征程。2013年11月，党的十八届三中全会从增强改革的系统性、整体性、协同性出发，提出了全面深化改革总目标，对全面深化改革的重要领域和关键环节进行了精密部署，明确了全面深化改革的任务书、时间表、施工图，为推动全面深化改革平稳运行提供了理论指导和实践指南。得益于党对全面深化改革领导水平的持续提升，改革实现了从局部探索、破冰突围到系统集成、全面深化的转变，各项改革举措的关联性、联动性、整体性、协同性显著增强。党的二十届三中全会对进一步全面深化改革作出了科学的顶层设计和总体谋划，明确了进一步全面深化改革的指导思想、重要原则、战略重点、优先顺序、主攻方向和工作机制等，改革朝着更加突出重点、更加系统集成、更加注重实效的方向推进，中国共产党总体设计、统筹协调、整体推进和督促落实全面深化改革重大举措的水平持续提升。中国改革开放的成功经验表明，中国共产党是在充满不确定性的世界中确保改革开放航船栉风沐雨、劈波斩浪的定海神针，不断提高党的全面领导水平和长期执政能力是改革开放取得历史性伟业的核心奥秘。

(3) The Practical Logic of Fulfilling the Party’s Mission and Responsibility in the New Era and New Journey

（三）履行新时代新征程党的使命责任的实践逻辑

Mission and responsibility are the fundamental driving forces that inspire Chinese Communists to lead the people in revolution, construction, and reform, and are also the source of the Party’s spiritual strength in promoting comprehensively deepening reform. As a Marxist political party in long-term governance, the nature and purpose of the Communist Party of China not only determine that it must represent the fundamental interests of the broadest masses of the people, but also must shoulder the major responsibility of leading comprehensively deepening reform, using comprehensively deepening reform to open up broad prospects for the great cause of national rejuvenation. The central task and governing mission of the Party in the New Era and new journey is to comprehensively promote the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese-path modernization, and comprehensively deepening reform is the fundamental path to smoothly advancing Chinese-path modernization. The distinctive characteristics of the Communist Party of China as a mission-oriented, transformative, and vanguard political party endow the Party with strong legitimacy and effectiveness in leading comprehensively deepening reform.

使命与责任是激励中国共产党人带领人民进行革命、建设和改革的根本动力，也是党推动全面深化改革的精神力量之所在。作为长期执政的马克思主义政党，中国共产党的性质宗旨不仅决定其要代表最广大人民群众的根本利益，而且还必须肩负起领导全面深化改革的重大责任，以全面深化改革为民族复兴伟业开辟广阔前景。新时代新征程党的中心任务和执政使命就是要以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴，而全面深化改革则是顺利推进中国式现代化的根本途径。中国共产党作为使命型、变革型、先锋型政党的鲜明特质，赋予党领导全面深化改革以强大的正当性和有效性。

On the one hand, effectively fulfilling the Party’s mission and responsibilities in the New Era and the new journey is the goal orientation for improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensive deepening of reform. In the course of its long-term development, the Chinese Communist Party has integrated mission and responsibility into the Party’s genes, running through all aspects and dimensions of Party leadership. The Chinese Communist Party, with a great historical initiative, closely combines historical mission with the responsibilities of the times, proposes corresponding central tasks at each historical stage according to the characteristics of the times and actual national conditions, and steadily takes every step toward realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Currently, we are in a critical period of comprehensively advancing the building of a strong country and the great cause of national rejuvenation through Chinese-path modernization. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has made systematic arrangements for comprehensive deepening of reform, clarified the overall requirements and key areas of comprehensive deepening of reform, and mobilized Party members, cadres, and the masses to effectively transform the strategic deployment of comprehensive deepening of reform into a powerful force and vivid practice for advancing Chinese-path modernization. At the same time, the Party’s mission and responsibility are an important driving force that inspires the Party to face the risks and challenges of reform and resolve the various complex contradictions in the reform process. Huntington pointed out: “The reformer’s path is difficult. The problems they face are more difficult than those of the revolutionary.” The difficulties encountered in comprehensive deepening of reform are greater, the resistance is more numerous, and the interest barriers and institutional and mechanistic obstacles that need to be broken through are more formidable. Driven by mission and responsibility, the Chinese Communist Party uses the scientific methodology of Marxism to grasp the reform process, strengthens strategic foresight and scientific prediction of complex situations, and effectively enhances its ability and level to steer complex reform situations and effectively lead the reform process.

一方面，有效履行新时代新征程党的使命责任是提高党对全面深化改革领导水平的目标指向。中国共产党在长期发展过程中，已经将使命和责任融入政党基因，贯穿于党的领导的全过程、各方面。中国共产党以伟大的历史主动精神将历史使命与时代责任紧密结合，根据时代特点和实际国情在各个历史阶段提出相应的中心任务，扎实走好实现中华民族伟大复兴的每一步。当前，正处于以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期，以习近平同志为核心的党中央对全面深化改革作出系统部署，明确全面深化改革的总体要求和重点领域，动员广大党员干部和人民群众切实把全面深化改革的战略部署转化为推进中国式现代化的强大力量和生动实践。同时，党的使命责任是激励党能够直面改革风险挑战、化解改革过程中各种复杂矛盾的重要动力。亨廷顿指出：“改革者的道路是艰难的。他们所面临的问题比革命者更为困难”。全面深化改革遇到的困难更大、阻力更多、需要突破的利益藩篱和体制机制障碍更为艰巨。在使命与责任的驱使下，中国共产党运用马克思主义科学方法论把握改革进程，加强对复杂形势的战略前瞻和科学预判，有力提升了驾驭复杂改革局面、有效领导改革进程的能力和水平。

On the other hand, the Party’s mission and responsibility contain the practical requirements for continuously improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensive deepening of reform. As the world’s largest ruling party with significant global influence, the Chinese Communist Party always stands on the side of historical correctness and human progress, bearing the responsibilities of a political party in guiding direction, building consensus, promoting development, strengthening cooperation, and improving governance. To effectively fulfill the Party’s ruling mission and assume its party responsibilities, it is necessary to maintain and develop its advanced nature and purity, deepen the reform of the Party’s institutional system, comprehensively strengthen the Party’s political, ideological, organizational, conduct, discipline, and institutional building, intensify the fight against corruption, lead the great social revolution through the Party’s great self-revolution, enhance the Party’s leadership level in the process of comprehensive deepening of reform, and use the improvement of the Party’s leadership level to forcefully promote the process of comprehensive deepening of reform. Our country is still in the primary stage of socialism and will remain so for a long time. Only by continuously advancing comprehensive deepening of reform and constantly eliminating institutional and mechanistic drawbacks that are unsuitable for economic and social development can the Party and the country continuously radiate vitality and vigor. The Chinese Communist Party must strengthen Party building with the spirit of reform and innovation, continuously carry out self-revolution in the process of comprehensive deepening of reform, constantly reform and improve the Party’s leadership and governance methods, and build the world’s most powerful Marxist ruling party. More importantly, comprehensive deepening of reform is a profound revolution. Only by adhering to its own mission and responsibility, continuously improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensive deepening of reform, breaking through the shackles of ideological concepts and the solidified barriers of interests, systematically promoting deep changes in various fields and levels, and constantly realizing the self-improvement and development of the socialist system, can the Chinese Communist Party continuously enhance the actual effectiveness of comprehensive deepening of reform.

另一方面，党的使命责任蕴含着不断提升党对全面深化改革领导水平的实践要求。作为具有重大全球影响力的世界第一大执政党，中国共产党始终站在历史正确和人类进步的一边，担负着引领方向、凝聚共识、促进发展、加强合作、完善治理等政党责任。要有效履行党的执政使命和承担党的政党责任，就必须保持并发展自身的先进性和纯洁性，深化党的建设制度改革，全面加强党的政治建设、思想建设、组织建设、作风建设、纪律建设、制度建设，加大反腐败斗争的力度，以党的伟大自我革命引领伟大社会革命，在全面深化改革的过程中提升党的领导水平，以党的领导水平的提高有力推动全面深化改革的进程。我国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段，只有持续推进全面深化改革，不断革除不适应经济社会发展需要的体制机制弊端，才能使党和国家不断焕发生机与活力。中国共产党要以改革创新精神加强党的建设，在全面深化改革的进程中不断进行自我革命，不断改革和完善党的领导方式和执政方式，建设世界上最强大的马克思主义执政党。更重要的是，全面深化改革是一场深刻的革命。中国共产党唯有坚守自身的使命责任，不断提高党对全面深化改革的领导水平，冲破思想观念束缚和突破利益固化藩篱，系统推进各领域、各层面的深度变革，不断实现社会主义制度的自我完善和发展，才能持续提升全面深化改革的实效。

II. The Internal Mechanism of Improving the Party’s Leadership Level Acting on Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

二、提高党的领导水平作用于全面深化改革的内在机理

As the supreme political leadership force, the Chinese Communist Party undertakes the important responsibilities of setting the direction, managing the overall situation, making decisions, promoting reform, and ensuring implementation in comprehensive deepening of reform. Improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensive deepening of reform can give full play to the role of centralized and unified leadership, ensuring that comprehensive deepening of reform always advances along the correct political direction; give full play to the role of overall coordination, ensuring that policies in all aspects of comprehensive deepening of reform are interconnected and mutually reinforcing; adhere to improving institutions and mechanisms, providing legal basis and institutional guarantees for comprehensive deepening of reform; adhere to promoting reform and ensuring implementation, ensuring that various reform measures can be implemented and achieve tangible results.

作为最高政治领导力量，中国共产党在全面深化改革中承担着把方向、管大局、作决策、促改革、保落实的重要职责。提高党对全面深化改革的领导水平，能够充分发挥集中统一领导作用，确保全面深化改革始终沿着正确政治方向前进；充分发挥统筹协调作用，确保全面深化改革各方面政策相互衔接、相互促进；坚持完善体制机制，为全面深化改革提供法理依据和制度保障；坚持促改革、保落实，确保各项改革举措能够落到实处、见到实效。

(I) Clarifying the Direction and Path of Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

（一）明确全面深化改革的方向和道路

Comprehensive deepening of reform is a great revolution to promote the self-improvement and development of the socialist system. It must adhere to the correct direction and advance along the correct path. The internal mechanism of improving the Party’s leadership level acting on comprehensive deepening of reform lies first in ensuring the correct direction and correct path of comprehensive deepening of reform. Xi Jinping pointed out that reform and opening up is “directional, principled, and has a standpoint.” That is to say, “no matter how reform is carried out, fundamental things such as adhering to the Party’s overall leadership, adhering to Marxism, adhering to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and adhering to the people’s democratic dictatorship must never be shaken.” Among these, adhering to the Party’s leadership occupies a core position among these fundamental principles. Only by adhering to and improving the Party’s leadership can the other fundamental principles be guaranteed not to waver. Reform and opening up has gone through a course of more than 40 years, especially after the comprehensive deepening of reform in the New Era, and has now entered the deepest part of the reform’s deep-water zone. It is precisely because of always adhering to the Party’s overall leadership over reform that reform and opening up has always advanced along the correct socialist political direction and on the correct path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

全面深化改革是推进社会主义制度自我完善和发展的伟大革命，必须坚持正确方向，沿着正确道路推进。提高党的领导水平作用于全面深化改革的内在机理，首先在于确保全面深化改革的正确方向和正确道路。习近平指出，改革开放是“有方向、有立场、有原则的”。也就是说，“改革无论怎么改，坚持党的全面领导、坚持马克思主义、坚持中国特色社会主义道路、坚持人民民主专政等根本的东西绝对不能动摇”。其中，坚持党的领导在这些根本原则中居于核心地位。只有坚持和改善党的领导，才能保证其他根本原则不动摇。改革开放已经走过40多年的历程，尤其是经过新时代的全面深化改革，当前已经进入改革深水区的最深处。正是始终坚持党对改革的全面领导，改革开放才始终沿着社会主义的正确政治方向、在中国特色社会主义的正确道路上前进。

The Chinese Communist Party is the leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and is the blueprint designer, strategic leader, and practical promoter of comprehensive deepening of reform and the cause of advancing Chinese-path modernization. Deng Xiaoping pointed out: “Fundamentally speaking, without the Party’s leadership, there would be no modern China.” Only by continuously improving the Party’s leadership level can we scientifically grasp major theoretical and practical issues such as “why to reform,” “where to reform,” and “how to reform,” ensuring that reform never changes its nature, deviates from its course, or loses its effectiveness. Specifically, this includes: (1) Firmly and continuously promoting the strategic resolve for reform and opening up, ensuring the banner does not change. The Chinese Communist Party deeply recognizes that reform and opening up is a great revolution that promotes the continuous leap forward of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. It is precisely because of adhering to the correct political direction of reform that the Party and the country have achieved world-renowned historic achievements in many fields such as the economy, politics, culture, people’s livelihood, ecology, and Party building. Based on a profound insight into the laws of reform, the Party has put forward the requirement to unswervingly hold high the banner of reform and opening up, consciously place reform in a more prominent position, and use the achievements of comprehensive deepening of reform to boost Chinese-path modernization. (2) Adhering to the bottom line and boundaries of comprehensive deepening of reform, ensuring the path does not change. It is precisely based on the Party’s profound understanding of the essential laws of reform that the Party has clarified that the foothold of comprehensive deepening of reform lies in adapting to the scientific laws of the movement of the basic contradictions of our society, releasing vitality in all aspects through reform, and ultimately achieving high-quality development. Improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensive deepening of reform can ensure that reform always advances along the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics. (3) Scientifically formulating the vision and goals of comprehensive deepening of reform, ensuring the standpoint does not change. The people’s standpoint is the fundamental political standpoint of the Chinese Communist Party. The “Decision” [7]7 The “Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-style Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC in July 2024. takes a people-centered approach as the fundamental standpoint and important principle of comprehensive deepening of reform, requiring “respecting the principal position of the people and their pioneering spirit, responding to the people’s calls with reform, so that reform is for the people, relies on the people, and the fruits of reform are shared by the people.” The nature, purpose, original aspiration, founding mission, and governance philosophy of the Chinese Communist Party determine that comprehensive deepening of reform always adheres to a people-centered value orientation. The starting point and foothold of reform are to respond to the new expectations of the people and to allow the fruits of modernization to benefit all the people more and more fairly. Improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensive deepening of reform can ensure that all reform measures are always based on the people’s standpoint and subject to the people’s supervision and evaluation.

中国共产党是中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心，是全面深化改革和推进中国式现代化事业的蓝图擘画者、战略引领者和实践推动者。邓小平指出：“从根本上说，没有党的领导，就没有现代中国的一切。”只有不断提高党的领导水平，才能科学把握“为什么改”“往哪里改”“怎么改”等重大理论和实践问题，确保改革始终不变质、不走样、有实效。具体包括：（1）坚定持续推动改革开放的战略定力，确保旗帜不变。中国共产党深刻认识到，改革开放是推动中国特色社会主义事业实现不断飞跃的伟大革命。正是出于对改革正确政治方向的坚守，党和国家才得以在经济、政治、文化、民生、生态以及党的建设等众多领域取得举世瞩目的历史性成就。党基于对改革规律的深刻洞察，提出了坚定不移高举改革开放旗帜的要求，自觉把改革摆在更加突出的位置，以全面深化改革的成就助推中国式现代化。（2）坚守全面深化改革的底线与边界，确保道路不变。正是基于党对改革本质规律的深刻认识，党明确了全面深化改革的立足点在于适应我国社会基本矛盾运动的科学规律，通过改革释放各方面的活力，最终实现高质量发展。提高党对全面深化改革的领导水平，能够确保改革始终沿着中国特色社会主义道路前进。（3）科学制定全面深化改革的愿景目标，确保立场不变。人民立场是中国共产党的根本政治立场。《决定》将以人民为中心作为全面深化改革的根本立场和重要原则，要求“尊重人民主体地位和首创精神，人民有所呼、改革有所应，做到改革为了人民、改革依靠人民、改革成果由人民共享”。中国共产党的性质宗旨、初心使命、执政理念决定了全面深化改革始终坚持以人民为中心的价值取向，改革的出发点和落脚点都是为了回应人民群众的新期待，让现代化建设成果更多更公平惠及全体人民。提高党对全面深化改革的领导水平，能够确保所有改革举措能够始终基于人民立场，接受人民的监督和评价。

(II) Optimizing the Strategies and Tactics of Comprehensive Deepening of Reform

（二）优化全面深化改革的战略和策略

Strategy and tactics are powerful weapons for the Party to lead the people in transforming the world and promoting development. Organically combining the principled nature of strategy with the flexibility of tactics is an important secret to the great achievements of the Communist Party of China in leading the people in comprehensively deepening reform. The key to improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensive deepening of reform lies in constantly optimizing the combination of reform strategies and tactics. The Communist Party of China is a political party that attaches great importance to strategic thinking. Mao Zedong emphasized that leaders must not lack “strategic thinking”; “when a strategic guide is in a certain strategic stage, he should calculate for many subsequent stages, or at least for the next stage.” [8]8 Mao Zedong, “Problems of Strategy in China’s Revolutionary War” (December 1936), *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, Vol. 1. The strategic thinking ability of leaders means focusing more on the overall and long-term, paying attention to the relationship between the whole and the parts, making decisions based on overall considerations, and also focusing on the relationship between the present and the future, making scientific judgments on the basis of seeing through historical development trends. Xi Jinping pointed out: “Tactics provide scientific methods for the implementation of strategy.” [9]9 Xi Jinping, speech at the opening ceremony of a seminar for provincial and ministerial-level leading cadres on studying and implementing the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee (January 11, 2021). In the New Era and new journey, the environmental conditions for implementing the strategy of comprehensively deepening reform are constantly changing, and new situations and new problems are encountered at every moment. The entire Party must bear in mind the “greatest concerns of the nation,” [10]10 “The greatest concerns of the nation” (国之大者) is a phrase Xi Jinping has used to refer to the most fundamental and overarching interests and tasks of the Party and the state, which all Party members and officials must keep firmly in mind. raise the political stance, establish a global vision, and grasp strategic initiative while being flexible and adaptable, adjusting measures to local conditions, acting according to the situation, and following the trend.

战略与策略是党领导人民改造世界和推动发展的有力武器，把战略的原则性和策略的灵活性有机结合起来，是中国共产党领导人民取得全面深化改革伟大成就的重要秘诀。提高党对全面深化改革的领导水平，关键在于不断优化改革的战略和策略组合。中国共产党是一个高度重视战略思维的政党。毛泽东强调，领导者不能缺乏“战略头脑”，“战略指导者当其处在一个战略阶段时，应该计算到往后多数阶段，至少也应计算到下一个阶段。”领导者的战略思维能力就是要更多聚焦全局性与长远性，既要关注到整体与部分之间的关系，基于全局性考量做出决策，也要关注到现在与未来之间的关系，在透视历史发展趋势的基础上作出科学预判。习近平指出：“策略为战略实施提供科学方法。”新时代新征程实施全面深化改革战略的环境条件随时都在发生变化，每时每刻都会遇到新情况新问题，全党必须胸怀“国之大者”，提高政治站位，树立世界眼光，在灵活机动、因地制宜、因势而动、顺势而为中把握战略主动。

The improvement of the Party’s leadership level provides strong support for further optimizing reform strategies and tactics. These specifically include: (1) The CPC’s scientific assessment of complex situations provides the premise and foundation for correctly formulating reform strategies and tactics. The Party’s strategic understanding of the general trend of domestic and international development, its in-depth understanding of the trends and characteristics of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, its deep insight into the people’s new expectations regarding reform, and its rational reflection on the successful experience of over forty years of reform and opening up and the new characteristics of further comprehensively deepening reform on the new journey, constitute the scientific basis for formulating reform strategies and tactics. (2) The Party’s systematic grasp of the pain points and difficult issues in the reform process effectively enhances the pertinence and effectiveness of the strategies and tactics for comprehensively deepening reform. Xi Jinping has profound insights into the prominent issues of comprehensively deepening reform, and from this proposes the focal points for comprehensively deepening reform, namely, “focusing on solving the blocking and jamming issues that restrict the construction of a new development pattern and promote high-quality development, the pain points and difficult issues in the development environment and people’s livelihood, the focal and hot issues that run counter to social fairness and justice, effectively preventing and defusing major risks, and continuously adding momentum and vitality to economic and social development.” [11]11 Xi Jinping, “Explanation of the ‘CPC Central Committee Decision on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization’” (July 15, 2024). These key and difficult issues in economic and social development are the main targets of comprehensively deepening reform. Improving the Party’s leadership level and enhancing the Party’s ability to grasp the prominent contradictions and problems in comprehensively deepening reform provides scientific guidance for continuously optimizing reform strategies and tactics. (3) The CPC’s unique national strategic planning system provides institutional guarantees and work guidelines for optimizing reform strategies and tactics. Formulating and organizing the implementation of major reform strategic plans is a profound manifestation of the CPC’s leadership in comprehensively deepening reform, and is also an effective way to ensure that comprehensively deepening reform gets off to a good start, proceeds steadily, and advances continuously. From the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee, to the Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee, and then to the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee, every major reform strategic plan has been formulated and implemented in an orderly manner under the strong leadership of the Party. Compiling and implementing medium- and long-term plans for national economic and social development, and clarifying the overall goals, basic principles, and phased tasks of comprehensively deepening reform, are likewise a concentrated manifestation and vivid practice of the Party’s leadership in optimizing reform strategies and tactics.

党的领导水平的提升，为进一步优化改革战略和策略提供了有力支撑。具体包括：（1）中国共产党对复杂形势的科学研判为正确制定改革战略策略提供了前提和基础。党对国内外发展大势的战略认识，对新一轮科技革命和产业变革趋势和特征的深度了解，对人民群众关于改革全新期待的深入体察，对改革开放四十多年成功经验和新征程进一步全面深化改革全新特点的理性省思，是制定改革战略策略的科学依据。（2）党对改革过程中痛点难点问题的系统把握，有效提升了全面深化改革战略策略的针对性与有效性。习近平对全面深化改革的突出问题有着深刻洞察，并由此提出全面深化改革的着力点，即“着力解决制约构建新发展格局和推动高质量发展的卡点堵点问题、发展环境和民生领域的痛点难点问题、有悖社会公平正义的焦点热点问题，有效防范化解重大风险，不断为经济社会发展增动力、添活力。”这些经济社会发展中的重点难点问题，就是全面深化改革的主要对象。提高党的领导水平，提高党对全面深化改革中突出矛盾和问题的把握能力，就为不断优化改革的战略策略提供了科学指导。（3）中国共产党独特的国家战略规划体系为优化改革战略策略提供制度保障和工作遵循。制定并组织实施重大改革战略规划是中国共产党领导全面深化改革的深刻体现，也是确保全面深化改革开好局、起好步、蹄疾步稳持续推进的有效途径。从党的十一届三中全会，到党的十八届三中全会，再到党的二十届三中全会，每一项重大改革战略规划都是在党的坚强领导下制定并有序实施的。编制和实施国民经济和社会发展的中长期规划，明确全面深化改革的总目标、基本原则和阶段性任务，同样是党的领导在优化改革战略策略方面的集中体现和鲜活实践。

(3) Improving the Policies and Institutions for Comprehensively Deepening Reform

（三）完善全面深化改革的政策和制度

Policy is the lifeblood of the Party. Institutions are fundamental and overall issues concerning the development of the Party and the state. The key to improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform lies in constantly improving the reform policies and institutional arrangements. That is to say, the Party uses various means and methods to mobilize various political forces, political facilities, political resources, etc., to provide effective public policies and scientifically reasonable institutional arrangements for comprehensively deepening reform. The CPC incorporates comprehensively deepening reform into the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, deploys reform tasks within the overall plan for promoting the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan, formulates and continuously optimizes reform policies and related systems based on feedback on the practical effectiveness of reform measures, and provides solid policy and institutional guarantees for the smooth advancement of comprehensively deepening reform.

政策是党的生命。制度是关系党和国家事业发展的根本性、全局性问题。提高党对全面深化改革的领导水平，重点在于不断完善改革的政策和制度安排。也就是说，党通过各种方式和手段调动各种政治力量、政治设施、政治资源等，为全面深化改革提供有效的公共政策和科学合理的制度安排。中国共产党将全面深化改革纳入“四个全面”战略布局，在统筹推进“五位一体”总体布局中部署改革任务，依据改革举措的实践成效反馈制定并持续优化改革政策及相关制度，为顺利推进全面深化改革提供坚实的政策和制度保障。

On the one hand, the CPC has set up specialized leading bodies at the central level responsible for studying major reform issues and deploying reform policies, providing top-level design for the in-depth advancement of reform. In December 2013, the CPC established a leading body at the level of the Party Central Committee specifically responsible for reform work—the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reform. After the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee, it was renamed the Central Commission for Comprehensively Deepening Reform, with Xi Jinping personally serving as its director. This body has clear functions, a complete organization, and stable operation, becoming a strong central hub for scientifically formulating reform policies. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, a total of 72 meetings of the Central Commission (Leading Group) for Comprehensively Deepening Reform have been held, reviewing and approving over 600 reform documents, guiding the introduction of more than 3,000 reform plans across various fields, providing all-round and whole-process guidance for the formulation, implementation, and supervision of reform policies. The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee further proposed over 300 major reform measures involving people’s livelihood areas such as employment, education, medical care, and elderly care, as well as institutional construction in various fields, providing fundamental guidelines and action guides for various regions and departments to formulate corresponding reform policies. In addition, by establishing and improving policy coordination mechanisms, the uniformity, coordination, and complementarity between macro policies and micro policies, reform policies and other policies, and different reform policies have been enhanced, providing a strong guarantee for ensuring that various reform policies can achieve maximum effectiveness in practice.

一方面，中国共产党在中央层面设置负责研究重大改革议题并部署改革政策的专门领导机构，为改革纵深推进提供顶层设计。2013年12月，中国共产党在党中央层面设置专司改革工作的领导机构——中央全面深化改革领导小组，党的十九届三中全会后，更名为中央全面深化改革委员会，由习近平亲自担任主任。这一机构职能明确，组织完善，运行稳定，成为科学制定改革政策的坚强中枢。党的十八大以来，共开展72次中央深改委（组）会议，审议通过超过600份改革文件，指引各方面出台3000多项改革方案，为改革政策的制定、执行和监督提供了全方位、全过程引领。党的二十届三中全会进一步提出了300多项涉及就业、教育、医疗、养老等民生领域以及各领域制度建设的重大改革措施，为各地区各部门制定相应的改革政策提供了根本遵循和行动指南。另外，通过建立和完善政策统筹协调机制，提升了宏观政策与微观政策、改革政策与其他政策、不同改革政策之间的统一性、协调性和互补性，为确保各项改革政策在实践中能够发挥出最大效用提供了有力保障。

On the other hand, the CPC has already built an institutional framework for leading comprehensively deepening reform, with various institutional mechanisms becoming more mature and more finalized. These specifically include: (1) The Party’s leadership over the state system. The Constitution and the Party Constitution clarify the leadership position of the Party, pointing out that the leadership of the CPC is the most essential feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics, becoming the direct institutional basis for improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform. (2) Reform decision-making mechanisms. The *Decision* [of the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee] points out: “Adhere to the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee over further comprehensively deepening reform. The Party Central Committee leads the overall design, overall coordination, and overall advancement of reform.” [12]12 “CPC Central Committee Decision on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee (July 2024). By establishing and improving systems and mechanisms such as the system for expert participation in public decision-making, the mechanism for consultation before decision-making, the mechanism for major decision-making consultation and evaluation, and the mechanism for generating key reform plans, the scientific nature, precision, and feasibility of decision-making are enhanced. (3) Overall coordination mechanisms. Adhere to the principle of combining central overall planning with local responsibility, and continuously improve the level of central-local overall coordination of reform plans. Strictly implement the fundamental organizational principle and leadership system of democratic centralism, achieving overall planning, coordinated linkage, and vertical connection between central and local reform ideas and reform plans. Break down departmental segmentation, forming regional horizontal linkages of reform plans and measures. Through the Party committee (Party group) system, leading group system, and line-item management system, achieve the Party organization’s leadership over other institutions and organizations at the same level, thereby achieving work coordination, policy linkage, and resource integration for comprehensively deepening reform. (4) Supervision and inspection mechanisms. Adhere to the interlocking and joint exertion of implementation, supervision, and accountability to enhance the effectiveness of reform. Form a mechanism for implementing important reform measures, incorporating the implementation of major reforms into the content of supervision, inspection, and disciplinary inspection tours; improve the Party and state supervision system, fully releasing the positive energy and deterrent power of supervision; improve a responsibility system with clear subjects and requirements, improve the precise accountability mechanism, and continuously enhance the precision and effectiveness of reform accountability.

另一方面，中国共产党已经搭建起领导全面深化改革的制度框架，各方面制度机制更加成熟、更加定型。具体包括：（1）党领导国家体制。宪法和党章明确了党的领导地位，指出中国共产党的领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征，成为提高党对全面深化改革领导水平的直接制度依据。（2）改革决策机制。《决定》指出：“坚持党中央对进一步全面深化改革的集中统一领导。党中央领导改革的总体设计、统筹协调、整体推进。”通过建立健全专家参与公共决策制度、协商于决策之前机制、重大决策咨询评估机制、重点改革方案生成机制等制度机制提升决策的科学性、精准性、可行性。（3）统筹协调机制。坚持中央统筹与地方负责有机结合的原则，不断提升改革方案的央地统筹协调水平。严格实施民主集中制的根本组织原则和领导制度，实现中央和地方在改革思路和改革方案上的统筹规划、协同联动、上下衔接。打破条块分割，形成改革方案和措施的区域性横向联动。通过党委（党组）制、领导小组制度和归口管理制度等实现党组织对同层级其他机构和组织的领导，从而实现全面深化改革的工作协同、政策联动和资源整合。（4）督办督察机制。坚持执行、监督、问责环环相扣、共同发力，以增强改革的实效性。形成重要改革举措落实机制，把重大改革落实情况纳入监督检查和巡视巡察内容；完善党和国家监督体系，充分释放监督正能量和威慑力；健全主体明确、要求清晰的责任体系，健全精准问责机制，不断增强改革问责的精准性和实效性。

(4) Consolidating the Organizational Guarantee and Talent Support for Comprehensively Deepening Reform

（四）夯实全面深化改革的组织保证和人才支撑

The Chinese Communist Party’s notable organizational advantages, along with a large contingent of high-quality, specialized cadres and talent, constitute an important support for advancing comprehensively deepening reform. The internal mechanism by which improving the Party’s leadership level acts on comprehensively deepening reform ultimately settles on consolidating the organizational guarantee and talent support for comprehensively deepening reform. Improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform means constantly perfecting an organizational system that is connected from top to bottom and effective in execution, providing a strong organizational guarantee for reform policies and measures to reach the grassroots and take root in people’s hearts. At the same time, adhering to the principles of the Party managing cadres and the Party managing talent provides ample cadre and talent support for comprehensively deepening reform.

中国共产党显著的组织优势，以及一大批高素质专业化的干部队伍和人才队伍，构成了推进全面深化改革的重要支撑。提高党的领导水平作用于全面深化改革的内在机理，最终落脚于夯实全面深化改革的组织保证和人才支撑。提高党对全面深化改革的领导水平，就是要不断完善上下贯通、执行有力的组织体系，为各项改革政策和措施深入基层、深入人心提供坚强组织保证。同时，坚持党管干部、党管人才原则，为全面深化改革提供充沛的干部和人才支持。

The Party’s strength comes from organization. As a unique advantage of a Marxist political party, a tight organizational system provides a strong organizational guarantee for the implementation and realization of the tasks of comprehensively deepening reform. The Chinese Communist Party has now developed into a vast organizational system, including 3,199 local Party committees, 5.176 million primary-level Party organizations, and 99.185 million Party members. The supporting role of the Party’s organizational system for comprehensively deepening reform is specifically reflected in: (1) The centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee over comprehensively deepening reform is the key to the whole Party maintaining unity, solidarity, and strong combat effectiveness. Xi Jinping emphasizes: “Perfect the Party’s leadership institutional system that commands the overall situation and coordinates all parties, improve the implementation mechanism for the Party Central Committee’s major decisions and deployments, ensure the whole Party maintains a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee in political stance, political direction, political principles, and political path, and ensure the Party’s unity and solidarity.” [13]13 Xi Jinping, “Hold High the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Strive in Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Respects – Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,” October 16, 2022. The Party Central Committee points out the direction and goals for comprehensively deepening reform, gathering ideological consensus and joint action. (2) Local Party organizations with strong executive ability are an important force for advancing the implementation of reform tasks. Local Party organizations are the bridges and bonds that achieve connection from top to bottom; they can integrate the Party Central Committee’s decisions and deployments on comprehensively deepening reform into policy measures and working mechanisms, realizing the effective transformation of reform from theory to practice. (3) Strong and solid primary-level Party organizations are the fighting bastions for advancing the implementation of reform tasks. The Chinese Communist Party adapts to changes in the situation and tasks, continuously strengthens Party building in emerging fields, fills gaps in primary-level Party building, extends the Party’s organizational and work reach to all fields, aspects, and groups of grassroots society, and provides an organizational foundation for mobilizing and rallying the broadest masses of the people to participate in and advance reform.

党的力量来自组织。作为马克思主义政党的独特优势，严密的组织体系为全面深化改革任务落实落地提供了坚强组织保证。中国共产党目前已发展成为一个庞大的组织体系，包括3199个地方党委和517.6万个基层党组织和9918.5万名党员。党的组织体系对于全面深化改革的支撑作用具体体现在：（1）党中央对全面深化改革的集中统一领导是全党保持团结一致和强大战斗力的关键所在。习近平强调：“健全总揽全局、协调各方的党的领导制度体系，完善党中央重大决策部署落实机制，确保全党在政治立场、政治方向、政治原则、政治道路上同党中央保持高度一致，确保党的团结统一”。党中央为全面深化改革指明了方向和目标，汇聚了思想共识与行动合力。（2）具有强大执行力的地方党组织是推进改革任务落实的重要力量。地方党组织是实现上下贯通的桥梁和纽带，能够将党中央关于全面深化改革的决策部署融入政策措施和工作机制，实现改革从理论到实践的有效转化。（3）坚强牢固的基层党组织是推进改革任务落实的战斗堡垒。中国共产党适应形势与任务的变化，不断加强新兴领域党的建设，填补基层党建空白点，使党的组织和工作触角延伸到基层社会的各领域、各方面、各群体，为动员和凝聚最广大人民群众参与并推进改革提供了组织基础。

Furthermore, the Party’s leadership of comprehensively deepening reform requires a contingent of cadres and talent who are politically reliable and highly capable. The Chinese Communist Party adheres to the principle of the Party managing cadres, upholds the principles of both integrity and ability, and appointing people on their merits, selects and strengthens leading bodies that advance comprehensively deepening reform, selects cadres based on reform performance, promptly resolves various difficulties encountered in the process of advancing reform, and ensures the effective realization of the overall goals and phased tasks of comprehensively deepening reform. It forms a mechanism for regular theoretical training and practical exercise of cadres, enhances cadres’ theoretical cultivation, and strengthens their ability to resist risks, serve the masses, and solve practical problems in reform. By deepening the reform of the cadre personnel system, perfecting the cadre assessment and evaluation system, improving the mechanism for cadres to be able to go up and down, and perfecting the working mechanism for effectively preventing and correcting deviations in the outlook on political performance, [14]14 Outlook on political performance (政绩观) refers to the fundamental views and attitudes of leading cadres regarding what constitutes political achievement and how to achieve it. it strives to solve the problems of cadres acting recklessly, failing to act, not daring to act, and acting poorly in the process of advancing reform. It consolidates reform consensus within the whole Party, guides the vast majority of Party members to take on the heavy responsibilities of reform, dare to face difficulties and challenges in the reform process, and actively and proactively promote the implementation of reform measures. Adhering to the principle of the Party managing talent, upholding the concept that talent is the primary resource, implementing more proactive, more open, and more effective talent policies, and further removing institutional obstacles in talent cultivation, use, evaluation, and incentives, it gathers a large number of specialized talents for comprehensively deepening reform.

另外，党领导全面深化改革需要政治过硬、本领高强的干部队伍和人才队伍。中国共产党坚持党管干部原则，坚持德才兼备、任人唯贤原则，选优配强推进全面深化改革的领导班子，按照改革实绩遴选干部，及时解决推进改革过程中的各类难题，确保全面深化改革的总体目标和阶段性任务有效实现。形成常态化干部理论培训和实践锻炼机制，提升干部理论修养，增强干部抵御风险能力、服务群众能力和解决改革实际问题的能力。通过深化干部人事制度改革，完善干部考核评价体系，健全干部能上能下机制，健全有效防范和纠治政绩观偏差工作机制等，着力解决干部在推进改革过程中乱作为、不作为、不敢为、不善为问题。在全党范围内凝聚改革共识，引导广大党员担当起改革重任，敢于面对改革过程中的困难和挑战，积极主动推动改革措施落实。坚持党管人才原则，秉持人才是第一资源理念，实施更加积极、更加开放、更加有效的人才政策，进一步破除人才培养、使用、评价、激励等方面体制机制障碍，为全面深化改革聚集大批专业化人才。

The leadership of the Chinese Communist Party is a notable advantage of comprehensively deepening reform. Improving the Party’s leadership level can maximize the political and institutional advantages of the Party’s leadership. The scientific nature of the Chinese Communist Party’s guiding ideology, the correctness of its political line and organizational line, the richness of its reform experience and the effectiveness of its working methods, the tightness of its organization and discipline, and the solidity of its mass base provide a powerful driving force and fundamental guarantee for comprehensively deepening reform. Only by continuously improving the Party’s leadership level and enhancing the Party’s creativity, cohesion, and combat effectiveness can a powerful driving force and solid political guarantee be provided for comprehensively deepening reform.

中国共产党的领导是全面深化改革的显著优势，提高党的领导水平能够最大化发挥党的领导的政治优势和制度优势。中国共产党指导思想的科学性、政治路线和组织路线的正确性，改革经验的丰富性和工作方法的有效性，组织和纪律的严密性以及群众基础的牢固性，为全面深化改革提供了强劲动力和根本保证。只有持续提升党的领导水平，增强党的创造力、凝聚力、战斗力，才能为全面深化改革提供强大动力支持和坚实政治保证。

III. Strategic Paths for Improving the Party’s Leadership Level over Comprehensively Deepening Reform on the New Journey of the New Era

三、新时代新征程提高党对全面深化改革领导水平的战略路径

The issuance of the “Decision” [15]15 The “Decision” refers to the “Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Further Comprehensively Deepening Reform and Promoting Chinese-Path Modernization,” adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee in July 2024. marks that comprehensively deepening reform has entered a new stage of “further comprehensively deepening reform,” requiring a further enhancement of the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform. Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “Further comprehensively deepening reform involves a wide range of areas, touches on deep interests, and is difficult to tackle; it puts forward new and higher requirements for Party organizations at all levels to correctly judge the situation, scientifically plan reforms, broadly gather strength, and promote reform implementation, and for the mental state, ideological concepts, quality and capability, work style, and image of the vast number of Party members and cadres.” On the new journey of the New Era, to improve the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform, it is necessary to improve the quality of the top-level design of reform, adhere to the combination of comprehensive coordination and highlighting key points, and go all out to advance reforms in all aspects; enhance the level of reform organization and implementation, fully mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of different subjects, and continuously improve the implementation quality of reform tasks; enhance the ability to grasp the actual effectiveness of reform, conduct in-depth follow-up investigations, strengthen result feedback, and strengthen supervision, inspection, and disciplinary inspection and supervision [16]16 Discipline inspection and supervision (纪检监察) is the Party and state system for internal oversight of Party members and government officials, combining the Party’s Discipline Inspection Commissions with the state’s Supervisory Commissions. of reform implementation, continuously improving the overall effectiveness of reform.

《决定》的出台标志着全面深化改革进入“进一步全面深化改革”的新阶段，要求进一步提升党对全面深化改革的领导水平。习近平深刻指出：“进一步全面深化改革涉及范围广、触及利益深、攻坚难度大，对各级党组织正确判断形势、科学谋划改革、广泛凝聚力量、推动改革落实，对广大党员、干部精神状态、思想观念、素质能力、作风形象提出了新的更高要求”。新时代新征程提高党对全面深化改革领导水平，必须提高改革顶层设计质量，坚持全面协调与突出重点相结合，全力推进各方面的改革；提升改革的组织实施水平，充分调动不同主体的积极性和创造性，不断提高改革任务的实施质量；提高抓改革实效的能力，深入追踪调查，加强结果反馈，加强改革落实情况的监督检查和巡视巡察，不断提升改革的整体效能。

First, continuously improve the level of the Party Central Committee’s overall design, overall coordination, and overall advancement of leading reform. Strengthening and maintaining the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee is the common political responsibility of the whole Party and an inherent requirement for further comprehensively deepening reform. Further comprehensively deepening reform involves many fields, the reform tasks are more significant, and the correlation and synergy between reform measures are higher; it is necessary to improve the level of the Party Central Committee’s overall design, overall coordination, and overall advancement of leading reform. Overall design means proceeding from a strategic and overall perspective, adhering to the combination of problem orientation, goal orientation, and result orientation, carrying out systematic and overall planning based on the actual situation of reform, advancing comprehensively while distinguishing primary from secondary. As a scientific method for broadly gathering strength and advancing the implementation of major reform tasks, overall coordination emphasizes achieving synergy and systemic integration among various reform measures through efforts such as overall planning, deployment and arrangement, connection and communication, and integration and coordination. Overall advancement means, on the basis of scientifically grasping the intensity of reform and the pace of development, maintaining policy continuity, focusing on the implementation of major deployments, important tasks, and key work, and promoting the orderly progress of various reform measures. It is necessary to perfect the working mechanisms and systems of the Party Central Committee for leading reform, providing political guarantees for enhancing the scientific nature and effectiveness of the Party’s leadership over comprehensively deepening reform. The Central Committee, the Political Bureau, and the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau are the brain and command center of the Party’s organizational system; they must scientifically formulate various major reform decisions and deployments, ensuring the whole Party clearly understands the direction of reform. Based on the “two overall situations” [17]17 The “two overall situations” (两个大局) refers to the overall situation of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the overall situation of changes unseen in a century in the world. and the strategic layout of the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, [18]18 The Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy (四个全面) is a strategic layout comprising comprehensively building a modern socialist country, comprehensively deepening reform, comprehensively governing the country according to law, and comprehensively and strictly governing the Party. carry out overall planning; based on the series of strategic, forward-looking, and directional reform measures proposed in the “Decision,” fully consider the current phased goals and needs of reform, and further formulate thorough and feasible reform plans. Scientifically formulate the reform task book, timetable, and priority sequence, laying a solid foundation for forming ideological consensus and unified action within the whole Party. The Central Committee for Comprehensively Deepening Reform, as a decision-making and deliberation coordination body closely related to comprehensively deepening reform, must fully grasp the progress, pace, and timing of reform work in various fields and aspects. “For those that are currently most concentrated, most urgent, and require a tough battle, push forward with reform promptly; for those that require persistent, long-term effort, advance them gradually.” [19]19 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,” November 2021. Deploy and coordinate major reform tasks and key work, clarify the implementing entities and responsibilities for various reforms, and while comprehensively advancing reform, achieve concentrated breakthroughs in key areas and crucial links.

首先，不断提高党中央领导改革的总体设计、统筹协调、整体推进水平。加强和维护党中央集中统一领导是全党共同的政治责任，也是进一步全面深化改革的内在要求。进一步全面深化改革涉及领域众多，改革任务更加重大，改革举措之间的关联性更高、协同性更强，必须提升党中央领导改革的总体设计、统筹协调、整体推进水平。总体设计，就是从战略和全局的高度出发，坚持问题导向、目标导向、结果导向相结合，依据改革实际进行系统性、全局性谋划，既全面推进，又主次分明。作为广泛凝聚力量、推进重大改革任务实施的科学方法，统筹协调强调通过整体谋划、部署安排、衔接沟通以及整合协调等多方面的努力，以实现各项改革举措之间的协同配合和系统集成。整体推进，就是在科学把握改革力度和发展进度的基础上，保持政策的连续性，聚焦重大部署、重要任务、重点工作的落实，推进各项改革举措有序前进。必须健全党中央领导改革工作体制机制，为提升党领导全面深化改革的科学性和有效性提供政治保障。中央委员会、中央政治局、中央政治局常务委员会是党的组织体系的大脑和中枢，必须科学制定各项重大改革决策部署，确保全党明晰改革的目标指向。立足于“两个大局”和“四个全面”战略布局进行整体性谋划，基于《决定》所提出的一系列具有战略性、前瞻性和方向性的改革举措，充分考虑当前改革的阶段性目标和需求，进一步制定周密可行的改革方案。科学制定改革任务书、时间表、优先序，为在全党范围内形成思想共识和统一行动奠定坚实基础。中央全面深化改革委员会，作为与全面深化改革紧密相关的决策议事协调机构，必须全面掌握各领域、各方面改革工作的推进进度和节奏时机，“当前反映最为集中、最为迫切、需要打攻坚战的，就抓紧改；需要久久为功、打持久战的，就徐图之”。部署和协调改革重大任务和重点工作，明确各项改革实施主体和责任，在全面推进改革的同时，实现重点领域、关键环节的集中突破。

Second, raise the level at which Party committees (leading Party members’ groups) at all levels create replicable and promotable fresh reform experience. Party committees (leading Party members’ groups) at all levels must shoulder the main responsibility for advancing reform and guard well the responsibility field [n20] for organizing and implementing major reform measures concerning their own region and department. They should be adept at grasping the current situation from the perspective of the national development overall situation and at accurately predicting changes in the situation from the complex social reality; they should unify top-level design with “crossing the river by feeling for the stones,” [n21] both strengthening the overall planning of reform in their own region, industry and department and encouraging exploration and innovation based on work characteristics and actual conditions, striving to create replicable and promotable fresh experience. Specific requirements include: (1) They must possess the courage and sense of responsibility to stand in the forefront and shoulder heavy burdens, drawing nourishment from reform practice. The greatest vitality of reform and innovation originates from practice. Members of Party committees (leading Party members’ groups) at all levels should go extensively to the grassroots and the front line, understand the new situations and new problems that emerge in reform practice, determine specific reform measures through accurately identifying the principal contradiction and the principal aspect of the contradiction, and impel all work to more fully manifest the characteristics of the times, the spirit of reform and the connotation of innovation. (2) They must follow well the mass line of the Party in the New Era. The “Decision” [n22] points out that it is necessary to “follow well the mass line of the Party in the New Era, fully absorbing social expectations, mass wisdom, expert opinions and grassroots experience into reform design.” Party committees (leading Party members’ groups) at all levels must take the urgent, difficult, worried and expectant problems of the people as the key content of reform to advance, optimize the generation mechanism for key reform plans through investigation and research, multi-party verification and systematic summarization, focus on making breakthroughs in the areas of greatest concern to the people, such as education, employment, medical care and old-age support, strive to solve problems that evoke strong responses from the people, and enhance the people’s sense of gain and happiness through the actual effect of reform. (3) Test and develop fresh experience in practice. Xi Jinping emphasizes: “For reforms that have been determined to achieve breakthroughs but for which there is as yet no practical experience, a method of pilot exploration should be adopted, and only after gaining experience and seeing clearly should they be rolled out.” Rely on pilot feedback to correct deviations, rectify errors, optimize reform plans, and promptly transform scientific methods and effective paths verified through practice into replicable and promotable fresh experience.

其次，提升各级党委（党组）创造可复制、可推广新鲜改革经验的水平。各级党委（党组）必须肩负起推进改革的主体责任，守好组织实施涉及本地区、本部门重大改革举措的责任田。应善于从国家发展大局把握当前形势、善于从纷繁复杂的社会现实中准确预判形势变化；将顶层设计同“摸着石头过河”相统一，既加强对本地区、本行业、本部门改革的总体谋划，也鼓励根据工作特色和实际进行探索创新，努力创造可复制、可推广的新鲜经验。具体要求包括：（1）必须具备走在前列、勇挑重担的勇气和担当，从改革实践中汲取养料。改革创新的最大活力源自实践。各级党委（党组）成员应广泛深入基层一线，了解改革实践中出现的新情况和新问题，通过精准识别主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面来确定具体的改革举措，推动各项工作更充分地展现时代特色、改革精神和创新内涵。（2）必须走好新时代党的群众路线。《决定》指出，要“走好新时代党的群众路线，把社会期盼、群众智慧、专家意见、基层经验充分吸收到改革设计中来。”各级党委（党组）必须将人民群众急难愁盼问题作为改革的重点内容加以推进，通过调查研究、多方求证、系统总结等优化重点改革方案生成机制，聚焦人民群众最为关切的教育、就业、医疗、养老等领域进行重点突破，着力解决人民群众反响强烈的问题，以改革实效提升人民群众的获得感和幸福感。（3）在实践中检验并发展新鲜经验。习近平强调：“对已经确定必须取得突破但一时还没有实践经验的改革，要采取试点先行探索的办法，取得经验、看准了再推开。”依托试点反馈纠治偏差、修正错误，优化改革方案，及时将经过实践验证的科学方法和有效路径转化为可复制、可推广的新鲜经验。

Third, raise the level of mobilizing the whole Party’s initiative, enthusiasm and creativity in grasping reform. The vast number of cadres and Party members are the executors and practitioners of the Party’s line, principles and policies, and are the organizational guarantee for ensuring the implementation of the Party’s basic theory, basic line and basic strategy. On the one hand, cadres, as the core force for realizing the Party’s leadership, must comprehensively enhance their capacity for modernization. Improve the mechanism for selecting and appointing leading cadres, ensuring that those cadres with a spirit of reform and innovation can be selected for key positions in advancing reform. Guide cadres to establish a correct outlook on political performance, ensure that they continuously emancipate their thinking, deeply understand the far-reaching significance, target requirements and strategic measures of further comprehensively deepening reform, and continuously enhance their capacity for reform and innovation, for undertaking undertakings and starting businesses, and for implementing reform. Xi Jinping encourages the vast number of cadres: “We must enhance our political sense of responsibility and historical sense of mission, with the political courage to tackle tough problems and face difficulties head-on, confront contradictions and problems without evasion, eradicate deep-seated ills without ambiguity, and respond to risks and challenges without retreat, striving to open up a new realm of reform and development.” At the same time, improve the mechanism for the allocation of power and the operation of checks and balances, strictly regulate cadres’ thinking and behavior, improve work style, and create a political environment conducive to further comprehensively deepening reform. On the other hand, the mighty force of all Party members must be consolidated to form an ideological consensus and joint action force for the whole Party to promote reform. Establish a clear orientation of strictness and practicality, and improve the mechanisms for Party member education, management and role-playing. Effectively enhance the political nature, scientific nature and seriousness of Party member team building, adhere to putting political standards first in the process of developing Party members, and strictly handle the work of dealing with unqualified Party members in accordance with the requirements of the Party Constitution and relevant institutional regulations. Carefully organize Party member education and training, guide Party members to establish an overall situation concept, form a deep understanding of the adjustment of interest relations and various policy decisions in reform, so as to more effectively implement reform tasks. Improve the mechanism for Party members to play a role online, encourage the vast number of Party members to actively speak out, strengthen positive publicity of the historic achievements of reform, promptly respond to reform issues of general social concern, courageously refute erroneous statements, clarify the facts and correct the public perception.

再次，提高调动全党抓改革的积极性、主动性、创造性的水平。广大干部和党员是党的路线方针政策的执行者和实践者，是确保党的基本理论、基本路线、基本方略得以贯彻落实的组织保证。一方面，干部作为实现党的领导的核心力量，必须全面提升其现代化建设的能力。完善领导干部选拔任用机制，确保那些具有改革创新精神的干部能够被选拔到推进改革的关键岗位上。引导干部树立正确政绩观，确保他们不断解放思想，深刻理解进一步全面深化改革的深远意义、目标要求和战略举措，不断提升改革创新能力、干事创业能力和落实改革能力。习近平勉励广大干部：“要增强政治责任感、历史使命感，以攻坚克难、迎难而上的政治勇气，直面矛盾问题不回避，铲除顽瘴痼疾不含糊，应对风险挑战不退缩，奋力打开改革发展新天地。”同时，完善权力配置和运行制约机制，严格规范干部思想行为，改善工作作风，营造有利于进一步全面深化改革的政治环境。另一方面，必须凝聚起全体党员的磅礴力量，形成全党推动改革的思想共识和行动合力。树立从严从实鲜明导向，完善党员教育管理、作用发挥机制。切实提升党员队伍建设的政治性、科学性、严肃性，在发展党员过程中坚持将政治标准置于首位，严格按照党章要求和相关制度规定，切实做好不合格党员处置工作。精心组织党员教育培训，引导党员树立全局观念，形成对改革中利益关系调整及各项政策决策的深刻理解，以便更有效地执行改革任务。健全党员网上发挥作用的机制，激励广大党员积极发声，加强对改革历史性成就的正面宣传，及时回应社会普遍关注的改革问题，勇于驳斥错误言论，澄清事实、纠正视听。

Finally, raise the level of supervision, inspection, tracking and evaluation of the implementation of major reforms. One part of deployment, nine parts of implementation. [n23] The ultimate effect of reform depends on the implementation of the major reform decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee; this is likewise a major test of the Party’s leadership capacity. Further comprehensively deepening reform must, through improving the whole-chain working mechanism of task division, supervision and implementation, regular reporting, inspection and notification, tracking and evaluation, and supervision and accountability, impel the detailed and solid implementation of all major reform measures. On the one hand, the implementation mechanism for the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee must be improved. Guide all regions and departments, while unswervingly implementing the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, to enhance the creativity of work in light of local realities. Actively integrate the Party’s leadership propositions and major decisions and deployments into various working mechanisms and policy plans, ensuring that they run through all aspects and the entire process of promoting economic and social development. Build a responsibility system with clear subjects and clear requirements, ensuring that leaders at all levels personally grasp and implement at every level. Scientifically delineate responsibility divisions based on the principle of linking the upper and lower levels and combining departments and localities, overcome departmentalism, formalism and bureaucracy, and unblock the sticking points, blockages and difficulties in the implementation of responsibilities. On the other hand, incorporate the implementation of major reforms into the content of supervision and inspection and disciplinary inspection and巡视巡察. [n24] Give full play to the supervisory function of discipline inspection and supervision organs, comprehensively use multiple supervision methods, and weave a tight supervision network. Improve the mechanism for concretizing, refining and normalizing political supervision, maximize the political consensus for advancing Chinese-path modernization, and ensure the consistency of reform orientation; keep a close eye on the “key minority” [n25] to strengthen comprehensive supervision, through inspection, supervision, audit, assessment and other methods, comprehensively supervise the work style of leading cadres at all levels and their performance of duties in advancing reform, promptly identify problems and urge correction; focus on key areas to strengthen special supervision, pay special attention to areas where interest conflicts are complex and risks and challenges are prominent in reform, strengthen coordination and cooperation with relevant departments, and make full use of methods such as handling at a higher level, direct investigation and rapid handling, and supervised handling under a deadline to improve supervision effectiveness; face the grassroots to strengthen daily supervision, urge grassroots Party organizations to promote the transparency and openness of Party affairs, government affairs, village (neighborhood) affairs and financial affairs, ensure that the public can fully grasp the implementation progress of various reform measures, build platforms and broaden channels, and encourage the people to actively participate in supervision. In addition, the “three distinctions” [n26] must also be implemented, the mechanisms for fault tolerance and error correction and for precise accountability must be improved, and the deterrent force of whole-process supervision and precise accountability must be used to safeguard the actual effect and real results of reform.

最后，提升重大改革落实情况监督巡察和追踪问效的水平。一分部署，九分落实。改革的最终成效，取决于党中央重大改革决策部署的贯彻执行情况，这同样是对党的领导能力的重大考验。进一步全面深化改革必须通过健全任务分工、督办落实、定期报告、检查通报、跟踪问效、监督问责等全链条工作机制，推动各项重大改革举措落细落实。一方面，必须完善党中央重大决策部署落实机制。指导各地区、各部门在坚定不移执行党中央重大决策部署的同时，结合本地实际，提升工作的创造性。将党的领导主张和重大决策部署主动整合到各项工作机制和政策规划中，确保其贯穿于推动经济社会发展的各方面和全过程。构建主体明确、要求清晰的责任体系，确保各级领导亲自抓、层层抓落实。以上下联动、条块结合为原则科学划定责任分工，克服本位主义、形式主义和官僚主义，打通责任落实中的卡点、堵点和难点。另一方面，把重大改革落实情况纳入监督检查和巡视巡察内容。充分发挥纪检监察机关的监督职能，综合运用多种监督方式，织就严密的监督网络。健全政治监督具体化、精准化、常态化机制，最大程度凝聚推进中国式现代化的政治共识，确保改革取向的一致性；紧盯“关键少数”加强综合监督，通过巡察、督查、审计、考核等多种方式，全面监督各级领导干部的工作作风和推进改革的履职情况，及时发现问题并督促改正；聚焦重点领域加强专项监督，重点关注改革中利益冲突错综复杂、风险挑战显著的领域，加强与相关部门的协作配合，充分利用提级办理、直查快办、挂牌督办等方式提高监督成效；面向基层强化日常监督，督促基层党组织推动党务、政务、村（居）事务以及财务的透明公开，确保公众能够全面掌握各项改革措施的执行进展，搭建平台拓宽渠道，鼓励人民群众积极参与监督。另外，还必须落实“三个区分开来”，健全容错纠错机制和精准问责机制，以全过程监督和精准问责的震慑力为提升改革实绩实效保驾护航。

Improving the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform upholds and develops the basic principles of scientific socialism, conforms to the universal laws of reform and development, and is a strategic choice that meets the people’s expectations and can withstand the test of practice. The Party’s leadership determines the direction and scope of reform, controls the force, speed and intensity of reform, ensures that comprehensively deepening reform advances step by step and develops steadily on the correct direction and path, and is the decisive factor in correctly handling the relationship among reform, development and stability. The complexity, systematic nature and holism of further comprehensively deepening reform in the New Era on the new journey determine that the Party’s leadership level must be comprehensively raised. It is necessary to adhere to taking institutional building as the main line, and comprehensively enhance the Party’s capacity and level in organizational leadership, overall coordination, holistic advancement, consensus building, and supervision and implementation in the process of advancing reform. The whole Party and the whole society must always maintain the historical initiative, strategic consciousness and political resolve to improve the Party’s leadership level over comprehensively deepening reform, continuously release the vitality of comprehensively deepening reform, and constantly enhance the policy flexibility and institutional resilience of comprehensively deepening reform.

提高党对全面深化改革的领导水平，坚持并发展了科学社会主义的基本原理，顺应了改革与发展的普遍规律，是符合人民期待且经得起实践检验的战略选择。党的领导决定了改革的方向和范围，把控了改革的力度、速度和强度，确保了全面深化改革在正确方向和道路上循序渐进、稳定发展，是正确处理改革、发展、稳定关系的决定性因素。新时代新征程进一步全面深化改革的复杂性、系统性、全局性决定了必须全方位提高党的领导水平。要坚持以制度建设为主线，全面提升党在推进改革过程中组织领导、统筹协调、整体推进、凝聚共识、督促落实等方面的能力和水平。全党全社会必须始终保持提高党对全面深化改革领导水平的历史主动、战略自觉和政治定力，持续释放全面深化改革的活力，不断增强全面深化改革的政策弹性和制度韧性。

(Author bios: Tang Huangfeng, WU Yuzhang Chair Professor, School of CPC History and Party Building, Renmin University of China; Liu Linfeng, doctoral student, School of Marxism, Wuhan University)

（作者简介：唐皇凤，中国人民大学中共党史党建学院吴玉章讲席教授；刘琳凤， 武汉大学马克思主义学院博士研究生）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心