The People’s Congress System Is an Important Institutional Vehicle for Realizing China’s Whole-Process People’s Democracy

In his speech at the conference celebrating the 70th anniversary of the founding of the National People’s Congress, General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that “the People’s Congress system is an important institutional vehicle for realizing China’s whole-process people’s democracy; it must adhere to the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and it must use the system and institutions to ensure that the people are the masters of the country.” General Secretary Xi Jinping originally put forward the major concept of whole-process people’s democracy, enriching and developing Marxist state theory and the theory of socialist democratic politics, marking that our Party’s understanding of the laws governing the development of democratic politics has reached a new height. We must focus on developing whole-process people’s democracy, uphold, improve, and operate the People’s Congress system well, and provide a solid institutional guarantee for realizing the Party’s and the people’s struggle goals in the New Era and the new journey.

习近平总书记在庆祝全国人民代表大会成立70周年大会上的讲话中强调，“人民代表大会制度是实现我国全过程人民民主的重要制度载体，必须坚持中国共产党领导，必须坚持用制度体系保障人民当家作主”。习近平总书记原创性提出了全过程人民民主重大理念，丰富和发展了马克思主义国家学说和社会主义民主政治理论，标志着我们党对民主政治发展规律的认识达到新的高度。我们要围绕发展全过程人民民主，坚持好、完善好、运行好人民代表大会制度，为实现新时代新征程党和人民的奋斗目标提供坚实制度保障。

I. Deeply Understand the Major Theoretical and Practical Significance of Whole-Process People’s Democracy

一、深刻认识全过程人民民主的重大理论和实践意义

Whole-process people’s democracy is a landmark achievement of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, based on a new historical orientation, adhering to the application of the “Two Integrations” [1]1 The Two Integrations (两个结合) refers to the principle of integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China’s specific realities and with the best of China’s traditional culture., deeply grasping the laws of democratic political development, and advancing people’s democracy through innovative development in the New Era. Developing whole-process people’s democracy is an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and one of the essential requirements of Chinese-path modernization, possessing major theoretical and practical significance.

全过程人民民主，是以习近平同志为核心的党中央立足新的历史方位，坚持运用“两个结合”，深刻把握民主政治发展规律，推进人民民主在新时代创新发展的标志性成果。发展全过程人民民主，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要内容，是中国式现代化的本质要求之一，具有重大理论和实践意义。

Democracy is an important concept to which the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people have always steadfastly adhered. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The path we take is a path of socialist political development with Chinese characteristics; people’s democracy is a whole-process democracy.” General Secretary Xi Jinping creatively proposed the “eight can or cannot” [2]2 The “eight can or cannot” (八个能否) criteria are eight questions used to assess whether a country’s political system is democratic and effective, covering aspects such as whether leaders can be orderly replaced, whether the people can manage state affairs, and whether laws can be effectively implemented. criteria for evaluating whether a country’s political system is democratic and effective, and creatively proposed the evaluation yardstick of “one key, four looks, and four more looks” [3]3 The “one key, four looks, and four more looks” (一个关键、四个要看、四个更要看) is a framework for evaluating democracy: the key is whether the people are the masters of the country; the four looks examine electoral participation, decision-making involvement, rights protection, and supervision mechanisms; the four more looks emphasize substantive outcomes over formal procedures. for whether a country is democratic, profoundly answering the fundamental question of what constitutes true and effective democracy, profoundly revealing that the essence of democracy lies in embodying the people’s will, safeguarding the people’s rights and interests, and stimulating the people’s creative vitality, rather than simple formal procedures, and pointing out the direction forward for adhering to the path of socialist political development with Chinese characteristics.

民主是中国共产党和中国人民始终不渝坚持的重要理念。习近平总书记指出：“我们走的是一条中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，人民民主是一种全过程的民主。”习近平总书记创造性提出评价一个国家政治制度是不是民主的、有效的“八个能否”衡量标准，创造性提出一个国家民主不民主“一个关键、四个要看、四个更要看”的评价尺度，深刻回答了什么是真正的、有效的民主这一根本性问题，深刻揭示了民主的本质在于体现人民意志、保障人民权益、激发人民创造活力，而非简单的形式程序，指明了坚持中国特色社会主义政治发展道路的前进方向。

It centrally reflects the essential attributes and forms of realization of socialist democracy. The core of whole-process people’s democracy is that the people are the masters of the country, emphasizing that the people are the masters of the state, and the subjects of democracy are all the people, reflecting the nature of the socialist state and the essential attributes of socialist democracy. Our country implements the state system of people’s democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants, the political system of the People’s Congress system, the basic political systems such as the system of multiparty cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the system of grassroots self-governance, consolidates and develops the broadest possible patriotic united front, forming a comprehensive, extensive, and organically connected institutional system for the people being the masters of the country, constructing diverse, smooth, and orderly democratic channels, and building a full-chain, all-encompassing, and full-coverage democracy within complete institutional procedures and participatory practices. Whole-process people’s democracy is the broadest, most genuine, and most effective socialist democracy; it concretely and realistically embodies the people being the masters of the country in the Party’s policies and measures for governing the country, concretely and realistically embodies it in all aspects and at all levels of the Party and state organs, and concretely and realistically embodies it in the work of realizing the people’s aspirations for a better life. In ensuring the high degree of unity between the essential attributes of democracy and its forms of realization, it achieves the unity of procedural democracy and outcome democracy, procedural democracy and substantive democracy, direct democracy and indirect democracy, and people’s democracy and the will of the state.

集中反映了社会主义民主本质属性和实现形式。全过程人民民主的核心是人民当家作主，强调人民是国家的主人，民主的主体是全体人民，体现了社会主义国家性质，反映了社会主义民主的本质属性。我国实行工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的国体，人民代表大会制度的政体，中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度、基层群众自治制度等基本政治制度，巩固和发展最广泛的爱国统一战线，形成了全面、广泛、有机衔接的人民当家作主制度体系，构建了多样、畅通、有序的民主渠道，在完整的制度程序和参与实践中构建起全链条、全方位、全覆盖的民主。全过程人民民主是最广泛、最真实、最管用的社会主义民主，它把人民当家作主具体地、现实地体现到党治国理政的政策措施上来，具体地、现实地体现到党和国家机关各个方面各个层级上来，具体地、现实地体现到实现人民对美好生活向往的工作上来，在保证民主本质属性和实现形式的高度统一中，实现了过程民主和成果民主、程序民主和实质民主、直接民主和间接民主、人民民主和国家意志相统一。

It fully demonstrates the significant advantages of socialist democratic politics. Whole-process people’s democracy conforms to China’s national conditions, is deeply rooted in China’s soil, realizes a positive interaction between democratic development and economic and social development, and fully demonstrates the significant advantages of socialist democratic politics. Whole-process people’s democracy is a full-chain democracy in which democratic elections, democratic consultations, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision are closely linked and interconnected, transforming democracy from an abstract concept into a people’s practice covering the entire process of national governance. Whole-process people’s democracy is a democracy closely integrated with national governance; through democratic elections to produce representatives, through democratic consultations to build consensus, the people lawfully carry out democratic elections, democratic consultations, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision, forming a powerful synergy for national governance. Whole-process people’s democracy is an all-encompassing democracy that runs through all levels and dimensions of national political life and social life, gathering the wisdom, consensus, and strength of the whole society. Whole-process people’s democracy is a democracy covering all undertakings and all work of the state, focusing on safeguarding the people’s economic, political, cultural, social, and other rights, and promoting the realization of social fairness and justice.

充分彰显了社会主义民主政治的显著优势。全过程人民民主符合中国国情，深深扎根于中国大地，实现了民主发展和经济社会发展的良性互动，充分彰显了社会主义民主政治的显著优势。全过程人民民主是民主选举、民主协商、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督各个环节紧密联系、相互贯通的全链条民主，将民主从抽象的概念转化为覆盖国家治理全过程的人民实践。全过程人民民主是与国家治理紧密结合的民主，通过民主选举产生代表，通过民主协商凝聚共识，人民依法实行民主选举、民主协商、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督，形成了国家治理的强大合力。全过程人民民主是贯通国家政治生活和社会生活各层面各维度的全方位民主，凝聚全社会的智慧、共识和力量。全过程人民民主是涵盖国家各项事业各项工作的民主，注重保障人民群众的经济、政治、文化、社会等各方面的权利，推动了社会公平正义的实现。

II. Our Country’s Fundamental Political System Is an Important Institutional Vehicle for Realizing Whole-Process People’s Democracy

二、我国的根本政治制度是实现全过程人民民主的重要制度载体

In the operation of our country’s socialist democratic politics, the people being the masters of the country is concretely implemented in all aspects and links of national political life and social life. As the fundamental political system, the People’s Congress system is an important institutional vehicle for realizing whole-process people’s democracy.

在我国社会主义民主政治运行过程中，人民当家作主具体地落实到国家政治生活和社会生活的各方面各环节。作为根本政治制度，人民代表大会制度是实现全过程人民民主的重要制度载体。

The People’s Congress system consistently implements the constitutional concept that all power in the state belongs to the people in its institutional design and arrangement. Our country’s Constitution stipulates that all power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people; the organs through which the people exercise state power are the National People’s Congress and the local people’s congresses at various levels. People’s congresses at all levels are produced through democratic elections, are responsible to the people, and are subject to their supervision; all administrative organs, supervisory organs, judicial organs, and procuratorial organs are produced by the people’s congresses, are responsible to them, and are subject to their supervision. From the nature and establishment of state organs to the division of powers and their operation, it all embodies the constitutional concept that state power comes from the people, is responsible to the people, serves the people, and is subject to the people’s supervision. This institutional design and arrangement consistently adheres to putting the people first, takes the people’s interests as the fundamental interests, and the people’s will as the highest will, fully demonstrating the nature of the socialist state, fully demonstrating the principal position of the people, and fully demonstrating that whole-process people’s democracy is the essential attribute of socialist democratic politics. On the platform of the People’s Congress system, the people genuinely, extensively, and effectively enjoy the various rights conferred by the Constitution and laws, maximizing the guarantee that the people are the masters of the country.

人民代表大会制度在制度设计和安排上始终贯彻国家一切权力属于人民的宪法理念。我国宪法规定，中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民；人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。各级人大都由民主选举产生，对人民负责、受人民监督；各级行政机关、监察机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人大产生，对人大负责、受人大监督。从国家机关的性质、设置到职权划分、运行，都体现了国家权力来自人民、对人民负责、为人民服务、受人民监督的宪法理念。这一制度设计和安排始终坚持人民至上，坚持以人民的利益为根本利益，以人民的意志为最高意志，充分彰显了社会主义国家性质、充分彰显了人民主体地位，充分彰显了全过程人民民主是社会主义民主政治的本质属性。在人民代表大会制度平台上，人民真实、广泛、有效地享有宪法和法律赋予的各项权利，最大限度保障了人民当家作主。

The organizational form of the People’s Congress system ensures the smooth operation of whole-process people’s democracy. Through the established electoral system, consultation system, decision-making system, management system, and supervision system, the People’s Congress system connects democratic elections, democratic consultations, democratic decision-making, democratic management, and democratic supervision into an organic and cohesive complete chain. The people exercise power through elections and voting, selecting those who represent their will to hold and exercise power. The people engage in full consultations before and during the implementation of major decisions, striving to reach consensus on common issues as much as possible. The people widely participate in the decision-making process through various means such as forums, hearings, evaluations, consultations, and opinion surveys. The people exercise the various rights conferred by the Constitution, assume the responsibilities and obligations of citizens conferred by the Constitution, and actively and proactively participate in the management of national political life and social life, including elections, consultations, decision-making, and supervision. Through an organically integrated and mutually coordinated supervision system, the people can supervise the performance of duties by state functionaries at all levels. Under the guidance and supervision of the People’s Congress system, state organs at all levels closely coordinate and cooperate with each other, fully embodying the people’s will, safeguarding the people’s rights and interests, and stimulating the people’s creative vitality, ensuring that all the people realize democracy in all-encompassing national political life and social life. The People’s Congress system is the fundamental pathway and the highest form of realization for the people being the masters of the country; all major state affairs are decided by the People’s Congress and its standing committee, which also supervise the implementation by other state organs. The People’s Congress system adjusts and regulates political life and political relations across all fields; its work covers all undertakings and all work of the state, consistently taking reflecting the people’s wishes, embodying the people’s will, and realizing the people’s interests as the basic criteria for decision-making, implementation, and supervision, thereby enabling the principle of people’s democracy to cover all levels and all fields.

人民代表大会制度的组织形式保障全过程人民民主顺利运行。人民代表大会制度通过建立的选举制度、协商制度、决策制度、管理制度、监督制度，把民主选举、民主协商、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督连通为有机衔接的完整链条。人民通过选举、投票行使权力，选出代表自己意愿的人来掌握并行使权力。人民在重大决策之前和决策实施之中进行充分协商，尽可能就共同性问题取得一致意见。人民通过座谈听证、评估咨询、民意调查等多种方式，广泛参与到决策过程中。人民行使宪法赋予的各项权利、承担宪法赋予公民的责任和义务，积极主动参加选举、协商、决策、监督等国家政治生活和社会生活的管理。通过一套有机贯通、相互协调的监督体系，人民可以对各级国家工作人员履职情况进行监督。在人民代表大会制度的指导和监督下，各级国家机关密切协调、相互配合，充分体现人民意志、保障人民权益、激发人民创造活力，确保全体人民在全方位的国家政治生活和社会生活中实现民主。人民代表大会制度是人民当家作主的根本途径和最高实现形式，国家一切重大事项都由人民代表大会及其常委会作出决定，并监督其他国家机关实施。人民代表大会制度调整和规范全领域的政治生活和政治关系，其工作涵盖国家各项事业各项工作，始终把反映人民意愿、体现人民意志、实现人民利益作为决策、执行、监督的基本准则，使人民民主原则覆盖各层级各领域。

The powerful functions of the people’s congress system fully manifest the unity of people’s democracy and the will of the state. The people’s congresses organize elections in accordance with the law, and the entire process—from the people’s democratic election of deputies to the people’s congresses, through the deputies’ exercise of their powers, to the people’s supervision of the deputies—implements the principles and requirements of whole-process people’s democracy; they extensively absorb opinions and suggestions from all fields and aspects, allowing the people’s voice to be integrated into legal provisions; they examine and approve plans and budgets, discuss and decide on major issues, and supervise the work of administrative organs, supervisory organs, adjudicatory organs, and procuratorial organs, so that all links and aspects of national political life and social life embody the people’s will and hear the people’s voice, fully manifesting the unity of procedural democracy and outcome democracy. The people’s congress system, from fair and just electoral procedures to the organization of people’s congress meetings, the proposal and deliberation of motions, and voting, has clear legal provisions and standardized procedures. The people’s congress system implements a democratic system that combines universal, equal, direct, and indirect elections; leading personnel of state organs at all levels are elected or appointed by the people’s congresses at the corresponding level. At the same time, through multiple channels and multiple forms, the people are directly or indirectly enabled to participate in the work of the people’s congresses, such as legislation and supervision, fully manifesting the unity of direct democracy and indirect democracy. The people’s congress system turns the Party’s propositions into the will of the state through statutory procedures, transforming them into state systems and legal systems, ensuring that the Party’s line, principles, policies, and decisions are fully implemented and enforced in social life, fully manifesting the unity of people’s democracy and the will of the state.

人民代表大会制度的强大功能充分彰显人民民主与国家意志相统一。人大依法组织选举，从人民通过民主选举产生人大代表到人大代表履行职权，再到人民对人大代表的监督，全流程贯彻全过程人民民主的原则和要求；广泛吸取各方面各领域意见建议，让人民的声音融入法律条文；审查批准计划预算、讨论决定重大事项，监督行政机关、监察机关、审判机关、检察机关的工作，使国家政治生活和社会生活各环节、各方面都体现人民意愿、听到人民声音，充分彰显过程民主与成果民主相统一。人民代表大会制度从公平公正的选举程序，到人大会议的组织、议案的提出与审议、表决等，都有明确法律规定和规范流程。人民代表大会制度实行普遍、平等、直接和间接选举相结合的民主制度，各级国家机关领导人员均由同级人大选举产生或决定任命。同时，通过多种途径和多种形式直接或间接让人民群众参与人大立法、监督等工作，充分彰显直接民主与间接民主相统一。人民代表大会制度使党的主张通过法定程序成为国家意志，转化为国家制度和法律制度，保证党的路线方针政策和决策部署在社会生活中得到全面贯彻和执行，充分彰显人民民主与国家意志相统一。

The people’s congress system provides legal guarantees for whole-process people’s democracy. The main content and basic requirements of whole-process people’s democracy are confirmed and reflected in the Constitution. The Organic Law of the National People’s Congress, amended in 2021, added the provision that “the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee adhere to whole-process democracy, always maintain close ties with the people, listen to the people’s opinions and suggestions, reflect the people’s will, and protect the people’s rights and interests”; the Organic Law of Local People’s Congresses and Local People’s Governments, amended in 2022, wrote “adhering to whole-process people’s democracy” into the general provisions. The National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee have also formulated and improved a series of laws in the economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological fields, and coordinated the promotion of reforms in the links of legislation, law enforcement, judiciary, and law-abiding, so that the people’s realization of various democratic rights receives effective legal protection and is truly implemented. The legal system constructed by the people’s congress system complements each other, reinforces each other, and works together, providing stable and reliable legal guarantees for whole-process people’s democracy.

人民代表大会制度为全过程人民民主提供法治保障。全过程人民民主的主体内容、基本要求都在宪法中得到了确认和体现。2021年修改的全国人民代表大会组织法增加了“全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会坚持全过程民主，始终同人民保持密切联系，倾听人民的意见和建议，体现人民意志，保障人民权益”的规定；2022年修改的地方组织法将“坚持全过程人民民主”写入总则。全国人大及其常委会还通过制定完善经济、政治、文化、社会、生态等领域的系列法律，协同推进立法、执法、司法、守法各环节改革，让人民实现各项民主权利得到有效法律保障、真正落到实处。人民代表大会制度构筑的法律体系相辅相成、相得益彰、共同作用，为全过程人民民主提供了稳定、可靠的法治保障。

III. Fully Exert the Important Role of the People’s Congress System as an Institutional Vehicle in Realizing Whole-Process People’s Democracy

三、充分发挥人民代表大会制度在实现全过程人民民主中的重要制度载体作用

Uphold, improve, and operate the people’s congress system well, fully exert its important role as an institutional vehicle in realizing whole-process people’s democracy, and promote the continued development and greater maturity of whole-process people’s democracy.

坚持好、完善好、运行好人民代表大会制度，充分发挥其在实现全过程人民民主中的重要制度载体作用，推动全过程人民民主继续发展、更加成熟。

Always adhere to the fundamental institutional arrangement of the organic unity of Party leadership, the people being the masters of the country, and law-based governance. Uphold the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, support and ensure that the people exercise state power through the people’s congresses. Ensure that the people exercise their electoral rights in accordance with the law and democratically elect deputies to the people’s congresses. Continuously expand the people’s orderly political participation, strengthen the legal guarantee of human rights, and safeguard the people’s extensive rights and freedoms in accordance with the law. Improve the implementation mechanism of democratic centralism, ensuring that people’s congresses and their standing committees at all levels fully promote democracy and exercise their powers collectively. Ensure that the people’s rights to be informed, to participate, to express, and to supervise are implemented in all aspects and the entire process of the work of the people’s congresses, ensuring that the Party and the state can hear the people’s voice in every link of decision-making, implementation, and supervision.

始终坚持党的领导、人民当家作主、依法治国有机统一的根本制度安排。坚持党中央权威和集中统一领导，支持和保证人民通过人民代表大会行使国家权力。保证人民依法行使选举权利，民主选举产生人大代表。不断扩大人民有序政治参与，加强人权法治保障，维护人民依法享有广泛权利和自由。完善民主集中制贯彻机制，保证各级人大及其常委会充分发扬民主，集体行使职权。保证人民的知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权落实到人大工作各方面各环节全过程，确保党和国家在决策、执行、监督落实各个环节都能听到来自人民的声音。

Continuously improve the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics with the Constitution at its core. Fully implement the provisions, principles, and spirit of the Constitution, systematically advance the implementation, interpretation, and supervision of the Constitution, improve the institutional system for ensuring the comprehensive implementation of the Constitution, and ensure that all state organs perform their duties and carry out their work within the scope of the Constitution and laws. Fully exert the functional role of people’s congresses and their standing committees at all levels in the construction of the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, promoting sound legislation, strict law enforcement, impartial judiciary, and universal law-abiding. Continuously adapt to the new situation of economic, social, and technological development, meet the new legal demands raised by the modernization of the national governance system and governance capacity, meet the people’s new expectations for the construction of the rule of law, promptly improve and add new legislative projects, coordinate legislation, amendment, abolition, interpretation, and codification, and accelerate the improvement of legal systems that embody fairness of rights, fairness of opportunities, and fairness of rules. Continuously improve the mechanism for extensively soliciting opinions and suggestions on legislation from society, and improve the mechanism for making draft laws public to society. Build grassroots legislative contact points well, and fully exert their role as “direct through-trains” for reflecting public opinion, listening to public opinion, and gathering public wisdom.

不断完善以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系。全面贯彻宪法规定、宪法原则、宪法精神，系统推进宪法实施、宪法解释、宪法监督，健全保证宪法全面实施制度体系，确保各国家机关都在宪法法律范围内履行职责、开展工作。充分发挥各级人大及其常委会在中国特色社会主义法治体系建设中的职能作用，促进科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法。不断适应经济社会和科技发展新形势，满足国家治理体系和治理能力现代化提出的法律新需求，满足人民群众对法治建设的新期待，及时完善和增加新的立法项目，统筹立改废释纂，加快完善体现权利公平、机会公平、规则公平的法律制度。不断完善向社会广泛征求立法意见建议机制、完善法律草案向社会公开机制。建设好基层立法联系点，充分发挥其反映民意、倾听民意、汇聚民智的“直通车”作用。

Continuously improve the system of people’s congress supervision over administrative organs, supervisory organs, adjudicatory organs, and procuratorial organs. Carry out correct supervision, effective supervision, and lawful supervision, ensure that administrative power, supervisory power, adjudicatory power, and procuratorial power are exercised correctly in accordance with the law, ensure that the people’s legitimate rights and interests are safeguarded and realized, and that administrative organs, supervisory organs, adjudicatory organs, and procuratorial organs at all levels consciously accept the supervision of the people’s congresses. Improve the Supervision Law and its implementation mechanisms, strengthen the people’s congresses’ review of budgets and final accounts and supervision over the management of state-owned assets, and supervision over government debt management. Focus on the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, focus on the hot and difficult issues of concern to the people, strengthen supervision over the implementation of special laws in key areas of people’s livelihood, and enhance the pertinence and effectiveness of supervision work. Coordinate the use of statutory supervision methods, continuously optimize supervision mechanisms such as law enforcement inspections, hearing and deliberating relevant work reports, special inquiries, and special investigations, continuously innovate and improve supervision methods and means, and expand the people’s participation in supervision work.

不断健全人大对行政机关、监察机关、审判机关、监察机关监督制度。实行正确监督、有效监督、依法监督，确保行政权、监察权、审判权、检察权依法正确行使，保证人民群众合法权益得到维护和实现，各级行政机关、监察机关、审判机关、检察机关要自觉接受人大监督。完善监督法及其实施机制，强化人大预算决算审查和国有资产管理监督、政府债务管理监督。聚焦党中央重大决策部署、聚焦人民群众关注的热点难点问题，加强对民生重点领域专项法律实施的监督，提升监督工作的针对性和实效性。统筹运用法定监督方式，不断优化执法检查、听取审议相关工作报告、专题询问、专题调研等监督机制，不断创新完善监督方式方法，扩大人民群众对监督工作的参与度。

Support and ensure that deputies to the people’s congresses perform their duties in accordance with the law. Deputies to the people’s congresses must carry out their work under the leadership of the Party; from deliberating on various motions to putting forward opinions and suggestions, they must closely focus on the central work of the Party and the state, ensuring the correct direction of their performance of duties. Improve the platforms and vehicles for democratic public opinion expression in the people’s congresses, improve the rules of procedure of the people’s congresses and the systems for argumentation, evaluation, appraisal, and hearings, and improve the working mechanisms for absorbing public opinion and gathering public wisdom. Expand and deepen the content and forms of contact between deputies to the people’s congresses and the people, continuously optimize deputy homes, deputy liaison stations, and grassroots legislative contact points, use platforms such as the draft law opinion solicitation system, the national laws and regulations database, filing and review information, and online petitions, improve methods such as special investigations, visits, and centralized inspections, go deep into the grassroots, get close to the people, and promptly reflect the people’s real demands and expectations. Further strengthen the connection between the standing committees of the people’s congresses and the deputies, build a direct contact mechanism between members of the standing committees and the deputies, and through regular communication and exchanges, inviting deputies to attend meetings of the standing committees, and other means, enable deputies to personally participate in the discussion and decision-making process of major matters. Improve the mechanism for state organs to contact deputies, through a combination of tradition and innovation, online and offline integration, invite deputies to participate in relevant work and activities, widely listen to opinions and suggestions, and enable deputies to deeply participate in public affairs decision-making. Vigorously promote systematic training, targeted learning, and professional development for deputies to the people’s congresses, and continuously enhance their ability to perform their duties. Improve the management regulations for deputies’ performance of duties, from meeting attendance, the proposal of motions and suggestions, to contacting constituents, refine various norms for deputies’ performance of duties. Build a comprehensive supervision system and mechanism for deputies’ performance of duties, including supervision by the standing committees of the people’s congresses, supervision by constituents, and social supervision, to escort deputies’ lawful performance of duties.

支持和保障人大代表依法履职。人大代表必须在党的领导下开展工作，从审议各项议案到提出意见建议，都要紧密围绕党和国家的中心工作，确保履职方向正确。完善人大的民主民意表达平台和载体，健全人大议事规则和论证、评估、评议、听证制度，健全吸纳民意、汇集民智工作机制。拓展和深化人大代表联系人民群众的内容和形式，不断优化代表之家、代表联络站、基层立法联系点，运用法律草案征求意见系统、国家法律法规数据库、备案审查信息、网上信访等平台，健全专题调研、走访、集中视察等方式，深入基层、贴近群众，及时反映群众的真实诉求和期盼。进一步加强人大常委会同人大代表的联系，构建起常委会组成人员与代表的直接联系机制，通过定期沟通交流、邀请代表列席常委会会议等方式，让代表亲身参与重大事项讨论与决策过程。完善国家机关联系代表机制，通过传统与创新相结合、线上线下相融合，邀请代表参与相关工作和活动，广泛听取意见建议，让代表能深度参与公共事务决策。大力推进人大代表系统性培训、针对性学习和专业性培养，不断提升履职能力。完善代表履职管理规定，从参会出勤、议案建议提出，到联系选民等方面，细化代表履职的各项规范。构建代表履职全方位监督体系机制，包括人大常委会监督、选民监督和社会监督，为代表依法履职保驾护航。

Strengthen the self-building of the people’s congresses and their standing committees. People’s congresses at all levels and their standing committees must become political organs that consciously uphold the leadership of the Communist Party of China, state power organs that ensure the people are the masters of the country, working organs that fully assume the responsibilities and duties conferred by the Constitution and laws, and representative organs that always maintain close ties with the people. They must build a team of people’s congress workers who are politically steadfast, serve the people, respect the rule of law, promote democracy, and are diligent and responsible. Give full play to the important role of the people’s congresses in ensuring the comprehensive and effective implementation of the Constitution and laws, give full play to the leading role of the people’s congresses in legislative work, give full play to the important role of people’s congress supervision in the Party and state supervision system, give full play to the leading role of the people’s congresses in maintaining close ties with the people, steadily advance the high-quality development of people’s congress work, and bring into play the functional role of the people’s congresses in developing whole-process people’s democracy.

加强人大及其常委会自身建设。各级人大及其常委会要成为自觉坚持中国共产党领导的政治机关、保证人民当家作主的国家权力机关、全面担负宪法法律赋予的各项职责的工作机关、始终同人民群众保持密切联系的代表机关，打造政治坚定、服务人民、尊崇法治、发扬民主、勤勉尽责的人大工作队伍。充分发挥人大保证全面有效实施宪法法律的重要作用，充分发挥人大在立法工作中的主导作用，充分发挥人大监督在党和国家监督体系中的重要作用，充分发挥人大在密切同人民群众联系中的带头作用，稳中求进推动人大工作高质量发展，发挥人大在发展全过程人民民主中的职能作用。

(Author: Dean and Second-Level Professor of the School of Marxism, Party School of the Hunan Provincial Committee of the CPC)

（作者：中共湖南省委党校马克思主义学院院长、二级教授）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心