Adhere to Bottom-Line Thinking, Effectively Prevent and Resolve Risks and Challenges

General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasised that we must adhere to bottom-line thinking, enhance our awareness of potential dangers, and effectively prevent and resolve various risks on the path forward. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has delivered a series of important expositions on improving bottom-line thinking ability and preventing and resolving risks and challenges, clarifying the major theoretical and practical issues of risk prevention and control on the new journey of the New Era, and providing ideological guidance and action principles for our work in risk prevention and resolution. We must coordinate development and security, resolutely establish bottom-line thinking, prevent and resolve various risks and challenges, and provide a solid guarantee for promoting high-quality development.

习近平总书记强调，坚持底线思维、增强忧患意识，有效防范和化解前进道路上的各种风险。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记围绕提高底线思维能力、防范和化解风险挑战发表一系列重要论述，阐明了新时代新征程做好风险防控的重大理论和实践问题，为我们做好风险防范和化解工作，提供了思想指引和行动遵循。我们要统筹发展和安全，坚决树立底线思维，防范和化解各种风险挑战，为推动高质量发展提供坚实保障。

I. Accurately Grasp the Scientific Connotation of Bottom-Line Thinking and the Philosophical Logic It Contains

一、准确把握底线思维的科学内涵及其蕴含的哲学逻辑

The bottom line is the lowest limit, marking the most unfavourable state or minimum level of a thing's development, an insurmountable boundary and the critical point at which a thing undergoes a qualitative change. Bottom-line thinking is a method of thinking that objectively sets the minimum goal, bases itself on the lowest point, proceeds from the worst-case scenario in all matters, makes the fullest preparations, and strives for the maximum expected value. Bottom-line thinking contains rich dialectical thought, fully embodies the scientific world outlook and methodology of dialectical materialism, and is a creative application and deepening development of philosophical viewpoints such as the theory of practice, the theory of contradiction, and the theory of two points. It is both a scientific theoretical concept and an important mode of thinking and work attitude.

底线即最下限，标识着事情发展的最不利状态或最低限度，是不可逾越的界限和事物发生质变的临界点。底线思维就是客观地设定最低目标，立足最低点，凡事从最坏处着眼，做足最充分准备，争取最大期望值的思维方法。底线思维蕴含着丰富的辩证法思想，充分体现了辩证唯物主义的科学世界观和方法论，是对实践论、矛盾论、两点论等哲学观点的创造性运用和深化发展。它既是科学的理论概念，也是重要的思维模式、工作态度。

Bottom-line thinking is a risk prevention and control type of thinking. General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasised: "We must place risk prevention in a prominent position, 'plan for what has not yet arisen, consider what has not yet occurred', and strive to ensure that no major risks emerge, or that if they do, we can withstand them and get through them." [1]1 Mao Zedong, “Talk at the Enlarged Central Work Conference” (January 30, 1962). Bottom-line thinking takes risk prevention and control as its fundamental orientation. Adhering to bottom-line thinking means attaching importance to risk prediction and assessment in strategy and tactics, and preventing and resolving potential crises; it is a "retreat in order to advance" type of preventive thinking. In work, one must maintain an attitude of treading as if on thin ice, prudently observe and analyse the situation, fully estimate the worst possibility, and through advance intervention, adopt preventive measures to ensure that the worst-case scenario does not occur. Fully estimating difficulties is not meant to create a tense atmosphere or foster feelings of pessimism and despair, but to make various preparations, calmly meet challenges, and effectively overcome difficulties. With the "fullest preparations" as a foundation, if things really develop to the worst point, one can decisively use the already prepared measures to solve the problem, resolutely hold the bottom line of risk prevention and control, and prompt the situation to turn from danger to safety. Therefore, preventing and resolving risks is the basic requirement for adhering to bottom-line thinking.

底线思维是风险防控型思维。习近平总书记强调：“我们必须把防风险摆在突出位置，‘图之于未萌，虑之于未有’，力争不出现重大风险或在出现重大风险时扛得住、过得去。”底线思维以防控风险为根本指向。坚持底线思维，就是在战略和策略上重视风险预测和评估，防范化解潜在危机，是一种“以退为进”的防范型思维。在工作中要保持如履薄冰的态度，审慎观察分析形势，充分估计最坏可能性，通过提前介入，采取防范措施，确保不出现最坏的情况。把困难估计充分，不是为了营造紧张气氛，制造悲观失望情绪，而是为了做好各种准备，沉着应对挑战，有效战胜困难。有“最充分的准备”打底，如果事情真的发展到最坏地步，就能够果断使出已经准备好的招数去解决，坚决守住风险防控底线，促使事情局势转危为安。因此，防范化解风险是坚持底线思维的基本要求。

Bottom-line thinking is a problem-oriented type of thinking. Problems are the voice of the times; history always advances in the process of continuously solving problems. The Party leads the people in revolution, construction, and reform, all aimed at solving the practical problems facing China's development. Solving problems is the starting point and ultimate goal of adhering to bottom-line thinking. Adhering to bottom-line thinking means, in the process of solving practical problems, estimating difficulties more fully, thinking about risks more deeply, considering measures to solve problems more comprehensively, and doing all work more solidly. Only by keenly discovering and effectively solving various practical problems can one truly hold the bottom line and achieve established work goals.

底线思维是问题导向型思维。问题是时代的声音，历史总是在不断解决问题中前进。党领导人民干革命、搞建设、抓改革，都是为了破解我国发展面临的实际问题。解决问题是坚持底线思维的出发点和归宿。坚持底线思维就是要在解决实际问题的过程中把困难估计得更充分一些，把风险思考得更深入一些，把解决问题的措施想得更周全一些，把各项工作做得更扎实一些。只有敏锐地发现并切实解决各类实际问题，才能真正地守住底线，实现既定工作目标。

Bottom-line thinking is a proactive and enterprising type of thinking. Bottom-line thinking is not a passive, rigid, and lazy mode of thinking, but an enterprising mode of thinking that actively acts and takes the initiative to work, with achieving better results as its core value orientation. Adhering to bottom-line thinking requires firmly grasping the initiative, fully exerting subjective initiative, studying existing and potential unfavourable factors, comprehensively analysing and estimating the worst-case scenario that may occur, and proactively adopting various effective countermeasures. Through solid efforts, turn the impossible into the possible, turn the possible into reality, achieve the best results, and achieve both holding the line and making progress.

底线思维是积极进取型思维。底线思维不是消极被动、墨守成规的怠惰思维，而是积极作为、主动干事的进取思维，以取得更好结果为核心价值取向。坚持底线思维要求牢牢把握主动权，充分发挥主观能动性，对已经存在和潜在的各种不利因素进行研究，全面分析预估可能出现的最坏情况，并主动采取各种有效的应对措施，通过实实在在的努力，把不可能变为可能，把可能变成现实，取得最好结果，做到有守有为。

Bottom-line thinking embodies the dialectical relationship between opposition and unity. Things are organic wholes composed of different elements according to certain laws, containing both positive and negative factors. Bottom-line thinking emphasises using the viewpoint of contradiction to analyse things and objective situations, considering various factors comprehensively. One must see the favourable side; while pursuing "good" results, one must also have the mental preparation for "things turning bad", see the "unfavourable" side, take preventing "things turning bad" as the basis for thinking, and promote the resolution of problems. When the situation is favourable, one should be adept at discovering latent unfavourable factors and prepare to deal with unfavourable situations; when the situation is unfavourable, one should be adept at grasping the hidden turning points, strengthen confidence in reversing the unfavourable situation, and strive to transform negative factors into positive ones, turning danger into opportunity and crisis into safety.

底线思维体现了对立与统一的辩证关系。事物是由不同要素按一定规律构成的有机整体，既有积极因素，也有消极因素。底线思维强调运用矛盾观点分析事物和客观形势，通盘考虑各种因素，既要看到有利的一面，在追求“好”的结果的同时，也要有“事情变坏”的思想准备，看到“不利”的一面，把预防“事情变坏”作为思考问题的基点，推动解决问题。形势有利时，要善于发现潜伏着的不利因素，做好应对不利情况的准备；形势不利时，善于把握蕴藏着的转机，坚定扭转不利局面的信心，努力将消极因素转化为积极因素，化危为机，转危为安。

Bottom-line thinking embodies the dialectical relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change. Bottom-line thinking is an extension and application of the law of the transformation of quantity into quality in the mode of thinking, reflecting the principle of appropriateness. The bottom line is the lower limit of the "degree" by which a thing maintains its existing qualitative state, the critical point from quantitative change to qualitative change. Once the bottom line is breached, the nature of the thing undergoes a fundamental change, causing serious harm. Bottom-line thinking focuses on preventing and resolving crises and risks. It means establishing a boundary consciousness and a concept of degree, preventing actions that cross the limits of things, better coping with uncertainty within certainty, ensuring that the "degree" of the thing's qualitative state is always above the bottom line and within the red line, and resolutely controlling the "degree" of the quantitative state within the limit threshold.

底线思维体现了质变与量变的辩证关系。底线思维是质量互变规律在思维方式中的延伸和运用，体现了适度的原则。底线是事物保持其现有质态“度”的下限，是由量变到质变的临界点，一旦底线突破，事物的性质就会发生根本性的变化，产生严重危害。底线思维注重对危机、风险的防范化解，就是要树立边界意识和度的观念，防止出现跨越事物限度的行为，在确定性中更好地应对不确定性，确保事物质态的“度”始终在底线之上、红线以内，坚决把量态的“度”控制在极限阈值之内。

Bottom-line thinking embodies the dialectical relationship between subjective initiative and objective regularity. Marxism holds that the universal connections within things and between things exist objectively, and the conditions that support or constrain the development of things and human activities also exist objectively. Risks and hidden dangers possess a certain objective reality, and their development follows inherent objective laws. However, humans are not powerless in the face of objective laws; they can exert subjective initiative, discover and apply the laws of risk development, work creatively, and guide things to develop in a favourable direction. Only by adhering to the unity of following objective regularity and exerting subjective initiative can one actively recognise, adapt to, and seek change, fight the strategic initiative battle of turning danger into safety and crisis into opportunity, and ensure that all work is safe and without fault.

底线思维体现了主观能动性与客观规律性的辩证关系。马克思主义认为，事物内部以及事物之间的普遍联系是客观存在的，对事物发展和人的活动具有支持或制约作用的条件也是客观存在的。风险隐患具有某种客观实在性，其发展遵循内在固有的客观规律。但人在客观规律面前并非无能为力，而是可以发挥主观能动性，发现和运用风险发展规律，创造性地开展工作，引导事物向好的方向发展。只有坚持遵循客观规律性与发挥主观能动性相统一，才能主动识变应变求变，打好化险为夷、转危为机的战略主动战，确保各项工作安全无虞。

II. Comprehensively Understand the Era Value and Practical Significance of Adhering to Bottom-Line Thinking

二、全面理解坚持底线思维的时代价值和现实意义

Adhering to bottom-line thinking not only originates from the excellent traditional Chinese culture and the great spirit of the Chinese nation, but is also an inheritance of the Party's historical experience and revolutionary spirit, and moreover, it is an important strategic consideration made from the perspective of achieving great goals and objective reality.

坚持底线思维既源于中华优秀传统文化和中华民族伟大精神，也是对党的历史经验和革命精神的传承，更是从实现伟大目标和客观现实出发作出的重要战略考量。

Adhering to bottom-line thinking is an inheritance and development of the excellent traditional Chinese culture. Bottom-line thinking is a thinking ability rich in philosophical wisdom, a natural extension and logical development of the traditional Chinese concept of vigilance in the modern system of thinking methods, an embodiment of the national wisdom of seeking benefit and avoiding harm, and striving for goodness and improvement. It is deeply rooted in the excellent traditional Chinese culture, constitutes an important value concept of the Chinese nation, is filled with a strong sense of mission and responsibility for the future of the country and the destiny of the nation, and contains the methodological requirement of considering the worst and remaining invincible. For thousands of years, in the thinking and practice of order and chaos, the Chinese people have formed a deep sense of vigilance and scientific bottom-line thinking, which, through historical accumulation, has become a treasure of Chinese civilisation. "Do not plan for victory first, plan for defeat first," "In times of safety, think of danger; in times of order, think of chaos," "Do not forget danger when safe, do not forget ruin when surviving, do not forget chaos when governing," "If a man has no far-sighted plans, he is sure to have near-term worries," "Born in hardship, die in ease and comfort" [2]2 Mao Zedong, “Prepare for Setbacks” (May 31, 1945), a speech at the Seventh National Congress of the CPC.... These proverbs passed down through the ages, embodying a sense of vigilance, all reflect the keenness and foresight of preparing for a rainy day and maintaining a high degree of alertness.

坚持底线思维是对中华优秀传统文化的传承和发扬。底线思维是一种富有哲学智慧的思维能力，是中国传统忧患意识观念在现代思维方法体系中的自然延伸与逻辑发展，是趋利避害、向善向好民族智慧的体现，深深植根于中华优秀传统文化中，构成中华民族的重要价值观念，饱含着对国家前途和民族命运强烈的使命感和责任感，蕴含着从坏处着想、立于不败的方法论要求。几千年来，中国人在治与乱的思考和实践中，形成了深深的忧患意识和科学的底线思维，并随着历史积淀成为中华文明的瑰宝。“未料胜，先料败”，“于安思危，于治忧乱”，“安而不忘危，存而不忘亡，治而不忘乱”，“人无远虑，必有近忧”，“生于忧患而死于安乐”……这些凝聚忧患意识的传世之言，都体现着未雨绸缪、高度警醒的敏锐和远见。

Adhering to bottom-line thinking is a fine tradition and valuable experience of our Party. Bottom-line thinking is the guarantee for our Party to advance from victory to victory, and it is also an important method of thought, leadership, and work. The Communist Party of China was born amid domestic turmoil and foreign aggression, grew through hardships and tribulations, and became stronger by overcoming difficulties. It is precisely because generations of Chinese Communists have harbored concerns and shouldered heavy burdens that they have united and led the Chinese people from victory to new victories. A strong sense of vigilance runs through the entire course of our Party’s struggle. In different historical periods, the Party has made preventing and defusing risks an important part of its work. Comrade Mao Zedong repeatedly demanded that the whole Party “base estimates on the most difficult circumstances.” [1]1 Mao Zedong, “Talk at the Enlarged Central Work Conference” (January 30, 1962). At the Seventh National Congress of the Party, he proposed that the whole Party should “prepare for setbacks,” emphasizing that “we must establish our policies on the basis of the worst possibilities.” [2]2 Mao Zedong, “Prepare for Setbacks” (May 31, 1945), a speech at the Seventh National Congress of the CPC. After reform and opening up, Comrade Deng Xiaoping stressed, “We must base our work on the occurrence of relatively large risks and prepare countermeasures.” Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly admonished the whole Party to “adhere to bottom-line thinking, enhance vigilance, and effectively prevent and defuse various risks on the path forward.” Adhering to bottom-line thinking is the superb wisdom and advanced experience summarized and formed by our Party over a century of development.

坚持底线思维是我们党的优良传统和宝贵经验。底线思维是我们党从胜利走向胜利的保障，也是重要的思想方法、领导方法、工作方法。中国共产党是在内忧外患中诞生、在历经磨难中成长、在攻坚克难中壮大的。正是一代代中国共产党人心存忧患、肩扛重担，才团结带领中国人民不断从胜利走向新的胜利。强烈的忧患意识贯穿我们党的整个奋斗历程中。在不同历史时期，党坚持把防范化解风险作为工作的重要内容。毛泽东同志多次要求全党“把估计放在最困难的基础上”。在党的七大上，他提出全党要“准备吃亏”，强调“要在最坏的可能性上建立我们的政策”。改革开放后，邓小平同志强调，“我们要把工作的基点放在出现较大的风险上，准备好对策”。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记反复告诫全党，要“坚持底线思维，增强忧患意识，有效防范和化解前进道路上的各种风险”。坚持底线思维，是我们党历经百年发展总结形成的高超智慧和先进经验。

Adhering to bottom-line thinking is an urgent requirement for solving practical difficulties and advancing the building of a strong country and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, faced with a complex and volatile external environment and arduous and heavy tasks of reform and development, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to bottom-line thinking, enhanced vigilance, improved prevention and control capabilities, focused on preventing and defusing major risks, and maintained sustained and healthy economic development and overall social stability. At present, China’s development has entered a period in which strategic opportunities and risks and challenges coexist, and uncertainties and unpredictable factors are increasing. On the one hand, the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics is showing vigorous vitality, and building a modern socialist country in all respects is showing bright prospects. On the other hand, changes unseen in a century are accelerating, local conflicts and turmoil occur frequently, global problems are intensifying, external suppression and containment are escalating, and various “black swan” and “gray rhino” events may occur at any time. In this important period when strategic opportunities and risks and challenges coexist, it is necessary to firmly establish bottom-line thinking, always maintain a high degree of vigilance, and make ideological and work preparations for dealing with changes in the external environment over a relatively long period.

坚持底线思维是解决现实难题，推动强国建设、民族复兴的迫切要求。党的十八大以来，面对纷繁复杂的外部环境和艰巨繁重的改革发展任务，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持底线思维，增强忧患意识，提高防控能力，着力防范化解重大风险，保持经济持续健康发展和社会大局稳定。当前，我国发展进入战略机遇和风险挑战并存、不确定难预料因素增多的时期。一方面，中国特色社会主义事业呈现勃勃生机，全面建成社会主义现代化强国展现出光明前景。另一方面，世界百年未有之大变局加速演进，局部冲突和动荡频发，全球性问题加剧，来自外部的打压遏制升级，各种“黑天鹅”、“灰犀牛”事件随时可能发生。在这种战略机遇和风险挑战并存的重要时期，需要树牢底线思维，始终保持高度警惕，做好较长时间应对外部环境变化的思想准备和工作准备。

Adhering to bottom-line thinking is an essential capability and quality for Party members and cadres. Adhering to bottom-line thinking is determined by Party spirit and the Party’s purpose, reflects the Chinese Communists’ strong sense of concern for the Party, the country, and the people, and is a kind of sentiment, responsibility, and commitment. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out that many things are unexpected, but they must be considered, especially that our senior responsible cadres should have this mental preparation to prepare for extraordinary difficulties and extraordinary adverse situations. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly stressed that leading cadres must improve their bottom-line thinking ability and consciously use bottom-line thinking to analyze and study the risks and challenges faced in their work. On the new journey of the New Era, faced with a complex situation and arduous tasks, to plan and advance all work of the Party, scientifically grasp and effectively respond to the strategic opportunities and risks and challenges faced, it is necessary to establish bottom-line thinking and enhance the ability to manage risks. Improving bottom-line thinking ability is an important task and a new topic for strengthening Party building in the New Era, an important content and duty requirement for improving the capabilities of leading cadres, and an important criterion for testing the capability level of leading cadres in the New Era.

坚持底线思维是党员干部必备的能力素质。坚持底线思维是由党性和党的宗旨决定的，体现了中国共产党人强烈的忧党、忧国、忧民意识，是一种情怀、责任和担当。毛泽东同志指出，许多事情是意料不到的，但是一定要想到，尤其是我们的高级负责干部要有这种精神准备，准备对付非常的困难，对付非常的不利情况。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记反复强调领导干部要提高底线思维能力，自觉运用底线思维分析研究工作中面临的风险和挑战。新时代新征程，面对复杂的形势和艰巨的任务，要谋划和推进党的各项工作，科学把握和有效应对面临的战略机遇和风险挑战，必须树立底线思维，增强驾驭风险的能力。提高底线思维能力，是新时代加强党的建设的重要任务和崭新课题，也是领导干部能力提升的重要内容和职责要求，是检验新时代领导干部能力高低的重要标准。

III. Practically Fulfill the Practical Requirements of Adhering to Bottom-Line Thinking

三、切实践行坚持底线思维的实践要求

We must deeply study and implement the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions on bottom-line thinking, comprehensively understand the principles, theories, and philosophies contained in bottom-line thinking, deeply comprehend the worldview and methodology that run through it, consciously practice bottom-line thinking in practical work, enhance vigilance, actively take responsibility, keenly perceive and prevent and defuse potential risks and hazards that may be encountered in work, and continuously enhance the scientific, forward-looking, proactive, and creative nature of work.

我们要深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于底线思维的重要论述精神，全面理解底线思维所蕴含的道理、学理和哲理，深刻领悟贯穿其中的世界观和方法论，在实际工作中自觉践行底线思维，增强忧患意识，积极担当作为，敏锐洞察和防范化解工作中可能遇到的风险隐患，不断增强工作的科学性、预见性、主动性、创造性。

Enhance vigilance and do a good job in risk monitoring and early warning. It is necessary to prioritize risk prevention, and make good judgments on the basis of enhancing vigilance, crisis awareness, and risk awareness. We must conduct forward-looking analysis, think proactively, deeply study and judge where the bottom line lies, have a panoramic view in mind, have scientific predictions of potential risks, including the types, magnitude, and harm of risks, as well as risk response strategies, and know where the risk points are, what the trigger is, what the manifestations are, and what the development trend will be. Clarify which are the core issues that must be resolved and which are the basic goals that must be achieved, continuously deepen the systematic understanding and overall grasp of risks, especially when work is in a favorable and rising momentum, we must deeply recognize and attach great importance to the prominent contradictions and problems in the process of advancement, pre-estimate the possible development prospects of things, pre-see the difficulties that may be encountered in the development of things, pre-prevent the worst possible situations that may occur, and pre-make full preparations for response, install “safety valves,” “brakes,” and “bumpers” for all work in advance, and prevent problems before they occur.

增强忧患意识，做好风险监测预警。必须把防风险摆在突出位置，在增强忧患意识、危机意识、风险意识的基础上做好预判。要前瞻分析，主动思考，深入研判底线之所在，脑子里要有一幅全景图，对潜在的风险有科学预判，包括风险的种类、量度、危害，以及风险应变策略，知道风险点在哪里，导火索是什么，表现形式是什么，发展趋势会怎样。明确哪些是必须解决的核心问题，哪些是必须实现的基本目标，不断深化对风险的系统性认识和全局性把握，尤其是在工作处于顺势、上升势头的情况下，更要深刻认识和高度重视前进中的突出矛盾和问题，预先估计事情可能的发展前景，预先看到事情发展可能遇到的困难，预先防止可能发生的最坏情况，预先做好充分应对准备，为各项工作提前装上“安全阀”“制动器”和“保险杠”，防患于未然。

Improve the risk prevention and control system, and effectively enhance risk prevention and control capabilities. Strengthen institutional construction, improve the level of institutional supply, and use scientific and complete institutions to withstand the impact of risks and challenges. Establish and improve risk assessment mechanisms, decision-making risk assessment mechanisms, risk prevention and control coordination mechanisms, risk prevention and control responsibility mechanisms, and long-term risk prevention and control mechanisms. Formulate risk prevention and control emergency plans, concretize vigilance, and streamline risk management and control processes. Carry out special training to improve bottom-line thinking ability, strengthen “peacetime-wartime combined” organizational drills, improve practical risk resolution capabilities, so as to have both the first move to prevent risks and the superior tactics to respond to and defuse risk challenges.

健全风险防控体系，切实提升风险防控能力。加强制度建设，提高制度供给水平，用科学完备的制度应对风险挑战的冲击。建立健全风险研判机制、决策风险评估机制、风险防控协同机制、风险防控责任机制、风险防控长效机制。制定风险防控应急预案，将忧患意识具体化，将风险管控流程化。开展底线思维能力提升专题培训，加强“平战结合”组织演练，提高风险化解实战能力，做到既要有防范风险的先手，也有应对和化解风险挑战的高招。

Enhance the sense of responsibility, and prudently and cautiously prevent and defuse risks. Party members and cadres must earnestly implement the risk prevention and control work responsibility system, enhance their sense of mission and consciousness, prevent and control risks within their own scope of duties, and ensure that they are responsible for, accountable for, and fulfill their duties in their respective areas. Proactively prepare for risk response, be clear-headed and have strategies in hand, including sufficient preparations in material, conditions, organization, and ideology, to ensure that in the risk incubation period, brewing period, outbreak period, diffusion period, and calming period, they can act with a clear goal and respond calmly. Strengthen risk assessment and dynamic monitoring, intensify investigation and judgment of various risk sources, grasp the essence of things through complex phenomena, and promote the scientific and refined work of risk identification. After discovering risks, immediately activate the emergency plan, identify the causes, grasp the key points, make decisive decisions, act quickly, catch problems early and small, eliminate risk hazards in the bud, and prevent small incidents from evolving into major crises. After the risk subsides, draw inferences from one instance, make up for shortcomings, reinforce the base, plug loopholes, and form a long-term working mechanism.

增强责任意识，稳妥审慎防范化解风险。党员干部要认真落实风险防控工作责任制，增强使命感和自觉性，把自己职责范围内的风险防控好，做到守土有责、守土负责、守土尽责。前瞻做好风险应对准备，做到心中有数，手中有策，包括物质、条件、组织、思想等方面的充足准备，确保在风险潜伏期、酝酿期、爆发期、扩散期与平息期都能有的放矢、从容应对。加强对风险的评估和动态监测，强化对各种风险源的调查研判，透过复杂现象把握事物本质，推进风险识别工作科学化、精细化。发现风险之后，立即启动应急预案，找准原因，抓住关键，果断决策，尽快行动，抓早抓小，将风险隐患消除在萌芽状态，防止小事件演变为大危机。风险平息后，要举一反三，补齐短板，加固底板，堵塞漏洞，形成长效工作机制。

Carry forward the spirit of struggle, and dare to draw the sword to respond to risks. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “Strengthen the cultivation of leading cadres’ spirit of struggle and ability to struggle, and focus on enhancing the ability to prevent risks, meet challenges, and resist pressure.” [3]3 Xi Jinping, Report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC (October 16, 2022). To apply bottom-line thinking well and successfully realize the transformation of risks into opportunities, Party members and cadres must forever maintain the spirit of struggle, take the initiative, face problems and contradictions directly, dare to confront tough issues and take real action, dare to struggle and achieve victory, struggle against existing difficulties, against old thinking habits, against work inertia, against all factors that may lead to the loss of the bottom line, and actively forge ahead in the practice of struggle, make good use of the vast space and strategic depth above the bottom line, pursue the high line of career goals, and promote work to a higher level and a higher standard.

发扬斗争精神，敢于亮剑应对风险。习近平总书记指出，“加强领导干部斗争精神和斗争本领养成，着力增强防风险、迎挑战、抗打压能力”。运用好底线思维，成功实现风险向机遇的转化，要求党员、干部永葆斗争精神，主动出击，直面问题和矛盾，敢于动真碰硬，敢于斗争并取得胜利，与存在的困难斗，与旧的思维习惯斗，与工作惰性斗，与可能导致底线失守的一切因素作斗争，并在斗争实践中积极进取，用好底线之上的广袤空间和战略纵深，追求事业目标高线，推动工作上台阶、上水平。

(Author: Member of the Party Leadership Group, Deputy Director and Secretary-General of the National Natural Science Foundation of China)

（作者：国家自然科学基金委员会党组成员、副主任兼秘书长）

Online Editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心