On the Construction of Digital Archives of Oral History for the Discipline of CPC History and Party Building

With the advancement of the national cultural digitalization strategy, the rapid development of digital technology has triggered profound changes in Chinese philosophy and social sciences. In particular, the "marriage" of digital technology and oral history has made the transformation of historical material forms possible, providing a useful reference for the digital transformation of literature resources in the discipline of CPC history and Party building. This article, based on the frontier of digital literature construction, explores the value, significance, scope, types, and practical operations of digital archives of oral history for the discipline of CPC history and Party building, with the aim of contributing to the construction of the literature foundation for the independent knowledge system of the discipline of CPC history and Party building.

伴随国家文化数字化战略推进，数字技术的迅猛发展引发中国哲学社会科学深刻变革。尤其是数字技术与口述历史的“联姻”使史料形态蜕变成为可能，为中共党史党建学文献资源数字化转型提供有益借鉴。本文立足数字文献建设前沿，探讨中共党史党建学口述历史数字档案的价值意义、范畴类型与实践操作，以期为构筑中共党史党建学自主知识体系的文献基石添砖加瓦。

I. The Value and Significance of Constructing Digital Archives of Oral History for the Discipline of CPC History and Party Building

一、中共党史党建学口述历史数字档案建设的价值意义

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to building a digital power, regarding the construction of a digital China as an important engine for advancing Chinese-path modernization in the digital age. With the increasing popularization and iterative upgrading of digital technology, the deep interaction between disciplinary knowledge organization and digital technology is breaking down existing academic structures and habitual thinking, promoting the emergence of new models of knowledge production and the development of interdisciplinary integration: digital archives, as a qualitative product of the information revolution, constitute new units of social memory; the combination of oral history and visual history shows the burgeoning trend of a "big tent policy"; and the development of "digital humanities" is driving profound changes in philosophy and social sciences.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视数字强国建设，把建设数字中国作为数字时代推进中国式现代化的重要引擎。随着数字技术日趋普及与迭代升级，学科知识组织与数字技术的深层互动正在打破既有学术建制和思维惯习，推动知识生产新模式的出现与学科交叉融合的发展：数字档案作为信息革命的质变产物构成新社会记忆单元，口述历史与影像史学的结合展现出“大帐篷政策”方兴未艾之势，“数字人文”的发展推动着哲学社会科学的深刻变革。

The discipline of CPC history and Party building is a new first-level discipline guided by Marxism, taking the Communist Party of China as its research object, starting from China's actual conditions, and oriented toward proposing theoretical viewpoints with subjectivity and originality. It occupies an irreplaceable position and role in the matrix of philosophy and social sciences with Chinese characteristics. Starting from the basic construction of disciplinary digital literature, the digital archives of oral history for the discipline of CPC history and Party building, based on the concept of "archives" in a normative sense, refer to historical records that are orally recounted by witnesses (or those who heard the accounts) of events, collected and organized by collectors using standard methods, generated and stored in digital devices and environments, and reflect the historical development of the discipline of CPC history and Party building. This new form of literature plays an important supporting role in building and strengthening the discipline of CPC history and Party building.

中共党史党建学是一门以马克思主义为指导，以中国共产党为研究对象，以中国实际为研究起点，以提出具有主体性、原创性理论观点为导向的新兴一级学科，在中国特色哲学社会科学矩阵中具有不可替代的地位和作用。从学科数字文献基础建设出发，中共党史党建学口述历史数字档案以规范意义上的“档案”概念为基础，是指由事件亲历（闻）者口头转述、经采集者以标准方法采集整理，在数字设备及环境中生成并存储，反映中共党史党建学学科发展的历史记录。这一新型文献形态，对建优建强中共党史党建学具有重要支撑作用。

The primary value of constructing digital archives of oral history lies in strengthening the disciplinary literature system and expanding historical sources for deepening research on CPC history and Party building. In terms of traditional historical material forms, archives are widely recognized as first-hand historical materials of high value due to their original recording nature, but there are still problems of insufficient openness and utilization. In addition, traditional archives are mostly in genres such as "notices," "summaries," and "reports" under official narratives, which somewhat lack the presentation of tensions in historical practice, and the constructed nature of archival discourse restricts in-depth research. Unlike this, the fact that most witnesses to the development of the discipline of CPC history and Party building are still alive makes it possible to conduct oral interviews. The producers of archival records are not limited to official Party and state institutions but extend to various organizations, groups, and individuals from all sectors of society, giving digital archives of oral history broader channels for production and acquisition. In terms of content, oral history, which excels in individual narration, pieces together historical details through the personal experiences, direct observations, and firsthand accounts of the parties involved, rescuing "living" historical materials. This can both verify the authenticity of historical materials and capture the interaction between the official and the social from above and below, filling in the gaps of micro-level experience in grand historical narratives, making history "come alive," and forming a strong complement to traditional archives.

口述历史数字档案建设的首要价值在于强化学科文献体系建设，为深化中共党史党建研究拓展史源。就传统史料形态而言，档案因其原始记录性被公认为是价值较高的一手史料，但仍存在开放不足、利用不够的情况。此外，传统档案多为官方叙事下的“通知”“总结”“报告”等体裁，对于历史实践张力呈现略显不足，档案话语的建构性制约着精深研究开展。不同于此，中共党史党建学科发展的见证者大多健在使开展口述访谈成为可能，档案生产责任者不局限于党和国家官方机构而扩展至社会各界各类组织、群体、个体，使口述历史数字档案具有更广的生产、获得渠道；在内容方面，以个体讲述见长的口述历史，通过当事人亲历、亲见、亲闻拼凑历史细节，抢救“活”史料，既可甄别史料真伪，又可捕捉官方与社会的上下互动，使宏大历史叙述具有微观经验的补白，让历史“活”起来，与传统档案形成较强的互补。

The construction of digital archives of oral history helps promote interdisciplinary intersection, mutual infiltration, and cooperation, advancing the construction of the disciplinary, academic, and discourse systems of CPC history and Party building. The integration of digital tools and methods into the processing of oral history archives can break through the limitations of written records, broaden the scope of traditional historical narrative, and enrich historical compilation and forms of expression. As a product of the combination of digital technology and oral history, the generation of digital archives of oral history relies on the integration and mastery of multidisciplinary theories and methods. The selection of oral history topics and the collation and interpretation of materials require historical methods; simultaneous sound interviews, video shooting, and editing production require methods from art and film studies; the preservation and utilization of digital archives require methods from archival science, information management, sociology, and journalism and communication. This organic integration of interdisciplinary theory and practice builds a methodological system covering all links in the generation, utilization, and management of digital archives of oral history, thereby promoting innovation in knowledge, theory, and methods through disciplinary practical application.

口述历史数字档案建设有助于推动跨学科的交叉、互渗与合作，推动中共党史党建学学科、学术、话语体系建设。数字工具和方法融入口述历史档案加工程序，能够突破文字记录限制、拓宽传统史学叙事范围、丰富历史编撰和表现形态。作为数字技术与口述历史相结合的产物，口述历史数字档案的生成有赖于多学科理论方法的融合贯通。口述历史选题确立与资料整理解读，需要历史学方法；同期声访谈、影像拍摄与剪辑制作需要艺术学、影视学方法；数字档案保存利用，需要档案学、信息管理学、社会学和新闻传播学方法。这种跨学科理论与实践的有机融合，搭建涵盖口述历史数字档案的生成、利用、管理等各环节在内的方法论体系，进而以学科化实践应用推动知识、理论与方法创新。

The construction of digital archives of oral history can help normalize and sustain Party history learning and education, better fulfilling the discipline's function of providing historical reference and educating people. The discipline of CPC history and Party building bears the mission of learning from history, providing reference for governance, and educating people. Its disciplinary oral history records the development trajectory of the discipline, witnesses the original aspiration and founding mission of scholars, and serves as vivid evidence for the Party and state in promoting the cause of Party history and Party building and disciplinary development, providing disciplinary resource supply for Party history learning and education. Expressing disciplinary memory through digital technology, on the one hand, increases the visual elements of disciplinary literature, "restoring" historical contexts through oral archival narratives, allowing audiences to "face" history directly, enhancing their sense of reality and experience; on the other hand, it has significant advantages in resource scale, access methods, promotion, and dissemination. This not only helps mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of forces including researchers, memorial venues, and media platforms, but also allows the previously enclosed and fragmented Party history learning resources to "fly into the homes of ordinary people" through various channels, better guiding the correct history to become a consensus of the entire Party and society.

口述历史数字档案建设可以助力党史学习教育常态化长效化，更好发挥中共党史党建学资政育人的学科功能。中共党史党建学肩负着以史为鉴、资政育人的学科使命，其学科口述历史记载学科发展脉络，见证学人初心使命，是党和国家推动党史党建事业和学科发展的鲜活凭证，为党史学习教育提供学科资源供给。以数字技术表达学科记忆，一方面增加学科文献可视化元素，通过口述档案叙事“还原”历史情境，让受众“直面”历史，增强受众现实感与体验感；另一方面在资源规模、获取方式、宣介推广等方面优势显著，既有利于调动包括研究者、纪念场馆、媒体平台等力量的积极性与创造性，又可将被封闭分割的党史学习资源通过多种途径“飞入寻常百姓家”，更好引导正史成为全党全社会共识。

II. Conceptual Representation and Scope of Digital Archives of Oral History for the Discipline of CPC History and Party Building

二、中共党史党建学口述历史数字档案的概念表征与范畴

From the perspective of the discipline of CPC history and Party building, as a unique new type of literature, the scope and representation of digital archives of oral history encompass elements such as essential attributes, characteristics and functions, forms of existence, and basic classifications. This aims to systematically answer the ontological question of "what" digital archives of oral history for the discipline of CPC history and Party building are.

在中共党史党建学视野下，作为一种独特的新型文献，口述历史数字档案的范畴表征涵盖本质属性、特征功用、实存形态与基本分类等要素，旨在系统解答中共党史党建学口述历史数字档案“是什么”的本体论问题。

From the perspective of essential attributes, digital archives of oral history possess the essential attributes of traditional archives. With the "turn to memory," in addition to the static, fixed social memory preserved in archives, the fluid, relative social memory stored in the human brain has entered scholars'视野 and sparked widespread controversy. However, as some foreign scholars have emphasized, oral historical materials "tell us not only what people did, but also what they wanted to do, what they believed they were doing, and what they now think they did." Memory does not completely erode historical facts but also actively creates meaning. The collection of digital archives of oral history, through the reproduction and reconstruction of imprints remaining in the mind, reflects, to a certain extent, first-hand records and extensions of social activities in specific historical time and space. In other words, disciplinary digital archives of oral history possess the essential attribute of original recording, which is the fundamental characteristic that distinguishes archives from other forms of literature carriers.

从本质属性看，口述历史数字档案具有传统档案的本质属性。伴随“记忆的转向”，除保存在档案馆中静态的、固定的社会记忆外，存储于人脑中流动的、相对的社会记忆步入学者视野并引发广泛争议，但正如有国外学者所强调的，口述史料“不仅告诉我们人们做了什么，而且还有他们想要做什么，他们相信自己在做什么，以及现在他们认为自己做了什么”，记忆并非完全地在侵蚀历史事实，而也在积极地创造意义。口述历史数字档案的采集，通过对头脑中遗存印痕的复刻与重构，在一定程度上反映特定历史时空社会活动的第一手记录与延展。换言之，学科口述历史数字档案具有原始记录性的本质属性，这是档案区别于其他文献载体的根本所在。

Digital archives of oral history are also a new form of literature different from traditional archives, possessing the distinctive characteristics of both digital archives and oral archives. Compared with paper archives, they exhibit the unique features of digital archives, namely, generated through digital devices and technology, using binary symbols as information carriers, stored in electronic media (usually offline storage), relying on digital devices for reading, viewing, and processing, and capable of transmission through multimedia networks. They have incomparable advantages in information storage capacity, forms of expression, speed and breadth of dissemination, as well as preservation, management, and service life. Compared with written archives, they have the distinct nature of oral archives, focusing on the "people" in history through a combination of "looking upward" and "looking downward" historical narratives. Furthermore, in terms of performance, they integrate the advantages of oral history and digital archives, recording and writing history through the cooperation of historians and historical participants, breaking the traditional model that excludes historical participants, making historical writing no longer the "privilege" of historians; at the same time, they transform individual memory into visual, audible, and tangible forms of expression, endowing history with multi-dimensional dynamic narratives. Light, shadow, colors, lines, shapes, and sounds interweave to form a rich set of expressive vocabulary and grammar, constructing a sense of "presence" in history.

口述历史数字档案又是一种不同于传统档案的新型文献形态，兼具数字档案和口述档案的显著特性。相较于纸质档案，它展现出数字档案的独特表征，即通过数字设备和技术生成，以二进制符号作为信息载体，存储于电子介质（通常为脱机存储）中，依赖数字设备阅读、观看和处理，且能够通过多媒体网络进行传输。在信息存储量、表现形式、传播速度与广度，以及保存、管理、使用寿命等方面具有无可比拟的优势。相较于文字档案，它具有口述档案的鲜明性质，通过“眼光向上”与“眼光向下”相结合的历史叙事，把目光聚焦于历史中的“人”。进而在性能上融合口述历史与数字档案的优势，由历史学家和历史当事人合作记录、书写历史，打破将历史当事人排除在外的传统模式，使历史书写不再是历史学家的“特权”；同时将个体记忆转化为可视、可听、可感的表现形试，赋予历史多维度的动态叙事。光、影、色彩、线条、造型和声音等相互交织，形成了一套丰富的表达词汇和语法，构建历史“在场”的真实感。

From the perspective of its existential form, it exhibits multimodal characteristics, encompassing not only traditional media forms such as text, images, audio, and video, but also other emerging forms of expression, such as three-dimensional models, virtual reality, augmented reality, interactive maps, data visualization, and holographic imagery. In the presentation mode of oral history digital archives, text reduces language to written symbols, images freeze and record historical scenes, audio captures the tone, volume, rhythm, and audible non-verbal cues of historical participants, while video captures the body language of historical participants. Digital technologies such as virtual reality, interactive maps, and holographic imagery are layered and mutually reinforcing, forming an expressive historical narrative that can preserve original historical memory to the greatest extent possible.

从实存形态看，它呈现出多模态特征，既包括文字、图片、音频、视频等传统媒介形态，还存在其他新型表现形态，如三维模型、虚拟现实、增强现实、互动地图、数据可视化、全息影像等。在口述历史数字档案呈现方式上，文字把语言简化为书写符号，图片定格记录历史场景，录音传递历史当事人的语音语调、音量节奏以及可听到的非语言线索，录像则对历史当事人的身体语言进行捕捉，虚拟现实、互动地图、全息影像等数字技术层层叠加、相得益彰，形成富有表现力的历史叙事，可以最大限度地保留原生态的历史记忆。

Archival classification is the foundation for scientifically managing archives and enhancing the efficiency of their utilization. Based on differences in content and theme, oral history archives for the discipline of CPC history and Party building can be categorized into three basic types: First, personage-type archives, centered on individuals who have made significant contributions in the history of the discipline’s development. They are “decision-makers” (formulating decisions and plans for CPC history and Party building work or disciplinary development), “organizers” (organizing and participating in major affairs in the discipline’s history), “witnesses” (having fully or partially experienced important periods in the discipline’s development), and “researchers” (possessing deep research and unique insights on major issues in CPC history and Party building). This type of archive takes the individual’s life activities as its main thread, narrated orally by the individual themselves or by relatives, friends, etc., around their related activities. Through personal life histories, it displays the academic style of scholars and reflects the basic course, major achievements, and future trends of the discipline’s development. Second, event-type archives, centered on landmark events in the discipline’s history. Their content focuses on major nodes in the discipline’s development, attends to the full story of major events, and depicts the development process. This includes not only factual details showing the context and sequence of events, but also the historical impact of events on the Party, the state, society, families, and individuals, as well as individuals’ subjective perceptions and emotional experiences of events. The scope of collection includes, but is not limited to, the historical interaction between disciplinary elites and the discipline’s development; the sights, sounds, thoughts, and feelings of “ordinary people” are also within its purview. Third, composite-type archives, integrating personages, events, and other relevant factors to reflect the complex interactions behind the discipline’s development. In addition to conventional historical figures, historical events, and important meetings, they also pay attention to major decisions of the Party and state, the work of CPC history and Party building departments, disciplinary structure and development planning, and domestic and international academic trends. This type of archive helps to construct historical memory on a more macroscopic level, presenting the complexity and diversity of disciplinary development and academic growth.

档案分类是科学管理档案、提升档案利用效率的基础。根据内容主题不同，中共党史党建学口述历史档案可以归为三种基本大类：一是人物类档案，围绕学科发展史上具有重要贡献的个体展开。他们是“决策者”（制定党史党建工作或学科发展的决策规划）、“组织者”（组织参与学科史上的重大事务）、“亲历者”（完整经历、部分经历学科发展的重要时期）、“研究者”（对党史党建重大问题有深厚研究和独特见解）。此类档案以个人生平活动为主要线索，由本人或亲属朋友等围绕其相关活动口述而成，通过个人生命史展现学人学术风范，反映学科发展的基本历程、重大成就与未来趋势。二是事件类档案，以学科发展史上的标志性事件为中心。其内容聚焦学科发展重大节点、关注重大事件始末、描绘发展进程，不仅包括展现事件来龙去脉的史实细节，也包括事件对党和国家、社会、家庭与个人的历史影响，以及个人对事件的主观认知、情感体验等；其采集范围包括但不限于学科精英与学科发展的历史互动，“小人物”的所见所闻所感亦在涉猎范围。三是复合类档案，整合人物、事件和其他相关因素反映学科发展背后的复杂互动。除常规历史人物、历史事件和重要会议外，还关注党和国家重大决策、党史党建部门工作、学科建制与发展规划、国内外学术思潮等。此类档案有助于更宏观地建构历史记忆，呈现学科发展、学术生长的复杂性与多元性。

Under the basic categories, specific subcategories can be further delineated by selecting one criterion from among different standards such as the generational cohort of oral interviewees, their institutional affiliation, disciplinary field, or country/region. Regarding the generational standard, it mainly includes three generations: the first generation consists of revolutionary-type scholars, such as Hu Qiaomu, Hu Sheng, He Ganzhi, and Hu Hua [1]1 Hu Qiaomu (1912-1992), Hu Sheng (1918-2000), He Ganzhi (1906-1977), and Hu Hua (1921-1987) were pioneering Marxist historians and Party theorists who helped establish the academic discipline of CPC history in China.; the second generation is the “Seventeen Years” generation of New China [2]2 “Seventeen Years” refers to the period from the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 to the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966., such as Zheng Derong, Li Hongwen, Tang Peiji, Lin Yunhui, Yang Yunruo, and Chen Mingxian; the third generation mainly comprises scholars from the new period of reform and opening up, who ascended the academic stage in the 1980s and exerted academic influence in the field of CPC history and Party building. Regarding the institutional standard, it is mainly divided into CPC history and literature departments at various levels, Party building work departments, national academic social groups and organizations, as well as the “five major forces” [3]3 “Five major forces” is a term used in China to describe the five main types of institutions engaged in philosophy and social science research: Party schools, institutions of higher education, research institutes, military academies, and Party and government research departments. including institutions of higher education, Party schools (schools of administration), research institutes, and military academies. Regarding the disciplinary field standard, besides the two main trunk disciplines of CPC history and Party building in the narrow sense, it should also include scholars from related disciplines such as Marxist theory, history, and political science. From a regional standard, mainland China mainly forms regional clusters around degree-awarding programs in the discipline of CPC history and Party building, including universities in the northeast represented by Northeast Normal University; universities, Party schools, and research institutions in Beijing represented by Renmin University of China, Beijing Normal University, the Central Party School (National Academy of Governance), and the Institute of Contemporary China Studies of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; and universities in East, Central, and South China represented by East China Normal University, Wuhan University, and South China Normal University. Given the diversity of the discipline’s research subjects, academic institutions and related scholars engaged in CPC studies in the Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan regions of China, as well as abroad, should also be included.

在基本大类之下，又可从口述访谈对象的代际、所在机构、学科门类、国别区域等不同标准中选择一种作具体类目划分。就代际标准而言，主要包括三代：第一代是革命型学者，如胡乔木、胡绳、何干之、胡华等；第二代是新中国“十七年”一代，如郑德荣、李鸿文、唐培吉、林蕴晖、杨云若、陈明显等；第三代主要是改革开放新时期学人，在20世纪八十年代登上学术舞台，在党史党建学科领域产生学术影响。就机构标准而言，主要分为各级党史和文献部门、党建工作部门，全国学术性社会团体和组织，以及高等院校、党校（行政学院）、科研院所、部队院校等“五路大军”。就学科门类而言，除狭义的中共党史、党的建设两大主干学科外，还应包括马克思主义理论、历史学、政治学等相关学科的学者。从地域标准看，中国大陆地区主要围绕中共党史党建学科学位点而形成地域群，包括以东北师范大学等为代表的东北地区高校，以中国人民大学、北京师范大学、中共中央党校（国际行政学院）、中国社会科学院当代中国研究所等为代表的在京高校、党校和研究机构，以华东师范大学、武汉大学、华南师范大学等为代表的华东、华中及华南地区高校。鉴于学科研究主体的多元性，还应纳入中国港澳台地区、国外从事中共研究的学术机构和相关学者。

III. Operational Procedures for the Collection and Organization of Oral History Digital Archives for the Discipline of CPC History and Party Building

三、中共党史党建学口述历史数字档案采集整理的操作规程

Under the flourishing development of oral history in contemporary China, the construction project of oral history digital archives for the discipline of CPC history and Party building should be guided by Marxist historical materialism, take Xi Jinping’s important thoughts on Party building and his important discourses on Party history and archival work as its basic guidelines, draw on the “full lifecycle” theory of oral history metadata construction, and, on the basis of clarifying the project theme, form a complete process of “preliminary preparation—mid-term execution—later-stage management and maintenance.”

在当代中国口述历史蓬勃发展形势下，中共党史党建学口述历史数字档案建设项目应以马克思主义唯物史观为指导，以习近平总书记关于党的建设的重要思想与党的历史、档案工作的重要论述为基本遵循，借鉴口述历史元数据建设的“全生命周期”理论，在明确项目主题基础上，形成“前期筹备—中期执行—后期管护”的完整流程。

Preliminary preparation is the most controllable stage for oral archival workers. Adequate preliminary preparation not only involves understanding known areas but also requires guiding interviewees to provide previously undisclosed information, thereby expanding the depth and breadth of the oral content.

前期筹备是口述档案工作者最为可控的环节。充分的前期准备不仅是了解已知领域，还需引导受访者提供此前未公开的信息，拓展口述内容的深度与广度。

First, clarify the interviewees and form an interview list. Based on factors such as the accessibility of interviewees, project resource conditions, and the interviewees’ age, health status, and geographical location, a detailed interview schedule should be developed to form a reasonable, orderly, and feasible interview list.

一是明确访谈对象，形成访谈名单。应根据受访者的可访问性、项目资源条件以及受访者的年龄、身体状况、地理位置等因素，制定详细访谈时间表，形成合理有序、切实可行的访谈名单。

Second, create a “personal resume” and draft an interview outline. Drafting an oral interview outline requires conducting sufficient background “pre-research” to form a resume focused on academic research and disciplinary work. The outline design should match the interview type. Thematic interviews are more suitable for event-type oral history, while biographical interviews are more commonly used for personage-type oral history. The form combining theme and biography is most commonly applied in disciplinary oral history, and its content covers two parts: on the one hand, it sorts out the individual’s life in chronological order, including relevant educational and work experiences, focusing on the specific factors that influenced the interviewee’s path into the discipline, such as family, figures, events, schools, and books; on the other hand, it uses themes as clues to explore the interviewee’s views and experiences in their personal research field. Regarding questioning methods, closed-ended questions are suitable for “yes”/“no” answers, as well as time, place, numbers, and relatively vague questions, etc. Open-ended questions not only give the narrator a certain degree of freedom but can also be given a certain direction by using “marginal notes” and are therefore more common.

二是制作“个人简历”，拟定访谈提纲。拟定口述访谈提纲需要充分开展背景“预调研”，形成一份以学术研究、学科工作为重点的简历。提纲设计应与访谈类型相匹配，主题式访谈更适用于事件类口述，生平式访谈则多用人物类口述，而主题与生平相结合的形式在学科口述中应用最为普遍，其内容涵盖两部分：一方面，以时间为序梳理个人生平，包括相关教育和工作历程，关注影响受访者走上学科之路的具体因素，如家庭、人物、事件、学校、书籍等；另一方面，以主题为线索探讨受访者在个人研究工作领域的观点和体会。关于提问方式，封闭式提问适用于“是”“否”以及时间、地点、数字及相对模糊的问题等，自由式提问既赋予口述者一定自由空间又可运用“旁注”等使其具有一定方向性也因而更常见。

Third, prepare authorization documents and compile a metadata plan. These are two indispensable normative documents for any oral history project. The authorization agreement is a necessary document to ensure the legal validity of the oral history project and protect the intellectual property rights of the project’s outcomes. It must include clear stipulations on the ownership and disposal of interview copyright. The metadata plan is a key document to ensure the long-term usability of the archives and facilitate later management and utilization. It must not only accurately describe the content of the disciplinary oral history digital archives but also ensure consistency and operability during the storage, retrieval, and utilization of the archives, leaving room for expandable fields. Specific reference can be made to the “Metadata Plan for Oral History Electronic Archives.”

三是准备授权文书，编制元数据方案，这是口述历史项目必不可少的两份规范性文件。授权协议是确保口述历史项目具有法律效力、保护项目成果知识产权的必备文书，须包含明确的访谈版权归属及处置方式。元数据方案是确保档案的长期可用性、便于后期管理和利用的关键文件，不仅要准确描述学科口述历史数字档案的内容，还需要确保档案在存储、检索和利用过程中保持一致性和可操作性，留出可扩展字段，具体可参照《口述历史电子档案元数据方案》。

Mid-term implementation mainly refers to the on-site collection phase of oral history interviews. A suitable interview environment and scientific session setup provide the necessary external conditions for on-site interviews. Before pressing the record button, the interviewer must arrive at the site in advance to understand the physical characteristics of the interview environment, and properly place and debug the equipment. Where conditions permit, two devices can be set up: the main camera ensures the interviewee is in a moderate position in the frame, while the secondary camera serves as a backup with different angles and compositions. The collector should also observe and record the interviewee’s living and working environment and personal items, which can not only be used in post-production editing but also constitute a project output in themselves. It must be pointed out that this behavior should be carried out with the interviewee’s permission; otherwise, it may easily give the interviewee a sense of “intrusion.” Constrained by the age and physical condition of the oral narrator, the interview duration should not exceed two hours; otherwise, it is necessary to increase the frequency of breaks midway or negotiate conducting multiple interviews. During the interview process, a trust relationship based on mutual respect should be established. The most basic requirement for the collector is to adhere to strict academic norms and professional ethics, striking a proper balance between gaining recognition through thorough preparation and provoking hostility by showing off knowledge. An oral history interview is not a historical trial; the oral narrator should not be placed in a passive position. Even a question-based interview should avoid a question-and-answer format. It is generally recommended that the interviewee narrate autonomously around the outline, and the collector should not interrupt but adhere to the principles of listening and follow-up questioning, placing the questioning session at the end or in the gaps of the interview. However, this does not mean the collector makes no response; rather, they should make appropriate and effective responses, trying to avoid questions that easily become “leading” and “audible” answers that affect the recording effect, and provide positive feedback through silent body language based on “understanding.” Although the “witnessing” of the oral narrator and the “guidance” of the collector actually participate in the construction of the truth of oral history archives, with the support of digital technology, through scientific interview arrangements, equipment management, and communication skills, the truthfulness and reliability within the value category of oral history digital archives will be continuously enhanced, and the historical academic value significantly improved. To a certain extent, this adds weight to their “archival” status.

中期执行主要指口述历史访谈的现场采集阶段。适宜的访谈环境和科学的环节设置为现场访谈提供必要的外在条件。在按下录制键前，访谈者需提前到达现场洞悉访谈环境各项物理特征，合理放置并调试好设备。条件允许情况下，可架设两台设备，主机位确保受访者处于镜头适中位置，副机位以不同角度和构图作备用。采集者还要观察、记录受访者的生活工作环境及个人物品，不仅能够应用于后期剪辑，其本身亦是项目的一项成果产出。必须指出，该行为要在受访者允许的前提下进行，否则容易给受访者带来“侵犯”感。受制于口述者年龄与身体状况，访谈时长不宜超过2小时，否则需要中途提高小憩频次或协商开展多次访谈。在访谈过程中，要建立基于相互尊重的信任关系，这对采集者的最基本要求便是遵守严格学术规范和职业道德，在做足功课获得认可与卖弄知识引起敌意之间拿捏好尺度。口述历史访谈不是一场历史审判，口述者不应该陷入被动地位，即使是提问式访谈也要避免出现问答的形式。一般建议由受访者围绕提纲自主口述，采集者不应打断而应秉承聆听与追问的原则，将提问环节置于访谈最后或间隙。但这并不代表采集者不做任何回应，而是要做恰当的有效回应，尽量规避易成为“领导性”的问题及会影响录制效果的“听得见”的回答，在“读懂”基础上用静默肢体语言予以正向反馈。尽管口述者的“见证”和采集者的“引导”事实上参与了口述历史档案真实的建构，但在数字技术加持下通过科学的访谈安排、设备管理和沟通技巧，口述历史数字档案价值论范畴内的真实可靠性将不断增强，历史学术价值显著提升。这在一定程度上为其“档案”地位加码。

Post-production management and preservation is the output phase that maximizes project value. This phase aims to achieve effective utilization and long-term preservation of precious historical records, creating the social value of oral history digital archives. It specifically includes work such as audio transcription, video editing, and preservation management: Transcription is the process of converting on-site audio into text to form transcripts and written versions. The application of artificial intelligence to transcription work greatly improves the efficiency of speech-to-text conversion. However, because most interviews inevitably involve factors difficult for machines to recognize, such as dialects and “filler words,” an ideal transcript should be the result of digital technology and manual work complementing each other—a word-for-word draft that has been revised and proofread by the collector and the oral narrator, accurately reflecting the interview content, and preserving the characteristics of the original scene as much as possible. Editing is a creative means of “entering” historical memory through an audiovisual narrative method. Oral history is an auditory narrative centered on sound, while video is a visual medium focused on images. The “collision” of these two heterogeneous senses produces a montage-like “temporal-spatial dislocation,” creating an effect of “1+1>2.” This requires the logic of the oral materials, the logic of video editing, and the underlying logical chain formed by the interweaving of oral accounts and empirical evidence to be interconnected and interpenetrated. Disciplinary oral history video is a visual art that pursues true and credible history. However, the “instability” of memory and the “pre-understanding” that precedes the oral narrator’s memory lead to distrust of oral memory and doubts about the authenticity of oral history archives. This requires the editor, beyond technical ability, to possess the knowledge structure, theoretical literacy, and academic insight of the discipline of CPC history and Party building, enabling them to verify and correct potential problems caused by slips of the tongue or vague memory. Post-production management and preservation of archives in the digital age is not limited to traditional physical storage; it also involves issues such as data security and accessibility. Given the political requirements of the discipline of CPC history and Party building, special attention must also be paid to the encrypted preservation of sensitive archival data. Specific archiving and preservation norms can be found in documents such as the “Standards for the Collection and Management of Oral Historical Materials,” the “Implementation Standards for the Backup of Archival Digital Resources,” and the “Practical Norms for Chinese Oral History Work” (Trial Version).

后期管护是最大化项目价值的成果产出环节。这一环节旨在实现珍贵历史记录的有效利用和长期保存，创造口述历史数字档案的社会价值，具体包括录音转录、影像剪辑、保存管理等工作：转录，是将现场录音转化为文字形成抄本与书面版本的过程。人工智能应用于转录工作大大提高语音转文字的效率，但因为大部分访谈难以避免方言、“口水词”等机器难以识别的因素出现，因此，一份理想的抄本应是数字技术与人工相互弥合的作用成果，是经过采集者与口述者修改与校对、能够准确反映访谈内容、尽量保留原生场景特色的逐字逐句稿。剪辑，是通过视听结合的叙事方式走“进”历史记忆的创作手段。口述历史是以声音为中心的听觉叙事，影像是以画面为主的视觉媒体，两种异质感官在“碰撞”中产生蒙太奇的“时空错位”形成“1+1＞2”的效果，这需要口述材料逻辑、画面剪辑逻辑、口述与实证杂糅而成的潜在逻辑链条相互勾连、相互贯通。学科口述历史影像是追求真实可信历史上的视觉艺术，但记忆的“不稳定性”和先于口述者记忆的“前理解”，造成人们对口述记忆的不信任和口述历史档案真实性的质疑。这就在技术能力之外，要求剪辑者拥有中共党史党建学的知识结构、理论素养和学术眼光，能够对因口误或记忆模糊等可能造成的问题进行考证与勘误。数字时代的档案后期管护，不仅限于传统物理存储，还涉及数据安全、可访问性等问题。鉴于中共党史党建学科的政治性要求，还要特别注意敏感档案数据的加密保存。具体的归档与管护规范可参见《口述史料采集与管理规范》、《档案数字资源备份实施规范》等文件及《中华口述历史工作实务规范》（试用版）。

Through the procedural design and practical operation of preliminary preparation, mid-term operation, and post-production management and preservation, the construction of digital oral history archives for the discipline of CPC history and Party building can gradually form a set of scientific, institutionalized, and standardized professional technical standards, providing support in the form of new documentary materials for consolidating the foundation of the knowledge system of CPC history and Party building. Facing the “double-edged sword” of the digital intelligence era, the empowerment of the discipline of CPC history and Party building by digital intelligence technology requires systematic, complete, rigorous, standardized, scientific, and reasonable methodological guidance. Undoubtedly, carrying out the collection, organization, and research of disciplinary oral history digital archives is an inherent requirement for accelerating the construction of an independent knowledge system for CPC history and Party building.

经由前期筹备、中期操作与后期管护的程序设定与实践操作，中共党史党建学口述历史数字档案建设可以逐渐形成一套科学化、制度化、规范化的专业技术标准，为夯实中共党史党建学知识体系根基提供新型文献形态支撑。面对数智时代的“双刃剑”，数智技术赋能中共党史党建学科建设需要系统完整、严谨规范、科学合理的方法论指导。无疑，开展学科口述历史数字档案的采集、整理与研究，是加快构建中共党史党建学自主知识体系的题中之义。

Source: *Teaching and Research*, Issue 2, 2025

文章来源：《教学与研究》2025年第2期

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆