The Value Implications, Historical Evolution, and Basic Experience of the CPC’s Cultural Leadership Construction

The Party’s cultural leadership refers to the leading position of the Communist Party of China in cultural construction; it is a profound manifestation of the Party’s overall leadership at the cultural level. The construction of the Party’s cultural leadership directly affects the exertion of the Party’s political leadership and the shaping of the Party’s image. Since the New Era, Xi Jinping has elevated propaganda, ideology,

党的文化领导权是指中国共产党在文化建设中占领导地位，是党的全面领导在文化层面的深刻彰显，党的文化领导权建设直接影响着党的政治领导力发挥和党的形象构建。新时代以来，习近平将宣传思想文化工作提升到前所未有的高度，创造性地提出“党的文化领导权”重要命题，体现了党对历史规律、历史大势的深刻把握，彰显了党深化和加强文化领导权的主动担当。当前学界关于党的文化领导权的研究大多聚焦于新时代这一特定时期，以理论依据、基本内涵和实践路径为主，笔者尝试立足于百余年党的文化领导权建设史，从价值、历史、经验3个维度深化党的文化领导权的价值性分析、历史性探索和规律性认识，通过阐释党的文化领导权建设的重要价值，考察党领导文化建设的百余年演变进程，总结党的文化领导权建设的基本经验，从而在思想文化上巩固党的执政地位、夯实党的执政基础，探寻党的文化领导权建设对于新时代做好宣传思想文化工作的重要意义。

I. The Value Implications of the CPC’s Cultural Leadership Construction

一、中国共产党文化领导权建设的价值意蕴

Emphasizing leadership over cultural work is a distinctive advantage of the CPC and an important historical mission it undertakes. The proposition of “the Party’s cultural leadership” scientifically answers major theoretical and practical questions in the cultural sphere, elucidates the extreme importance of the Party’s cultural leadership construction, and holds significant value for consolidating the Party’s core leadership position, undertaking new cultural missions, and grasping the dominant power in ideological work.

重视对文化工作的领导是中国共产党的显著优势，也是中国共产党所担负的重要历史使命。“党的文化领导权”命题的提出，科学回答了文化领域的重大理论和实践问题，阐明了党的文化领导权建设的极端重要性，对于巩固党的核心领导地位、担负新的文化使命、把握意识形态工作主导权等具有重要价值。

(A) Upholding the Party’s Cultural Leadership Is an Inherent Requirement for Consolidating the Party’s Core Leadership Position

（一）坚持党的文化领导权是巩固党的核心领导地位的内在要求

Marxist classical writers profoundly explained the importance of the proletarian party’s grasp of cultural leadership. Lenin emphasized that the proletariat and “its vanguard, the Communist Party” are “the most active and principal force” leading cultural work, and that cultural work is “an organized, planned, and unified component of Party work.” [1]1 Source: Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Cultural Heritage and Development,” 2023. He refuted the erroneous propositions of some factions within the Party that denied the Party’s cultural leadership, advocated for establishing a mechanism for “inculcating” socialist ideology, thereby promoting the transformation of cultural leadership from theory into practice and consolidating the centralized and unified leadership of the proletarian party.

马克思主义经典作家深刻阐释了无产阶级政党掌握文化领导权的重要性。列宁强调，无产阶级及“它的先锋队共产党”是领导文化事业“最积极最主要的力量”，文化事业是“有组织的、有计划的、统一的党的工作的一个组成部分”。他驳斥了党内一些派别否定党的文化领导权的错误主张，主张建立社会主义思想“灌输”机制，由此推动文化领导权从理论转化为实践，巩固无产阶级政党的集中统一领导。

Propaganda, ideology, and cultural work are important components of the Party’s work. Upholding cultural leadership is an inherent requirement and logical extension of realizing the CPC’s overall leadership.

宣传思想文化工作是党的工作的重要内容，坚持文化领导权是实现中国共产党的全面领导的内在要求和逻辑延伸。

First, upholding the Party’s cultural leadership has forged the CPC as a long-term ruling party. China’s cultural construction has continuously achieved historic accomplishments and undergone historic transformations. The spiritual outlook of the people has become increasingly vigorous, and the influence of Chinese culture has significantly strengthened. All these cultural achievements benefit from the correct leadership of the CPC. Over more than a century, the CPC has fully leveraged its political leadership advantages, enhanced its command and control over cultural construction, deepened and extended the Party’s overall leadership to the entire process and all aspects of propaganda, ideology, and cultural work, implemented the Party’s leadership in key areas such as cultural education, news dissemination, science and technology, and foreign exchanges, ensured that socialist culture always advances in the correct direction, and continuously promoted the construction of cultural leadership. More than a century of cultural exploration has tempered the Party’s strategic control capability over cultural development, deepened its understanding of the laws governing the Communist Party’s governance, and provided cultural support for consolidating the Party’s long-term ruling foundation and enhancing its ruling status.

第一，坚持党的文化领导权锻造了长期执政的中国共产党。我国文化建设不断取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革，人民群众的精神面貌愈加奋发向上，中华文化影响力显著增强，这一切文化成就都得益于中国共产党的正确领导。百余年来，中国共产党充分发挥政治领导优势，增强对文化建设的统摄力和掌控力，把党的全面领导深化拓展至宣传思想文化工作的全过程和各方面，在文化教育、新闻传播、科学技术、对外交流等关键领域贯彻落实党的领导，保证社会主义文化始终沿着正确方向前进，不断推进文化领导权建设。百余年的文化探索淬炼了党对文化发展的战略把控能力，深化了对共产党执政规律的认识，为巩固党的长期执政基础、提升党的执政地位提供了文化支撑。

Second, upholding the Party’s cultural leadership has enhanced the Party’s ability to lead cultural construction. The CPC is a party with a high degree of cultural consciousness. In promoting the innovation and development of Chinese culture, it has achieved original development of the Marxist theory of cultural leadership, formed regular understandings of cultural leadership construction in different periods, demonstrated the political wisdom of a century-old party in leading cultural construction, and consolidated and enhanced the Party’s cultural leadership. On the one hand, the CPC has enabled Chinese culture to transition from tradition to modernity, shaping various cultural forms such as New Democratic culture, socialist culture, and socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, making the Chinese cultural system and the Party’s cultural leadership construction system increasingly systematic, complete, stable, and mature, and promoting the continuous construction of the CPC’s cultural narrative system. On the other hand, the CPC has revealed the functional role of cultural leadership. Mao Zedong explained the relative independence of culture from the perspective of its function, pointing out that “a given culture (as an ideological form) is a reflection of the politics and economy of a given society, and in turn exerts a great influence and effect upon the politics and economy of that society.” [2]2 The “Nine Persistences,” “Fourteen Emphases,” and “Seven Efforts” are numbered policy frameworks for cultural work outlined by Xi Jinping in the New Era, covering principles such as adhering to the people-centered approach, emphasizing the leadership of the Party, and making efforts to strengthen cultural confidence. Xi Jinping further pointed out that culture is the “booster” of economic development and the “navigation light” of political civilization, [3]3 Source: Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Literature and Art Work,” 2014. explaining that grasping cultural leadership is an important means of promoting the progress of social productive forces and ensuring political stability, thereby deepening the Party’s understanding of the functional role of cultural leadership.

第二，坚持党的文化领导权提升了党领导文化建设的能力。中国共产党是一个具有高度文化自觉的党，在推动中华文化开拓创新中实现了马克思主义文化领导权理论的原创性发展，形成了不同时期关于文化领导权建设的规律性认识，彰显着百年大党领导文化建设的政治智慧，巩固和提升了党的文化领导力。一方面，中国共产党使中华文化实现由传统向近现代的转型，塑造了新民主主义文化、社会主义文化、中国特色社会主义文化等多种文化样态，使中华文化体系和党的文化领导权建设体系日趋系统完善、稳定成熟，推动中国共产党文化叙事体系接续构建。另一方面，中国共产党揭示了文化领导权的功能作用。毛泽东从功用角度阐释了文化的相对独立性，指出“一定的文化（当作观念形态的文化）是一定社会的政治和经济的反映，又给予伟大影响和作用于一定社会的政治和经济”。习近平进一步指出，文化是“经济发展的‘助推器’、政治文明的‘导航灯’”，阐释了掌握文化领导权是促进社会生产力进步、保证政治稳定的重要手段，深化了党对文化领导权功能作用的认识。

Third, upholding the Party’s cultural leadership has consolidated the foundation of inner-Party political culture construction. Inner-Party political culture is an ideological and theoretical system established by a political party to maintain its ruling legitimacy, including political thought, political sentiment, political consciousness, and other content, and is related to the entire system of Party governance and Party building. “Political culture is the soul of political life and has a subtle influence on the political ecosystem.” [4]4 Xi Jinping, speech on political culture within the Party, emphasizing its role in shaping political ecology. When this culture transforms into the political consciousness of the vast majority of Party members and cadres, it can shape a strong cohesive force within the Party, provide value support of legitimacy and justification for the Party’s long-term governance, and play a role in purifying the inner-Party political ecosystem and advancing Party building. Inner-Party political culture construction has a leading and exemplary role for social culture construction, and its connotative implications can profoundly influence the ideological concepts, lifestyles, and moral norms of the general public. It is precisely through the forging and tempering of inner-Party political culture construction that the CPC continuously summarizes laws and accumulates experience, enabling it to better play its core leadership role and guide the development of social culture.

第三，坚持党的文化领导权夯实了党内政治文化建设的根基。党内政治文化是政党为了维护执政合法性而建立的思想理论体系，包括政治思想、政治情感、政治意识等内容，关乎整个管党治党体系建设。“政治文化是政治生活的灵魂，对政治生态具有潜移默化的影响。”当这种文化转化为广大党员干部的政治自觉时，就能在政党内部塑造强大聚合力，为党长期执政提供合法性、正当性的价值支撑，起到净化党内政治生态、推进党的建设的作用。党内政治文化建设对社会文化建设具有引领示范作用，其内涵意蕴能够深刻影响社会大众的思想观念、生活方式和道德规范。中国共产党正是在党内政治文化建设的锻造和淬炼中不断总结规律、积累经验，才能更好地发挥领导核心作用，指引社会文化发展。

(B) Upholding the Party’s Cultural Leadership Is the Political Guarantee for Undertaking New Cultural Missions

（二）坚持党的文化领导权是担负新的文化使命的政治保证

Adhering to the Party’s cultural leadership has a profound impact on promoting cultural confidence and self-strengthening, and can provide a strong political guarantee for the CPC to shoulder the new cultural mission of the New Era. Its internal operational mechanism is manifested in three aspects. First, adhering to the Party’s cultural leadership is conducive to consolidating cultural subjectivity and enabling Chinese civilization to regain its glory. “For any culture to stand firm, go far, and have guiding power, cohesion, shaping power, and radiating power, it must have its own subjectivity.” [1]1 Source: Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Cultural Heritage and Development,” 2023. Since modern times, Chinese culture has gradually declined with the invasion of Western cultural trends, and the dominant position of Chinese culture has been continuously weakened. The CPC, upholding a national subject consciousness, has continuously promoted the Two Integrations, especially the Second Integration, endowing Marxism with a national form, leading the Chinese people to rebuild and consolidate cultural subjectivity, enriching and perfecting the cultural form of Chinese-path modernization in the New Era, promoting the life renewal and modern transformation of Chinese civilization, and consolidating the cultural cornerstone of cultural leadership construction. This not only reflects the Party’s deep identification with the ideological essence of Chinese civilization but also demonstrates the Party’s mission and responsibility in promoting the inheritance and development of Chinese civilization. Second, adhering to the Party’s cultural leadership is conducive to stimulating the cultural confidence of the masses and promoting cultural prosperity and rejuvenation. With cultural subjectivity, the masses can achieve a cognitive leap from cultural self-knowledge to self-confidence. The Chinese people and the Chinese nation will then have a firm self in a cultural sense and spiritual independence and autonomy, and can completely change the state of cultural inferiority and even self-denial that the Chinese nation has fallen into since modern times. The CPC fully leverages the guiding and cohesive role of cultural leadership in gathering people’s hearts and uniting the masses, enhancing the consciousness and initiative of the masses at the ideological and cultural levels, continuously strengthening the cultural confidence of the Chinese nation, constantly forging new brilliance in Chinese culture, laying a solid foundation for the transformation from cultural confidence to cultural self-strengthening, and providing cultural impetus for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Third, adhering to the Party’s cultural leadership is conducive to anchoring cultural development goals and building a socialist cultural power. Party leadership is the fundamental political guarantee for building a great modern socialist country. The CPC, in summarizing the laws of cultural development, enhances the foresight, initiative, and creativity of cultural leadership construction, dynamically adjusting the overall goals and phased objectives of cultural construction. In the New Era, Xi Jinping, closely following the requirements of the times and practice, has further drawn up a blueprint for the development of the Party’s and the state’s cultural undertakings, clarified the roadmap and task book for the Party’s leadership in cultural construction, established the long-term goal of building a cultural power by 2035, and made a series of strategic deployments around the goal of building a cultural power, such as the “Nine Persistences,” the “Fourteen Emphases,” and the “Seven Efforts,” [2]2 The “Nine Persistences,” “Fourteen Emphases,” and “Seven Efforts” are numbered policy frameworks for cultural work outlined by Xi Jinping in the New Era, covering principles such as adhering to the people-centered approach, emphasizing the leadership of the Party, and making efforts to strengthen cultural confidence. fully reflecting the Party’s long-term, holistic, and systematic strategic vision, achieving a high degree of integration between grasping historical laws and exerting historical initiative, and continuously opening up new realms in the construction of a cultural power in the New Era.

坚持党的文化领导权对于推进文化自信自强具有深远影响，能够为中国共产党担负起新时代新的文化使命提供坚强政治保证，其内在运行机理体现在3个方面。第一，坚持党的文化领导权有利于巩固文化主体性，促进中华文明重焕荣光。“任何文化要立得住、行得远，要有引领力、凝聚力、塑造力、辐射力，就必须有自己的主体性。”近代以来，中华文化伴随着西方文化思潮的入侵逐渐走向没落，中华文化的主体地位不断被削弱。中国共产党秉持民族主体意识，持续推动“两个结合”特别是“第二个结合”，赋予马克思主义以民族形式，带领中国人民重建并巩固文化主体性，在新时代丰富和完善了中国式现代化的文化形态，推动中华文明的生命更新与现代转型，筑牢文化领导权建构的文化基石。这不仅体现了党对中华文明思想精华的深切认同，也彰显了党对推动中华文明传承与发展的使命担当。第二，坚持党的文化领导权有利于激发人民群众的文化自信，推动文化繁荣与复兴。有了文化主体性，人民群众就能实现从文化自知到自信的认知跃迁，中国人民和中华民族就有了文化意义上的坚定自我和精神上的独立自主，才能彻底改变近代以来中华民族陷入文化自卑甚至自我否定的状态。中国共产党充分发挥文化领导权汇聚民心、团结民众的导向聚力作用，提升人民群众在思想文化层面的自觉性与主动性，使中华民族的文化自信得到持续增强，不断铸就中华文化新辉煌，为文化自信向文化自强转化奠定坚实基础，为中华民族伟大复兴提供文化动力。第三，坚持党的文化领导权有利于锚定文化发展目标，建设社会主义文化强国。党的领导是社会主义现代化强国建设的根本政治保证，中国共产党在总结文化发展规律中增强文化领导权建设的前瞻性、主动性和创造性，动态调整文化建设的总体目标、阶段性目标。新时代，习近平紧扣时代发展和实践要求，进一步擘画了党和国家文化事业的发展蓝图，明确了党领导文化建设的路线图和任务书，确立了到2035年建成文化强国的远景目标，并围绕建设文化强国目标作出了“九个坚持”“十四个强调”“七个着力”等一系列战略部署，充分体现了党长远性、全局性、系统性的战略眼光，实现了把握历史规律与发挥历史主动的高度融合，不断开辟新时代文化强国建设的新境界。

(III) Adhering to the Party’s cultural leadership is the key to grasping the dominant power over ideological work

（三）坚持党的文化领导权是把握意识形态工作主导权的关键所在

The core of cultural leadership is the construction and consolidation of ideology. Marx and Engels systematically discussed the essence and role of ideology. In their view, by possessing the social means of material production, the ruling class “determines the overall appearance of a certain historical era,” and thus has dominance in all fields of that era, including the ideological and cultural fields, “regulating the production and distribution of the ideas of its time,” thereby giving rise to the ruling ideology that embodies the will of the ruling class. As the ideological superstructure, ideology not only reflects social reality but also has a counteractive effect on social existence and the economic base. Any ruling class, in order to safeguard its material interests and consolidate its ruling position, must strengthen unified leadership at the ideological and cultural level, that is, it must grasp the leadership of ideological work.

文化领导权的核心是意识形态的构建与巩固，马克思、恩格斯对意识形态的本质、作用等内容进行了系统论述，在他们看来，统治阶级通过对社会物质生产资料的占有“决定着某一历史时代的整个面貌”，进而在这个时代的一切领域中包括思想文化领域具有支配权，“调节着自己时代的思想的生产和分配”，由此产生了体现统治阶级意志的统治思想即意识形态。意识形态作为观念上层建筑不仅能够反映社会现实，而且对于社会存在、经济基础具有反作用，任何统治阶级为了维护物质利益、巩固统治地位，都必须加强思想文化层面的统一领导，即需要掌握意识形态工作领导权。

Adhering to cultural leadership is the core essence of the CPC firmly holding the dominant power over ideological work in its own hands, and is an important guarantee for enhancing the country’s cultural soft power and safeguarding national cultural security. At a time when modern Chinese civilization faced a crisis of survival, advanced intellectuals sought paths for change by introducing Western theories, leading to the interweaving and collision of Marxism with various cultural trends. From its inception, the CPC has been committed to exploring the construction of a new cultural system, actively criticizing non-proletarian ideological trends, and gradually establishing the dominant position of Marxism in the ideological field. Against the backdrop of the deepening of reform and opening up and the accelerated evolution of social informatization in the New Era, various ideological and cultural trends from around the world interact and clash. The erosion and infiltration of ideology have become important means for Western hostile forces to suppress and contain China. China’s cultural development faces severe challenges. Based on this, the CPC has always treated the construction of cultural leadership as a matter concerning the future and destiny of the Party and the state, focusing on strengthening the guiding power of mainstream ideology. Its practical significance is mainly reflected in two aspects. On the one hand, firmly grasping the dominant power over ideological work is crucial for enhancing the country’s cultural soft power. Cultural soft power is an important component of fierce competition in comprehensive national strength. In essence, it is the attractiveness and appeal of ideology, which cannot be separated from the construction and exertion of ideological dominance. “The cultural soft power of a country, fundamentally speaking, depends on the vitality, cohesion, and appeal of its core values.” [3]3 Source: Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Symposium on Literature and Art Work,” 2014. The CPC uses core socialist values to guide and lead diverse cultural trends, effectively carrying out social value integration and ideological mobilization, enhancing the cohesion and guiding power of ideology, and providing an ideological banner for ensuring the prosperity and development of socialist culture and enhancing the country’s cultural soft power. On the other hand, firmly grasping the dominant power over ideological work is of great significance for safeguarding national cultural security. Ideological security constitutes the core dimension of cultural security. Cultural security not only concerns the survival and development of the national cultural system but also determines the independence and autonomy of the national spirit, values, beliefs, and pursuits. Facing the reality of increasingly active global ideological and cultural exchanges and collisions, the CPC insists on grasping the correct orientation of public opinion, resolutely struggles against various erroneous ideological trends, consolidates and strengthens mainstream ideology, improves the ability to withstand the impact of Western culture, and builds a solid spiritual defense line for maintaining security in the ideological field as well as national economic security and political power security.

坚持文化领导权是中国共产党将意识形态工作主导权牢牢掌握在自己手中的核心要义，是增强国家文化软实力、维护国家文化安全的重要保障。在近代中华文明面临存续危机之际，先进知识分子通过引入西方学说寻求变革路径，致使马克思主义和各种文化思潮交织碰撞。中国共产党自成立之日起就致力于探索构建新的文化体系，积极批判非无产阶级思潮，逐步确立马克思主义在意识形态领域的主导地位。在改革开放向纵深推进、社会信息化加速演进的新时代背景下，世界范围内各种思想文化相互激荡，意识形态的侵蚀与渗透成为西方敌对势力打压遏制中国的重要手段，我国文化发展面临严峻挑战。基于此，中国共产党始终将文化领导权建设作为事关党和国家前途命运的工作来抓，着力强化主流意识形态引领力，其现实意义主要体现在两个方面。一方面，牢牢把握意识形态工作主导权，对于增强国家文化软实力至关重要。文化软实力是激烈的综合国力竞争的重要组成部分，本质上是意识形态的吸引力与感召力，离不开意识形态主导权的构建和发挥。“一个国家的文化软实力，从根本上说，取决于其核心价值观的生命力、凝聚力、感召力。”中国共产党以社会主义核心价值观统摄引领多元文化思潮，有效进行社会价值整合与思想动员，增强意识形态的凝聚力和引领力，为保证社会主义文化繁荣发展、提升国家文化软实力提供思想旗帜。另一方面，牢牢把握意识形态工作主导权，对于维护国家文化安全意义重大。意识形态安全构成文化安全的核心维度，文化安全不仅关涉国家文化体系的生存与发展，更决定着民族精神、价值理念、信仰追求等方面的独立自主。面对全球思想文化日趋活跃、世界文明交流碰撞的现实境况，中国共产党坚持把握正确舆论导向，坚决同各种错误思潮作斗争，巩固壮大主流思想，提高应对西方文化冲击的能力，为维护意识形态领域安全以及国家经济安全、政权安全构筑起坚实的精神防线。

II. The Historical Evolution of the CPC’s Cultural Leadership Construction

二、中国共产党文化领导权建设的历史演进

Although the proposition of “the Party’s cultural leadership” was only explicitly raised after the New Era, the CPC’s practice of leading cultural construction has a long history. In different historical periods of revolution, construction, reform, and the New Era, the CPC, based on different central tasks and thematic transformations, has adopted a series of major measures in leading cultural construction, gradually establishing and expanding and perfecting cultural leadership, forming a systematic understanding of cultural leadership, and continuously achieving historic achievements in the construction of cultural leadership.

虽然“党的文化领导权”命题是在新时代以后才明确提出，但中国共产党领导文化建设的实践由来已久。在革命、建设、改革及新时代的不同历史时期，中国共产党根据不同的中心任务和主题转化在领导文化建设中采取了一系列重大举措，逐步确立并拓展完善文化领导权，形成了关于文化领导权的系统认识，推动文化领导权建设不断取得历史性成就。

(I) The Period of the New Democratic Revolution: The Initial Establishment of the CPC’s Cultural Leadership

（一）新民主主义革命时期：中国共产党文化领导权的初步确立

During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the CPC, centering on the historical task of striving for national independence and the liberation of the people, initially established cultural leadership in the struggle with various political forces, and actively explored issues such as the main objects, programmatic requirements, and practical paths of cultural leadership.

新民主主义革命时期，中国共产党围绕争取民族独立和人民解放的历史任务，在与各方政治力量的争夺中初步确立起文化领导权，对文化领导权的主要对象、纲领要求、实践路径等问题进行了积极探索。

From the very beginning of its founding, the Communist Party of China attached importance to the construction of cultural leadership. It disseminated Marxism and guided the workers’ movement by founding theoretical journals, establishing propaganda organs, and translating and introducing classic works, making preliminary attempts to lead cultural construction. The resolution of the First National Congress of the CPC stated that “all publications, whether central or local, shall have their publishing work led by Party members,” thereby establishing the Party’s leadership over cultural publishing. The Second and Third National Congresses continued to emphasize the importance of cultural propaganda and organization, uniting the workers and peasants by expanding the Party’s ideological influence. The Fourth National Congress clarified the issue of the proletariat’s leadership in the democratic revolution, pointing out that thanks to the Party’s leadership over propaganda work, “the Party’s organ newspaper *The Guide* [5]5 *The Guide* (*Xiangdao*) was the central organ newspaper of the CPC, first published in 1922. has actually stood in a guiding position in public opinion,” and demanded that the Central Committee “should guide all localities, within the scope of possibility,” to promote the spread of proletarian culture. In the early period of the Party’s founding, the CPC focused on theoretical propaganda; its understanding of the strategic position of cultural leadership in the revolution needed deepening, and its awareness of seizing cultural leadership needed strengthening.

中国共产党成立之初，就重视文化领导权建设，通过创办理论刊物、建立宣传机构、译介经典著作等方式传播马克思主义、指导工人运动，进行了领导文化建设的初步尝试。中共一大决议提出，“不论中央或地方出版的一切出版物，其出版工作均应受党员的领导”，确立了党对文化出版事业的领导。中共二大、三大继续强调文化宣传与组织的重要性，通过扩大党的意识形态影响力团结工农群众。中共四大明确了无产阶级在民主革命中的领导权问题，指出得益于党对宣传工作的领导，“党的机关报《向导》竟得立在舆论的指导地位”，并要求中央“应指导各地于可能范围内”推进无产阶级文化传播。建党初期，中国共产党侧重理论宣传，对文化领导权在革命中战略地位的认识有待深化，夺取文化领导权的意识有待增强。

During the period of the Agrarian Revolutionary War, the Party’s construction of cultural leadership was mainly concentrated in two aspects. On the one hand, it led and advanced the left-wing cultural movement. In 1929, the Central Cultural Work Committee was formally established as the general headquarters for leading the left-wing cultural movement. In 1930, progressive cultural organizations such as the League of Left-Wing Writers and the League of Social Scientists, as well as the Left-Wing Cultural General League, which unified the leadership of various cultural groups, were successively established. At this point, a top-down cultural organizational structure of “Cultural Work Committee—Left-Wing Cultural General League—various left-wing cultural groups” had taken shape, initially establishing the Party’s cultural leadership. This marked the Party’s leadership over culture deepening from the ideological level to the organizational level. Under the Party’s leadership, various left-wing organizations propagated Marxism, carried out revolutionary literary and artistic activities, and waged a resolute struggle against the Kuomintang’s cultural “encirclement and suppression,” [6]6 The Kuomintang’s cultural “encirclement and suppression” refers to the Nationalist government’s campaigns in the 1930s to suppress left-wing and communist cultural activities through censorship, bans, and persecution. demonstrating a strong sense of responsibility for leading China’s cultural development. Qu Qiubai explicitly put forward the viewpoint of proletarian cultural leadership, promoting a “Renaissance movement under the leadership of the proletariat, a cultural revolution and literary revolution under the leadership of the proletariat.” On the other hand, it led the construction of a new cultural situation in the Soviet areas. The CPC stipulated that the propaganda departments of the Central Bureaus in the Soviet areas should be established to “lead all propaganda and agitation work within the Soviet areas,” and strengthened the construction of Party newspapers, requiring that “Party newspapers must become leaders of Party work and mass work.” Mao Zedong also proposed “creating a new worker-peasant Soviet culture,” leading the development of cultural and educational undertakings in the base areas, and establishing the dominant position of proletarian culture.

土地革命战争时期，党的文化领导权建设主要集中在两个方面。一方面，领导推进左翼文化运动。1929年，中央文化工作委员会作为领导左翼文化运动的总指挥部正式建立。1930年，左联、社联等进步文化组织和统一领导各文化团体的左翼文化总同盟相继成立。至此，“文委—文总—各左翼文化团体”自上而下的文化组织结构已经形成，初步确立起党的文化领导权，标志着党对文化的领导从思想层面深入到组织层面。各左翼组织在党的领导下宣传马克思主义、开展革命文艺活动，与国民党的文化“围剿”进行坚决斗争，表现出领导中国文化发展的强烈担当意识。瞿秋白明确提出无产阶级文化领导权观点，推动“无产阶级领导之下的文艺复兴运动，无产阶级领导之下的文化革命和文学革命”。另一方面，领导构建苏区文化新局面。中国共产党规定苏区内各中央局建立宣传部，“领导苏区内一切宣传鼓动工作”，并加强党报建设，要求“党报必须成为党的工作及群众工作的领导者”。毛泽东还提出“创造新的工农的苏维埃文化”，领导发展根据地的文化教育事业，确立无产阶级文化的主导地位。

During the period of the Comprehensive War of Resistance Against Japan, the CPC mobilized cultural workers to carry out anti-war propaganda activities, promoting the “combination of the pen with the gun,” so that the entire nation, under the Party’s leadership, coalesced into a powerful force to resist foreign aggression and save the nation from peril. In *On New Democracy*, Mao Zedong proposed developing a new-democratic culture that is “proletarian-led, mass-oriented, and anti-imperialist and anti-feudal,” indicating that the proletariat had become the advanced force leading China’s cultural development, ensuring that the Party occupied the leading and initiative position in cultural construction. This constructed the basic theoretical framework of the Party’s cultural leadership in terms of programmatic requirements, service targets, and core tasks. In 1942, Mao Zedong delivered the *Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art*, putting forward the fundamental policy of literature and art serving the workers, peasants, and soldiers, emphasizing that “what is truly of the masses is now necessarily led by the proletariat,” thereby establishing the Party’s leadership over literary and artistic work and effectively expanding the mass base of the Party’s cultural leadership.

全面抗战时期，中国共产党通过动员文化工作者开展抗战宣传活动，促进“笔杆子跟枪杆子结合起来”，使全国人民在党的领导下凝聚起反抗外来侵略、挽救民族危亡的强大力量。毛泽东在《新民主主义论》中提出，发展“无产阶级领导的人民大众的反帝反封建的”新民主主义文化，表明无产阶级已经成为领导中国文化发展的先进力量，保证党在文化建设中占据领导权和主动权，从纲领要求、服务对象和核心任务等方面构建起党的文化领导权的基本理论框架。1942年，毛泽东发表《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》，提出文艺为工农兵群众服务的根本方针，强调“真正人民大众的东西，现在一定是无产阶级领导的”，确立了党对文艺工作的领导，有效扩大了党的文化领导权的群众基础。

During the War of Liberation, the CPC led the construction of culture in the liberated areas, bringing about a flourishing scene in the ideological and cultural sphere. First, ideologically, it led the eradication of residual feudal ideology and Japanese enslavement ideology, strengthened the propaganda and education of Marxism and the Party’s wartime policies and programs, and consolidated the ideological foundation of cultural leadership. Second, in propaganda, it established a system of requesting instructions and submitting reports, requiring that “Party newspapers in all localities must implement the system, as instructed by Chairman Mao, of having the responsible person of the local Party organization review the page proofs,” and adhere to “the Party’s principles and the Party’s policies,” ensuring the centralized and unified leadership of the Party over propaganda work. Third, in literature and art, it guided cultural workers, under the guidance of new-democratic cultural thought, to create works in the forms of novels, plays, films, and music centered on the practice of the masses, exposing the true face of the Kuomintang reactionaries, and enriching the forms of the Party’s cultural leadership construction. Overall, the construction of cultural leadership in the liberated areas won broad support from the masses, accumulating strength for the CPC to liberate all of China and lead cultural construction nationwide.

解放战争时期，中国共产党领导开展解放区文化建设，使思想文化领域呈现繁荣景象。第一，思想方面，领导破除残余的封建思想和日本奴化思想，加强马克思主义以及党的抗战纲领政策的宣传教育，巩固文化领导权的思想基础。第二，宣传方面，建立请示报告制度，要求“各地党报必须执行毛主席所指示的由各地党的负责人看大样制度”，遵循“党的原则和党的政策”，确保党对宣传工作的集中统一领导。第三，文学艺术方面，引导文化工作者在新民主主义文化思想的指导下，围绕群众实践进行小说、戏剧、电影、音乐等形式的创作，揭露国民党反动派的真实面目，丰富党的文化领导权建设形式。总体而言，解放区的文化领导权建设赢得了人民群众的广泛支持，为中国共产党解放全中国、领导全国范围的文化建设积蓄了力量。

(II) The Period of Socialist Revolution and Construction: The Tortuous Exploration of the CPC’s Cultural Leadership

（二）社会主义革命和建设时期：中国共产党文化领导权的曲折探索

During the period of socialist revolution and construction, the CPC conducted in-depth exploration of cultural leadership by adjusting and improving its leadership methods over cultural work such as education, literature and art, and journalism. Although some mistakes in the later period caused serious losses to the country and the people, overall, the Party’s construction of cultural leadership during this period provided a strong guarantee for consolidating the newly established regime and rallying social forces, promoting the transformation from new-democratic culture to socialist culture.

社会主义革命和建设时期，中国共产党通过调整改进对教育、文艺、新闻等文化工作的领导方式，对文化领导权进行了深入探索，尽管在后期由于一些失误给国家和人民造成了严重损失，但总体来看，这一时期党的文化领导权建设为巩固新生政权、凝聚社会力量提供了有力保障，促进新民主主义文化向社会主义文化转型。

After the founding of New China, the Party’s construction of cultural leadership entered a new stage. As the socialist factors occupying a leading position in politics and economy grew increasingly strong, the construction of socialist culture also unfolded in an orderly manner under the Party’s leadership. First, it seized control of the instruments of public opinion. By strengthening leadership over newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, and news agencies, and establishing a unified national news and propaganda apparatus, the CPC consolidated the strong positions of the Party’s cultural leadership. Second, it strengthened ideological leadership. In 1951, the First National Conference on Propaganda Work made strengthening the Party’s leadership over ideological work an important agenda item. The CPC led the nationwide reform of the old cultural and educational system, educated and transformed intellectuals to consciously accept the Party’s leadership and serve socialist cultural construction, and guided the masses to study the *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, consolidating the guiding position of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought in the cultural sphere. Third, it established the guiding principles for the fields of science and culture. In 1956, Mao Zedong proposed the “Double Hundred” policy, namely “letting a hundred flowers bloom in the arts and a hundred schools of thought contend in the academic sphere,” strengthening the Party’s leadership over literary, artistic, and scientific-technical work, and promoting the flourishing development of New China’s scientific and cultural undertakings.

新中国成立后，党的文化领导权建设进入崭新阶段。随着政治、经济上占领导地位的社会主义因素日趋壮大，社会主义文化建设也在党的领导下有序展开。第一，掌握舆论工具。中国共产党通过强化对报纸、刊物、电台及通讯社的领导，建立全国统一的新闻宣传机构，巩固了党的文化领导权的坚强阵地。第二，加强意识形态领导。1951年，第一次全国宣传工作会议将加强党对思想工作的领导作为重要议题，中国共产党在全国范围内领导改革旧式文化教育体系，教育改造知识分子自觉接受党的领导、服务于社会主义文化建设，引导群众学习《毛泽东选集》，巩固马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想在文化领域的指导地位。第三，确立科学文化领域的指导方针。1956年，毛泽东提出“双百”方针，即“艺术问题上的百花齐放，学术问题上的百家争鸣”，加强党对文学艺术、科学技术工作的领导，促进新中国科学文化事业繁荣发展。

(III) The New Period of Reform and Opening Up and Socialist Modernization: The Consolidation and Advancement of the CPC’s Cultural Leadership

（三）改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期：中国共产党文化领导权的巩固推进

During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the CPC continuously innovated the theory of cultural leadership in the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, clarifying the development concepts, strategic arrangements, and fundamental tasks of cultural leadership, shaping the cultural form of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and consolidating and advancing cultural leadership.

改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，中国共产党在建设中国特色社会主义进程中不断创新文化领导权理论，明确了文化领导权的发展理念、战略安排和根本任务等，塑造了中国特色社会主义文化形态，巩固和推进了文化领导权。

Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the Chinese Communists, with Comrade Deng Xiaoping as their chief representative, led and promoted profound changes in the ideological and cultural sphere, adhered to the ideological line of “emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts,” restored the order of cultural development, and effectively defended the Party’s cultural leadership. On the basis of restoring the “Double Hundred” policy, the CPC clarified that “literature and art serve the people and serve socialism,” defining the general direction of the Party’s leadership over the development of literary and artistic undertakings. In addition, the CPC proposed that it should build itself into a “strong core leading the entire people in the construction of socialist material civilization and cultural-ethical progress,” adhered to “grasping both aspects and grasping both firmly,” and creatively unified the construction of cultural leadership with the construction of cultural-ethical progress. Thus, the Party’s understanding of cultural leadership was further elevated in both breadth and depth.

党的十一届三中全会以来，以邓小平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人领导推进思想文化领域的深刻变革，坚持“解放思想，实事求是”的思想路线，恢复文化发展秩序，有效捍卫党的文化领导权。中国共产党在恢复“双百”方针的基础上，明确“文艺为人民服务，为社会主义服务”，规定了党领导文艺事业发展的总方向。此外，中国共产党提出要把自身建设成为“领导全国人民进行社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设的坚强核心”，坚持“两手抓，两手都要硬”，创造性地把文化领导权建设同精神文明建设统一起来。由此，党对文化领导权的认识在广度与深度上得到了进一步升华。

Since the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee of the Party, Chinese Communists with Comrade Jiang Zemin as their main representative proposed “building a culture with Chinese characteristics,” clarifying the Party’s goals and direction in leading cultural construction. In addition, the CPC advanced with the times by putting forward cultural development strategies such as socialist moral construction, rejuvenating the country through science and education, and ruling the country by virtue, thereby enhancing the Party’s capacity for strategic adaptation and decision-making in leading cultural construction. The important thought of the “Three Represents” included a confirmation of the Party’s identity as a cultural guide, emphasizing that the CPC “represents the direction of China’s advanced culture,” taking the ability to lead cultural development as a criterion for testing the Party’s leadership capability, which greatly expanded the theory and practice of the Party’s cultural leadership.

党的十三届四中全会以来，以江泽民同志为主要代表的中国共产党人提出“建设有中国特色社会主义的文化”，明确党领导文化建设的目标与方向。此外，中国共产党与时俱进地提出社会主义道德建设、科教兴国、以德治国等文化发展方略，提升党领导文化建设的谋变能力和决策能力。“三个代表”重要思想包含了对党的文化引领者身份的确认，强调中国共产党“代表着中国先进文化的前进方向”，将能否引领文化发展作为检验政党领导能力高低的标准，使党的文化领导权理论和实践得到极大拓展。

Since the 16th National Congress of the Party, Chinese Communists with Comrade Hu Jintao as their main representative actively led cultural construction in the 21st century, centering on the mission of promoting the great development and flourishing of socialist culture. The 16th National Congress of the Party clearly stated the need to strengthen the construction of cultural undertakings and cultural industries, lead the deepening of cultural system reform, and enhance the Party’s capability and competence in cultural work. The Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Party [7]7 The Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the CPC was held in October 2006; it adopted the “Resolution on Major Issues Concerning the Building of a Socialist Harmonious Society,” which first proposed the “socialist core value system.” proposed for the first time the construction of a “socialist core value system” and the building of a harmonious culture, achieving another major innovation in the theory of the Party’s cultural leadership and consolidating the value foundation for strengthening the Party’s cultural leadership.

党的十六大以来，以胡锦涛同志为主要代表的中国共产党人围绕着领导推动社会主义文化大繁荣大发展的使命任务，积极引领21世纪的文化建设。党的十六大明确提出，要加强文化事业和文化产业建设，领导深化文化体制改革，提升党领导文化工作的本领能力。党的十六届六中全会首次提出构建“社会主义核心价值体系”，建设和谐文化，实现了党的文化领导权理论的又一重大创新，为增强党的文化领导权夯实了价值根基。

(IV) Socialism with Chinese Characteristics Enters a New Era: The Deepening and Perfection of the CPC’s Cultural Leadership

（四）中国特色社会主义进入新时代：中国共产党文化领导权的深化完善

The entry of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the New Era has opened a new journey for China’s cultural construction and unveiled a new chapter in the construction of the Party’s cultural leadership. Standing at a new historical starting point, Xi Jinping has put forward a series of new ideas, new concepts, and new judgments around the major proposition of “upholding the Party’s cultural leadership,” forming the scholarly and systematic Xi Jinping Thought on Culture, marking a new height in the CPC’s understanding of how to lead cultural construction and providing a fundamental guideline for the Party to deepen and perfect its cultural leadership. First, building a socialist ideology with strong cohesion and guiding force. The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has systematically expounded on the fundamental tasks and strategic goals of the Party’s ideological work, consolidating the guiding position of Marxism, strengthening the Party’s leadership over ideological work, and ensuring that the Party always remains the mainstay in leading the development of thought and culture. Second, exerting the guiding and shaping role of core socialist values. To guide the entire Party and society in forming value consensus, the CPC promotes the integration of core socialist values into the daily lives of the people, leveraging their role as a spiritual bond in cultural construction and strengthening the value guidance of cultural leadership. Third, the construction of cultural confidence and cultural subjectivity. As a faithful inheritor and promoter of fine traditional Chinese culture, the CPC has put forward new concepts such as cultural confidence, “creative transformation and innovative development,” “the Two Integrations,” and “the Second Integration,” consolidating cultural subjectivity, activating the modern value of traditional culture, solidifying the solid cultural foundation of national identity, and enhancing the powerful cultural force of the Party in leading the times. Fourth, steering the development of modern human civilization. Taking respect for the diversity of world civilizations as a basic premise, Xi Jinping conveys the core values of Chinese civilization, proposing the building of a community with a shared future for mankind, promoting the common values of all humanity, and implementing the Global Civilization Initiative, expanding the dissemination and influence of the Party’s cultural leadership in the construction of discourse power, enabling China to achieve a qualitative leap in the construction of international communication capacity and cultural discourse power.

中国特色社会主义进入新时代，开启了我国文化建设的新征程，揭开了党的文化领导权建设的新篇章。习近平站在新的历史起点上围绕“坚持党的文化领导权”重大命题提出了一系列新思想、新理念和新论断，形成了学理化、体系化的习近平文化思想，标志着中国共产党对于如何领导文化建设的认识达到新高度，为党深化完善文化领导权提供了根本遵循。第一，建设具有强大凝聚力和引领力的社会主义意识形态。以习近平同志为核心的党中央系统论述了党关于意识形态工作的根本任务、战略目标等内容，巩固马克思主义指导地位，加强党对意识形态工作的领导权，确保党始终成为领导思想文化发展的中流砥柱。第二，发挥社会主义核心价值观的引领塑造作用。为引导全党全社会形成价值共识，中国共产党推动社会主义核心价值观融入人民的日常生活，发挥其在文化建设中的精神纽带作用，强化文化领导权的价值引领。第三，文化自信、文化主体性建构。中国共产党作为中华优秀传统文化的忠实传承者和弘扬者，提出文化自信、“双创”“两个结合”“第二个结合”等新概念，巩固文化主体性，激活传统文化的现代价值，夯实国家认同的坚实文化基础，增强党引领时代的强大文化力量。第四，领航人类现代文明发展。习近平以尊重世界文明多样性为基本前提，传递中华文明的核心价值，提出构建人类命运共同体、弘扬全人类共同价值、践行全球文明倡议，在话语权构建中扩大党的文化领导权的传播力和影响力，使我国在国际传播能力建设、文化话语权建设等方面实现了质的飞跃。

III. Basic Experiences of the CPC’s Cultural Leadership Construction

三、中国共产党文化领导权建设的基本经验

Over more than a century, the CPC has persisted in carrying forward the historical initiative, conducted a comprehensive exploration of cultural leadership construction, and accumulated rich experience in the historical process of seizing, building, consolidating, and perfecting cultural leadership. By refining and summarizing the valuable ideological wealth of the Party’s cultural leadership construction in terms of fundamental guarantees, important safeguards, value orientation, and key issues, it provides profound insights for further strengthening the Party’s cultural leadership construction, promoting cultural prosperity, and building a cultural power in the New Era.

百余年来中国共产党坚持发扬历史主动精神，对文化领导权建设进行了全面探索，在夺取、建设、巩固和完善文化领导权的历史进程中积累了丰富经验，提炼总结党的文化领导权建设在根本保证、重要保障、价值旨归、关键课题等方面的宝贵思想财富，为新时代进一步加强党的文化领导权建设、推动文化繁荣、建设文化强国提供深刻启示。

(I) Fundamental Guarantee: Upholding the Party’s Overall Leadership over Cultural Work

（一）根本保证：坚持党对文化工作的全面领导

“Who leads” is the core issue of cultural leadership, and “the Party’s management of propaganda, ideology, and media is an important aspect of upholding the Party’s leadership.” Adhering to the Party’s leading position at the cultural level is an inevitable requirement for strengthening the Party’s overall leadership and an important measure for maintaining the Party’s leadership authority. The history of modern China has fully proven that no other political force can lead China’s revolution or cultural construction; only the CPC is the core force guiding cultural undertakings along the correct track. Looking back at the history of the Party’s cultural leadership construction, the CPC “struggles not only for China’s political revolution and economic revolution but also for China’s cultural revolution,” [8]8 This is a quotation from Mao Zedong’s 1940 essay “On New Democracy,” where he outlined the cultural revolution as a component of the Chinese revolution. consciously assuming the responsibility of cultural innovation, fighting against imperialist culture and feudal culture, actively exploring the integration and innovation of Marxism with Chinese culture, fully utilizing various resources and mobilizing all forces to develop new culture, demonstrating the political advantage of concentrating efforts on major tasks, and injecting soul and impetus into the Party’s ideological and cultural work.

“由谁领导”是文化领导权的核心议题，“党管宣传、党管意识形态、党管媒体是坚持党的领导的重要方面”。在文化层面坚持党的领导地位，是加强党的全面领导的必然要求，是维护党的领导权威的重要举措。中国近代以来的历史充分证明，其他任何政治力量都无法领导中国革命、领导文化建设，只有中国共产党才是引领文化事业沿着正确轨道发展的核心力量。回溯党的文化领导权建设历史，中国共产党“不但为中国的政治革命和经济革命而奋斗，而且为中国的文化革命而奋斗”，自觉承担文化革新责任，同帝国主义文化、封建文化作斗争，主动探索马克思主义与中国文化的融合创新，充分利用各种资源、调动各方力量发展新文化，展现出集中力量办大事的政治优势，为党的思想文化工作注入灵魂动力。

The Party’s cultural leadership is not abstract but concrete, realized through the extension of the Party’s overall planning and coordination to the entire domain of cultural governance via institutionalized operation, mainly reflected in three aspects.

党的文化领导权不是抽象的，而是具体的，是通过制度化运行实现党的统筹谋划到文化治理全域的延伸，主要体现在3个方面。

First, improving cultural laws and regulations. Since reform and opening up, the CPC has led the construction of a legal normative system in the cultural field, revising the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics” and the “Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China,” enacting basic laws such as the “Intangible Cultural Heritage Law” and the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Guarantee of Public Cultural Services,” and issuing regulatory provisions such as the “Interim Provisions on the Administration of Internet Culture,” forming a legal network covering areas including press and publication, cultural heritage protection, literary and artistic creation, and cultural foreign exchange, thereby consolidating the legal foundation of cultural leadership. Second, perfecting cultural systems and mechanisms. The CPC has deepened the reform of cultural systems and mechanisms by establishing and improving systems and mechanisms in areas such as ideology, core socialist values, and the protection of the people’s cultural rights and interests, promoting the modern transformation of the cultural governance system, advancing the standardization, institutionalization, and systematization of cultural leadership construction, and enhancing the Party’s capability and level in leading cultural work. Third, coordinating the allocation of cultural resources. To address the imbalance in the allocation of regional cultural resources, the CPC adheres to a cultural resource allocation method combining government leadership with market regulation, constructs a cultural development mechanism that unifies social and economic benefits, promotes the coordinated development of cultural undertakings and cultural industries, follows the principle of coordinating cultural resource allocation with the levels of cultural consumption and the structure of cultural production, facilitates the orderly flow of cultural elements, improves the efficiency of cultural resource allocation, and ensures that the Party’s leadership over cultural work is implemented in detail.

第一，健全文化法律法规。改革开放以来，中国共产党领导构建文化领域的法律规范体系，修订了《中华人民共和国文物保护法》《中华人民共和国著作权法》，出台了《非物质文化遗产保护法》《中华人民共和国公共文化服务保障法》等基础性法律，颁布了《互联网文化管理暂行规定》等规章条例，形成了涵盖新闻出版、文化遗产保护、文艺创作及文化对外交流等领域的法治网络，夯实了文化领导权的法治基础。第二，完善文化体制机制。中国共产党通过建立和完善意识形态、社会主义核心价值观、人民文化权益保障等方面的体制机制，深化文化体制机制改革，促进文化治理体系现代化转型，推进文化领导权建设的规范化、制度化、体系化，提高党领导文化工作的能力和水平。第三，协调文化资源配置。针对区域文化资源配置失衡问题，中国共产党坚持政府主导与市场调节相结合的文化资源配置方式，构建社会效益与经济效益相统一的文化发展机制，促进文化事业和文化产业协调发展，遵循文化资源配置与文化消费层次、文化生产结构相协调的原则，促进文化要素有序流动，提高文化资源配置效率，确保党对文化工作的领导权落实落细。

(II) Important Safeguard: Consolidating the Guiding Position of Marxism in the Ideological Sphere

（二）重要保障：巩固马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位

Culture has distinct ideological characteristics; ideology, as a key domain of culture, determines the direction and path of cultural development. Marxism, as the soul and vein of culture, provides fundamental theoretical support for the construction of the Party’s cultural leadership. Only by mastering theoretical dominance can one master cultural leadership.

文化具有鲜明的意识形态特征，意识形态作为文化的关键领域，决定文化的前进方向和道路。马克思主义作为文化之魂脉，为党的文化领导权建设提供了根本理论支撑，掌握了理论主导权，才能掌握文化领导权。

Engels pointed out, “Our Party has the great advantage of having a new scientific world outlook as its theoretical foundation.” This “new scientific world outlook” refers to Marxism. One of the important missions of the Communist Party of China is to establish the cultural leadership of Marxism, to adhere to using the Marxist stance, viewpoint, and method to guide ideological and cultural construction by clarifying the fundamental question of “what banner to hold,” to properly handle the relationship between the unity of the guiding ideology and the diversity of cultures, and to ensure the advanced nature and correctness of socialist culture. However, China’s ideological construction currently still faces multiple challenges. Various foreign non-Marxist trends of thought are infiltrating in more covert ways, and Western countries attempt to subvert socialist ideology and the leadership of the Communist Party of China by launching a “war without gunpowder.” [9]9 “War without gunpowder” is a metaphor used by the CPC to describe ideological and cultural infiltration and subversion by Western forces, implying a non-military form of confrontation. Domestically, some illegal organizations and forces attempt to incite the masses to cause ideological confusion, and erroneous trends of thought such as historical nihilism use cyberspace to create cognitive disorder. “Both history and reality warn us that once the ideological and public opinion front is breached, other lines of defense will be difficult to hold.” [10]10 This quotation is from Xi Jinping’s speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work on August 19, 2013.

恩格斯指出，“我们党有个很大的优点，就是有一个新的科学的世界观作为理论的基础”，这个“新的科学的世界观”指的就是马克思主义。中国共产党的一个重要使命，就是建立马克思主义的文化领导权，通过明确“举什么旗”的根本问题，坚持用马克思主义立场观点方法引领思想文化建设，处理好指导思想一元化和文化多元化的统一共存关系，保证社会主义文化的先进性、正确性。然而，当前我国意识形态建设仍面临多重挑战，国外各种非马克思主义思潮以更加隐蔽的方式渗透进来，西方国家妄图通过发动“没有硝烟的战争”来颠覆社会主义意识形态和中国共产党的领导；国内一些不法组织和势力企图煽动人民大众引起思想混乱，历史虚无主义等错误思潮借助网络空间制造认知混乱。“历史和现实都警示我们，思想舆论阵地一旦被突破，其他防线就很难守得住。”

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Party [11]11 The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC was held in October 2019, focusing on upholding and improving the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics and advancing the modernization of China’s system and capacity for governance. established “upholding the guiding position of Marxism in the ideological domain” as a fundamental system, achieving a major innovation in the Party’s theory of cultural leadership, constructing a cultural system with the fundamental system as the core, supported by other basic systems and important systems, and providing solid institutional guarantees for cultural construction in the New Era. To advance the construction of cultural leadership in the New Era, on the one hand, it is necessary to “firmly hold the leadership, management, and discourse power of ideological work in our hands,” [12]12 This quotation is from Xi Jinping’s speech at the National Conference on Propaganda and Ideological Work on August 19, 2013. to struggle against Western non-Marxist trends of thought, to refute erroneous views such as “discarding Marxism,” “negating Marxism,” and “belittling Marxism,” to criticize absurd arguments such as the “outdated theory” and “useless theory,” and to win the tough battle of preventing and defusing ideological risks. On the other hand, it is necessary to deeply excavate the theoretical essence of the classic Marxist writers on the leadership of ideological work, deepen the scholarly interpretation of Xi Jinping’s important expositions on ideological work, and continuously improve the ideals, beliefs, values, and moral concepts of the people.

党的十九届四中全会将“坚持马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位”确立为根本制度，实现了党的文化领导权理论的重大创新，构建起以根本制度为统领、其他基本制度和重要制度相支撑的文化制度体系，为新时代文化建设提供坚实的制度保障。新时代推进文化领导权建设，一方面，必须“把意识形态工作的领导权、管理权、话语权牢牢掌握在手中”，同西方非马克思主义思潮作斗争，驳斥“去马”“非马”“贬马”等错误观点，批判“过时论”“无用论”等荒谬论调，打赢意识形态风险防范攻坚战；另一方面，深入挖掘马克思主义经典作家关于意识形态工作领导权的理论精华，深化习近平关于意识形态工作的重要论述的学理性阐释，不断提高人民群众的理想信念、价值理念和道德观念。

(III) Value Purpose: Adhering to a People-Centered Work Orientation

（三）价值旨归：坚持以人民为中心的工作导向

From the perspective of historical materialism, the essential unity of the interests of the proletariat and the interests of the broad masses of the people determines the logic of constructing the Party’s cultural leadership centered on the people. The people’s standpoint is the fundamental political standpoint of the Communist Party of China in governing the country. The nature, purpose, and tasks of the Communist Party of China determine that cultural development must meet the demands of the people and rely on the people to create spiritual wealth. For whom and by whom cultural development is carried out has become a fundamental and principled issue in the construction of the Party’s cultural leadership.

唯物史观视域下，无产阶级的利益和广大人民群众的利益的本质统一性决定了党的文化领导权以人民为中心的构建逻辑。人民立场是中国共产党治国理政的根本政治立场，中国共产党的性质、宗旨、任务等决定了文化发展必须满足人民群众的诉求、依靠人民群众创造精神财富。文化发展到底为了谁、依靠谁，成为党的文化领导权建设的根本性、原则性问题。

The people are the “target group” of the Party’s cultural leadership. The realization of cultural leadership does not depend on a political party or class controlling the entire cultural field of society and carrying out ideological “indoctrination,” but is based on meeting the cultural needs of the people and gaining social value recognition. The Communist Party of China adheres to a people-centered value orientation, accurately grasps the changes in the principal contradiction in Chinese society in the cultural field, and dynamically adjusts the goals and directions of the Party’s cultural leadership construction. This is specifically manifested in focusing on meeting the basic cultural needs of the people after the Eighth National Congress of the Party, [13]13 The Eighth National Congress of the CPC was held in September 1956, marking the beginning of large-scale socialist construction in China. striving to enhance social cultural production capacity after reform and opening up, and shifting to resolving the contradiction of unbalanced and inadequate cultural development in the New Era. Facing the growing cultural needs of the people and the current structural contradictions in the cultural field, the Communist Party of China adheres to the value choice of educating people through culture and cultivating people through culture, comprehensively utilizes traditional communication media and new communication platforms, creates cultural works closer to the lives of the masses, promotes the Party’s innovative theories to the people in language and forms that the people are happy to see and hear, and enhances the people’s cultural literacy and ideological and moral literacy through subtle guidance, realizing the fundamental value purpose of cultural leadership.

人民群众是党的文化领导权的“目标群体”。文化领导权的实现并非依赖于一个政党或阶级控制整个社会的文化领域、进行思想“灌输”，而是基于满足人民群众的文化需求、获得社会价值认同。中国共产党坚持以人民为中心的价值导向，准确把握我国社会主要矛盾在文化领域的变化，动态调整党的文化领导权建设的目标方向，具体表现为党的八大后聚焦满足人民基本文化需要、改革开放后着力提升社会文化生产能力、新时代转向破解文化发展不平衡不充分的矛盾。面对人民群众日益增长的文化需求和当前文化领域的结构性矛盾，中国共产党坚守以文化人、以文育人的价值选择，综合运用传统传播媒介和新型传播平台，创造出更加贴近群众生活的文化作品，用人民群众喜闻乐见的语言和形式推动党的创新理论深入大众，通过潜移默化的引导提升人民群众的文化素养和思想道德素养，实现文化领导权的根本价值旨归。

The people are the “dynamic subject” of the Party’s cultural leadership. Xi Jinping pointed out: “The people are the source of living water for literary and artistic creation. Once separated from the people, literature and art will become rootless duckweed, moaning without illness, and soulless shells.” [14]14 This quotation is from Xi Jinping’s speech at the Forum on Literature and Art Work on October 15, 2014. The people are both the “characters in the play” and the “playwrights” of history, and are the fundamental force of cultural creation. The Communist Party of China focuses on exerting the cohesive role of cultural leadership, using advanced culture to unite and educate the people of all ethnic groups across the country, stimulating the precious wisdom and initiative spirit latent in the people, and mobilizing the broad masses of the people, especially cultural workers, to actively participate in building a cultural power and promoting cultural rejuvenation. At the same time, the Communist Party of China insists on going deep into the masses, learning from the masses, drawing creative sources and mining cultural materials from the cultural practice of the people, and obtaining rich resources for the construction of the Party’s cultural leadership, thereby more accurately grasping the direction of the Party’s leadership in cultural development.

人民群众是党的文化领导权的“动力主体”。习近平指出：“人民是文艺创作的源头活水，一旦离开人民，文艺就会变成无根的浮萍、无病的呻吟、无魂的躯壳。”人民群众是历史的“剧中人”和“剧作者”，是文化创作的根本力量。中国共产党注重发挥文化领导权的凝聚作用，运用先进文化团结教育全国各族人民，激发潜藏在人民群众身上的宝贵智慧和主动精神，动员广大人民群众特别是文化工作者积极参与建设文化强国、推动文化复兴。同时，中国共产党坚持深入到群众中去，向群众学习，从人民群众的文化实践中汲取创作源泉、挖掘文化素材，获取党的文化领导权建设的丰富资源，从而更加精准地把握党领导文化发展的方向。

(IV) Key Issue: Resolving the “Ancient-Modern, Chinese-Western Debate” to Achieve Cultural Innovation and Development

（四）关键课题：破解“古今中西之争”以实现文化创新发展

The “ancient-modern, Chinese-Western debate” is a major practical proposition facing current civilizational innovation. By leading the Chinese people to explore a cultural development path to resolve this proposition, the Communist Party of China creatively answered the question of how to handle the relationship between traditional culture and modern culture, and between Chinese culture and Western culture. With dialectical thinking and a broad vision, it fused the ancient and the modern, integrated China and the West, and formed a cultural innovation path with Chinese characteristics.

“古今中西之争”是当前文明创新面临的重大现实命题。中国共产党通过带领中国人民探索破解这一命题的文化发展道路，创造性地回答了如何处理传统文化与现代文化、中国文化与西方文化的关系问题，以辩证思维和宽阔视野熔铸古今、汇通中西，形成了具有中国特色的文化创新路径。

Explaining the issues of the historicity and contemporaneity of culture. The construction of the Party’s cultural leadership has promoted the coexistence of the continuity and innovation of Chinese civilization. From the perspective of the historicity of culture, fine traditional Chinese culture is the root that consolidates cultural leadership. “It is necessary to inherit all excellent literary and artistic heritage and critically absorb all beneficial things from it.” [15]15 This quotation is from Mao Zedong’s “Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art” in May 1942. On the basis of firmly grasping the lifeline of Chinese culture, the Communist Party of China promotes the Second Integration, [16]16 The Second Integration refers to the integration of the basic principles of Marxism with China’s fine traditional culture, as proposed by Xi Jinping. explores the integration and symbiosis of Marxism and fine traditional Chinese culture, maintains a conscious awareness, independent stance, and dynamic state in leading cultural construction, and defends and consolidates the cultural foundation of the Chinese nation. From the perspective of the modernity of culture, how to achieve the leap of Chinese culture from tradition to modernity is the key for the Party to lead cultural construction to keep pace with the times. The Communist Party of China adheres to upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground, “always adheres to the problem orientation and practical requirements, so that fine traditional Chinese culture is transformed and developed based on realistic observation,” [17]17 This quotation is from Xi Jinping’s speech at the symposium on cultural heritage on May 9, 2020. retaining the spiritual symbols of fine traditional Chinese culture while endowing it with the vitality of the times, successfully breaking the dilemma of the binary opposition between tradition and modernity.

阐释文化的历史性与时代性问题。党的文化领导权建设促进了中华文明连续性和创新性的并存。从文化的历史性来看，中华优秀传统文化是夯实文化领导权的根脉，“必须继承一切优秀的文学艺术遗产，批判地吸收其中一切有益的东西”。中国共产党在牢牢掌握中华文化命脉的基础上推进“第二个结合”，探索马克思主义和中华优秀传统文化的融合共生，在领导文化建设中保持自觉意识、自主立场和能动状态，捍卫和巩固中华民族的文化根基。从文化的现代性来看，如何实现中华文化从传统到现代的跨越，是党领导文化建设与时俱进的关键。中国共产党坚持守正创新，“始终坚持问题导向和实践要求，使中华优秀传统文化基于现实观照进行转化和发展”，既保留中华优秀传统文化的精神标识又赋予其时代生机，成功打破了传统与现代二元对立的困境。

Clarifying the issues of the nationality and globality of culture. During the May Fourth New Culture Movement period, [18]18 The May Fourth New Culture Movement (circa 1915–1921) was an anti-imperialist, anti-feudal cultural and political movement in China that promoted modern ideas such as science and democracy. the influx of Western culture triggered cultural debates between the Eastern Culture School and the Western Culture School over preserving tradition and opposing Western learning, or criticizing tradition and introducing Western learning. It was not until Marxism was introduced into China that the Communist Party of China was able to examine the relationship between Chinese culture and foreign culture from a new theoretical perspective with a scientific and dialectical attitude. In the New Era, the Communist Party of China deeply perceives the driving role of the Party’s cultural leadership in the process of civilizational exchanges and mutual learning. It not only innovates communication methods to create new expressions of Chinese culture, strengthens the appeal and influence of Chinese culture, and enhances the Party’s discourse power on the international stage, but also, with a mind of inclusiveness and openness, draws on and absorbs the essence of world civilizations, realizes the unity of the nationality and globality of culture, breaks the long-standing “either-or” thinking pattern of Chinese and Western cultural development, and provides a completely new theoretical paradigm for the exchange and dialogue of world civilizations.

明确文化的民族性与世界性问题。五四新文化运动时期，西方文化的涌入引发了东方文化派与西方文化派关于守传统、反西学还是批传统、引西学的文化论争。直到马克思主义传入中国，中国共产党才得以在新的理论视野下，以科学辩证的态度审视中国文化与外来文化的关系。新时代，中国共产党深刻洞察党的文化领导权在文明交流互鉴进程中的驱动作用，不仅创新传播方式打造中华文化新表达，强化中华文化的感召力和影响力，提升党在国际舞台上的话语权，而且以兼容并蓄、开放包容的胸襟，借鉴吸收世界文明的精华，实现文化的民族性和世界性的统一，破解长期以来中西文化发展“非此即彼”的思维窠臼，为世界文明的交流对话提供了全新的理论范式。

Online Editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆