Grasping the Distinctive Features of the Comprehensive and Strict Governance of the Party System

The comprehensive and strict governance of the Party system is a dynamic system with rich connotations, complete functions, scientific norms, and efficient operation. It closely adheres to the general requirements for Party building in the New Era and is an important achievement of Chinese Communists in the New Era in advancing theoretical innovation, practical innovation, and institutional innovation in Party building. In his speech at the 15th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the 20th Central Committee, General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly elucidated the specific pathways for improving the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party system from five aspects: the organizational system, the education system, the supervision system, the institutional system, and the responsibility system, fully demonstrating the systematic nature of the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party system. To comprehend the rich connotations of the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party system, it is necessary to use systematic thinking to comprehensively analyze the practical requirements and distinctive features of each subsystem within the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party system.

全面从严治党体系是一个内涵丰富、功能完备、科学规范、运行高效的动态系统。全面从严治党体系紧扣新时代党的建设总要求，是新时代中国共产党人推进党的建设理论创新、实践创新、制度创新取得的重要成果。习近平总书记在二十届中央政治局第十五次集体学习时的讲话中，从组织体系、教育体系、监管体系、制度体系、责任体系五个方面深刻阐释了健全全面从严治党体系的具体路径，充分彰显了全面从严治党体系的系统性。领悟全面从严治党体系的丰富内涵，必须运用系统思维综合分析全面从严治党体系各个子体系的实践要求和鲜明特征。

Rigor and Coherence

严密性和贯通性

A rigorous organizational system is where the strength and power of the Chinese Communist Party lie, and it is also a necessary condition for ensuring that various measures of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party are fully implemented throughout the Party. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, by implementing the general requirements for Party building in the New Era and the Party's organizational line for the New Era, the construction of the Party's organizational system has achieved outstanding results, creating a more solid organizational foundation for the continuous deepening of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. At the level of organizational system hierarchy, by coordinating and focusing on the central and state organs as the "first kilometer," local Party committees as the "middle section," and grassroots Party organizations as the "last kilometer," the construction of Party organizations at all levels has been consolidated and strengthened. At the level of organizational system fields, by promoting Party building in new economic organizations, new social organizations, and new employment groups, the Party's organizational coverage and work coverage have been continuously improved, and the problem of gaps and vacancies in Party organizations in some new development fields has been effectively resolved. At the level of organizational system effectiveness, the effective application of digital and intelligent technologies has fully extended the space for the Party organization's political functions and organizational functions, and has improved the refinement of the Party's organizational system.

严密的组织体系是中国共产党的优势所在、力量所在，也是确保全面从严治党各项举措在全党范围内得到充分贯彻的必要条件。党的十八大以来，通过贯彻落实新时代党的建设总要求和新时代党的组织路线，党的组织体系建设取得了突出成效，为全面从严治党持续向纵深推进创造了更加坚实的组织基础。在组织体系建设的层级方面，通过统筹抓好中央和国家机关这个“最初一公里”、地方党委这个“中间段”、基层党组织这个“最后一公里”，各个层级的党组织建设都得到了巩固和加强。在组织体系建设的领域层面，通过推动新经济组织、新社会组织、新就业群体党的建设，党的组织覆盖和工作覆盖持续提升，一些新发展领域存在的党组织空白缺位的问题得到有效解决。在组织体系建设的效能层面，数字化、智能化技术的有效应用，充分延展了党组织政治功能和组织功能的发挥空间，并提高了党的组织体系的精细化程度。

Only when the Party's organizational system is coherent from top to bottom and has strong execution can it maintain a smooth and efficient state in actual operation. In the New Era, the construction of the Party's organizational system has fully leveraged the leading role of political construction, providing strong organizational support for resolutely safeguarding the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee and ensuring that the whole Party achieves the Two Upholds. In the New Era, comprehensive and strict governance of the Party has continuously extended to grassroots Party organizations, emphasizing that the requirements of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party must be implemented in every branch and every Party member. On the one hand, this helps to solve and prevent various "middle-blocking" problems in Party management and governance, ensuring that the Party Central Committee's orders and prohibitions are unimpeded; on the other hand, it helps to continuously rectify weak and lax grassroots Party organizations, strengthen the role of grassroots Party organizations as fighting fortresses, and ensure that the Party's various policies and guidelines directly reach the "nerve endings" of the Party.

党的组织体系只有上下贯通、执行有力，才能在实际运转过程中保持顺畅和高效的良好状态。新时代党的组织体系建设充分发挥党的政治建设的统领作用，为坚决维护党中央权威和集中统一领导，确保全党做到“两个维护”提供了强大的组织支撑。新时代全面从严治党不断向基层党组织延伸，强调全面从严治党的要求必须贯彻落实到每个支部、每名党员，一方面有助于破解和防范管党治党中的各类“中梗阻”问题，确保党中央政令畅通、令行禁止；另一方面有助于持续整顿软弱涣散基层党组织，强化基层党组织的战斗堡垒作用，让党的各项方针政策直达党的“神经末梢”。

Continuity and Integration

持续性和集成性

As the foundational construction of the Party, ideological construction is a systematic task that must be persistently pursued without slackening. General Secretary Xi Jinping demands: "We must grasp ideological construction as the foundation, unremittingly advance the armed forces with the Party's innovative theories, persistently strengthen Party spirit education, and guide Party members and cadres to transform the strategic policy of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party into conscious action." The practice of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party shows that only by maintaining the continuity and normalization of ideological education can we rectify the source and achieve lasting results, enabling the vast majority of Party members to be truly revolutionarily forged in the tempering of thought. Party ideological construction involves multiple dimensions and requires systematic planning and coordinated promotion, educating and guiding the vast majority of Party members to comprehensively master scientific theory, continuously consolidate the ideological foundation, and firmly establish a Marxist worldview, outlook on life, and value system. In the process of deepening comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, a multi-pronged and systematically integrated education system has been formed. From the perspective of the education mechanism, the "Three Meetings and One Lesson" system [1]1 The "Three Meetings and One Lesson" system refers to regular meetings of the branch general membership, branch committee meetings, Party group meetings, and Party lessons, a basic system for Party organizational life., the study system of the theoretical study center group of Party committees (Party groups), and the work system of Party schools (schools of administration) and cadre colleges have been continuously improved, and the educational positions for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party have been consolidated and expanded. From the perspective of educational forms, by promoting the combination of regular education and centralized education, the combination of theoretical arming and practical application, and the combination of strengthening Party spirit and enhancing capabilities, the vast majority of Party members continuously learn, think, practice, and comprehend the Party's innovative theories in the New Era within a diverse and scientifically methodical education system, and their ideological awareness and spiritual outlook have been comprehensively strengthened.

作为党的基础性建设，党的思想建设是必须常抓不懈的系统性工作。习近平总书记要求：“必须抓好思想建设这个基础，坚持不懈推进党的创新理论武装，持之以恒加强党性教育，引导党员、干部把全面从严治党战略方针转化为自觉行动。”全面从严治党实践表明，只有保持思想教育的持续性和常态化，才能正本清源、久久为功，使广大党员在思想淬炼中真正得到革命性锻造。党的思想建设涉及多个维度，需要进行系统谋划和统筹推进，教育引导广大党员全面掌握科学理论，不断夯实思想根基，牢固树立起马克思主义世界观、人生观、价值观。全面从严治党向纵深推进的过程中，形成了多措并举、系统集成的教育体系。从教育机制层面看，“三会一课”制度、党委（党组）理论学习中心组学习制度、党校（行政学院）和干部学院的工作制度不断健全，全面从严治党的教育阵地得到巩固和拓展。从教育形式层面看，通过推动经常性教育和集中性教育相结合、理论武装和实践运用相结合、强党性和增本领相结合，广大党员在形式多样、方法科学的教育体系中不断学思践悟新时代党的创新理论，思想意识和精神面貌得到了全方位强化。

Orientation and Linkage

导向性和联动性

Through the establishment and improvement of supervision mechanisms, the discretionary space for power in various fields and links has been greatly compressed. These supervision mechanisms focus on problems existing within the Party and areas requiring key supervision, proposing a series of scientific disposal and prevention plans with clear orientation, and have achieved good results in targeted policy implementation and symptomatic treatment in the practice of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. Entering the New Era, along with the continuous improvement of the supervision system under the Party's unified leadership, comprehensive coverage, authoritative and efficient, various types of supervision mechanisms are interconnected and mutually reinforcing, and the linkage and synergy of the supervision system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party have significantly improved. On the one hand, the intra-Party supervision mechanism has become richer and more complete. Through a series of institutional measures such as clarifying the supervision responsibilities of Party organizations, highlighting political supervision, and strengthening supervision in key areas, dead ends and blind spots in intra-Party supervision are avoided. Intra-Party supervision mechanisms are interconnected and work together, providing a solid foundation for deepening comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and the Party's self-revolution. On the other hand, the Party's self-supervision and people's supervision have achieved close integration. In the New Era, the supervisory role of the people has been fully exerted, creating a good supervisory atmosphere in the whole society. The mechanism connection between the Party's self-supervision and people's supervision has further tightened the supervision network for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party.

通过建立健全监管机制，各领域和各环节中的权力自由裁量空间被极大压缩。这些监管机制聚焦党内存在的问题以及需要重点监督的领域，提出了一系列具有鲜明导向性的科学处置和防范方案，并在全面从严治党实践中取得了靶向施策、对症下药的良好效果。进入新时代，伴随着党统一领导、全面覆盖、权威高效的监督体系不断健全，各类监督机制相互贯通、相互促进，全面从严治党监管体系的联动性、协同性显著提升。一方面，党内监督机制更加丰富和完善。通过明确党组织监督责任、突出抓好政治监督、加强重点领域监督等一系列制度性举措，避免党内监督存在死角和盲区。党内监督机制相互衔接、共同发力，为纵深推进全面从严治党和党的自我革命提供了坚实基础。另一方面，党的自我监督和人民监督实现紧密结合。新时代人民群众的监督作用得到充分发挥，在全社会营造了良好的监督氛围。党的自我监督和人民监督实现机制对接，进一步织密了全面从严治党的监督网络。

Wholeness and Effectiveness

整体性和实效性

The wholeness of the institutional system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party requires, on the one hand, closely focusing on the main theme and main line of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, strengthening the top-level design and overall planning of Party building in various fields, and ensuring that Party building always runs through the overall layout of Party building in the New Era; on the other hand, it requires continuously improving the coupling and synergy between various systems, ensuring that various systems are closely integrated in the process of design and implementation, and ensuring that various systems become an organic whole. Effectiveness is a key measure for evaluating the operational state of the institutional system and an important indicator for guiding the further development and improvement of the institutional system. Since the New Era, the effectiveness construction of the institutional system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party has been continuously improved, injecting strong momentum into the improvement of the entire comprehensive and strict governance of the Party system. From the perspective of institutional development, Party building has adapted to the practical requirements of deepening comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, formulated a series of forward-looking and innovative institutional arrangements, and effectively solved many problems existing in Party building. From the perspective of institutional operation, the experiences and lessons learned in the implementation process of Party building can be promptly fed back, and at the same time, some good experiences and good practices in the practice of Party management and governance, especially grassroots practical innovations, can be elevated to the level of institutions. From the perspective of institutional implementation, under the main tone of strictness, the consciousness of the vast majority of Party members in maintaining the authority of the Party's institutions has been continuously improved, and the execution of the Party's various systems has been fully guaranteed.

全面从严治党制度体系的整体性，一方面要求紧紧围绕全面从严治党主题主线，加强各领域党的制度建设的顶层设计和统筹谋划，确保党的制度建设始终贯穿新时代党的建设总体布局；另一方面要求不断提升各项制度之间的耦合性和协同性，使各项制度在设计和执行过程中紧密融合，确保各项制度成为一个有机整体。实效性是评价制度体系运转状态的关键尺度，也是引导制度体系实现进一步发展完善的重要指标。新时代以来，全面从严治党制度体系的实效性建设不断提升，为整个全面从严治党体系的健全注入了强大动能。从制度发展层面看，党的制度建设适应全面从严治党向纵深推进的实践要求，制定了一系列具有前瞻性和创新性的制度安排，并有效解决了许多党的制度建设存在的问题。从制度运行层面看，党的制度建设在实施过程中存在的经验教训能够被及时反馈，同时管党治党实践中的一些好经验好做法，特别是基层的实践创新能够上升为制度。从制度执行层面看，在严的主基调下，广大党员维护党的制度权威的自觉性不断提升，党的各项制度的执行力得到了充分保证。

Clarity and Hierarchy

明确性和层次性

Managing and governing the Party is the political responsibility of the entire Party. Party organizations at all levels and the vast majority of Party members bear specific and clear responsibilities in the great practice of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. The efficient operation of the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party system is inseparable from the responsible actions and performance of duties by each responsible subject. The main responsibility of Party committees (Party groups) at all levels for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, the supervision responsibility of discipline inspection commissions at all levels, the first responsible person responsibility of the secretary of the Party committee (Party group), the responsibility of other members of the leadership team for Party management and governance, and the specific responsibilities of Party members and cadres have all been clearly emphasized and deployed for implementation. General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward the goal of "clear subjects and clear requirements" for improving the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party system. Party committees (Party groups) at all levels must, with a high degree of political consciousness, ideological consciousness, and action consciousness, earnestly fulfill the main responsibility for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party that they bear, and continuously enhance the sense of responsibility for implementing the strategic policy of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party.

管党治党是全党的政治责任，各级党组织和广大党员在全面从严治党伟大实践中承担着具体明确的责任。全面从严治党体系的高效运行，离不开各责任主体的担当作为和履职尽责。各级党委（党组）全面从严治党的主体责任、各级纪委的监督责任、党委（党组）书记的第一责任人责任、领导班子其他成员的管党治党责任、党员和干部的具体责任都得到了明确强调和部署落实。习近平总书记对健全全面从严治党体系提出了“主体明确、要求清晰”的目标，各级党委（党组）必须以高度的政治自觉、思想自觉、行动自觉，切实履行自身所肩负的全面从严治党主体责任，不断增强贯彻全面从严治党战略方针的责任意识。

It clarifies the main responsibilities for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party that must be fulfilled by Party organizations at all levels and by all Party members, thereby avoiding the "idling" of responsibilities in the practice of governing the Party. In the New Era, the main responsibility system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, while clarifying the list of responsibilities, has also formed a long-term mechanism for fulfilling and supervising responsibilities at each level and implementing them layer by layer, ensuring that all measures for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party are truly implemented in detail. At the same time, the hierarchical nature of the main responsibility system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is also reflected in the interlocking and coordinated efforts of such links as defining responsibilities, fulfilling responsibilities, holding accountable, and pursuing accountability, forming a closed loop of responsibility covering all levels and fields of Party governance. This effectively prevents and resolves problems such as the progressive weakening of pressure transmission and the inadequate fulfillment of responsibilities, and continuously transforms the main responsibility requirements for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party at all levels and of all types into practical momentum for promoting the in-depth development and extension to the grassroots of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party.

明确各级党组织和广大党员所必须履行的全面从严治党主体责任，避免在管党治党实践中发生责任的“空转”。新时代全面从严治党主体责任体系在明晰责任清单的同时还形成了一级抓一级、层层抓落实的履责督责长效机制，确保了全面从严治党各项举措真正落实落细。与此同时，全面从严治党主体责任体系的层次性还体现为定责、履责、问责、追责等环节层层相扣、协同发力，形成了覆盖管党治党各层级、各领域的责任闭环，从而有效防范化解了压力传导层层递减、责任履行不够到位等问题的发生，推动各级、各类的全面从严治党主体责任要求持续转化为推动全面从严治党向纵深发展、向基层延伸的实践动能。

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of CPC History and Party Building, Renmin University of China)

（作者系中国人民大学中共党史党建研究院研究员）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心