Scientifically and Accurately Grasp and Carry Out Criticism and Self-Criticism with Dialectical Thinking

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in the report to the 20th National Congress of the CPC: “We will make political activities within the Party more political, up-to-date, principled, and militant, make good use of the weapon of criticism and self-criticism, and continue to purify the political ecosystem within the Party.” [1]1 The "theory of two points" (两点论) and the "theory of emphasis" (重点论) are concepts in Maoist dialectical materialism. The theory of two points holds that every contradiction has two aspects that must be considered; the theory of emphasis holds that among multiple contradictions or aspects of a single contradiction, one is always principal and must be given priority. The unity of the two means that while recognizing the principal contradiction, one must not neglect the secondary ones. This is not only a profound summary and theoretical distillation of our Party’s experience in self-purification, but also provides scientific guidance for Party officials and members in the New Era to enhance their capabilities and competence. Looking back on history, at different stages of revolution, construction, and reform, criticism and self-criticism have always played a key role as “the scalpel for dissecting lesions” and “the whetstone for tempering Party spirit.” They have become a fine tradition and political advantage of our Party, and an important force driving the development of Party organizations and the individual growth of Party members.

习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中指出：“增强党内政治生活政治性、时代性、原则性、战斗性，用好批评和自我批评武器，持续净化党内政治生态。”这不仅是对我们党自我净化经验的深刻总结与理论升华，也为新时代党员干部提升能力本领提供了科学指引。回顾历史，在革命、建设与改革的不同阶段，批评和自我批评始终发挥着“解剖病灶之手术刀”与“磨砺党性之磨刀石”的关键作用，已成为我们党的优良传统与政治优势，是推动党组织发展与党员个体成长的重要力量。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping has put forward a series of new ideas, new theses, and new requirements with far-reaching insight on vigorously carrying forward the fine tradition of criticism and self-criticism. He has systematically answered important questions such as why criticism and self-criticism should be valued and how to conduct them well, elevating our Party’s understanding of criticism and self-criticism to a new height. This provides a fundamental guideline for ensuring the health of the Party’s organism, purifying the political ecosystem within the Party, and promoting the growth of Party officials and members.

党的十八大以来，习近平总书记就大力弘扬批评和自我批评的优良传统提出一系列富有远见卓识的新思想新论断新要求，系统回答了为何要重视批评和自我批评、如何做好批评和自我批评等重要问题，将我们党对批评和自我批评的认识提升到新的高度，为保证党的肌体健康、净化党内政治生态、促进党员干部成长提供了根本遵循。

At present, the entire Party is continuously consolidating and expanding the achievements of the study and education on thoroughly implementing the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulations. [2]2 Xi We must deeply understand and faithfully practice General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important expositions on criticism and self-criticism, profoundly grasp their value connotations, proficiently master the important methods of criticism and self-criticism, consciously apply this powerful weapon to daily work, and continuously promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of style-building.

当前，全党正不断巩固拓展深入贯彻中央八项规定精神学习教育成果，我们要深入理解并忠实践行习近平总书记关于批评和自我批评的重要论述，深刻领悟其中的价值内涵，熟练掌握批评和自我批评的重要方法，自觉将这一有力武器运用到日常工作中，不断推动作风建设常态化长效化。

Dialectically Grasp the Multiple Values of Criticism and Self-Criticism

辩证把握批评和自我批评的多重价值

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “Criticism and self-criticism are a sharp weapon

习近平总书记强调：“批评和自我批评是我们党强身治病、保持肌体健康的锐利武器，也是加强和规范党内政治生活的重要手段。”这一重要论述，深刻揭示了批评和自我批评的本质特征与核心价值。批评和自我批评之所以成为“锐利武器”，不在于其内容的尖锐性，而在于其内含的辩证逻辑：既揭示矛盾，又指出解决矛盾的方法。这种内在的力量，使批评和自我批评在党的事业发展中发挥了不可替代的多重价值。

From the perspective of its epistemological function, criticism and self-criticism serve as a "calibrator" on the path to truth. Comrade Mao Zedong pointed out: "The movement of change in the objective real world is never complete, and people's understanding of truth in practice is also never complete." [1]1 The "theory of two points" (两点论) and the "theory of emphasis" (重点论) are concepts in Maoist dialectical materialism. The theory of two points holds that every contradiction has two aspects that must be considered; the theory of emphasis holds that among multiple contradictions or aspects of a single contradiction, one is always principal and must be given priority. The unity of the two means that while recognizing the principal contradiction, one must not neglect the secondary ones. The dialectical character of cognitive activity is mainly manifested in the cycle of "practice—cognition—re-practice—re-cognition." Criticism and self-criticism are not a one-time, terminal confirmation; by introducing multiple perspectives and heterogeneous information, they break the subject's habitual thinking and cognitive blind spots, thereby prompting subjective cognition and objective laws to achieve a new unity at a higher level of abstraction. In this regard, the epistemological function of criticism and self-criticism is embodied in a dual dimension: first, as a "developer" of truth, revealing the internal contradictions of the cognitive system, making hidden contradictions explicit, and providing a breakthrough for deepening understanding; second, as an "upgrade package" for the cognitive structure, introducing new explanatory variables and cognitive dimensions, systematically revealing and dynamically correcting existing cognitive biases, thereby promoting the sublimation of understanding and more accurately grasping the essence of things. For Party members and cadres, criticism and self-criticism are equivalent to a "calibrator," a real-time calibration of the coordinate system of concrete practice, preventing the accumulation of cognitive deviations from turning into systemic risks, and keeping understanding in a spiral ascent from relative truth toward and approaching absolute truth.

从认识论功能看，批评和自我批评是通向真理的“校正器”。毛泽东同志指出：“客观现实世界的变化运动永远没有完结，人们在实践中对于真理的认识也就永远没有完结。”认识活动的辩证性主要表现为“实践—认识—再实践—再认识”的循环。批评和自我批评不是一次性的终点式确证，它通过引入多元视角和异质信息，打破主体的思维惯性与认知盲区，从而促使主观认知与客观规律在更高抽象层级上达成新的统一。就此而言，批评和自我批评的认识论功能体现为双重向度：其一，作为真理的“显影剂”，揭示认知体系内在矛盾，使隐匿的矛盾显性化，为认识深化提供突破口；其二，作为认知结构的“升级包”，引入新的解释变量与认知维度，对既有认知偏差进行系统揭示与动态修正，进而推动认识升华，更准确把握事物本质。对党员干部而言，批评和自我批评相当于“校正器”，是对具体实践坐标系的实时校准，防止认知偏离积累为系统性风险，使认识处于不断从相对真理走向和趋近绝对真理的螺旋式上升之中。

From the perspective of its dialectical function, criticism and self-criticism serve as a "negating intermediary" that promotes sublation (Aufhebung

从辩证法功能看，批评和自我批评是推动扬弃的“否定性中介”。习近平总书记指出：“批评和自我批评是解决党内矛盾的有力武器，也是清除党内各种政治灰尘和政治微生物的有力武器。”这深刻阐明了批评和自我批评的辩证法功能。唯物辩证法强调在否定中把握肯定、于对立中实现发展。批评和自我批评正是通过否定性揭示，打破原有平衡和揭示事物内在矛盾，并以“否定之否定”实现从旧质态向新质态的跃迁。在此意义上，批评和自我批评绝非单纯的否定，而是一种建构性否定，其内在运作机制呈现为“现状否定—改进期待—重构生成”的递进模式，有效推动党员个体与党组织在持续反思与动态调整中实现螺旋式发展。由此，批评和自我批评的辩证法价值在于：以否定性反馈为扬弃创造条件，使否定成为更高层次肯定的前提，使对立转化为新的统一动力，最终达成“团结—批评—团结”的良性循环。对党员干部而言，批评和自我批评是对作风之弊、行为之垢进行大排查、大检修、大扫除，不断涤荡尘埃、杀灭病菌，帮助党员干部在自我革新中提升能力本领，推动党组织在净化政治生态中增强凝聚力与战斗力。

From the perspective of practical function, the effect of criticism and self-criticism has a dual character. In response to the prominent problems existing in criticism and self-criticism in reality, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The 'sharp weapon' of criticism and self-criticism has become a 'blunt instrument' in many places, rusty and corroded, failing to touch upon or delve deeply into problems." One important reason why criticism and self-criticism has become a "blunt instrument" lies in cognitive deviation, specifically manifested as: narrowing criticism to "finding faults" or "slapping labels," weakening the constructive nature of criticism; avoiding criticism on the pretext of "maintaining unity," leading to the failure of criticism; addressing issues superficially without follow-up, reducing criticism to a mere formality; and so on. The root cause of these problems lies in the lack of dialectical thinking and the failure to fully recognize that as a means and tool, "criticism" itself possesses a dual character—having both a constructive side and a destructive side. Systematically distinguishing constructive criticism from destructive criticism can be carried out from the following six aspects: whether the goal is focused on improvement or on winning or losing; whether the object is focused on the "matter" itself or on the "person"; whether the attitude is one of respect and care or contempt and mockery; whether the content provides specific suggestions for improvement or is vague and general; whether the communication method is two-way interaction allowing for defense or one-way venting prohibiting rebuttal; whether the consequences promote cognitive upgrading and trust enhancement or lead to strained relations and loss of trust. It can be seen that constructive criticism can correct errors through benign interaction, maintaining the vitality and dynamism of Party organizations; destructive criticism, on the other hand, may trigger internal friction, induce strained relations and efficiency decline, and hinder the realization of Party organization goals. Therefore, criticism and self-criticism need to precisely grasp the scale and method, scientifically apply the tool of criticism, in order to maximize its constructive effectiveness and avoid destructive risks, making criticism and self-criticism truly a powerful weapon for advancing the cause of the Party and the state.

从实践性功能看，批评和自我批评的效果具有二重性。针对现实中批评和自我批评存在的突出问题，习近平总书记指出：“批评和自我批评这个‘利器’在很多地方变成了‘钝器’，锈迹斑斑，对问题触及不到、触及不深”。批评和自我批评变成“钝器”，一个重要原因在于认知偏差，具体表现为：将批评窄化为“挑毛病”“扣帽子”，削弱批评的建设性；以“维护团结”为由回避批评，导致批评失效；就事论事，缺乏后续跟进，使批评流于形式；等等。出现这些问题的根源在于缺乏辩证思维，未能充分认识到作为一种手段和工具，“批评”本身所具有的二重性——既有建设性的一面，又有破坏性的一面。系统区分建设性批评与破坏性批评，可从以下6个方面进行：目标是重在改进还是分出胜负；对象是聚焦于“事”本身还是针对“人”；态度是尊重关怀还是带有蔑视嘲讽；内容是能提供具体改进建议还是空洞笼统；沟通方式是双向互动、允许申辩还是单向宣泄、禁止辩驳；产生后果是推动认知升级、信任增进还是导致关系紧张、信任流失。可见，建设性批评能够通过良性互动纠正错误，保持党组织的生机与活力；破坏性批评则可能引发内耗，诱发关系紧张与效率衰减，阻碍党组织目标的实现。因此，批评和自我批评需精准把握尺度与方式，科学运用批评工具，才能最大限度发挥其建设性效能、规避破坏性风险，使批评和自我批评真正成为推动党和国家事业发展的有力武器。

Dialectical Methods and Strategies for Conducting Criticism and Self-Criticism

开展批评和自我批评的辩证方法与策略

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "Criticism should be made with a public spirit, a sincere attitude, and proper methods; it should seek truth from facts, distinguish right from wrong, and discern truth from falsehood; one must never view matters or treat people based on personal grudges, gains and losses, interests, or closeness." This profoundly elucidates the important principles that criticism should follow. In concrete practice, the choice of criticism method is a key variable affecting the effect of criticism and the degree of acceptance by the criticized. Party members and cadres should master the correct methods of criticism and adopt appropriate strategies based on the goals and nature of the criticism.

习近平总书记强调：“批评要出以公心、态度诚恳、讲究方法，要实事求是、分清是非、辨别真假，切忌从个人恩怨、得失、利害、亲疏出发看事待人。”这深刻阐明了批评应遵循的重要原则。在具体实践中，批评方法的选择是影响批评效果和被批评者接受度的关键变量，党员干部应掌握正确的批评方法，并根据批评的目标与性质等采取合适策略。

Grasp the internal and external aspects of the object of criticism and self-criticism, emphasizing bidirectionality. "When looking into a bright mirror, blemishes do not linger on the body; when listening to frank words, erroneous conduct does not burden the self." [1]1 The "theory of two points" (两点论) and the "theory of emphasis" (重点论) are concepts in Maoist dialectical materialism. The theory of two points holds that every contradiction has two aspects that must be considered; the theory of emphasis holds that among multiple contradictions or aspects of a single contradiction, one is always principal and must be given priority. The unity of the two means that while recognizing the principal contradiction, one must not neglect the secondary ones. Criticism and self-criticism form a whole; they are like the two wings of a bird or the two wheels of a cart, complementing each other and being indispensable. When Party members and cadres carry out criticism and self-criticism, they should adhere to both internal and external cultivation and exert force in both directions, so that through the combination of external examination and internal reflection, they can undergo profound ideological cleansing and spiritual baptism, achieving self-transformation and self-improvement. When shining the flashlight on others, Party members and cadres must muster the courage to be rigorous, daring to use it not only toward subordinates but also toward peers, especially superiors, daring to point out problems with real substance, digging to the root, pointing to the crux, and striking at the pain point, without engaging in the practice of cherishing one's feathers or playing safe. [2]2 Xi When shining the flashlight on oneself, one must dare to conduct internal inspection, deeply excavating and scrutinizing problems, without evading or concealing, and without making superficial efforts that "scratch the itch through the boot." [3] Toward the "sharp rebuke" of comrades, Party members and cadres should have the self-awareness of "examining oneself as if inadequate," [4] regarding criticism as a "catalyst" for improving work, being glad to hear of one's faults and accepting them humbly, and using this as an opportunity to draw inferences and actively identify one's own shortcomings, transforming criticism into a driving force for growth.

把握批评和自我批评对象的内与外，注重双向性。“观于明镜，则瑕疵不滞于躯；听于直言，则过行不累乎身。”批评和自我批评是一个整体，二者犹如鸟之两翼、车之两轮，相辅相成、缺一不可。党员干部在开展批评和自我批评时，应坚持内外兼修、双向发力，才能在外在审视与内在反思的结合中，进行深刻的思想涤荡和精神洗礼，实现自我改造、自我提升。手电筒照别人时，党员干部要拿出较真的勇气，不仅对下级要敢用，对同级特别是对上级也要敢用，敢于真刀真枪指出问题，往根子挖、往要害指、往痛处戳，不搞爱惜羽毛、明哲保身那一套。手电筒照自己时，要敢于内在检视，深挖细照问题，不回避、不掩饰，不做“隔靴搔痒”的表面文章。对同志的“当头棒喝”，党员干部应有“检身若不及”的自觉，将批评意见视为改进工作的“催化剂”，做到闻过则喜、虚心接受，并以此为契机，举一反三，主动查找自身不足，将批评转化为成长动力。

Grasp the fast and slow pace of criticism and self-criticism, emphasizing timeliness. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Self-criticism should be conducted daily through self-examination, and mutual criticism should be carried out anytime and anywhere; do not wait until small problems develop into major issues before raising them." [5] This requires Party members and cadres to pay attention to grasping the pace when carrying out criticism and self-criticism. After a problem occurs, Party members and cadres should "cut the Gordian knot with a quick knife," immediately pointing out others' errors or promptly reflecting on their own issues. This method is suitable for handling simple, clear, and highly repetitive errors, enabling rapid correction of deviations and demonstrating the initiative of self-reflection. However, when facing problems that are complex in nature and whose causes are temporarily unclear, a "slow down" approach is needed, providing necessary time buffers for calm analysis and in-depth investigation, earnestly tracing the reasons for the matter, exploring the key to the problem, and dissecting the crux of the error, so as to avoid misjudgment or escalation of contradictions.

把握批评和自我批评节奏的快与慢，注重及时性。习近平总书记指出：“自我批评要一日三省，相互批评要随时随地，不要等小毛病发展成大问题再提。”这就要求党员干部在批评和自我批评时，注重把握好节奏。在问题发生后，党员干部要“快刀斩乱麻”，立即指出他人错误，或及时反思自身问题。这种方法适用于处理简单、明确且重复性高的错误，能迅速纠正偏差，展现自我反思的主动性。但面对性质复杂、原因暂时不明的问题，则需要采用“缓一缓”的办法，为冷静分析和深入调查提供必要的时间缓冲，认真追寻事情的缘由、探究问题的关键和剖析错误的症结，以避免误判或激化矛盾。

Grasp the public and private occasions of criticism and self-criticism, emphasizing a sense of proportion. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: "We should boldly carry out criticism in a spirit of high responsibility toward the Party, the cause, and comrades, helping comrades discover shortcomings and correct mistakes, and uniting comrades to advance together." [6] When Party members and cadres conduct criticism and self-criticism in public settings, it has high efficiency and broad influence, transforming individual shortcomings and errors of Party members into opportunities for collective learning and improvement, effectively conveying the behavioral norms and value bottom lines of the Party organization, strengthening organizational discipline and maintaining organizational order, and triggering widespread attention and collective reflection among Party members. In contrast, private criticism and self-criticism are more suitable for handling sensitive topics, especially when facing criticized individuals with weaker psychological endurance; conducting criticism in private settings makes it easier to engage in frank communication, thereby shifting the focus from "punishing errors" to "solving problems." It should be noted that if Party members and cadres rely excessively on private criticism, it may lead other Party members to mistakenly believe that they are turning a blind eye to certain errors, thereby weakening the seriousness of organizational rules.

把握批评和自我批评场合的公与私，注重分寸性。习近平总书记强调：“要本着对党、对事业、对同志高度负责的精神大胆开展批评，帮助同志发现缺点、改正错误，团结同志一道前进。”党员干部在公开场合进行批评和自我批评，具有高效性和广泛影响力，能将党员个体的不足和错误转化为集体学习和改进的契机，有效传递党组织的行为准则和价值底线，强化组织规范和维护组织秩序，引发党员的广泛关注和集体反思。相比之下，私下批评和自我批评更适合处理敏感话题，尤其是面对心理承受能力较弱的被批评者时，在私下场合进行批评，更易进行坦诚沟通，从而将焦点从“惩罚错误”转移到“解决问题”。需要注意的是，党员干部若过度依赖私下批评，可能会让其他党员误以为其对某些错误视而不见，从而削弱组织规则的严肃性。

Grasp the direct and indirect methods of criticism and self-criticism, emphasizing flexibility. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Criticism and self-criticism are a good medicine, a genuine care for comrades and for oneself." [7] In criticism and self-criticism, direct criticism is like beating a gong face to face or a drum face to face, straightforwardly pointing out the problem, which helps to quickly correct errors. This method is suitable for situations where the problem is clear, responsibility is definite, and the criticized person can rationally accept and agree. However, when it involves subjective judgment, complex causes, and the like, if direct criticism is still adopted, it may provoke resistance from the criticized person, even inciting an antagonistic mindset, shifting the criticized person's attention from "how to improve work" to "how to defend oneself," greatly diminishing the effectiveness of criticism. Indirect criticism, through heuristic questioning, euphemistic expression, and other means, guides the criticized person to discover problems and take the initiative to improve. This shifts the focus of criticism from "blaming errors" to "caring about causes" and "jointly solving problems," helping to maintain good working relationships and stimulate the inner potential of individual Party members.

把握批评和自我批评方式的直与曲，注重灵活性。习近平总书记指出：“批评和自我批评是一剂良药，是对同志、对自己的真正爱护。”在批评和自我批评中，直接批评如同当面锣、对面鼓，直截了当指出问题所在，有助于迅速纠正错误。这种方法适用于问题清晰、责任明确且被批评者能够理性接受认同的情况，但在涉及主观判断、复杂成因等情况时，若仍采取直接批评，则可能引发被批评者的抵触情绪，甚至激发对立心态，使被批评者的注意力从“如何改进工作”转移到“如何为自己辩护”上，导致批评效果大打折扣。间接批评通过启发式提问、委婉表达等方式，引导被批评者发现问题并主动改进。这将批评的重点从“指责错误”转移到“关心原因”和“共同解决问题”上，有助于维护良好的工作关系和激发党员个体的内在潜能。

The Art of Transforming "Opposition" into "Unity" in Criticism

化“对立”为“统一”的批评艺术

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The common problem with criticism and self-criticism is that self-criticism is difficult, and mutual criticism is even more difficult. The difficulty lies in being trapped by human relationships and tempted by interests, fearing to make enemies or bring trouble upon oneself; in the final analysis, it is selfish thoughts and distractions at work, a lack of Party spirit and responsibility." [8] This profoundly identifies the difficulties and challenges in carrying out criticism and self-criticism in practice. Criticism and self-criticism are a required course for every Party member and cadre; this sharp weapon must be used well and flexibly to achieve the goal of both learning from past mistakes to avoid future ones and uniting comrades. [9]

习近平总书记指出：“批评和自我批评存在的普遍性问题是，自我批评难，相互批评更难。难就难在为人情所困、为利益所惑，怕结怨树敌、怕引火烧身，说到底还是私心杂念作怪，缺乏党性和担当。”这深刻指明了开展批评和自我批评在实践中存在的难点与挑战。批评和自我批评是每一名党员干部的必修课，要用好用活这一利器，实现既惩前毖后又团结同志的目的。

Grasp the balance between principle and flexibility. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "Whether it is criticism or self-criticism, it must

把握原则性与灵活性之间的平衡。习近平总书记指出：“无论批评还是自我批评，都要实事求是、出于公心、与人为善，不搞‘鸵鸟政策’，不马虎敷衍，不文过饰非，不发泄私愤。”这要求党员干部在开展批评和自我批评时，需妥善处理好原则性与灵活性的关系。原则性体现为在批评过程中对基本准则和价值标准的坚守，而灵活性则表现为根据具体情况调整批评方式。缺乏原则性的批评容易沦为情绪化的指责，而缺乏灵活性的批评则可能陷入僵化，二者均会导致批评难以达到预期效果。一方面，应坚守原则，批评既有“辣味”又不变味。党员干部要摒弃“老好人”心态，讲党性不讲私情，讲真理不讲面子，敢于揭短亮丑、动真碰硬，敢于在重大原则问题上表明立场，敢于对错误行径进行有力批评和斗争，不带个人偏见、不夹杂私人企图、不借机谋取私利，以坚定的立场和态度维护党的先进性和纯洁性。另一方面，需灵活处理，批评既有“力度”又有“温度”。现实中，每个人的性格、经历、心理承受能力不同，应充分尊重个体差异，并在充分了解情况和分析原因的基础上，对批评的实施路径、预期效果、潜在风险等进行综合评估，依据问题的性质，精准区分过失与故意、偶然失误与系统性错误，明确批评的焦点和整改方向，坚持“一把钥匙开一把锁”，从而增强批评的接受度和实际效果。可见，原则性和灵活性看似对立实则相辅相成，关键在于党员干部精准把握“火候”，实现二者的动态平衡，防止批评的随意性和盲目性。

Grasping the balance between the whole and the parts. The world is a complex and dynamically developing system; there exist correlations and interactions among the various parts that constitute the whole, as well as between the whole and the parts. When carrying out criticism and self-criticism, Party members and cadres should be adept at grasping the dialectical relationship between the whole and the parts. On the one hand, they should focus on the "parts," promoting the achievement of overall goals through the resolution of problems in the parts, starting from the parts to precisely identify and resolve contradictions, nipping problems in the bud. This can not only prevent minor problems from evolving into major contradictions but also lay the foundation for the realization of overall goals through the optimization of the parts. On the other hand, they should gain insight into the "whole," using holistic thinking to guide the optimization of the parts. Party members and cadres should possess a macro perspective, examining problems in the parts within the overall goals and development chain of the Party organization, weighing the interests of the parts against the interests of the whole, using criticism and self-criticism to identify blockages and difficulties in work, solving problems from specific points to broader areas, and achieving a transformation from optimization of the parts to overall improvement. Thus, to achieve a dynamic balance between the whole and the parts, Party members and cadres should adhere to the unity of the theory of two points and the theory of emphasis [1]1 The "theory of two points" (两点论) and the "theory of emphasis" (重点论) are concepts in Maoist dialectical materialism. The theory of two points holds that every contradiction has two aspects that must be considered; the theory of emphasis holds that among multiple contradictions or aspects of a single contradiction, one is always principal and must be given priority. The unity of the two means that while recognizing the principal contradiction, one must not neglect the secondary ones., both discarding the "one-size-fits-all" mode of thinking and precisely identifying the principal contradiction and key links, constantly adjusting their perspective in specific contexts, finding the best point of integration between the parts and the whole, and ensuring that criticism is both targeted and effective.

把握全局与局部之间的平衡。世界是一个复杂且动态发展的系统，组成全局的各个局部以及全局和局部之间存在关联性、互动性。党员干部在开展批评和自我批评时，应善于把握全局与局部的辩证关系。一方面，关注“局部”，以局部问题的解决推动全局目标的达成，从局部入手，精准识别并化解矛盾，将问题解决于萌芽状态。这既能防止小问题演化为大矛盾，又能通过局部优化为整体目标的实现奠定基础。另一方面，洞察“全局”，以整体思维引领局部优化。党员干部应具备宏观视野，将局部问题置于党组织的整体目标和发展链条中审视，将局部利益放在全局利益中来权衡，借助批评和自我批评识别工作中存在的堵点与难点，由点及面解决问题，实现从局部优化到整体提升的转变。可见，要在全局与局部之间实现动态平衡，党员干部应坚持两点论与重点论相统一，既摒弃“一刀切”的思维模式，又精准识别主要矛盾及关键环节，在具体情境中不断调整思维视角，在局部与全局之间找到最佳结合点，确保批评既具有针对性又具有实效性。

Striking a balance between the immediate and the long-term. General

把握当前和长远之间的平衡。习近平总书记强调：“要让批评和自我批评成为党内生活的常态，成为每个党员、干部的必修课。”唯物辩证法强调事物的动态发展性，过去、现在和未来紧密相连。这要求党员干部在开展批评和自我批评时，运用辩证思维系统谋划，将当前工作与长远布局有机结合。一方面，立足长远，以发展的眼光处理当前问题，为未来发展奠定基础。当下问题若不及时解决，可能拖成老问题，甚至与其他问题相叠加，形成更加复杂棘手的矛盾，给未来发展带来障碍。党员干部在开展批评和自我批评时，不仅要关注眼前矛盾的化解，更要结合党组织的长期目标，提出具有前瞻性的解决方案，为未来的持续改进筑牢基础。另一方面，超越短期行为，从长远角度防范错误，促进党组织和党员干部的持续发展。批评和自我批评追求的不仅仅是一时之效，更是长远之效。党员干部应将它视为持续改进过程，借助深入剖析当前问题，实现从个别问题中发现共性问题、从中长期视角优化行为、从同类事件中提炼本质规律，进而实现从问题解决到能力提升的良性循环，推动提升党组织整体效能。可见，实现当前和长远的有机平衡，党员干部需要具备战略眼光和系统思维，在当前与长远间找到最佳结合点，使批评和自我批评成为推动党组织健康发展、工作顺利开展的有力杠杆。

Self-revolution is the most distinctive character and greatest strength of our Party, and criticism and self-criticism are sharp weapons for maintaining the Party's advanced nature and purity. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: "The weapon of criticism and self-criticism must be used more, used often, used fully and well, so that it becomes a habit, a consciousness, a responsibility." [2]2 Xi On the new journey of building a strong country and rejuvenating the nation, every Party member and leading cadre must persist in using and activating the weapon of criticism and self-criticism, effectively enhancing the Party's capacity for self-purification, self-improvement, self-renovation, and self-enhancement, thereby continuously increasing the Party's creativity, cohesion, and combat effectiveness.

勇于自我革命是我们党最鲜明的品格和最大的优势，批评和自我批评是保持党的先进性和纯洁性的锐利武器。习近平总书记指出：“批评和自我批评的武器要多用、常用、用够用好，使之成为一种习惯、一种自觉、一种责任。”在强国建设、民族复兴的新征程上，每一名党员干部都要坚持用好用活批评和自我批评的武器，切实增强党自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高的能力，从而不断提升党的创造力凝聚力战斗力。

(The author is a professor at the Party School of the Shenzhen Municipal Committee of the CPC)

（作者为中共深圳市委党校教授）

Online editor: Huihui

网络编辑：慧慧