An Analysis of the Unique Advantages of the Communist Party of China’s Courage to Engage in Self-Revolution

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “Courage to engage in self-revolution is our Party’s most distinctive quality and also our Party’s greatest advantage.” The Party’s advantage of courage to engage in self-revolution is the condensation and elevation of the practical experience, fine traditions, and spiritual character formed by the Party in the course of its long struggle. It refers primarily to the Party’s advantages in self-purification, self-improvement, self-renovation, and self-enhancement. In essence, it is the rational development and effective utilization of the Party’s own resources, concentratedly manifested in the comprehensiveness of the Party’s leadership, the loftiness of its value pursuit, the scientific nature of its ideological guidance, the tightness of its organizational structure, the strictness of its discipline and rules, and the standardization of its Party governance. Based on the requirement that the Party’s self-revolution is always on the road, it is necessary to continuously develop and utilize advantageous resources, providing a solid guarantee for breaking out of the historical cycle of rise and fall [1]1 The historical cycle of rise and fall (治乱兴衰的历史周期率) refers to the recurring pattern of dynastic rise, stability, decline, and collapse in Chinese history, a concept famously discussed by Mao Zedong and Huang Yanpei in 1945. and ensuring that the Party always stays at the forefront of the times.

习近平总书记指出，“勇于自我革命，是我们党最鲜明的品格，也是我们党最大的优势”。勇于自我革命的政党优势，就是对党在长期奋斗过程中所形成的实践经验、优良传统、精神品格的凝练和升华，主要是指党在自我净化、自我完善、自我革新和自我提高等方面的优势，实质上是对自身资源的合理开发和有效利用，集中体现在党的领导的全面性、价值追求的崇高性、思想引领的科学性、组织结构的严密性、纪律规矩的严明性和政党治理的规范性。立足于党的自我革命永远在路上的要求，需要不断开发利用优势资源，为跳出治乱兴衰的历史周期率、确保党始终走在时代前列提供坚实保障。

I. The Political Advantage of Upholding the Party’s Comprehensive Leadership

一、坚持党的全面领导的政治优势

The Party’s self-revolution is carried out under the Party’s leadership; it is an action with goals, direction, and principles. “Upholding the Party’s comprehensive leadership is our greatest political advantage” and also the fundamental political guarantee for the Party’s courage to engage in self-revolution.

党的自我革命是在党的领导下进行的，是有目标、有方向、有原则的行动。“坚持党的全面领导，这是我们的最大政治优势”，也是党勇于自我革命的根本政治保证。

(1) Upholding the Centralized and Unified Leadership of the Party Central Committee is the Party’s Highest Principle

（一）坚持党中央集中统一领导是党的最高原则

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “Upholding and strengthening the Party’s comprehensive leadership is, first of all, upholding the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee; this is the highest principle of the Party’s leadership.” The Party’s self-revolution is a collective action under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. Upholding the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee is an important experience and fundamental guarantee for the Communist Party of China to rely on its own strength to solve its own problems. The Communist Party of China has always emphasized strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the Party formed principles such as the “Four Obediences” [2]2 The “Four Obediences” (四个服从) are: the individual is subordinate to the organization, the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level is subordinate to the higher level, and the entire Party is subordinate to the Central Committee., the reporting and requesting instructions system, and the Party committee work system, which effectively strengthened the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee. After the founding of New China, Mao Zedong proposed, “In order to build a powerful socialist country, there must be strong centralized unified leadership from the center.” During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, when Deng Xiaoping elaborated on the “Four Cardinal Principles” [3]3 The “Four Cardinal Principles” (四项基本原则) are: upholding the socialist path, upholding the people’s democratic dictatorship, upholding the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and upholding Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought., he emphasized, “There must be unified leadership, there must be authority. Without the Party’s unified leadership, there is no efficiency.” Since the New Era, the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, through the revolutionary forging of strengthening the “Four Consciousnesses” [4]4 The “Four Consciousnesses” (四个意识) are: the consciousness of the need to maintain political integrity, the consciousness of the need to think in big-picture terms, the consciousness of the need to follow the leadership core, and the consciousness of the need to stay aligned with the central Party leadership., firming the “Four Confidences” [5]5 The “Four Confidences” (四个自信) are: confidence in the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, confidence in the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics, confidence in the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and confidence in the culture of socialism with Chinese characteristics., and achieving the “Two Upholds” [6]6 The “Two Upholds” (两个维护) are: upholding General Secretary Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and upholding the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee., has achieved the major political outcome of the “Two Establishments” [7]7 The “Two Establishments” (两个确立) are: establishing Comrade Xi Jinping’s core position on the Party Central Committee and in the Party as a whole, and establishing the guiding position of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era., enhancing the cohesive force of self-revolution.

习近平总书记指出，“坚持和加强党的全面领导，首先是坚持党中央权威和集中统一领导，这是党的领导的最高原则”。党的自我革命是在党中央集中统一领导下的集体性行动，坚持党中央集中统一领导是中国共产党依靠自身力量解决自身问题的重要经验和根本保证。中国共产党历来注重加强党中央的集中统一领导。在新民主主义革命时期，党就形成了“四个服从”原则、请示报告制度、党委工作制度等，有力地加强了党中央集中统一领导。新中国成立后，毛泽东提出，“为了建设一个强大的社会主义国家，必须有中央的强有力的统一领导”。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，邓小平在阐述“四项基本原则”时，就强调“要有统一领导，要有权威。没有党的统一领导，就没有效率”。新时代以来，党中央集中统一领导在增强“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、做到“两个维护”的革命性锻造中，取得了“两个确立”的重大政治成果，增强了自我革命的内聚力。

To advance the Party’s self-revolution, it is necessary to fully promote intra-Party democracy to prevent mistakes due to insufficient democracy, while also implementing centralized and unified leadership to form a unified will for courage to engage in self-revolution. As an ultra-large-scale political party, the Party’s self-revolution must uphold the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, with unified planning, unified deployment, and unified advancement. “For a Party and a country as large as ours, without centralized unity, without the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee, without a strong central authority, it will not work and is unimaginable.” As the world’s largest Marxist ruling party, with the expansion of the Party’s membership scale and organizational levels, only by strengthening the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee can the scale advantage be transformed into governance effectiveness.

推进党的自我革命既要充分发扬党内民主，防止因为民主不够而犯错误，同时也要实行集中统一领导，形成勇于自我革命的统一意志。作为超大规模的政党，党的自我革命必须坚持党中央集中统一领导，统一谋划、统一部署、统一推进。“我们这么大一个党、一个国家，没有集中统一，没有党中央坚强领导，没有强有力的中央权威，是不行的、不可想象的。”中国共产党作为世界最大的马克思主义执政党，随着党员规模和组织层级的扩大，只有通过加强党中央的集中统一领导，才能将规模优势转换成治理效能。

(2) Taking a Clear Stand on Politics is a Prominent Feature and Advantage of the Party

（二）旗帜鲜明讲政治是党的突出特点和优势

Taking a clear stand on politics means carrying out political activities in accordance with the Party’s political program, line, and goals. “Taking a clear stand on politics is not only a distinctive feature of a Marxist political party but also a political advantage our Party has consistently maintained.” The core essence of taking a clear stand on politics is to implement the Party’s political program, execute the Party’s political line, and accomplish the Party’s central tasks. Taking a clear stand on politics is concrete; “taking a clear stand on politics is not abstract; one cannot just shout slogans or engage in formalism. It must be implemented in the concrete actions of resolutely carrying out the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee and reflected in actual results.” During the New Democratic Revolution period, taking a clear stand on politics meant resolving ideological differences and factionalism within the Party to achieve national independence and people’s liberation. After the founding of New China, the Party proposed that “ideological work and political work are the guarantees for completing economic work and technical work; they serve the economic base.” During this period, taking a clear stand on politics meant continuously improving construction capabilities and casting off poverty and backwardness. During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the Party proposed that “currently, doing a good job in economic work and achieving the four modernizations is the biggest politics, an overriding political task.” During this period, taking a clear stand on politics meant achieving ideological line rectification, developing productive forces, and continuously improving one’s own level of modernization.

讲政治是按照政党的政治纲领、路线和目标开展政治活动，“旗帜鲜明讲政治，既是马克思主义政党的鲜明特征，也是我们党一以贯之的政治优势”。讲政治的核心要义是要实施党的政治纲领，执行党的政治路线，完成党的中心任务。讲政治是具体的，“讲政治不是抽象的，不能空喊口号、流于形式，要落实到坚决贯彻党中央决策部署的具体行动上、体现到实际效果上”。在新民主主义革命时期，讲政治就是要解决党内思想分歧和宗派主义，以实现民族独立、人民解放。新中国成立后，党提出“思想工作和政治工作，是完成经济工作和技术工作的保证，它们是为经济基础服务的”，这一时期讲政治就是不断提升建设能力，摆脱贫穷落后面貌。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党提出“当前搞好经济工作，实现四个现代化是最大的政治，是压倒一切的政治任务”，这一时期讲政治就是实现思想路线上的拨乱反正，发展生产力，不断提升自身现代化水平。

Taking a clear stand on politics ensures the political direction of the Party’s self-revolution. “Taking a clear stand on politics is the fundamental guarantee for our Party to strengthen its bones and muscles, to build up its body, and it is the fundamental way for our Party to cultivate the courage for self-revolution, enhance its capacity for self-purification, and improve its political immunity to expel toxins.” Taking a clear stand on politics ensures that the Party’s self-revolution does not deviate from its course, lose its soul, stray from its line, or commit subversive errors. Departing from the central task is not taking a clear stand on politics; departing from concrete actions is empty politics. In the New Era, taking a clear stand on politics means firming up political ideals, building a solid pillar of ideals and convictions, supplementing the “calcium of the spirit” [8]8 “Calcium of the spirit” (精神之钙) is a metaphor used by Xi Jinping for ideals and convictions, suggesting that lacking them is like a person suffering from a calcium deficiency, leading to a weakened spiritual constitution., and purifying the political soul; adhering to the political direction, consciously handling the relationship between individual Party members and the organization, safeguarding the authority and centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, strictly observing political discipline and political rules, consciously resisting external interference, and consolidating the political foundation; and making intra-Party political life serious, conducting political check-ups, and enhancing political immunity.

讲政治确保了党的自我革命的政治方向，“讲政治,是我们党补钙壮骨、强身健体的根本保证,是我们党培养自我革命勇气、增强自我净化能力、提高排毒杀菌政治免疫力的根本途径”。讲政治确保党的自我革命不偏离航向，不丧失灵魂，不偏废路线，不犯颠覆性错误。离开中心任务是不讲政治，离开具体行动是空头政治。在新时代讲政治就是坚定政治理想，筑牢理想信念支柱，补足“精神之钙”，净化政治灵魂；坚守政治方向，自觉处理好党员个体与组织的关系，维护党中央权威和集中统一领导，严守政治纪律和政治规矩，自觉抵制外部干扰，夯实政治根基；严肃党内政治生活，进行政治体检，增强政治免疫力。

(3) Maintaining the Party’s Unity and Solidarity is the Lifeblood of the Party

（三）维护党的团结统一是党的生命

Unity within a political party is the foundation of its vitality and combat effectiveness. “Ensuring the Party’s unity and solidarity is the lifeblood of the Party and the key to its ability to become a century-old Party and create century-spanning achievements.” The Party’s self-revolution, as internal governance, is a deep restructuring of intra-Party relations. Maintaining unity and solidarity within the Party provides the fundamental support for the Party’s self-revolution. The Communist Party of China has always emphasized intra-Party unity. During the New Democratic Revolution period, Mao Zedong pointed out, “We have all gathered from all corners of the country; we must not only be good at uniting with comrades who share our views but also good at uniting and working together with comrades who hold different views,” and explored the method of “unity-criticism-unity” to handle intra-Party relations. After the founding of New China, the Fourth Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee [9]9 The Fourth Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee was held in February 1954, focusing on issues of Party unity in the aftermath of the Gao Gang-Rao Shushi incident. specifically adopted the “Resolution on Strengthening Party Unity,” pointing out that “the interests of Party unity are above all else” and requiring Party cadres to “regard maintaining and consolidating Party unity as the standard guiding their words and actions.” During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Deng Xiaoping, on the basis of summing up historical experience, emphasized the extreme importance of stability and unity, pointing out that “first of all, we must strengthen the unity of the entire Party, especially the unity of the Party’s leading core,” and led the formulation of the “Guidelines for Intra-Party Political Life,” which standardized intra-Party relations and strengthened Party unity.

政党内部的团结是政党的生命力、战斗力的基础，“保证党的团结统一是党的生命，也是我们党能成为百年大党、创造世纪伟业的关键所在”。党的自我革命作为内向治理，是对党内关系的深度重构。维护党内的团结统一为党的自我革命提供了根本依托。中国共产党历来注重党内团结。在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东曾指出，“我们都是从五湖四海汇集拢来的，我们不仅要善于团结和自己意见相同的同志，而且要善于团结和自己意见不同的同志一道工作”，并探索出“团结-批评-团结”的方式处理党内关系。新中国成立后，党的七届四中全会专门通过了《关于增强党的团结的决议》，指出“党的团结的利益高于一切”，要求党员干部“应当把维护和巩固党的团结作为指导自己言论和行动的标准”。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，邓小平在总结历史经验的基础上，强调安定团结的极端重要性，指出“首先要加强全党的团结，特别是要加强党的领导核心的团结”，并领导制定了《关于党内政治生活的若干准则》，规范了党内关系，增强了党的团结。

Since the New Era, General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized the extreme importance of the Party’s unity and solidarity from the perspective of the Party’s lifeblood, providing in-depth elaboration on enhancing intra-Party unity and solidarity. On the one hand, continuously enhance the political centripetal force within the Party. “The Party’s unity and solidarity is first of all political unity and solidarity.” The “Two Establishments,” as major political achievements of the New Era, provide the ideological foundation and political basis for the Party’s political unity. The “Two Upholds” are the concrete manifestation of the Party’s political unity and solidarity; without a strong and powerful political guarantee, the Party’s unity and solidarity would be empty talk. On the other hand, continuously enhance the political nature, contemporary relevance, principled nature, and combative nature of intra-Party political life. “Unity is achieved through positive and healthy ideological struggle, not through unprincipled harmony.” While carrying forward the Party’s fine traditions, making good use of the weapon of criticism and self-criticism, and adhering to democratic centralism, the Party has also formulated the “Guidelines for Intra-Party Political Life under the New Situation” and the “Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Intra-Party Supervision” in light of new realities, providing institutional guarantees for maintaining the Party’s unity and solidarity and providing fundamental political guidance for the Party’s self-revolution.

新时代以来，习近平总书记从党的生命高度强调党的团结统一的极端重要性，为增强党内团结统一作出了深入阐述。一方面，不断增强党内政治向心力，“党的团结统一首先是政治上的团结统一”。“两个确立”作为新时代重大政治成果，为党在政治上的统一提供了思想基础和政治依据。“两个维护”是党在政治上团结统一的具体表现，没有坚强有力的政治保证，党的团结统一就是空谈。另一方面，不断增强党内政治生活的政治性、时代性、原则性、战斗性，“团结是通过积极健康的思想斗争达成的，不是无原则的一团和气”。党在发扬党的优良传统、用好批评与自我批评的武器、坚持民主集中制的同时，结合新的实际制定了《关于新形势下党内政治生活的若干准则》和《中国共产党党内监督条例》，为维护党的团结统一提供了制度保障，为党的自我革命提供了根本政治引领。

II. The Value Advantage of Being Selfless and Impartial

二、大公无私的价值优势

A political party’s values are the ideological guide, spiritual force, and goal orientation of its political activities. “Our Party has no special interests of its own—this is the source of our courage and the foundation of our confidence in daring to carry out self-revolution.” The value advantage of the Chinese Communist Party’s selflessness and impartiality is determined by its value pursuit, its original aspiration and founding mission, and its essential attributes.

政党的价值理念是政党政治活动的思想主导、精神力量和目标指向。“我们党没有任何自己特殊的利益，这是我们党敢于自我革命的勇气之源、底气所在”，中国共产党大公无私的价值优势由其价值追求、初心使命和本质属性所决定。

(I) Selflessness and Fearlessness Are the Greatest Courage of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（一）无私无畏是党的自我革命的最大勇气

A clear people’s standpoint and a lofty sentiment of serving the people are the essential distinctions between a Marxist political party and the bourgeois political parties and groups of Western countries. “We Chinese Communists act for the public good, uphold the great cause, and seek the greater self.” Only with the disposition of selflessness and impartiality can one discard selfishness, greed, and delusion, and be selfless and fearless. The Chinese Communist Party has always regarded the people as the fundamental reliance for carrying out the great social revolution. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Mao Zedong pointed out, “The Communist Party does not seek its own private interests; what it seeks is only the interests of the vast majority of the people, the interests of the entire nation, and the interests of the laboring masses.” The Party established the fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly and set the important principle of upholding what is good and correcting what is wrong for the sake of the people’s interests. During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Deng Xiaoping further pointed out, “Anything that conforms to the people’s interests and can win the people’s support will, by and large, surely succeed.” The Party further took whether the people support, approve, are happy with, and agree to something as the fundamental criterion for testing its work. Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has, on the one hand, regarded the people as

鲜明的人民立场、崇高的为民情怀是马克思主义政党与西方国家资产阶级政党、团体的本质区别。“我们共产党人为的是大公、守的是大义、求的是大我”，大公无私的秉性，才能够摒弃私心、贪欲和妄念，无私无畏。中国共产党始终把人民作为进行伟大社会革命的根本依靠。在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东指出，“共产党并不要谋求自己的私利，它所谋求的只是大多数人民的利益、全民族的利益、劳苦大众的利益”。党确立了全心全意为人民服务的根本宗旨，树立了为了人民的利益坚持好的、改正错的重要原则。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，邓小平进一步指出，“凡是符合人民利益，又能得到人民支持的事，大体上肯定会成功”。党进一步将人民拥护不拥护、人民赞成不赞成、人民高兴不高兴、人民答应不答应作为检验工作的根本标准。新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央，一方面，将人民视为党执政的“最大底气”，坚持人民利益高于一切，将人民利益作为党进行自我革命的根本出发点和落脚点；另一方面，把反腐败斗争作为最彻底的自我革命，以“不负十四亿”的决心，坚决割除党肌体上的毒瘤。

The Party’s self-revolution contains a great sentiment of sacrificing the small self to fulfill the greater whole, that is, enduring the difficulty and pain of turning the blade inward, continuously satisfying the people’s aspiration for a better life, and winning the people’s heartfelt support. The Party’s self-revolution possesses a moral consciousness in which “self” and “selflessness” merge: “Only by being ‘utterly selfless, never failing the people,’ and always representing the fundamental interests of the broadest majority of the people, can we examine ourselves with a thorough spirit of self-revolution, constantly reflect on our own faults, and resolutely struggle against all factors that harm the Party’s advanced nature and purity.” Only by integrating the “self” into “selflessness,” establishing the spiritual “small self,” transforming it into the familial-national “greater self,” becoming the public “selflessness,” reaching a realm where achievement does not depend on oneself, forever preserving the backbone of “achievement must depend on me,” and being loyal and selfless, clean and fearless, upright and without shame, can one thoroughly examine and resolve one’s own problems.

党的自我革命包含着牺牲小我、成全大我的伟大情怀，即忍受刀刃向内的艰难与痛苦，不断满足人民对美好生活的向往，赢得人民衷心拥护。党的自我革命具有“自我”与“无我”相融通的道德自觉，“我将无我、不负人民，始终代表最广大人民根本利益，才能本着彻底的自我革命精神检视自身、常思己过，坚决同一切损害党的先进性和纯洁性的因素作斗争”。只有以“自我”融入“无我”，立精神之“小我”，化家国之“大我”，成为公之“无我”，达到功成不必在我的境界，永葆功成必定有我的骨气，做到忠诚无私、干净无畏、俯仰无愧，才能彻底地审视和解决自身问题。

(2) The Original Aspiration and Founding Mission Are the Fundamental Driving Force of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（二）初心使命是党的自我革命的根本动力

The original aspiration and founding mission are the source driving force of the Party’s self-revolution. Since its founding, the Chinese Communist Party has taken the realization of communism as its lofty ideal and established the original aspiration and founding mission of seeking happiness for the people and rejuvenation for the nation. “This original aspiration and founding mission are the fundamental driving force that inspires Chinese Communists to advance continuously.” The Party’s original aspiration and founding mission are the spiritual pillar that enables the Party to grow in difficult circumstances, rise in adversity, and find new life in desperate situations; they are also the source of strength for the Party’s self-revolution. The history of the Chinese Communist Party is a history of practicing the Party’s original aspiration and founding mission. The historical circumstances of internal and external troubles in modern China forged the Party’s innate consciousness of mission. “Why make revolution? To achieve the liberation of the Chinese nation, to realize the people’s rule, and to bring the people economic happiness.” To this end, it is necessary to “remold oneself better, to raise oneself to a higher revolutionary level.” After the founding of New China, Mao Zedong called for maintaining the revolutionary spirit: “We must maintain that same vigor, that same revolutionary enthusiasm, that same desperate spirit we had during the revolutionary war period, and carry the revolutionary work through to the end.” During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Deng Xiaoping further pointed out, “Without the development of the productive forces, the prosperity of the country, and the improvement of the people’s lives, revolution is empty.” Precisely because it practices its ideals and goals and steadfastly upholds its original aspiration and founding mission, the Party is able to discard all kinds of “ideological dust” that do not meet the needs of the cause’s development and resist all kinds of political “microorganisms.”

初心使命是党的自我革命的本源动力。自成立之初，中国共产党就将实现共产主义作为自己的远大理想，确立了为人民谋幸福、为民族谋复兴的初心使命，“这个初心和使命是激励中国共产党人不断前进的根本动力”。党的初心使命是党能够在困境中壮大、在逆境中奋起、在绝境中逢生的精神支柱，也是党的自我革命的力量源泉。中国共产党的历史，就是一部践行党的初心使命的历史。近代中国内忧外患的历史境遇，铸就了党先天的使命自觉。“为什么要革命？为了使中华民族得到解放，为了实现人民的统治，为了使人民得到经济的幸福”。为此，要“把自己改造得更好一些，把自己提高到更高的革命水平”。新中国成立后，毛泽东号召要保持革命精神，“要保持过去革命战争时期的那么一股劲，那么一股革命热情，那么一种拼命精神，把革命工作做到底”。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，邓小平进一步指出，“离开了生产力的发展、国家的富强、人民生活的改善，革命就是空的”。正因践行理想目标，坚守初心使命，党才能够摒弃各种不符合事业发展需要的“思想灰尘”，抵抗各种政治“微生物”。

The Party’s original aspiration and founding mission concern the fundamental question of what the Chinese Communist Party is and what it is to do. They are the concentrated expression of the Party’s nature, purpose, ideals, beliefs, and goals, and they present the unique value of the Party’s self-revolution. The original aspiration and founding mission inherently contain the proposition of the spirit of self-revolution: “It is not an easy thing to remain true to our original aspiration and founding mission; we must have a strong spirit of self-revolution.” The Party’s original aspiration and founding mission calibrate the direction of self-revolution; the Party’s self-revolution takes the original aspiration and founding mission as its benchmark, using it to examine itself, correct deviations, and eliminate discrepancies. The Party’s original aspiration and founding mission give rise to the sobriety of self-revolution, requiring self-alertness to prevent arrogance and complacency, self-intoxication, and self-numbness. The Party’s original aspiration and founding mission shape the consciousness of self-revolution; to truly remain true to the original aspiration and founding mission, one must continuously engage in self-revolution, eliminate backward factors, excise one’s own ailments, solve one’s own problems, and forge a strong leading force for Chinese-path modernization.

党的初心使命关涉中国共产党是什么、要干什么的根本性问题，是党的性质宗旨、理想信念和奋斗目标的集中体现，是党的自我革命的独特价值呈现。初心使命内在包含着自我革命精神的命题，“做到不忘初心、牢记使命，并不是一件容易的事情，必须有强烈的自我革命精神”。党的初心使命校准了自我革命的方向，党的自我革命是以初心使命为基准，以此来检视自身、纠正偏差、消除温差；党的初心使命催生了自我革命的清醒，要自我警醒，防止骄傲自满、自我陶醉、自我麻痹；党的初心使命形塑了自我革命的自觉，要真正做到不忘初心、牢记使命，就必须不断自我革命，消除落后因素，革除自身病症，解决自身问题，为中国式现代化锻造坚强领导力量。

(3) Forever Maintaining Advanced Nature and Purity Is the Fundamental Requirement of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（三）永葆先进性和纯洁性是党的自我革命的根本要求

“Advanced nature and purity are the essential attributes of a Marxist political party.” The advanced nature and purity of a Marxist political party are not naturally advanced or innately pure; they are honed through continuously upholding truth and correcting errors. The history of the Chinese Communist Party is replete with successes and failures, full of wisdom and courage. “Daring to face problems directly and being brave in correcting errors are our Party’s notable characteristics and advantages.” The Chinese Communist Party has always maintained a serious attitude toward errors, never evading them, openly acknowledging them, and earnestly correcting them. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the Party systematically sorted out and analyzed the errors in the line from the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee to the Zunyi Meeting, forming the principle of “upholding truth and correcting errors.” The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Party thoroughly repudiated the erroneous theories and practices of the “Cultural Revolution,” pointing out that “ignoring errors and covering up errors is impermissible; this itself is an error, and it will lead to even more and greater errors.” A truly outstanding political party never becomes timid and hesitant in the face of errors; rather, it is brave in acknowledging and correcting them. The historical tradition of facing errors squarely, analyzing errors, and correcting errors has generated the practical consciousness of the Party’s self-revolution.

“先进性和纯洁性是马克思主义政党的本质属性”。马克思主义政党的先进性和纯洁性不是自然先进、天生纯洁的，是在不断坚持真理、修正错误中磨砺出来的。中国共产党的历史饱含着成败与得失，充满着智慧与勇毅，“敢于直面问题、勇于修正错误是我们党的显著特点和优势”。中国共产党历来对错误保持郑重态度，从不回避错误，公开承认错误，认真纠正错误。新民主主义革命时期，党系统梳理和分析了党的六届四中全会至遵义会议期间路线上的错误，形成了“坚持真理、修正错误”的原则。党的十一届三中全会彻底否定“文化大革命”的错误理论和实践，指出“忽视错误、掩盖错误是不允许的，这本身就是错误，而且将招致更多更大的错误”。真正优秀的政党从来不是在错误面前束手束脚，而是勇于承认并改正错误。正视错误、分析错误、改正错误的历史传统生成了党的自我革命的实践自觉。

Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, with the consciousness that “it takes a good blacksmith to make good steel,” has deeply advanced comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, insisting on turning the blade inward and scraping the poison off the bone, with the determination and will to use strong medicine to cure the disease and severe punishment to bring order, correcting stubborn and chronic maladies that had persisted for years. The Party has been filled with vitality through revolutionary tempering. “The greatness of our Party lies not in never making mistakes, but in never concealing its illnesses, daring to face problems directly, and being brave in self-revolution.” The Party has become stronger and more powerful through correcting its own errors time and again, upholding truth in correcting errors, setting things right and getting back to the source in bringing order out of chaos, and fostering a clean and upright atmosphere while eliminating evil and depravity, ensuring that it always stays at the forefront of the times. This is also the confidence the Party has in advancing self-revolution.

新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央以打铁必须自身硬的自觉，深入推进全面从严治党，坚持刀刃向内、刮骨疗毒，以猛药去疴、重典治乱的决心和意志，纠正多年未除的顽瘴痼疾，党在革命性锻造中充满生机活力。“我们党之所以伟大，不在于不犯错误，而在于从不讳疾忌医，敢于直面问题，勇于自我革命。”党在一次次纠正自身错误中变得更加坚强有力，在修正错误中坚持真理，在拨乱反正中正本清源，在激浊扬清中扶正祛邪，确保始终走在时代前列，这也是党能够推进自我革命的底气。

III. The Ideological Advantage of Upholding Fundamental Principles and Breaking New Ground, Discarding the Old and Establishing the New

三、守正创新、革故鼎新的思想优势

The powerful force of truth is an important marker of a strong political party; the theoretical guiding power and persuasive power of a political party are the cornerstone of its activities. The reason the Chinese Communist Party has been able to achieve major historical accomplishments “lies fundamentally in its mastery of the scientific theory of Marxism and its continuous promotion of theoretical innovation in light of new realities.” The ideological advantage of the Chinese Communist Party’s self-revolution comes from the theoretical guidance of Marxism adapted to the Chinese context and the needs of the times, the profound accumulation of fine traditional Chinese culture, and the rich nourishment of the spiritual lineage of Chinese Communists.

强大的真理力量是政党强大的重要标志，政党的理论导向力和说服力是政党活动的基石。中国共产党之所以能够取得重大历史成就，“根本在于掌握了马克思主义科学理论，并不断结合新的实际推进理论创新”。中国共产党自我革命的思想优势来自中国化时代化马克思主义的理论指导、中华优秀传统文化的深厚积淀以及中国共产党人精神谱系的丰富滋养。

(1) Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era Is the Fundamental Guidance for the Party’s Self-Revolution

（一）习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是党的自我革命的根本遵循

Marxism is an open theory that is constantly developing; it requires continuous integration with new practice to achieve new development before it can forever retain its vitality. How Marxism achieves localized inheritance and development is both a key link for the Party in maintaining the essence, true character, and core flavor of a revolutionary party, and a theoretical problem that must be solved in guiding Chinese practice. This requires Chinese Communists to combine the actual conditions of their own country, continuously refine new theories in light of new practice, and realize a localized “philosophical revolution.” The history of the Chinese Communist Party is a history of theoretical innovation. Whether it is the Chinese path of the new-democratic revolution—explored during the period of the new-democratic revolution—of “encircling the cities from the countryside and seizing political power by armed force,” or the proposal during the period of socialist revolution and construction to carry out a “second integration” [13]13 “Vajra body” (金刚不坏之身) is a Buddhist term referring to an indestructible body, often used metaphorically in Chinese political discourse to mean an incorruptible and unassailable moral or political character. of the basic principles of Marxism with the concrete reality of China’s construction, or the call during the new period of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization to “take our own road,” giving rise to the theory of the essence of socialism, the theory of the primary stage of socialism, and so on—all are achievements of the Party’s continuous promotion of theoretical innovation. Entering the New Era, Chinese Communists have deepened their understanding of the laws of theoretical innovation, put forward the methodological principle of the “Two Integrations,” [14]14 “Coagulate” (凝聚) is a common Chinese political metaphor for uniting or consolidating strength, spirit, or consensus. and formed Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, providing the fundamental guidance for the Party’s self-revolution in the New Era.

马克思主义是不断发展的开放的理论，需要不断结合新的实践实现新的发展，才能永葆生机活力。马克思主义如何实现本土继承发展，既是党保持革命党的本质、本色和本味的关键环节，也是指导中国实践所要解决的理论问题。这就需要中国共产党人结合本国实际，不断根据新的实践提炼新理论，实现本土化的“哲学革命”。中国共产党的历史是一部理论创新史，无论是新民主主义革命时期探索出的“农村包围城市，武装夺取政权”的中国新民主主义革命道路，还是在社会主义革命和建设时期提出要把马克思主义基本原理同中国建设具体实际进行“第二次结合”，抑或是在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期提出“走自己的路”，形成社会主义本质论、社会主义初级阶段论等，都是党持续推进理论创新的成果。进入新时代，中国共产党人深化了对理论创新规律的认识，提出“两个结合”的方法原则，形成了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，为新时代党的自我革命提供了根本遵循。

Adhering to theoretical arming is an important method of the Party’s self-revolution. The basic method of theoretical arming is to carry out inner-Party education, unswervingly using

坚持理论武装是党的自我革命的重要方式。理论武装的基本方式是开展党内教育，坚持不懈用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想凝心聚魂。一方面，开展经常性教育，以理想信念补钙壮骨，以基本理论固本培元，提高党员思想政治觉悟，提升道德水平，培植精神家园；另一方面，开展集中性学习教育，新时代以来，党先后开展了多次集中性学习教育，强化了党员干部的宗旨意识，有力推动了事业发展。坚持经常性教育与集中性教育相结合，既绵绵用力又集中发力，是淬炼自我革命思想武器的重要基石。

(2) Fine Traditional Chinese Culture as the Cultural Foundation of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（二）中华优秀传统文化是党的自我革命的文化根基

A political party’s mode of behavior cannot be separated from a nation’s cultural psychology, political traditions, and value beliefs. The unique wisdom contained in fine traditional Chinese culture provides rich cultural nourishment for the Party’s self-revolution. For example, the humanistic temperament of “awareness of potential danger” (忧患意识), the holistic thinking of “treating disease before it arises” (治未病), and the value pursuit of “inner sagehood and outer kingship” (内圣外王) constitute the traditional cultural foundation for the Party’s courage in self-revolution.

政党的行为模式离不开一个民族的文化心理、政治传统和价值信仰。中华优秀传统文化中所蕴含的独特智慧为党的自我革命提供了丰厚文化给养，如“忧患意识”的人文气质，“治未病”的整体思维和“内圣外王”的价值追求，是党勇于自我革命的传统文化根基。

First, the humanistic temperament of “awareness of potential danger” infuses the spirit of self-revolution. Awareness of potential danger is a wisdom and spirit built on contemplation of the Way of Heaven and Nature, deep reflection on human existence in the world, and anxious consideration of the rise and fall of political power. Examples include the self-awareness of “the noble person has lifelong worries, not a single day’s calamity,” the responsibility of “being the first to worry about the world’s troubles and the last to enjoy its pleasures,” and the pursuit of “the noble person worries about the Way, not about poverty.” The Party’s self-revolution means persisting in self-alertness, remembering that survival arises from potential danger and death from complacency. One must neither become arrogant and self-satisfied nor relax in the slightest; one cannot wait or watch passively, but must press forward unceasingly and continuously advance self-revolution. It is necessary to enhance historical anxiety by learning from the rise and fall of Chinese feudal dynasties and the successes and failures of political parties worldwide. “We must be mindful of potential danger while living in peace, and always be vigilant lest this century-old major Party become decrepit and riddled with disease” — this is a concrete manifestation of the Party’s adherence to awareness of potential danger in the New Era.

一是“忧患意识”的人文气质充盈着自我革命精神。忧患意识是建立在对天道自然的沉思、人生在世的深思、政权兴衰的忧思基础上的智慧和精神。如“君子有终身之忧，无一朝之患”的自觉，“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”的责任，“君子忧道不忧贫”的追求。党的自我革命就是要坚持自我警醒，牢记生于忧患、死于安乐，既不能骄傲自满，更不能有半点松懈，不能等待和观望，要驰而不息，持续推动自我革命。善于从中国封建王朝的兴衰更替、世界政党的成败得失中，增强历史忧思。“我们要居安思危，时刻警惕我们这个百年大党会不会变得老态龙钟、疾病缠身”，这是新时代党坚持忧患意识的具象化表现。

Second, the holistic thinking of “treating disease before it arises” enriches the methodological wisdom of self-revolution. Traditional Chinese medicine adheres to the holistic method of “the sage does not treat an existing disease but treats it before it arises; does not treat existing disorder but treats it before it arises,” avoiding “treating the head when the head aches and treating the foot when the foot hurts.” This constitutes a unique methodological wisdom for the Party’s courage in self-revolution. First, when disease is already present, prevent its deterioration: one must both “grasp things early and when they are small, prevent trouble before it happens — ‘grasp early and small; if there is illness, treat it immediately; if a problem is discovered, handle it promptly; do not allow an abscess to fester and cause greater harm’” and apply differentiated measures to eradicate chronic ailments — “to cure disease and remove illness, some conditions require conservative treatment to slowly restore vitality; some conditions require surgery to excise the lesion early, otherwise the entire organism’s health may be endangered, even life itself.” Second, after recovery, prevent relapse: “This is like a person being cured of an illness; after the disease is treated, the patient enters a recovery period. If conditions are favorable, pathogens latent in the body may multiply again, causing the disease to recur or flare up repeatedly.” At this point, it is necessary both to plug institutional loopholes, using the binding force of institutions to strengthen resistance, and to maintain strategic resolve, with the tenacity of being forever on the road, to prevent a return to old ways. Finally, achieve prevention before disease arises: this requires both effort in consolidating the foundation — “only by putting sufficient effort into establishing roots and consolidating the foundation can there be strong immunity and resistance” — and effort in cultivating the essence, adhering to the spiritual guidance of striving upward and toward the good, to forge an “indestructible body of vajra.” [13]13 “Vajra body” (金刚不坏之身) is a Buddhist term referring to an indestructible body, often used metaphorically in Chinese political discourse to mean an incorruptible and unassailable moral or political character.

二是“治未病”的整体思维丰富了自我革命的方法智慧。中国传统医学坚持“圣人不治已病治未病，不治已乱治未乱”的整体性思维方法，避免了“头痛医头，脚痛医脚”，构成了党勇于自我革命的独特方法智慧。首先，已病防变，既要抓早抓小、防微杜渐——“要抓早抓小，有病就马上治，发现问题就及时处理，不能养痈遗患”；也要分类施策，根除痼疾——“治病去疴，有些病症需要采取保守疗法，慢慢恢复元气，有些病症需要动手术、及早切除病灶，不然就会危及整个肌体健康甚至危及生命”。其次，要病愈防复，“这正如人治病一样,病治了以后,进入恢复期,如果条件具备,潜伏于身体内的病原体就可能再度繁殖,进而使病症再度发作或反复发作”。这时，就既要堵塞制度漏洞，运用制度的刚性力量增强抵抗力，也要保持战略定力，以永远在路上的坚韧，防止故态复发。最后，做到未病先防，既要在固本上下功夫，“只有在立根固本上下足了功夫，才会有强大的免疫力和抵抗力”；也要在培元上下功夫，坚持向上向善的精神引领，练就“金刚不坏之身”。

Third, the value pursuit of “inner sagehood and outer kingship” stimulates the moral self-awareness of the Party’s self-revolution. Fine traditional Chinese culture upholds the moral ideal of “inner sagehood and outer kingship,” holding that human existence in the world is a process of achieving the noble person’s character through inner transcendence and realizing external achievements. The Party’s self-revolution means adhering to the guidance of Marxism, continuously improving the ability to integrate knowledge, faith, and action, and transforming the personality ideal and political practice of “inner sagehood and outer kingship” into an organic integration of the “small self” and the “great self” and a coordinated transformation of the subjective and the objective. The Party’s self-revolution takes leading the great social revolution as its fundamental purpose. “Continuously carrying out self-revolution while carrying out social revolution is the most distinctive mark distinguishing our Party from other political parties.” Self-revolution provides the subjective conditions and political guarantee for social revolution, while social revolution defines the basic direction and value purport of self-revolution.

三是“内圣外王”的价值追求激发了党的自我革命的道德自觉。中华优秀传统文化秉持“内圣外王”的道德理想，认为人生在世就是通过内在超越以达君子人格，实现外在事功的进程。党的自我革命就是坚持以马克思主义为指导，不断提高知信行合一的能力，将“内圣外王”的人格理想和政治实践，转化为“小我”与“大我”的有机融合、主观与客观的协同变革。党的自我革命以引领伟大社会革命为根本目的，“在进行社会革命的同时不断进行自我革命，是我们党区别于其他政党最显著的标志”。自我革命为社会革命提供了主体条件和政治保障，社会革命规约了自我革命的基本方向和价值旨趣。

(3) The Spiritual Pedigree of Chinese Communists as the Spiritual Nourishment of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（三）中国共产党人的精神谱系是党的自我革命的精神滋养

Party spirit is the bond that凝聚 [14]14 “Coagulate” (凝聚) is a common Chinese political metaphor for uniting or consolidating strength, spirit, or consensus. party strength; possessing a strong party spirit is the key to the Chinese Communist Party’s vigorous vitality. “The reason our Party, after a century of trials and tribulations, remains in its prime and, after enduring hardships, continues to thrive, is precisely because of that powerful spirit of revolution plus desperate struggle.” The revolutionary spirit is the底色 [15]15 “Background color” (底色) is a Chinese political metaphor for the fundamental or defining quality of something. of the great spirit of the Chinese Communist Party, containing within it an innovative spirit of pioneering and forging ahead, a spirit of struggle that is indomitable, and a spirit of combat that overcomes difficulties. It provides rich nourishment for the Party’s self-revolution. From its very founding, the Chinese Communist Party has placed great emphasis on cultivating and promoting the revolutionary spirit. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Mao Zedong proposed “carrying forward the revolutionary spirit of hard struggle, unyieldingness, and continuous effort.” During the period of socialist revolution and construction, Mao Zedong emphasized, “Hard struggle is our political本色 [16]16 “True color” (本色) is a Chinese political term meaning inherent or essential quality, often used to describe the proletariat’s or the Party’s fundamental character.,” pointing out that “the revolutionary spirit of the proletariat comes from this.” During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Deng Xiaoping pointed out, “The revolutionary spirit is very precious; without the revolutionary spirit, there would be no revolutionary action.” Since the New Era, General Secretary Xi Jinping has made how to always maintain the revolutionary spirit a major课题 [17]17 “Topic” or “subject” (课题) is used here in the sense of a major research or practical task., requiring that the great social revolution be pushed forward, and emphasizing, “Do not forget the original aspiration and keep the mission firmly in mind; do not forget that we are Communists, we are revolutionaries, and do not lose the revolutionary spirit.” The revolutionary spirit is the precious spiritual wealth of the Party, shaping the distinctive spiritual identity of the Party’s self-revolution.

政党精神是凝聚政党力量的纽带，拥有强大政党精神是中国共产党具有蓬勃生命力的密钥。“我们党之所以历经百年而风华正茂、饱经磨难而生生不息，就是凭着那么一股革命加拼命的强大精神。”革命精神是中国共产党伟大精神的底色，其中蕴含着开拓进取的创新精神、百折不挠的奋斗精神和攻坚克难的斗争精神，为党的自我革命提供了丰厚滋养。中国共产党自成立伊始，就高度注重革命精神的培育和弘扬。在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东提出要“发扬艰苦奋斗、不屈不挠、再接再厉的革命精神”。在社会主义革命和建设时期，毛泽东强调，“艰苦奋斗是我们的政治本色”，指出“无产阶级的革命精神就是由这里头出来的”。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，邓小平指出，“革命精神是非常宝贵的，没有革命精神就没有革命行动”。新时代以来，习近平总书记将如何始终保持革命精神作为重大课题，要求把伟大社会革命继续推进下去，强调“不忘初心，牢记使命，就不要忘记我们是共产党人，我们是革命者，不要丧失了革命精神”。革命精神是党的宝贵精神财富，塑造了党的自我革命的鲜明精神标识。

The revolutionary spirit can generate strong executive force and stimulate the willpower to cut away rotten flesh. First, the spirit of innovation stimulates the historical consciousness of self-revolution. The Party’s self-revolution must both strengthen and perfect itself through the spirit of reform and innovation, while also steadfastly upholding the Party’s nature, purpose, ideals, beliefs, original aspiration and founding mission, ensuring the Party always stays at the forefront of the times. Second, the spirit of struggle nurtures the historical confidence of self-revolution. “The historical confidence of Chinese Communists is confidence both in the achievements of struggle and in the spirit of struggle.” The history of the Chinese Communist Party is filled with hardships and challenges; this process has cultivated and formed a series of revolutionary spirits with distinct characteristics, which serve as the spiritual support for advancing the Party’s self-revolution. Third, the spirit of combat enhances the historical initiative of self-revolution. “The Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese people have grown and strengthened in struggle; the spirit of combat runs through every period of China’s revolution, construction, and reform.” Daring to struggle and being adept at struggle means struggling to the end against all negative phenomena within the Party, continuously deepening the Party’s self-revolution, and constantly strengthening the ability to win the initiative, win advantages, and win the future.

革命精神能够催生坚强的行动力，激发自剜腐肉的意志力。一是以创新精神激发自我革命的历史自觉。党的自我革命既要以改革创新精神加强和完善自己，同时也要坚守党的性质宗旨、理想信念、初心使命不动摇，确保党始终走在时代前列。二是以奋斗精神涵养自我革命的历史自信。“中国共产党人的历史自信，既是对奋斗成就的自信，也是对奋斗精神的自信。”中国共产党的历史充满着艰辛与挑战，这一过程培育形成了一系列各具特点的革命精神，是推进党的自我革命的精神支撑。三是以斗争精神增强自我革命的历史主动。“中国共产党和中国人民是在斗争中成长和壮大起来的，斗争精神贯穿于中国革命、建设、改革各个时期。”敢于斗争、善于斗争，就是要同党内一切消极现象斗争到底，不断把党的自我革命引向深入，不断增强赢得主动、赢得优势、赢得未来的能力。

IV. Organizational Advantages of a Tight System and a Capable Cadre Force

四、体系严密、队伍过硬的组织优势

A political party’s organization is the practical support for its activities. The Chinese Communist Party is a Marxist political party established with democratic centralism as its fundamental organizational principle and leadership system, possessing a tight organizational system and a capable cadre force. “A tight organization is the Party’s glorious tradition and unique advantage,” and it is also the organizational guarantee and strength support for the Party’s self-revolution.

政党组织是政党活动的现实支撑。中国共产党是以民主集中制为根本组织原则和领导制度组建起来的，具有严密组织体系、过硬干部队伍的马克思主义政党。“组织严密是党的光荣传统和独特优势”，也是党的自我革命的组织保障和力量支持。

(I) A Tight Organizational System Is the Organizational Foundation of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（一）严密组织体系是党的自我革命的组织基础

To meet the needs of their own development and achieve effective governance, political parties will establish corresponding organizational systems based on their respective historical conditions, political environments, and organizational natures. “A tight organizational system is the Party’s advantage and source of strength.” The Party’s organizational system not only covers from the central level to the grassroots but also is laid out comprehensively in the horizontal dimension, providing comprehensive organizational guarantees for the Party’s self-revolution. Since its founding, the Chinese Communist Party has attached great importance to the construction of its organizational system. The first Party Constitution adopted at the Second National Congress of the CPC [18]18 The Second National Congress of the CPC was held in Shanghai in July 1922. It formulated the Party’s first constitution, which established the organizational principles and structure of the Party. put forward the concept of an “organizational system,” and with the “Party group” as the basic-level organization, it set up a four-level Party organizational system from top to bottom: the Central Executive Committee, the District Executive Committees, the Local Executive Committees, and Local Branches, initially establishing a vertical organizational framework from the central level to the local level and then to the grassroots. During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the Party, closely integrating the reality of socialist modernization, summarized and condensed the organizational framework of “Party central organizations,” “Party local organizations,” and “Party grassroots organizations.” Since the New Era, General Secretary Xi Jinping has put forward the concept of an “organizational system,” clarified subordinate relationships, optimized organizational setups, and formed an organizational system that is vertical to the end, horizontal to the edge, tight in structure, flexible in form, clear in function, and efficient in operation, laying a solid organizational foundation for the Party’s self-revolution.

政党为适应自身发展需要和实现有效治理，都会根据各自历史条件、政治环境和组织性质，建立相应的组织体系。“严密的组织体系是党的优势所在、力量所在。”党的组织体系不仅涵盖中央到基层，而且在横向上全方位布局，为党的自我革命提供了全面的组织保障。中国共产党自成立之始就高度重视组织体系建设，党的二大通过的首部党章就提出了“组织系统”概念，并以“党组”为基层组织，自上而下设置了中央执行委员会、区执行委员会、地方执行委员会、地方支部等四级党的组织体系，初步奠定了从中央到地方再到基层的垂直型组织架构。改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党紧密结合社会主义现代化建设实际，概括凝练出“党的中央组织”“党的地方组织”和“党的基层组织”的组织框架。新时代以来，习近平总书记提出“组织体系”概念，并厘清了隶属关系，优化了组织设置，形成了纵向到底、横向到边，结构严密、形式灵活，功能明晰、运转高效的组织体系，为党的自我革命奠定了坚实的组织基础。

The Party’s self-revolution, as a collective action of the Party, requires coordination and close cooperation among organizations at all levels. The smooth progress of the Party’s self-revolution depends on a systematic organizational system that is connected from top to bottom and linked from left to right. The Party’s self-revolution is carried out by the entire Party and requires the participation of all Party organizations. The Party’s organizational system is the “fighting fortress” for executing tasks. Only when organizations at all levels are sound and powerful can self-revolution be “like the body commanding the arm, and the arm commanding the finger,” achieving orders that are carried out and prohibitions that are heeded, with appropriate tension and relaxation. This is also the source of confidence for being able to continuously advance the Party’s self-revolution.

党的自我革命作为党的集体行动，需要各级组织协调一致、密切配合。党的自我革命的顺利进行有赖于上下贯通、左右联通的系统性的组织体系。党的自我革命是全党共同进行的，需要全体党组织的参与，而党的组织体系就是执行任务的“战斗堡垒”，只有各级组织都健全有力，自我革命才能“如身使臂、如臂使指”，做到令行禁止、张弛有度，这也是能够持续推进党的自我革命的底气所在。

(II) Democratic Centralism Is the Organizational Principle of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（二）民主集中制是党的自我革命的组织原则

Democratic centralism is the Party’s fundamental organizational principle and leadership system. Democratic centralism can not only stimulate the creative vitality of Party organizations at all levels and Party members but also enable the Party to effectively aggregate organizational strength, becoming a strong and unified whole, forming the organizational synergy for advancing the Party’s self-revolution. The historical practice of the Chinese Communist Party has proven that democratic centralism can unleash the creativity of Party members, the mobilizing power of grassroots organizations, and the cohesion of the Party. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Mao Zedong elaborated on the connotation of democratic centralism, namely, centralism on the basis of democracy and democracy under the guidance of centralism, pointing out that “for the Party to have strength, it relies on implementing the Party’s democratic centralism to mobilize the enthusiasm of the entire Party.” During the period of socialist revolution and construction, Mao Zedong further developed democratic centralism, pointing out that “the unity of democracy and centralism, the unity of freedom and discipline, is our democratic centralism.” During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Deng Xiaoping pointed out that “to emancipate the mind and use our heads, a very important condition is to truly practice the democratic centralism of the proletariat.” Since the New Era, the Party has further adhered to and developed democratic centralism. Based on the new needs of the New Era, it has put forward the Two Upholds [19]19 The Two Upholds (两个维护) refers to upholding to ensure the Party’s unity and efficiency.

民主集中制是党的根本组织原则和领导制度，民主集中制不仅可以激发各级党组织和党员的创造活力，而且使党能够有效聚合组织力量，成为坚强有力的整体，形成推进党的自我革命的组织合力。中国共产党的历史实践证明，民主集中制能够发挥党员的创造力、基层组织的动员力和党的凝聚力。在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东阐述了民主集中制的内涵，即民主基础上的集中与集中指导下的民主，指出，“要党有力量，依靠实行党的民主集中制去发动全党的积极性”。在社会主义革命和建设时期，毛泽东进一步发展了民主集中制，指出，“民主和集中的统一，自由和纪律的统一，就是我们的民主集中制”。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，邓小平指出，“解放思想，开动脑筋，一个十分重要的条件就是要真正实行无产阶级的民主集中制”。新时代以来，党进一步坚持和发展了民主集中制，立足于新时代新需要，提出了“两个维护”，确保党的团结与高效。

Democratic centralism “can both maximize the creative vitality of the entire Party and unify the thoughts and actions of the entire Party.” The advantage of the fundamental organizational principle and leadership system of democratic centralism is reflected in two aspects: on the one hand, it fully promotes intra-Party democracy, maintains and safeguards the principal position of Party members, mobilizes the initiative and creativity of Party members, and provides a popular foundation for the Party’s centralized unity; on the other hand, it implements correct centralism, establishes and improves the Party’s leadership system, especially perfecting the system of collective leadership, adhering to the combination of collective leadership and individual division of responsibilities, and in the dialectical unity of uniformity and diversity, order and vitality, constructs the integrity and coherence of self-revolution.

民主集中制“既可以最大限度激发全党创造活力，又可以统一全党思想和行动”。民主集中制的根本组织原则和领导制度的优势体现在两个方面，既充分发挥党内民主，维护和保障党员的主体地位，调动党员的主动性和创造性，为党的集中统一提供民意基础，也实行正确集中，建立和完善党的领导制度，特别是健全集体领导制度，坚持集体领导和个人分工负责相结合，在统一性与差异性、秩序与活力的辩证统一中，构建了自我革命的整体性和连贯性。

(III) A Capable Cadre Force Is the Main Force of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（三）过硬干部队伍是党的自我革命的主体力量

The quality of the cadre force is a concentrated reflection of a political party’s overall quality. “An extremely important reason why our Party has been able to maintain a strong creativity, cohesion, and combat effectiveness, become the mainstay of the revolution, construction, and reform cause, unite and lead the people to overcome various difficulties and obstacles, and achieve one victory after another, lies precisely in its high attention to cultivating and forging a cadre force capable of shouldering heavy responsibilities.” The Party’s cadre force determines the rise and fall of the Party’s cause and determines the success or failure of the Party’s self-revolution. The Chinese Communist Party has always focused on cadre force building. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Mao Zedong pointed out that “the Chinese Communist Party is a party leading a great revolutionary struggle in a huge nation of several hundred million people; without a large number of leading cadres with both ability and moral integrity, it cannot accomplish its historical tasks,” putting forward the cadre standard of “having both ability and moral integrity” and the cadre line of “appointing people on their merits.” After the founding of New China, the Party put forward the cadre principle of being “both red and expert.” During the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Deng Xiaoping pointed out that “we must build a cadre force that adheres to the socialist path and has professional knowledge. Without such a cadre force, it is impossible to achieve the four modernizations,” putting forward the cadre policy of being revolutionary, younger, more knowledgeable, and more professional. Under the guidance of these policies and principles, the Party has cultivated batch after batch of cadre forces suited to the needs of the development of the cause.

干部队伍质量是政党整体素质的集中体现。“我们党之所以能够始终保持强大的创造力、凝聚力、战斗力，成为革命、建设、改革事业发展的中流砥柱，团结带领人民战胜各种艰难险阻、取得一个又一个胜利，一个十分重要的原因就在于高度重视培养造就能够担当重任的干部队伍”，党的干部队伍决定着党的事业的兴衰成败，决定着党的自我革命的胜负得失。中国共产党历来注重干部队伍建设。在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东就指出，“中国共产党是在一个几万万人的大民族中领导伟大革命斗争的党，没有多数才德兼备的领导干部，是不能完成其历史任务的”，提出“才德兼备”的干部标准和“任人唯贤”的干部路线。新中国成立后，党提出“又红又专”的干部原则。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，邓小平指出，“要建立一支坚持社会主义道路的、有专业知识的干部队伍。没有这样一支干部队伍，要实现四个现代化是不可能的”，提出革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化的干部方针。在这些方针原则指导下，党培养了一批又一批适应事业发展需要的干部队伍。

Since the New Era, General Secretary Xi Jinping, based on the Two Overall Situations [20]20 The “four forms” (四种形态) refer to a policy strategy for supervision and discipline enforcement: (1) red-faced and sweaty criticism and self-criticism as the norm; (2) light organizational discipline as the majority; (3) heavy organizational adjustments and demotions as a minority; (4) serious disciplinary action and investigation for suspected criminal offenses as a very small minority., has proposed building a high-quality professional cadre force, emphasizing the need to “forge a cadre force that dares to struggle, is good at struggling, and is courageous in self-revolution.” He has put forward the standards for good cadres in the New Era: firm in faith, serving the people, diligent and pragmatic, daring to take responsibility, and honest and upright. He has clarified the cadre principle of “from all corners of the country” and established the Party’s organizational line for the New Era. The Party has focused on solving the problems within the cadre force of being unwilling to take responsibility, daring not to take responsibility, and being unable to take responsibility, making “good old guys” and “peace officials” within the Party lose their market, tapping into the cadres’ own strength, and striving to cultivate a cadre force with firm convictions, strong political awareness, high professional competence, and a rigorous work style, so that the Party’s self-revolution has a focal point and can take root.

新时代以来，习近平总书记立足“两个大局”，提出要建设高素质专业化干部队伍，强调要“锻造敢于善于斗争、勇于自我革命的干部队伍”，并提出了信念坚定、为民服务、勤政务实、敢于担当、清正廉洁的新时代好干部标准，明确了“五湖四海”的干部原则，确立了新时代党的组织路线。党着力解决干部队伍中不愿担当、不敢担当和不会担当的问题，使党内“老好人”“太平官”失去市场，发掘干部自身力量，着力培养一支信念坚、政治强、本领高、作风硬的干部队伍，使党的自我革命有了着力点而落地生根。

V. Advantages of a Systematic and Strict Discipline

五、系统严明的纪律优势

Party discipline is the general term for the rules, regulations, and provisions that embody the Party’s nature and purpose and possess universal binding force; it is the code of conduct that all Party organizations and all Party members must observe. The Chinese Communist Party has always adhered to strict discipline in governing and managing the Party. “Strict discipline is the Party’s glorious tradition and unique advantage.” Party discipline is characterized by its prominent class orientation, scientific content, mandatory norms, equal application, and conscious observance; it is an important measure for resolving problems within the Party and advancing the Party’s self-revolution.

政党纪律是体现党的性质和宗旨，具有普遍约束力的规章、条文的总称，是各级党组织和全体党员必须遵守的行为规则。中国共产党历来坚持用严格纪律管党治党，“纪律严明是党的光荣传统和独特优势”。党的纪律具有突出的阶级性导向、科学性内容、强制性规范、平等性适用和自觉性遵守等特点，是解决党内问题，推进党的自我革命的重要举措。

(I) Strengthening Discipline Building Is an Important Measure of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（一）加强纪律建设是党的自我革命的重要举措

As an important component of the great new project of Party building, Party discipline building also serves as an important guarantee for the construction of other areas. “Strengthening discipline building is the fundamental strategy for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party.” Party discipline is the “medicine” for curing ills and the “knife” for scraping poison from the bone; it is an important measure for advancing the Party’s self-revolution. From its very founding, the Chinese Communist Party advocated “iron-like discipline.” In its first Party Constitution, it specifically opened a dedicated chapter on “Discipline,” imposing strict disciplinary requirements on both Party members and organizations. After the failure of the Great Revolution, the Party deeply recognized that “only by strictly enforcing Party discipline can the Party’s crisis be saved.” The Party explored and established a disciplinary system with political discipline and organizational discipline as its main content, including secrecy discipline, propaganda discipline, financial and economic discipline, mass discipline, clean governance discipline, and others. After the founding of New China, the Party established discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels, pointing out that “the Party is a unified combat organization bound together by discipline that all Party members must observe; without discipline, the Party can never lead the state and the people to defeat powerful enemies and realize socialism and communism.” With the deepening advancement of reform and opening up, the Party placed greater emphasis on the construction of laws and regulations for intra-Party discipline, promoting discipline building centered on establishing and perfecting a system for punishing and preventing corruption.

党的纪律建设作为党的建设新的伟大工程的重要组成部分，也是其他方面建设的重要保障。“加强纪律建设是全面从严治党的治本之策”，党的纪律是治病之“药”，刮骨之“刀”，是推进党的自我革命的重要举措。中国共产党自成立之初，就主张“铁似的纪律”，在首部党章中专门开设“纪律”专章，对党员和组织都做了严格的纪律要求。大革命失败后，党更是深刻认识到，“只有严厉的执行党的纪律才能挽救党的危机”。党探索建立了以政治纪律和组织纪律为主要内容，包括保密纪律、宣传纪律、财经纪律、群众纪律、廉洁纪律等在内的纪律体系。新中国成立后，党建立了各级纪律检察机关，指出“党是以一切党员都要遵守的纪律联结起来的统一的战斗组织；没有纪律，党决不能领导国家和人民战胜强大的敌人而实现社会主义和共产主义”。随着改革开放的深入推进，党更加注重党内纪律的法规制度建设，推动了以建立健全惩治和预防腐败体系为重点的纪律建设。

Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has incorporated discipline building into the overall layout of Party building, given priority to discipline, adhered to the principle that discipline is stricter than law and that the enforcement of discipline and law is integrated, proposed the policy strategy of the “four forms” of supervision and discipline enforcement, and taken the rectification of conduct, the enforcement of discipline, and the fight against corruption as important starting points for advancing the Party’s self-revolution. In practice, it has gradually formed a system with political discipline as the foundation and organizational discipline as the key, continuously enriching and developing clean governance discipline, mass discipline, work discipline, and life discipline. This has provided standards and guidelines for the Party’s self-revolution and demonstrated the practical rationality of the Party’s self-revolution.

新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央，将纪律建设纳入党的建设总体布局，把纪律挺在前面，坚持纪严于法、执纪执法贯通，提出监督执纪“四种形态”政策策略，以正风肃纪反腐败作为推进党的自我革命的重要抓手，在实践中逐步形成了以政治纪律为根本，以组织纪律为重点，不断丰富发展廉洁纪律、群众纪律、工作纪律、生活纪律，为党的自我革命提供了标准遵循，彰显了党的自我革命的实践理性。

(II) Strengthening Discipline Education Is the Foundational Project of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（二）加强纪律教育是党的自我革命的基础工程

Discipline education is the foundational work of discipline building; its purpose is to transform the constraints of Party spirit into internal self-awareness, enabling Party cadres and members to clarify bottom-line requirements, thereby achieving a positive interaction between external rigid constraints and internal disciplinary self-awareness, and realizing the unity of self-discipline and heteronomy. Emphasizing the cultivation of discipline and strengthening discipline education is a fine tradition of the Chinese Communist Party. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Mao Zedong pointed out at the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Party that “discipline education is necessary not only for cultivating in ordinary Party members a good style of obeying discipline, but also for supervising the Party’s leaders to ensure they obey discipline.” Through various forms of discipline education, the Party enhanced the disciplinary self-awareness of the entire Party. After the founding of New China, the Party established the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and commissions at all levels, requiring “strengthening discipline education within the Party so that Party members and cadres strictly observe Party discipline.” During the new period of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, the Party re-established discipline inspection organs and strengthened leadership over discipline education. The Party successively carried out the rectification movement, the “Three Emphases” education, the education campaign on the advanced nature of Party members, and the study and practice of the Scientific Outlook on Development. Party discipline education directly targeted issues of Party conduct and clean governance and moved toward normalization and institutionalization.

纪律教育是纪律建设基础性工作，其目的就是将党性约束化为内在自觉，使党员干部明晰底线要求，从而实现外在刚性约束与内在纪律自觉的良性互动，实现自律与他律的统一。注重纪律养成，加强纪律教育是中国共产党的优良传统。在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东在党的六届六中全会上就指出，“纪律教育，不但在养成一般党员服从纪律的良好作风上，是必要的；而且在监督党的领袖使之服从纪律，也有其必要”。党通过各种形式的纪律教育，增强了全党的纪律自觉。新中国成立后，党成立中央及各级党的纪律检查委员会，要求“在党内加强纪律教育，使党员、干部严格地遵守党纪”。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党重新设立了纪律检查机关，加强对纪律教育工作的领导。党先后开展了整党、“三讲”教育、先进性教育活动、学习实践科学发展观活动，党的纪律教育直指党风廉政问题，并走向常态化、制度化。

Since the New Era, in the process of comprehensively strengthening discipline building, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has attached great importance to discipline education, strengthened the top-level design of discipline education, combined centralized education with regular education, and improved the institutional mechanisms for discipline education. Since the New Era, all previous centralized education campaigns of the Party have integrated discipline education throughout. The Party’s mass line education and practice campaign required that “Party organizations at all levels should actively explore ways to make discipline education regular and institutionalized.” The “Three Stricts and Three Honests” special education campaign took “strictly enforcing Party discipline” as an important content. The “Two Studies and One Action” learning and education campaign took “being qualified in executing discipline” as an important standard. The education campaign on “remaining true to our original aspiration and founding mission” also emphasized strengthening education on Party rules and discipline, especially political discipline and political rules. The study and education on Party history advocated drawing both positive and negative historical experiences from Party history to enhance disciplinary awareness. The study and implementation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era took educating and guiding the vast number of Party members and cadres to enhance their awareness of discipline and rules as one of its goals. In 2024, the Party even launched a study and education campaign on Party discipline with the theme of “Party discipline.” Party discipline education is also an important content of regular education for Party members. In addition to regular discipline education in daily intra-Party life, the Party advocates carrying out regular warning education to promote the in-depth development of discipline education, which has also laid a solid disciplinary foundation for the Party’s self-revolution.

新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央在全面加强纪律建设的过程中，高度重视纪律教育，加强对纪律教育的顶层设计，将集中性教育与经常性教育相结合，健全了纪律教育体制机制。新时代以来，党的历次集中教育都将纪律教育贯穿其中，党的群众路线教育实践活动要求“党的各级组织要积极探索纪律教育经常化、制度化的途径”。“三严三实”专题教育将“严明党的纪律”作为重要内容。“两学一做”学习教育将“执行纪律合格”作为重要标准。“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题教育也注重加强党规党纪教育特别是政治纪律和政治规矩教育。党史学习教育主张从党史中汲取正反两面历史经验，增强纪律意识。学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想主题教育将教育引导广大党员、干部增强纪律意识、规矩意识作为目标之一。2024年，党更是开展以“党的纪律”为主题的党纪学习教育。党的纪律教育也是党员经常教育的重要内容。除了日常党内生活的经常性纪律教育，党主张开展经常性警示教育，推动纪律教育向纵深发展，这也为党的自我革命奠定了坚实纪律基础。

(III) Simultaneously Addressing Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline Is an Effective Path for the Party’s Self-Revolution

（三）坚持党性党风党纪一起抓是党的自我革命的有效路径

Party discipline is closely related to Party spirit and Party conduct; they are an interconnected organic whole. “Party spirit is the foundation, Party conduct is the manifestation, and Party discipline is the guarantee.” Party spirit is the fundamental starting point and yardstick for Party conduct and Party discipline; Party conduct is the external manifestation of Party spirit and Party discipline, serving as a concrete measure for evaluating Party spirit and Party discipline; Party discipline is the guarantee for adhering to Party spirit and cultivating Party conduct. Simultaneously addressing Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline is an effective path for forging a strong political party and deeply advancing the Party’s self-revolution.

党的纪律与党性、党风紧密关涉，是相互关联的有机整体，“党性是根本，党风是表现，党纪是保障”。党性是党风和党纪的根本起点和尺度；党风是党性和党纪的外在表现，是评价党性和党纪的具象尺度；党纪是坚守党性、涵养党风的保障。坚持党性党风党纪一起抓，是锻造强大政党，深入推进党的自我革命的有效路径。

The Chinese Communist Party has always emphasized the building of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, it took Party discipline as the entry point for grasping conduct. Mao Zedong linked Party conduct with Party spirit, pointing out that “the subjective style of work characterized by carelessness and self-righteousness is the first manifestation of impure Party spirit.” After the founding of New China, the “Three Antis” campaign launched in 1952 was not only an action to rectify and purify Party conduct through opposing corruption, waste, and bureaucracy, but also “a leadership-led, mass-mobilized, full-scale, and systematic disciplinary inspection campaign.” During the new period of reform, opening up, and socialist modernization, the Party gradually formed an overall approach of simultaneously addressing Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. In 1983, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection issued the “Notice on Fully Utilizing Propaganda Tools to Strengthen Education on Party Spirit, Party Conduct, and Party Discipline,” emphasizing the leadership of the discipline inspection commissions over Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline. The 15th National Congress of the Party formally proposed “strengthening education on Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline to enhance the ability of Party cadres and members to resist corruption and prevent degeneration.” The functions of overall regulation and systematic coordination of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline became increasingly prominent.

中国共产党历来注重党性党风党纪建设。在新民主主义革命时期就以党纪作为抓作风的切入点，毛泽东将党风与党性联系起来，指出“粗枝大叶、自以为是的主观主义作风，就是党性不纯的第一个表现”。新中国成立后，1952年开展的“三反”运动，既是一次通过反贪污、反浪费、反官僚主义整顿净化党风的行动，也是“一次有领导的、发动群众的、全体规模的、有系统的纪律大检查运动”。改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党逐渐形成党性党风党纪一起抓的整体思路，1983年中纪委下发《关于充分运用宣传工具加强党性、党风、党纪教育的通知》，强调各纪委对党性党风党纪的领导。党的十五大正式提出“加强党性党风党纪教育，增强党员干部拒腐防变的能力”。党性党风党纪的整体调控和系统协同的功能日益凸显。

Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has adhered to simultaneously addressing Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, starting with Party conduct, breaking the ground by formulating and implementing the Central Eight-Point Regulations, persistently correcting the “Four Forms of Decadence,” giving priority to discipline, launching an unprecedented anti-corruption struggle, “using fine conduct as a guide, strict discipline as a strong guarantee, and anti-corruption and punishment of evil to clear obstacles,” and launching a “combined punch” of self-revolution. The phenomena of impure Party spirit, superficial Party conduct, and lax Party discipline have been significantly changed. Simultaneously addressing Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline is a vivid manifestation of using a systematic concept to perfect the system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and advancing the Party’s self-revolution. It involves grasping all elements comprehensively to prevent shortcomings and weaknesses in the system, promoting the interconnection and mutual promotion of Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline across the entire chain, and comprehensively promoting the simultaneous, coordinated, and integrated exertion of force from Party spirit, Party conduct, and Party discipline, forming a powerful synergy for the Party’s self-revolution.

新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持党性党风党纪一起抓，从党风切入，以制定和落实中央八项规定破题，持之以恒纠治“四风”，把纪律挺在前面，开展史无前例的反腐败斗争，“以优良作风作引领，以严明纪律强保障，以反腐惩恶清障碍”，打出了自我革命的“组合拳”，党性不纯、党风漂浮、党纪松弛的现象显著改变。坚持党性党风党纪一起抓，就是以系统观念健全全面从严治党体系，推进党的自我革命的生动呈现。全局性抓好各要素，防止系统出现短板弱项，全链条促进党性党风党纪相互贯通、相互促进，全方位推动党性党风党纪同时发力、同向发力、综合发力，形成党的自我革命的强大合力。

VI. The Institutional Advantages of Governing a Major Party

六、大党之治的制度优势

The governance implications of the Party’s self-revolution are constructed by a complete institutional system, “advancing self-revolution with a high degree of conscious scientific attitude and systematic method—this is our Party’s distinctive advantage.” [25]25 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection,” January 18, 2022. In the long-term exploration of leading the people in revolution, construction, and reform, and especially in the revolutionary forging of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in the New Era, the Chinese Communist Party has formed a system of intra-Party regulations, an intra-Party supervision system, and an inspection tour system. These have created unique advantages for the governance of a major party and provide institutional guarantees for the Party’s self-revolution.

党的自我革命的治理意蕴，是由完善的制度体系构筑的，“高度自觉地以科学的态度、体系化的方式推进自我革命，这是我们党的显著优势”。中国共产党在领导人民进行革命、建设和改革的长期探索中，特别是新时代全面从严治党的革命性锻造中，形成了党内法规制度体系、党内监督体系和巡视制度，形成了大党之治的独特优势，为党的自我革命提供制度保障。

(I) The System of Intra-Party Regulations Is a Strong Support for the Party’s Self-Revolution

（一）党内法规制度体系是党的自我革命的有力支撑

The system of intra-Party regulations constitutes the code of conduct jointly observed by all Party organizations and all Party members, and is a normative system for coordinating intra-Party relations. Self-revolution, as an activity of intra-Party governance, requires institutional guarantees. The Chinese Communist Party has always attached importance to using intra-Party regulations to govern and manage the Party. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, Mao Zedong put forward the concept of “intra-Party regulations,” emphasizing that to bring intra-Party relations onto the right track, “it is also necessary to formulate a more detailed set of intra-Party regulations to unify the actions of leading organs at all levels.” [26]26 Mao Zedong, “The Struggle in the Jinggang Mountains,” November 25, 1928, in *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, Vol. 1. After the founding of New China, the Eighth National Congress of the Party passed a new Party Constitution, which standardized the codes of conduct for Party members and organizations under the conditions of governance. The Party successively formulated regulations such as the “Regulations on the Payment of Party Dues by Communist Party Members” and the “Decision on the Participation of Cadres in Physical Labor,” effectively guiding the behavior of Party cadres. In the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, Deng Xiaoping pointed out, “A state must have its laws; a party must have its party rules and party laws. The Party Constitution is the most fundamental party rule and party law.” [27]27 Deng Xiaoping, “Emancipate the Mind, Seek Truth from Facts, and Unite as One in Looking to the Future,” December 13, 1978, in *Selected Works of Deng Xiaoping*, Vol. 2. The Party successively issued different types of intra-Party regulations, especially the “Interim Regulations on the Procedures for Formulating Intra-Party Regulations of the Chinese Communist Party” in July 1990 and the “Trial Regulations of the Chinese Communist Party on Intra-Party Supervision” in 2003, which laid an important foundation for forming a system of intra-Party regulations.

党内法规制度体系是党的各级组织和全体党员共同遵守的行动准则，是协调党内关系的规范体系。自我革命作为党内治理活动，需要制度保障。中国共产党历来重视用党内法规制度管党治党。在新民主主义革命时期，毛泽东就提出了“党内法规”概念，强调为使党内关系走上正轨，“还须制定一种较详细的党内法规，以统一各级领导机关的行动”。新中国成立后，党的八大通过了新党章，规范了执政条件下党员和组织的行为准则。党先后制定了《关于共产党员缴纳党费的规定》《关于干部参加体力劳动的决定》等，有效引导了党员干部行为。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，邓小平指出，“国要有国法，党要有党规党法。党章是最根本的党规党法”。党先后出台不同类型的党内法规，特别是1990年7月《中国共产党党内法规制定程序暂行条例》和2003年的《中国共产党党内监督条例（试行）》，为形成党内法规制度体系奠定了重要基础。

Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee has consistently adhered to an institutional orientation, exploring the construction of a more mature and more finalized institutional system in the practice of self-revolution. On the one hand, it has constructed a system of intra-Party regulations based on the Party Constitution, forming the rigid constraints and legal basis for the Party’s self-revolution. The Party Central Committee, in light of actual conditions, has continuously promoted the standardization and integration of intra-Party regulations, initially constructing a system of intra-Party regulations with the Party Constitution as the foundation, codes and regulations as the backbone, and rules, stipulations, measures, and detailed rules as important components, providing a relatively complete and deep foundation of regulatory institutions for the Party’s self-revolution. On the other hand, it has enhanced the authority and enforcement of intra-Party regulations, transforming the institutional advantages of self-revolution into practical effectiveness. The vitality of institutions lies in their observance and implementation; otherwise, the hard constraints of institutions become soft “rubber bands.” This requires cultivating and enhancing the institutional awareness of Party cadres and members, building a sound political ecosystem, fostering an intra-Party institutional culture that respects, reveres, observes, and implements institutions, and also improving and perfecting the mechanisms for institutional implementation, combining positive incentives with negative sanctions to build a strong backing for the implementation of self-revolution institutions.

新时代以来，党中央始终坚持制度化导向，在自我革命实践中探索构建更加成熟、更加定型的制度体系。一方面，构建了以党章为根本的党内法规制度体系，形成了党的自我革命的刚性规约和法理依据。党中央结合实际，不断推进党内法规制度的规范与整合，初步构建了以党章为根本，准则、条例为主干，规则、规定、办法、细则为重要组成部分的党内法规制度体系，为党的自我革命提供了较为完备、深厚的法规制度基础。另一方面，增强党内法规权威性和执行力，推动自我革命的制度优势转化为实践效能。制度的生命力在于遵守和执行，否则制度的硬约束就成为松软的“橡皮筋”。这需要培养提升党员、干部的制度意识，也要构建良好政治生态，培育尊崇制度、敬畏制度、遵守制度、执行制度的党内制度文化，还要健全完善制度执行机制，坚持正向激励与负面惩戒相结合，构筑自我革命制度执行的坚强后盾。

(II) Intra-Party Supervision Is an Effective Means of the Party’s Self-Revolution

（二）党内监督是党的自我革命的有效手段

The self-supervision of political parties is a worldwide challenge. Although bourgeois political parties have also established a set of supervision mechanisms that suit their own circumstances and are relatively standardized in form, they serve only a very small number of people. The Soviet Communist Party also made some explorations, but to a certain extent neglected its own supervision. The Chinese Communist Party has explored a set of effective intra-Party supervision systems in its long-term practice, providing an important guarantee for self-revolution. The Chinese Communist Party has attached great importance to intra-Party supervision since its inception. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Party proposed that local bureaus could set up supervisory committees under the district party committees, one of whose functions was “to supervise the work of various Party organs, Party cadres, and Party members, and the correct implementation of the Party’s constitution and resolutions.” [28]28 “Resolution on the Work of the Party’s Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee,” November 6, 1938. After the founding of New China, the Eighth National Congress of the Party proposed the establishment of supervisory committees as the Party’s supervisory organs, requiring that “any Party member and any Party organization must be subject to the Party’s supervision from above and from below.” [29]29 “Report on the Revision of the Party Constitution,” September 16, 1956, at the Eighth National Congress of the CPC. In the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the Party advanced intra-Party supervision as an important task. The “Guiding Principles for Inner-Party Political Life” adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party stated, “It is necessary to adopt methods combining supervision from below with supervision from above, and combining intra-Party supervision with extra-Party supervision, to strengthen the supervision of Party leaders and Party members by Party organizations and the masses.” [30]30 “Guiding Principles for Inner-Party Political Life,” adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the CPC, February 29, 1980. On December 31, 2003, the Central Committee of the CPC promulgated and implemented the “Trial Regulations of the Chinese Communist Party on Intra-Party Supervision,” conducting an institutional exploration to strengthen intra-Party supervision.

政党的自我监督是世界性难题，虽然资产阶级政党也建立起一套符合自身情况的监督机制，形式较为规范，但只是为极少数人服务。苏联共产党虽也进行了一些探索，但在一定程度上忽视了对自身的监督。中国共产党在长期实践中探索出一套行之有效的党内监督体系，为自我革命提供了重要保障。中国共产党自成立之始就高度重视党内监督。在新民主主义革命时期，党的六届六中全会提出各地方局可在区党委之下设监察委员会，职权之一就是“监督各种党的机关、党的干部及党员的工作与对于党的章程决议之正确执行”。新中国成立后，党的八大提出设立监察委员会作为党的监察机关，要求是“任何党员和党的组织都必须受到党的自上而下的和自下而上的监督”。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，党将党内监督作为重要工作推进。党的十一届五中全会通过《关于党内政治生活的若干准则》中就指出，“必须采取自下而上和自上而下相结合、党内和党外相结合的方法，加强党组织和群众对党的领导干部和党员的监督”。2003年12月31日，中共中央颁布施行《中国共产党党内监督条例（试行）》，对加强党内监督进行了制度性探索。

Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has placed intra-Party supervision first among all forms of supervision, pointing out that “intra-Party supervision is the source of life for maintaining the health of the Party’s body.” [31]31 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection,” January 12, 2016. In the practice of governing and managing the Party in the New Era, the Party has continuously improved coordinated and efficient supervision mechanisms: first, reforming the supervision system, advancing the reform of the national supervision system, realizing the joint office of the discipline inspection commission and the supervisory commission, linking Party discipline with national law, and connecting intra-Party supervision with national supervision to achieve all-round supervision; second, innovating supervision methods, reforming the dispatched supervision system, forming a power supervision pattern with full coverage of inspection tours, dispatched supervision, and supervision; third, improving the supervision system, “establishing and perfecting a system under the unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, with comprehensive supervision by Party committees (Party groups), specialized supervision by discipline inspection organs, functional supervision by Party work departments, daily supervision by primary-level Party organizations, and democratic supervision by Party members,” [32]32 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC,” October 31, 2019. forming a complete and rigorous intra-Party supervision system; fourth, enhancing the synergy of supervision, “linking intra-Party supervision with state organ supervision, democratic supervision, judicial supervision, mass supervision, and public opinion supervision to enhance the synergy of supervision,” [33]33 Xi Jinping, “Report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC,” October 18, 2017. forming a closed-loop chain for discovering problems, preventing problems, and solving problems, effectively cracking the problem of self-supervision under conditions of long-term governance.

新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央将党内监督置于各种监督形式的第一位，指出“党内监督是永葆党的肌体健康的生命之源”。在新时代管党治党实践中，党不断健全协同高效的监督机制：一是改革监督体制，推进国家监察制度改革，实现纪委与监委合署办公，将党纪与国法相贯通，党内监督与国家监察相衔接，实现全方位监督；二是创新监督手段，改革派驻监督制度，形成巡视、派驻、监察全覆盖的权力监督格局；三是健全监督体系，“建立健全党中央统一领导，党委（党组）全面监督，纪律检查机关专责监督，党的工作部门职能监督，党的基层组织日常监督，党员民主监督”，形成完整严密的党内监督体系；四是增强监督合力，“把党内监督同国家机关监督、民主监督、司法监督、群众监督、舆论监督贯通起来，增强监督合力”，形成发现问题、防范问题、解决问题的闭环链条，有效破解了长期执政条件下自我监督难题。

(III) The Inspection Tour System Is a Strategic Weapon for the Party’s Self-Revolution

（三）巡视制度是党的自我革命的战略利器

The inspection tour system is an institutional form with Chinese characteristics. As early as the Western Han Dynasty, a supervisory inspection tour system emerged, and the Ming Dynasty had the system of the Eight Prefectural Inspectors. However, due to the inherent limitations of feudal rulers, although these systems played a certain role in inspecting officials and pacifying the people, they could not be transformed into an effective capacity for relying on oneself to discover, analyze, and solve problems. Under the guidance of Marxism, the Chinese Communist Party has activated the modern significance of the inspection tour system through practical exploration, making it a strategic system for solving intra-Party problems and a sharp weapon for advancing the Party’s self-revolution. The Chinese Communist Party has always attached importance to the use of the inspection tour system. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, the Party successively issued the “Inspection Tour Regulations” and the “Central Inspection Tour Regulations,” stating that the purpose of inspection tours was “to directly help lower-level Party organizations determine correct political, organizational, and work lines and all work methods; to thoroughly reform the Party’s organization.” [34]34 “Central Inspection Tour Regulations,” adopted by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC, August 1, 1931. After the founding of New China, inspection tours were an important way for the Party to carry out its work. Whether in the land reform movement or the Party consolidation movement, intra-Party inspection tours were an important means of intra-Party supervision and inspection. In the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, the inspection tour system was further improved and developed. In 1996, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection issued the “Trial Measures for Establishing an Inspection Tour System,” making the inspection tour system an important measure for discovering the Party’s own problems. Entering the 21st century, the Sixteenth National Congress of the Party emphasized the need to establish and improve the inspection tour system. In July 2009, the Party Central Committee promulgated the “Trial Regulations of the Chinese Communist Party on Inspection Work,” and the inspection tour system became an important method of intra-Party power supervision.

巡视制度是具有中国特色的制度形式，早在西汉时期就产生了监察巡视制度，明朝有八府巡按制度，但由于封建统治者自身局限性，虽然这些制度有一定察吏安民作用，但没能转化为依靠自身发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的效能。中国共产党在马克思主义指导下，在实践探索中激活了巡视制度的现代意义，使之成为解决党内问题的战略性制度，也成为推进党的自我革命的利器。中国共产党历来重视对巡视制度的运用。在新民主主义革命时期，党先后发布《巡视条例》和《中央巡视条例》，指出巡视的目的是“为直接帮助下级党部确定正确的政治、组织、工作的路线和一切工作的方法；为彻底的改造党的组织”。新中国成立后，巡视是党开展工作的重要方式，无论是土改运动还是整党运动，党内巡视都是党内监督检查的重要手段。在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，巡视制度进一步完善和发展。1996年中纪委发布《关于建立巡视制度的试行办法》，将巡视制度作为发现自身问题的重要举措。进入21世纪，党的十六大强调要建立和完善巡视制度，2009年7月，党中央颁布《中国共产党巡视工作条例（试行）》，巡视制度成为党内权力监督的重要方式。

Since the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has made disciplinary inspection tours an important form of intra-Party supervision and a strategic institutional arrangement, combining routine inspections with special inspections, and adopting the Regulations of the Chinese Communist Party on Disciplinary Inspection Tours, thereby making the Party’s inspection tour system more established and mature, making the inspection tour organizational system more rational, and achieving the integration of intra-Party supervision and mass supervision. First, it has continuously deepened political inspection tours, whose main content is to resolutely prevent and govern the “seven types of insubordination” [35]35 The “seven types of insubordination” (七个有之) refers to seven specific political behaviors that undermine Party unity and discipline, as, resolutely eliminate double-dealers and double-faced persons who feign compliance while acting in opposition, and urge and promote the entire Party to strengthen the “Four Consciousnesses” [36], consolidate the “Four Confidences” [37], and achieve the “Two Upholds” [38], thereby consolidating the political foundation for the Party’s self-revolution. Second, it has adhered to full coverage of inspection tours, establishing a networked supervision system with upward and downward linkages between inspection tours and disciplinary inspection tours, forming an overall framework for the inspection tour system, and ensuring the orderly conduct of self-revolution. Third, it has adhered to a problem-oriented approach: “The purpose of discovering problems through inspection tours is to solve them; discovering problems without solving them is worse than not conducting inspection tours at all.” In addition, inspection tours must also do a good job of the “second half of the article” [39], strengthening the implementation of rectification after inspections, and ultimately achieving both symptomatic and root-cause treatment.

新时代以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央将巡视作为党内监督的重要形式和战略性制度安排，坚持常规巡视与专项巡视相结合，通过了《中国共产党巡视工作条例》，使党的巡视制度更加定型更加成熟，巡视组织体系更加合理，实现了党内监督与群众监督的结合。一是不断深化政治巡视，主要内容就是坚决防止和治理“七个有之”，坚决清除阳奉阴违的两面人、两面派，督促推动全党增强“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、做到“两个维护”，为党的自我革命夯实政治基础。二是坚持巡视全覆盖，建立巡视巡察上下联动监督网，形成巡视制度的总体框架，保障了自我革命的有序进行。三是坚持问题导向，“巡视发现问题的目的是解决问题，发现问题不解决，比不巡视的效果还坏”。此外，巡视还要做好“后半篇文章”，强化巡视整改落实，最终实现标本兼治。

A powerful Marxist political party is forged and tempered through self-revolution. The Party’s self-revolution cannot be separated from the integration and drive of its own advantageous resources. On the new journey of the New Era, carrying the Party’s great self-revolution through to the end requires not only a profound analysis from the perspectives of “why it is necessary” and “how to advance it,” i.e., the “ought” and the “actual,” but also, from the perspective of “why it is possible,” i.e., the “inherent,” based on the characteristics of a revolutionary party, through historical summation and practical sorting, to deeply excavate its advantageous resources, thereby providing strong support for persisting in the Party’s self-revolution forever on the march.

强大的马克思主义政党是在自我革命中淬炼锻造出来的。党的自我革命离不开对自身优势资源的整合驱动。新时代新征程上，把党的伟大自我革命进行到底，不仅要从“为什么要”和“怎样推进”等“应然”和“实然”的角度进行深刻分析，更要从“为什么能”的“本然”角度，立足革命党特性，通过历史总结和实践梳理，深入挖掘其优势资源，为坚持党的自我革命永远在路上提供有力支撑。

Online editor: Jing Mu

网络编辑：静穆