Experience and Insights from the Construction of the Responsibility System for Comprehensive and Strict Governance of the Party

“Improve the responsibility system with clear subjects and explicit requirements. Comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is the common responsibility of the entire Party; it is necessary to establish and improve the responsibility system by level and category, and to promote all Party organizations and the vast number of Party members and cadres to know, assume, and fulfill their responsibilities by clarifying and consolidating responsibilities.” On June 27, 2024, General Secretary Xi Jinping made important instructions during the 15th collective study session of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, fully affirming the achievements made in unswervingly advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, and putting forward clear requirements for improving the responsibility system for governing and managing the Party. This was the first time that improving the responsibility system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party was included in the key content of the collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, and it also proposed for the first time a tiered and categorized responsibility system of “responsibility subjects in place, responsibility requirements in place, and assessment and accountability in place.” Since its founding, the Communist Party of China “has always adhered to the principle that the Party must govern itself strictly and comprehensively, and has continuously responded to the risks and tests it has faced in various historical periods.” [1]1 Quotation from Xi Jinping’s speech at a meeting to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China, July 1, 2021. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has incorporated comprehensive and strict governance of the Party into the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, established a Party building work responsibility system, and basically formed a Party building work pattern in which Party committees grasp it, secretaries grasp it, relevant departments grasp it, and each level grasps it, with layers of implementation, promoting the continuous deepening and development of the great project of Party building. The Party’s history contains valuable experience in the construction of the responsibility system, providing useful insights for further strengthening the sense of responsibility, clarifying the concept of responsibility, and promoting the implementation of responsibilities for governing and managing the Party.

“健全主体明确、要求清晰的责任体系。全面从严治党是全党的共同责任，必须分层分类建立健全责任体系，以明确责任、压实责任推动各级党组织和广大党员、干部知责、担责、履责。”2024年6月27日，习近平总书记在中共中央政治局第十五次集体学习时作出重要指示，充分肯定坚定不移推进全面从严治党取得的成效，对完善管党治党责任体系提出明确要求，这是首次将健全全面从严治党责任体系纳入中共中央政治局集体学习的内容要点，同时也首次提出了“责任主体到位、责任要求到位、考核问责到位”的分层分类责任体系。中国共产党自成立以来，“始终坚持党要管党、全面从严治党，不断应对好自身在各个历史时期面临的风险考验”。特别是党的十八大以来，党中央将全面从严治党纳入“四个全面”战略布局，建立了党建工作责任制，基本形成了党委抓、书记抓、各有关部门抓，一级抓一级、层层抓落实的党建工作格局，推动党的建设伟大工程不断深化发展。党的历史蕴藏着责任体系建设的宝贵经验，为进一步强化责任意识、梳理责任观念、推动管党治党责任落实到位提供了有益启示。

I. Core Elements of the Construction of the Responsibility System for Comprehensive and Strict Governance of the Party

一、全面从严治党责任体系建设的核心要素

(A) The Core Leadership Position of the Party

(一)党的领导核心地位

In the glorious course of more than one hundred years of the Communist Party of China, the construction and development of the responsibility system have always been closely centered on the element of the Party’s core leadership position. From the arduous explorations in the early days of the Party’s founding to the vigorous development in the New Era, the Communist Party of China has always adhered to the Party’s core leadership position without wavering, ensuring the correct direction of the construction of the responsibility system and laying a solid foundation for the country’s prosperity and strength. At the time of the founding of the Communist Party of China in 1921, facing complex and volatile domestic and international situations, the Party deeply recognized the importance of establishing and strengthening the core leadership position. In 1928, Mao Zedong pointed out in *The Struggle in the Jinggang Mountains*: “Experience has proved that the system of Party representatives cannot be abolished… Facts have shown that whichever company has a better Party representative is the more sound company, while the company commander cannot easily play such a significant role politically.” [2]2 Mao Zedong, *The Struggle in the Jinggang Mountains* (November 25, 1928), *Selected Works of Mao Zedong*, Vol. 1. During the long process of revolution, construction, and reform, the Communist Party of China, through continuous practical exploration and theoretical innovation, gradually established the first generation of central leadership collective with Comrade Mao Zedong at its core, providing a strong political guarantee for China’s revolution and construction, and also laying the foundation for the Party’s responsibility system. Subsequently, successive central leadership collectives have attached great importance to consolidating the Party’s core leadership position, continuously promoting the improvement of the Party’s leadership system and working mechanisms, ensuring that the Party always remains the strong leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. Especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, we have taken strengthening the Party’s centralized, unified leadership as the common political responsibility of the entire Party, “continuously improving the Party’s leadership system, making the entire Party more unified in thought, more united politically, and more consistent in action.” [3]3 Quotation from Xi Jinping’s report to the 19th

在中国共产党的百余年光辉历程中，责任体系的建设与发展始终紧密围绕着党的领导核心地位这一要素展开。从党成立初期的艰辛探索，到新时代的蓬勃发展，中国共产党始终坚持党的领导核心地位不动摇，确保了责任体系建设的正确方向，为国家的繁荣富强奠定了坚实基础。1921年中国共产党成立之初，面对国内外复杂多变的形势，党就深刻认识到确立和强化领导核心地位的重要性。1928年，毛泽东在《井冈山的斗争》中就指出:“党代表制度，经验证明不能废除……事实证明，哪一个连的党代表较好，哪一个连就较健全，而连长在政治上却不易有这样大的作用。”在长期的革命、建设和改革过程中，中国共产党通过不断的实践探索和理论创新，逐步确立了以毛泽东同志为核心的第一代中央领导集体，为中国革命和建设事业提供了坚强的政治保证，也为党的责任体系建设奠定了基础。此后，历代中央领导集体都高度重视党的领导核心地位的巩固，不断推动党的领导体制和工作机制的完善，确保党始终成为中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心。特别是党的十八大以来，我们把加强党的集中统一领导作为全党共同的政治责任，“不断完善党的领导制度体系，使全党思想上更加统一、政治上更加团结、行动上更加一致”。

Reviewing the Party’s history, it can be clearly seen that the Party’s leadership is the soul of the construction of the responsibility system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. Without the Party’s leadership, there would be no establishment and improvement of the responsibility system; without the stability of the Party’s core leadership position, there would be no good situation of the entire Party working together with one heart and one mind. First, the Party’s leadership provides the correct direction for the construction of the responsibility system. Under the Party’s leadership, we have always adhered to the guiding position of Marxism, adhered to the socialist path, and ensured the correctness and scientific nature of the construction of the responsibility system. Second, the Party’s leadership provides strong impetus for the construction of the responsibility system. Under the Party’s leadership, the entire Party has formed a common political belief and goal of struggle, inspiring the enthusiasm and creativity of the vast number of Party members and cadres, guiding them to practice the Party’s purpose and mission with concrete actions, and contributing their wisdom and strength to the construction and development of the responsibility system. Finally, the Party’s leadership provides a solid guarantee for the construction of the responsibility system. Under the Party’s leadership, a series of intra-Party regulations and supervision mechanisms have been established and improved to ensure the effective implementation and supervision of the responsibility system; through the education, management, and supervision of Party members and cadres, their political quality and work ability are improved, providing a solid talent guarantee for the construction of the responsibility system.

回顾党的历史，可以清晰地看到，党的领导是全面从严治党责任体系建设的灵魂。没有党的领导，就没有责任体系的建立和完善;没有党的领导核心地位的稳固，就没有全党上下一心、共同奋斗的良好局面。首先，党的领导为责任体系建设提供了正确方向。在党的领导下，我们始终坚持马克思主义的指导地位，坚持社会主义道路，确保责任体系建设的正确性和科学性。其次，党的领导为责任体系建设提供了强大动力。在党的领导下，全党上下形成了共同的政治信仰和奋斗目标，激发了广大党员干部的积极性和创造性，引领其以实际行动践行党的宗旨和使命，为责任体系的建设和发展贡献了自己的智慧和力量。最后，党的领导为责任体系建设提供了坚实保障。在党的领导下，建立健全了一系列党内法规制度和监督机制，确保责任体系得到有效执行和监督;通过对党员干部的教育、管理和监督，提高其政治素质和工作能力，为责任体系的建设提供了坚实的人才保障。

(B) Clarification and Implementation of Responsibilities

(二)责任的明确与落实

In the process of the continuous development of the Party’s cause, the clarification of responsibilities and their implementation by level, as core elements of the construction of the responsibility system, not only reflect the Party’s profound understanding of self-revolution and self-improvement but also demonstrate the Party’s high wisdom and firm determination in leading national and social governance. Clarification of responsibilities is the primary prerequisite for constructing the responsibility system, requiring Party organizations and Party members to clearly understand the specific duties and missions they bear, ensuring that every task and every post can find the corresponding responsible person. In the Party’s historical practice, the clarification of responsibilities has undergone a transformation from coarse to fine, from vague to clear. During the War of Resistance Against Japan, Mao Zedong proposed that “Communist Party members cannot but consciously shoulder the heavy responsibility of uniting the entire people to overcome various undesirable phenomena,” [4]4 "Party building must be comprehensive and strict" (党的建设必须全面从严) is a core requirement of the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party (全面从严治党), emphasizing that Party building must be strict in all aspects and at all levels. and pointed out that “once the political line is determined, cadres are the decisive factor.” [5]5 "Top leader" (一把手) is a colloquial term in Chinese political discourse referring to the principal leading official of a Party or government organization, who holds primary responsibility. During the period of the New Democratic Revolution, facing a complex struggle environment, the Party gradually clarified the specific responsibilities of organizations at all levels in armed struggle, land revolution, and base area construction; entering the period of socialist revolution and construction, with the shift in the country’s work focus, the Party further refined the division of responsibilities in economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, and ecological civilization construction. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee proposed “clarifying that Party committees bear the main responsibility and discipline inspection commissions bear the supervisory responsibility, and formulating and implementing a feasible accountability system.” [6]6 The Party's Control Commission (党的监察委员会) was an early form of the Party's internal disciplinary supervision body, established in 1927 during the Fifth National Congress of the CPC. “Under the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, improve the pattern of responsibilities for governing and managing the Party in which each bears its own responsibility and coordinates uniformly, and implement the requirements of comprehensiveness, the tone of strictness, and the concept of governance into the construction of the comprehensive and strict governance system of the Party.” [7]7 Zhu De (朱德, 1886–1976) was a founding father of the People's Republic of China, a key military leader of the CPC, and served as the first Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. A clear responsibility system for governing and managing the Party is an important support for continuously strengthening the cohesion and combat effectiveness of Party organizations at all levels, and is also a concentrated expression of shaping the sense of responsibility and spirit of responsibility of Party members and cadres in fulfilling their duties, starting undertakings, and creating achievements.

在党的事业不断向前发展的过程中，责任明确与分层落实作为责任体系构建的核心要素，不仅体现了党对自我革命和自我完善的深刻认识，也彰显了党在领导国家和社会治理中的高超智慧与坚定决心。责任明确是构建责任体系的首要前提，要求党组织和党员必须清晰知晓自身所承担的具体职责和使命，确保每一项工作、每一个岗位都能找到对应的责任人。在党的历史实践中，责任明确经历了从粗放到精细、从模糊到清晰的转变过程。在抗日战争时期，毛泽东提出“共产党员不能不自觉地担负起团结全国人民克服各种不良现象的重大的责任”,并指明“政治路线确定之后，干部就是决定的因素”。新民主主义革命时期，面对复杂的斗争环境，党逐步明确了各级组织在武装斗争、土地革命、根据地建设等方面的具体责任;进入社会主义革命和建设时期，随着国家工作重心的转移，党又进一步细化了在经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设等方面的责任分工。党的十八届三中全会提出“明确党委负主体责任、纪委负监督责任，制定实施切实可行的责任追究制度”。“在党中央集中统一领导下，健全各负其责、统一协调的管党治党责任格局，把全的要求、严的基调、治的理念落实到全面从严治党体系的构建之中”。明确的管党治党责任体系是不断强化各级党组织凝聚力和战斗力的重要依托，也是塑造党员干部在履职干事创业中责任意识和担当精神的集中体现。

Implementation by level is a key link in ensuring the effective operation of the responsibility system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. It emphasizes the refinement and decomposition of overall responsibilities according to the hierarchical structure of Party organizations and the actual situation of Party members, transmitting pressure layer by layer, and consolidating responsibilities level by level. *The Struggle in the Jinggang Mountains* also points out, “Party organizations are now divided into four levels: company branch, battalion committee, regiment committee, and military committee. Companies have branches, and squads have groups. An important reason why the Red Army can fight hard and not disintegrate is that ‘the branch is organized on the company.’” [8]8 The "Four Forms of Decadence" (四风) refers to formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance, which were the targets of a Party-wide rectification campaign launched after the 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012. In concrete operations, the Party formulates scientific and reasonable responsibility lists, clarifies the specific duties and tasks of Party organizations and Party members at all levels, and implements management by level and category. The practical path of implementation by level, by stage, and by category not only ensures the effective implementation of the Party’s line, principles, policies, and decisions but also stimulates the initiative, creativity, and enthusiasm of Party organizations and Party members at all levels.

分层落实是确保全面从严治党责任体系有效运转的关键环节，强调根据党组织的层级结构和党员的实际情况，将总体责任细化分解，层层传导压力，逐级压实责任。《井冈山的斗争》同样指出，“党的组织，现分连支部、营委、团委、军委四级。连有支部，班有小组。红军所以艰难奋战而不溃散，‘支部建在连上’是一个重要原因”。在具体操作中，党通过制定科学合理的责任清单，明确各级党组织和党员的具体职责和任务，实行分层分类管理。分层次、分阶段、分类别落实的实践路径，既保证了党的路线方针政策和决策部署能够得到有效贯彻执行，也激发了各级党组织和党员的积极性、主动性和创造性。

The main significance of the clarification of responsibilities and implementation by level is not only reflected in the smooth progress of current work but also lies in laying a solid foundation for the Party’s long-term governance and the country’s long-term stability and security. Taking Party organizations and Party members at all levels as the starting point, serving the people as the end point, and taking the all-round implementation of responsibilities as the starting point, it strengthens the flesh-and-blood connection between the Party and the people, enabling the Party to better adapt to changes in the times and the needs of the people, and enabling the Party to always maintain the stance and sentiment of breathing the same air and sharing the same fate with the people. They are interdependent and mutually reinforcing, together constituting the Party’s strong organizational guarantee and institutional advantage in leading national and social governance, effectively enhancing the Party’s governance capacity and leadership level.

责任明确与分层落实的主要意义不仅体现在当前工作的顺利推进上，更在于为党的长期执政和国家的长治久安奠定了坚实基础。它以各级党组织和党员为出发点，以为人民群众服务为落脚点，以全方位落实责任为抓手，加强了党同人民群众的血肉联系，使党能够更好地适应时代发展和人民需求的变化，使党始终保持同人民群众同呼吸、共命运的立场和情怀。它们相互依存、相互促进，共同构成了党在领导国家和社会治理中的强大组织保障和制度优势，着实提升了党的执政能力和领导水平。

(C) Construction and Implementation of Institutions

(三)制度的建设与执行

Institutional construction and institutional implementation, as the dual-wheel drive for the stable development of the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party responsibility system, jointly build a solid foundation for ensuring the implementation of the Party's line, principles, and policies, the loyal performance of duties by Party members and leading cadres, and the continuous progress of the Party's and the nation's cause. Institutional construction is the primary link in the construction of the responsibility system, concerning the overall level of the modernization of the Party's governance system and governance capacity. The Communist Party of China has always attached great importance to the formulation and improvement of intra-Party regulations, providing a solid institutional guarantee for the responsibility system through a series of scientific, reasonable, and effective institutional arrangements. In view of Zhang Guotao's serious violations of Party discipline, Mao Zedong reaffirmed the four most important items of Party discipline and emphasized that "a more detailed set of intra-Party regulations must also be formulated to unify the actions of leading organs at all levels." [4]4 "Party building must be comprehensive and strict" (党的建设必须全面从严) is a core requirement of the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party (全面从严治党), emphasizing that Party building must be strict in all aspects and at all levels. In its institutional design, the CPC has always adhered to a problem-oriented approach, closely integrating the Party's historical position, the characteristics of the times, and its main tasks, ensuring that each system can precisely meet practical needs and solve real problems; it also focuses on the forward-looking nature of institutions, designing institutional frameworks that anticipate future development needs, laying a solid foundation for the Party's long-term governance. For example, in November 1953, the Party Central Committee formally proposed establishing a system for managing cadres by level and by sector, to deeply and systematically examine and understand the political quality and professional competence of cadres, and on this basis to correctly select and promote cadres; in the early period of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yun, and others timely proposed and established the cadre selection and appointment system, the intra-Party supervision system, and later implemented the responsibility system for Party conduct and clean governance and the inspection system, providing a strong talent guarantee and supervision mechanism for reform and opening up and socialist modernization.

制度建设与制度执行作为全面从严治党责任体系建设稳固发展的双轮驱动，共同构筑起保障党的路线方针政策得以贯彻落实、党员领导干部忠诚履职、党和国家事业不断前进的坚固基石。制度建设是责任体系建设的首要环节，关乎党的治理体系和治理能力现代化的整体水平。中国共产党历来高度重视党内法规制度的制定与完善，通过一系列科学、合理、有效的制度安排，为责任体系提供了坚实的制度保障。毛泽东鉴于张国焘严重破坏纪律的行为，重申了四项最重要的党的纪律，并强调“还须制定一种较详细的党内法规，以统一各级领导机关的行动”。中国共产党在制度设计时，始终坚持问题导向，紧密结合党的历史方位、时代特征和主要任务，确保每一项制度都能精准对接实践需求，解决现实问题;并注重制度的前瞻性，预见性地设计适应未来发展需要的制度框架，为党的长期执政奠定坚实基础。如1953年11月，中共中央正式提出要建立分级分部的干部管理制度，深入地、系统地考察、了解干部的政治品质和业务能力，并以此为依据来正确地挑选和提拔干部;改革开放初期，邓小平、陈云等适时提出并建立了干部选拔任用制度、党内监督制度,以及后期施行的党风廉政建设责任制与巡视制度等，为改革开放和社会主义现代化建设提供了有力的人才保障和监督机制。

The construction of the intra-Party regulations system is a long-term and fundamental strategy for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. Entering the New Era, our Party has placed the strengthening of the construction of the intra-Party regulations system in a prominent position, formulating a series of intra-Party regulations such as the "Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Accountability" and the "Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Intra-Party Supervision," advancing the work of establishing rules and regulations in an all-round, multi-level, and three-dimensional manner. The remarkable results achieved are unprecedented, effectively promoting the implementation of the responsibility for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. From the perspective of different historical conditions, when facing constantly changing situations and tasks, the Party has also been continuously exploring and clarifying its responsibilities and tasks in managing and governing the Party, and the specific responsibilities of various departments in managing and governing the Party have been continuously deepened and refined. Overall, the CPC focuses on building a system that is complete, scientifically standardized, and effectively operational in its institutional construction, ensuring that various systems are interconnected, coordinated, and form an overall synergy. By continuously improving the Party's organizational system, leadership system, and supervision system, it provides strong support for the smooth operation of the responsibility system, enabling the Party's responsibility system to operate efficiently and effectively respond to various risks and challenges.

党内法规制度建设是全面从严治党的长远之策、根本之策。进入新时代，我们党把加强党内法规制度建设摆在突出位置，制定了《中国共产党问责条例》《中国共产党党内监督条例》等一系列党内法规，全方位、多层次、立体式推进建章立制工作，其所取得的显著成效也是前所未有的，有力推动了全面从严治党责任的落实。从不同历史条件看，在面临不断变化的形势和任务时，党在管党治党职责和任务方面也在不断探索和明确，各部门承担的管党治党具体责任也不断深化和细化。总体来看，中国共产党在制度建设中注重构建系统完备、科学规范、运行有效的制度体系，确保各项制度之间相互衔接、协调配合、形成整体合力。通过不断完善党的组织制度、领导制度、监督制度，为责任体系的顺畅运行提供了有力支撑，使党的责任体系能够高效运转，有效应对各种风险和挑战。

II. Key Mechanisms for the Construction of the Comprehensive and Strict Governance of the Party Responsibility System

二、全面从严治党责任体系建设的关键机制

(A) Responsibility Transmission, Ensuring the Step-by-Step Implementation of Responsibilities

(一)责任传导，确保责任逐级落实

Responsibility transmission is a key mechanism for ensuring the step-by-step implementation of responsibilities. Since the founding of the CPC, responsibility transmission has been an important part of Party building, running through various historical periods. During the Agrarian Revolutionary War period, the Party recognized the problem of disconnection between higher and lower Party organizations in grasping and implementing policies and proposed "paying attention to the rectification and transformation of Party organizations." During the War of Resistance Against Japan, Mao Zedong pointed out in "On Methods of Leadership": "For the downward transmission of any work task... the higher leading organs and their individual departments should all go through the principal responsible persons of the lower organs concerned with that work, making them take responsibility, achieving the goal of division of labor while maintaining unity (centralized leadership)." In the early period of reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping profoundly stated: "The responsibility of our leading cadres is to combine the instructions of the central authorities and higher authorities with the actual situation of their own units, analyze problems, and solve problems. They cannot act as a 'mailroom,' simply copying and forwarding." The 14th National Congress of the CPC wrote "strict governance of the Party" into the General Program, further clarifying the responsibilities of the Party's grassroots organizations. Thus, the preliminary framework for responsibility transmission gradually took shape, with Party organizations at all levels and Party members and cadres beginning to clarify their own responsibilities, transmitting pressure layer by layer, ensuring the implementation of the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee at the grassroots level.

责任传导是确保责任逐级落实的关键机制。自中国共产党成立以来，责任传导便作为党的建设的重要一环，贯穿于各个历史时期。土地革命时期，党便认识到上下级党组织之间关于政策的把握与执行不贯通的问题，并提出“注意党的组织整顿与改造”。抗日战争时期，毛泽东在《关于领导方法的若干问题》中指出:“对于任何工作任务……的向下传达，上级领导机关及其个别部门都应当通过有关该项工作的下级机关的主要负责人，使他们负起责任来，达到分工而又统一的目的(一元化)。”改革开放初期，邓小平深刻指出:“我们领导干部的责任，就是要把中央的指示、上级的指示同本单位的实际情况结合起来，分析问题，解决问题，不能当‘收发室’，简单地照抄照转。”党的十四大将“从严治党”写入总纲，进一步明确了党的基层组织的职责。由此，责任传导的初步框架逐渐形成，各级党组织和党员干部开始明确自身职责，层层传导压力，确保党中央决策部署的落地生根。

Entering the New Era, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has

进入新时代，以习近平同志为核心的党中央进一步强化了责任传导机制。面对复杂多变的国内外环境，党明确提出了“两个责任”，强调“要把责任传导给所有班子成员，压给下面的书记，确保责任落到实处”。以责任的细化和落实巩固党的政治建设。相关系列举措，既丰富了责任传导的内涵，也提升了责任传导的效能。各级党组织和党员干部在责任传导的推动下，更加自觉地履职尽责、主动对表、积极作为，确保了党中央重大决策部署的贯彻落实。

In practical work, the specific implementation paths of the responsibility transmission mechanism are diverse, but the core lies in ensuring that responsibilities are implemented level by level and transmitted layer by layer. First, this is reflected in clarifying the responsibility subjects. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, "Party building must be comprehensive and strict; Party organizations at all levels and their leading officials are all responsibility subjects." [4]4 "Party building must be comprehensive and strict" (党的建设必须全面从严) is a core requirement of the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party (全面从严治党), emphasizing that Party building must be strict in all aspects and at all levels. Party organizations at all levels and Party members and cadres must clearly understand their positions and roles within the responsibility system, achieving the goals of knowing responsibilities, undertaking responsibilities, fulfilling responsibilities, and discharging responsibilities. In particular, the "top leader" [5]5 "Top leader" (一把手) is a colloquial term in Chinese political discourse referring to the principal leading official of a Party or government organization, who holds primary responsibility. must earnestly assume the duties of the primary responsible person, personally take charge and assume overall responsibility, so as to ensure that responsibility transmission does not result in gaps or blind spots. Second, the content of responsibilities must be refined. Responsibility transmission is not merely a simple assignment of tasks; more importantly, it requires making the content of responsibilities concrete and operable, linking responsibilities closely together. Party organizations at all levels refine the decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee into specific work tasks and goals, clarify time nodes and responsible persons, and ensure that every task has someone to handle it, someone to manage it, and someone to be accountable for it. This effectively strengthens the sense of responsibility and mission in governing and managing the Party, consolidating and developing the favorable situation where the entire Party works together to grasp this work. Through long-term practice, the responsibility transmission mechanism has, on the one hand, effectively promoted the implementation of major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, ensuring that the cause of the Party and the state always advances in the correct direction; on the other hand, it has promoted the transformation of work styles and the enhancement of capabilities among Party organizations at all levels and Party members and cadres, strengthening the cohesion and combat effectiveness of Party organizations.

在现实工作中，责任传导机制的具体实施路径多种多样，但核心在于确保责任逐级落实、层层传导。首先，体现在明确责任主体。习近平总书记指出，“党的建设必须全面从严，各级党组织及其负责人都是责任主体”。各级党组织和党员干部必须明确自身在责任体系中的位置和角色，做到知责、担责、履责、尽责。特别是“一把手”要切实担负起第一责任人的职责，亲自抓、负总责，方可确保责任传导不出现断层和盲区。其次，要细化责任内容。责任传导不仅仅是简单的任务分配，更重要的是将责任内容具体化、可操作化，需要将责任环环相扣。各级党组织将党中央决策部署细化为具体的工作任务和目标，明确时间节点和责任人，确保每项工作都有人抓、有人管、有人负责，切实增强管党治党的责任感使命感，巩固发展全党动手一起抓的良好局面。经过长期实践，责任传导机制一方面有效推动了党中央重大决策部署的贯彻落实，确保了党和国家事业始终沿着正确方向前进;另一方面促进了各级党组织和党员干部的作风转变和能力提升，增强了党组织的凝聚力和战斗力。

(2) Supervision and Accountability, Strengthening Constraints on Responsibility and Power

(二)监督问责，强化责任权利约束

From the early practices of the Party to the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party in the New Era, the supervision and accountability mechanism has undergone profound transformations from nonexistence to existence, from simplicity to complexity, and from partial to comprehensive coverage, becoming an important guarantee for ensuring the Party's advanced nature and purity, maintaining the Party's unity and solidarity, and promoting the continuous progress of the cause of the Party and the state. During the revolutionary war years, facing a complex and volatile political environment and arduous and heavy revolutionary tasks, the Communist Party of China placed high importance on Party discipline building, initially constructing a framework for intra-Party supervision by establishing institutions such as the Party's Control Commission. [6]6 The Party's Control Commission (党的监察委员会) was an early form of the Party's internal disciplinary supervision body, established in 1927 during the Fifth National Congress of the CPC. At this stage, supervision and accountability were mainly manifested in disciplinary review and punishment of leading Party members and cadres, aimed at ensuring the implementation of the Party's line, principles, and policies and the unity and solidarity of the Party. With the founding of New China and the consolidation of the Party's ruling position, the supervision and accountability mechanism was gradually improved. In November 1949, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee passed the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Establishing the Central and Local Commissions for Discipline Inspection of the Party," and the Party formally established the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China, composed of Zhu De and others, clarifying its tasks and powers, thereby expanding the scope and intensity of supervision and accountability. [7]7 Zhu De (朱德, 1886–1976) was a founding father of the People's Republic of China, a key military leader of the CPC, and served as the first Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection. After reform and opening up, the "Guidelines for Political Life Within the Party" adopted at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Party clarified that leading cadres at all levels must accept supervision from both within the Party and from the masses; the 12th National Congress of the Party revised the procedures for the election of discipline inspection commissions in the Party Constitution, further deepening and innovating the supervision and accountability mechanism. Subsequently, a series of documents, such as the "Interim Provisions on Accountability for Leading Party and Government Cadres" and the "Regulations of the Communist Party of China on Inspection Work (Trial)," further refined the circumstances, methods, and procedures for accountability, marking the advancement of the supervision and accountability mechanism toward institutionalization, standardization, and proceduralization.

从党的早期实践到新时代全面从严治党，监督问责机制经历了从无到有、从简单到复杂、从局部到全面的深刻变革，成为确保党的先进性和纯洁性、维护党的团结统一、推动党和国家事业不断前进的重要保障。在革命战争年代，面对复杂多变的政治环境和艰巨繁重的革命任务，中国共产党高度重视党的纪律建设，通过设立党的监察委员会等机构,初步构建了党内监督的框架。此阶段，监督问责主要表现为对党员领导干部的纪律审查和处分，旨在确保党的路线方针政策的贯彻执行和党的团结统一。随着新中国的成立和党的执政地位的稳固，监督问责机制逐步健全，1949年11月，中央政治局通过了《中共中央关于成立中央及各级党的纪律检查委员会的决定》，党正式设立由朱德等人组成的中共中央纪律检查委员会,并明确其任务与职权，监督问责的范围和力度也随之扩大。改革开放后，党的十一届五中全会通过的《关于党内政治生活的若干准则》明确了各级领导干部要接受党内和群众两级监督;党的十二大修订了党章中纪律检查委员会的产生程序,监督问责机制得到了进一步的深化和创新;而后《关于实行党政领导干部问责的暂行规定》《中国共产党巡视工作条例(试行)》等一系列文件，进一步细化了问责的情形、方式和程序，标志着监督问责机制向制度化、规范化、程序化方向迈进。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has elevated supervision

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央将监督问责提到了前所未有的高度，在加强对国家机器的监督、切实把权力关进制度的笼子方面做了大量的努力，强调要“把纪检监察同对基层巡察结合起来、同各方面监督统筹起来”,形成了全方位、多层次的监督问责体系。中央纪委国家监委的组建，实现了党内监督和国家监察的有机统一，为监督问责提供了更加有力的组织保障;巡视巡察工作的深化和全覆盖，以及“四种形态”的运用，使得监督问责更加精准有效，既体现了严管就是厚爱的理念，又彰显了惩前毖后、治病救人的方针。

The supervision and accountability mechanisms in the history of the Communist Party of China have a profound theoretical foundation and institutional basis, accumulating rich experience and achieving notable results in practice. First, adhering to a problem-oriented approach and precise accountability. In practice, the supervision and accountability mechanism has always revolved around the Party’s central work and the overall situation of Party building, targeting prominent issues with precise measures and precise accountability. Whether it is the special rectification targeting the "Four Forms of Decadence"[8]8 The "Four Forms of Decadence" (四风) refers to formalism, bureaucratism, hedonism, and extravagance, which were the targets of a Party-wide rectification campaign launched after the 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012. or the in-depth governance of corruption and work style issues in the poverty alleviation field, both reflect the precision and targeted nature of supervision and accountability. Precise accountability has effectively curbed the spread of problems while promoting vigilance and self-discipline among Party members and cadres. Second, emphasizing the combination of prevention and punishment. The supervision and accountability mechanism not only focuses on post-event accountability but also places greater emphasis on pre-event prevention and in-process supervision. By establishing and improving mechanisms for preventing and controlling clean governance risks, strengthening daily supervision and management, and carrying out warning education, it resolutely investigates and strictly holds accountable, effectively reducing the risk of Party members and cadres violating discipline and the law, while forming a strong deterrent against violations that have already occurred. Third, adhering to the combination of full coverage and focused emphasis. The supervision and accountability mechanism covers all Party organizations at all levels and all Party members, forming a favorable situation where intra-Party supervision takes the lead, and is organically integrated and mutually coordinated with people's congress supervision, democratic supervision, administrative supervision, judicial supervision, audit supervision, financial supervision, statistical supervision, mass supervision, and public opinion supervision, ensuring that every Party member is under supervision. Based on changes in the situation and tasks and the needs of building a clean government and combating corruption, it emphasizes supervision and accountability in key areas, critical links, and key groups, ensuring both the breadth of supervision and accountability and enhancing its targeted nature and effectiveness. Fourth, emphasizing institutional innovation and mechanism construction. In practice, the supervision and accountability mechanism continuously innovates methods and approaches, improving institutional mechanisms. For example, it has established and improved work procedures for supervision and accountability such as clue handling, interview and inquiry, preliminary verification, and case filing and review; innovated supervision methods such as inspections and tours, dispatched supervision, and special inspections; and constructed an institutional system including the responsibility system for building a clean government and combating corruption, reports on work and integrity, and democratic evaluation.

中国共产党历史上的监督问责机制，有着深厚的理论根基和制度依据，在实践中积累了丰富经验，取得了显著成效。一是坚持问题导向，精准问责。在实践中，监督问责机制始终围绕党的中心工作和党的建设大局，针对存在的突出问题，精准施策、精准问责。无论是针对“四风”问题的专项整治，还是针对扶贫领域腐败和作风问题的深度治理，都体现了监督问责的精准性和针对性。精准问责既有效遏制了问题的蔓延，又促进了党员干部的警醒和自律。二是注重预防与惩治相结合。监督问责机制不仅注重事后的责任追究，更注重事前的预防和事中的监督。通过建立健全廉政风险防控机制、加强日常监督管理、开展警示教育等方式，坚决查处、严肃问责，有效降低了党员干部违纪违法的风险，对已经发生的违纪违法行为形成了强大的震慑力。三是坚持全面覆盖与突出重点相结合。监督问责机制覆盖了党的各级组织和全体党员，形成了以党内监督为主导，人大监督、民主监督、行政监督、司法监督、审计监督、财会监督、统计监督、群众监督、舆论监督有机贯通、相互协调的良好局面,确保每一名党员都在监督之下。根据形势任务的变化和党风廉政建设的需要，突出重点领域、关键环节和重点人群的监督问责，既保证了监督问责的广泛性，又提高了监督问责的针对性和实效性。四是注重制度创新与机制建设。在实践中，监督问责机制不断创新方式方法，完善制度机制。如建立健全了线索处置、谈话函询、初步核实、立案审查等监督问责工作流程，创新了巡视巡察、派驻监督、专项检查等监督方式，构建了党风廉政建设责任制、述职述廉、民主评议等制度体系。

(3) Assessment and incentives, forming a correct orientation for personnel selection

(三)考评激励，形成正确用人导向

"What is assessed" determines what cadres "do," and "how it is assessed" guides how cadres "work." As an important component of the construction of the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party responsibility system, the assessment and evaluation mechanism is not only a test of the work performance of Party members and cadres but also a crucial guarantee for forming a correct orientation for personnel selection and ensuring the implementation of the Party's line, principles, and policies. Making good use of the assessment and evaluation mechanism can not only fully mobilize the enthusiasm and initiative of the cadre team in seeking practical results but also stimulate their vitality and motivation to start undertakings, take responsibility, and be bold in action. During the revolutionary war era, facing the main task of uniting the whole nation in the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Party attached great importance to the selection and appointment of Party members and cadres. Through methods such as practical training and mass evaluation, a basic framework for the assessment and evaluation of Party members and cadres was initially formed. Mao Zedong proposed the cadre policy of "being good at identifying cadres," "being good at using cadres," and "being good at caring for cadres," providing a basis for the selection and use of cadres during the War of Resistance Against Japan. The assessment and evaluation at this stage mainly focused on the political stance, revolutionary enthusiasm, and combat capability of Party members and cadres, aiming to ensure that they could firmly implement the Party's line, principles, and policies and contribute to the revolutionary cause. After the founding of New China, with the establishment of the Party's ruling position and the unfolding of socialist construction, the assessment and evaluation mechanism was further improved and developed. Party organizations at all levels began to establish regular assessment and reward-and-punishment systems for Party members and cadres. Through comprehensive consideration of their work performance, learning situation, and moral character, these systems provided an important basis for the selection, appointment, and promotion or demotion of Party members and cadres. The assessment and evaluation mechanism shifted from focusing solely on the political quality and work ability of Party members and cadres to also beginning to pay attention to their moral character and sense of social responsibility, providing strong talent support for the development of the Party's construction and the national cause. Since reform and opening up, starting from the 1979 "Opinions on Implementing the Cadre Assessment System," which formally proposed regular assessments of Party and government cadres, Party organizations at all levels began to explore the establishment of a more scientific, standardized, and fair assessment and evaluation system. Gradually, by introducing quantitative indicators, refining evaluation standards, and strengthening the application of results, they continuously improved the accuracy and effectiveness of assessments and evaluations. In addition, the assessment and evaluation mechanism began to emphasize integration and coordination with systems for cadre selection and appointment, education and training, and supervision and management, forming a complete cadre work chain.

“考什么”决定着干部“干什么”，“怎么考”引导着干部“怎么干”。考核评价机制作为全面从严治党责任体系建设的重要组成部分，不仅是对党员干部工作绩效的检验，更是形成正确用人导向、确保党的路线方针政策得以贯彻执行的重要保障。用好考核评价机制，不仅可以充分调动干部队伍谋事务实的积极性和主动性，还可以激发其干事创业、勇于担当的活力和动力。在革命战争年代，面对团结全民族抗战的主要任务，党高度重视党员干部的选拔任用，通过实践锻炼和群众评价等方式，初步形成了党员干部考核评价的基本框架。毛泽东提出“善于识别干部”“善于使用干部”“善于爱护干部”的干部政策，为抗日战争干部选用提供了依据。这个阶段的考核评价主要侧重于党员干部的政治立场、革命热情和斗争能力等方面，旨在确保党员干部能够坚定地执行党的路线方针政策，为革命事业贡献力量。新中国成立后，随着党的执政地位的确立和社会主义建设的展开，考核评价机制得到了进一步的完善和发展。党的各级组织开始建立党员干部的定期考核和奖惩制度，通过对党员干部的工作表现、学习情况和道德品质等方面的综合考量，为党员干部的选拔任用和职务升降提供了重要依据。考核评价机制从注重党员干部的政治素质和工作能力，到开始关注其道德品质和社会责任感等方面，为党的建设和国家事业的发展提供了有力的人才保障。改革开放以来，从1979年《关于实行干部考核制度的意见》正式提出对党政干部进行定期考核以来，党的各级组织开始探索建立更加科学、规范、公正的考核评价体系，逐渐通过引入量化指标、细化评价标准、强化结果运用等方式，不断提高考核评价的准确性和有效性。此外，考核评价机制还开始注重与干部选拔任用、教育培训、监督管理等制度的衔接和配合，形成了完整的干部工作链条。

As early as 2004, Comrade Xi Jinping proposed, "We must scientifically formulate assessment and evaluation indicators for cadres' political performance, forming a correct orientation for personnel selection and a personnel system." Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the assessment and evaluation mechanism has been elevated to an unprecedented height. It not only focuses on the political quality and work ability of Party members and cadres but also places greater emphasis on considerations of their moral character, work style, and public reputation, forming a comprehensive, objective, and fair assessment and evaluation system. In June 2013, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the standard for good cadres: "firm convictions, serving the people, being diligent and pragmatic, daring to take responsibility, and being honest and upright," which became an important standard for forging, selecting, and assessing the backbone forces of the Party and the national cause in the New Era. Subsequently, the Party successively issued a series of policy documents and regulations on cadre assessment and evaluation, such as the "Regulations on the Selection and Appointment of Party and Government Leading Cadres," the "Regulations on the Assessment of Party and Government Leading Cadres," and the "Provisions on Promoting the Upward and Downward Mobility of Leading Cadres," adhering to selecting cadres based on actual performance and correctly applying the results of political performance assessments, providing a more solid foundation for the development of the assessment and evaluation mechanism.

习近平同志早在2004年就提出，“要科学制定干部政绩的考核评价指标，形成正确的用人导向和用人制度”。党的十八大以来，更是将考核评价机制提到了前所未有的高度，不仅注重党员干部的政治素质和工作能力，还更加注重其道德品质、作风形象、群众口碑等方面的考量，形成了全面、客观、公正的考核评价体系。2013年6月，习近平总书记提出“坚定信念、为民服务、勤政务实、敢于担当、清正廉洁”的好干部标准，成为锻造、选拔、考核新时代党和国家事业中坚力量的重要标准。而后，党相继出台了《党政领导干部选拔任用工作条例》《党政领导干部考核工作条例》《推进领导干部能上能下规定》等系列关于干部考核评价的政策文件和规章制度，坚持凭实绩用干部，正确运用政绩考核结果，为考核评价机制的发展提供了更加坚实的保障基础。

The evaluation and assessment mechanisms in the history of the Communist Party of China have provided valuable experience for the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and the great new project of Party building in the New Era. First, adhering to the standard of selecting and appointing personnel based on both moral integrity and professional competence, with moral integrity taking precedence. In practice, the political quality, moral character, work ability, and public reputation of Party members and cadres are taken as important content of evaluation and assessment, conducting comprehensive, objective, and fair evaluations of Party members and cadres, ensuring that the selected and appointed cadres possess not only solid political literacy and work ability but also good moral character and a sense of social responsibility. Second, emphasizing practical training and public evaluation. It has always been emphasized that practice is the sole criterion for testing truth, and it is also an important way to test the ability and quality of Party members and cadres. Attention is paid to testing the ability and quality of Party members and cadres through practical training, and this is taken as an important basis for evaluation and assessment. The role of public evaluation in the evaluation and assessment mechanism is emphasized, by extensively listening to the opinions and suggestions of the masses to understand the public reputation and image of Party members and cadres among the masses. Third, strengthening the application of results and incentive constraints. By linking the results of evaluation and assessment with cadre selection and appointment, promotion and demotion, salary and benefits, etc., an effective incentive and constraint mechanism is formed, stimulating the work enthusiasm and creativity of Party members and cadres; through the results of evaluation and assessment, problems and shortcomings of Party members and cadres are discovered and addressed, and timely measures are taken for rectification and improvement, ensuring that Party members and cadres always maintain a good working state. Fourth, promoting the innovation and development of the evaluation and assessment mechanism. By continuously exploring and improving the evaluation and assessment mechanism, introducing new evaluation methods and means, the accuracy and effectiveness of evaluation and assessment are improved. The evaluation and assessment mechanism is coordinated and integrated with other cadre work systems, forming a complete cadre work chain, providing stronger talent guarantees for Party building and the development of the national cause. The implementation of the mechanism has provided strong support for the Party to select and appoint Party members and cadres with solid political quality, outstanding work ability, and good moral character, and has also provided a guarantee for promptly discovering and solving problems among Party members and cadres, taking timely measures for rectification and improvement to ensure the purity and combat effectiveness of the Party member and cadre contingent.

中国共产党历史上的考核评价机制，为新时代全面从严治党和党的建设新的伟大工程提供了宝贵的经验。一是坚持德才兼备、以德为先的用人标准。在实践中，将党员干部的政治素质、道德品质、工作能力和群众口碑等作为考核评价的重要内容，对党员干部进行全面、客观、公正的评价，确保选拔任用的干部既具备过硬的政治素养和工作能力，又具有良好的道德品质和社会责任感。二是注重实践锻炼和群众评价。始终强调实践是检验真理的唯一标准，也是检验党员干部能力和素质的重要途径，注重通过实践锻炼来检验党员干部的能力和素质，并将其作为考核评价的重要依据，注重群众评价在考核评价机制中的作用，通过广泛听取群众的意见和建议，了解党员干部在群众中的口碑和形象。三是强化结果运用和激励约束。通过将考核评价结果与干部选拔任用、职务升降、薪酬待遇等挂钩，形成有效的激励约束机制，激发党员干部的工作积极性和创造力;通过考核评价结果来发现和解决党员干部存在的问题和不足，及时采取措施进行整改和提高，确保党员干部始终保持良好的工作状态。四是推动考核评价机制的创新与发展。通过不断探索和完善考核评价机制，引入新的评价方法和手段，提高考核评价的准确性和有效性。将考核评价机制与其他干部工作制度相衔接和配合，形成完整的干部工作链条，为党的建设和国家事业的发展提供更加有力的人才保障。机制的落实为党选拔任用政治素质过硬、工作能力突出、道德品质优良的党员干部提供了有力支撑，也为及时发现和解决党员干部存在的问题、及时采取措施进行整改和提高以确保党员干部队伍的纯洁性和战斗力提供了保障。

(4) Education and Guidance, Strengthening the Responsibility for Governing the Party and Managing the Party

(四)教育引导，坚定管党治党责任

During the revolutionary war years, facing extremely harsh environments and severe challenges, the Party guided Party members to strengthen their ideals and convictions and clarify the responsibilities of Party members and cadres through ideological education. Mao Zedong pointed out that the second method of caring for cadres is “to give them opportunities to learn, educate them, so that they can improve theoretically and in work ability.” Through political education, Party members established the purpose consciousness of serving the people in their thoughts and fulfilled the responsibility of governing the Party and managing the Party in their actions, laying a solid mass foundation for the victory of the revolution. After reform and opening up, when facing new requirements for hard work both domestically and internationally, Deng Xiaoping proposed, “Party members and cadres who violate central regulations must be seriously educated, and if education is ineffective, organizational measures or disciplinary sanctions must be implemented”; when facing urgent tasks on the ideological front, he further emphasized, “Communist Party members on the ideological front, especially those in leadership positions and those with influence, must stand at the forefront of the struggle… Anyone who persists in mistakes and refuses to correct them cannot assume leadership responsibilities in ideological work. All Communist Party members must strengthen their Party spirit.” The ideological line of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts injected new vitality into the Party’s political education. The Party guided Party members to update their concepts and keep pace with the times by strengthening theoretical study and carrying out practical activities, providing strong ideological impetus for reform and opening up and socialist modernization.

在革命战争年代，面对极其艰苦的环境和严峻的挑战，党通过思想教育引导党员坚定理想信念，明确党员干部责任。毛泽东指出，爱护干部的办法第二条就是“给以学习的机会，教育他们，使他们在理论上在工作能力上提高一步”。通过政治教育，党员们在思想上树立了为人民服务的宗旨意识，在行动上践行了管党治党责任，为革命的胜利奠定了坚实的群众基础。改革开放后，在面对国内国际艰苦创业新要求时，邓小平提出，“对于违反中央规定的党员干部，一定要进行认真的教育，教育无效的就要实行组织措施以至纪律处分”;在面对思想战线上的迫切任务时，他又强调“思想战线的共产党员，特别是这方面担负领导责任的和有影响的共产党员，必须站在斗争的前列……谁要是坚持错误不肯改正，就不能担负思想工作的领导责任。所有共产党员都要增强党性”。解放思想、实事求是的思想路线，为党的政治教育注入了新的活力。党通过加强理论学习、开展实践活动等方式，引导党员更新观念、与时俱进，为改革开放和社会主义现代化建设提供了强大的思想动力。

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core has incorporated comprehensive and strict governance of the Party into the Four-Pronged Comprehensive Strategy, placing higher demands on the Party’s political construction. Strengthening the Four Consciousnesses, strengthening the Four Confidences, and achieving the Two Upholds have become the core content of political education for Party members in the New Era. Party history learning and education, themed Party Day activities, and other forms have become effective ways for Party members to understand their own responsibilities and historical missions, further strengthen their ideals and convictions, enhance their political resolve, and lay a solid foundation for them to better shoulder their responsibilities.

党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央将全面从严治党纳入“四个全面”战略布局，对党的政治建设提出了更高要求。要增强“四个意识”、坚定“四个自信”、做到“两个维护”，已成为新时代党员政治教育的核心内容。党史学习教育、主题党日活动等形式已成为党员认识自身的责任和历史使命，并进一步坚定理想信念，增强政治定力的有效途径，也为其更好担负责任奠定了坚实基础。

On the new journey of the New Era, the Communist Party of China continuously innovates and improves the education and guidance mechanism, implements the Party’s innovative theory learning and education plan, builds a Marxist learning-oriented Party, and has successively carried out the Party’s mass line education and practice activities, the “Three Stricts and Three Honests” special education, the “Two Studies, One Action” learning and education, the “Remain true to our original aspiration and keep our mission firmly in mind” theme education, Party history learning and education, the study and implementation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era theme education, Party discipline learning and education, and the in-depth study and implementation of the Eight-Point Regulations spirit learning and education, using an education mechanism that consolidates the foundation, cultivates the soul, and unites the spirit to strengthen Party members’ sense of responsibility. On the one hand, the Party strengthens theoretical study, organizing Party members and cadres to deeply study the Party’s theories, lines, principles, and policies, improving the political literacy and theoretical level of Party members, mastering a scientific worldview and methodology, enabling them to always maintain a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee in thought. On the other hand, the Party strengthens Party members’ sense of responsibility through practical activities. In Party history learning and education, Party organizations at all levels have carried out a variety of activities, such as visiting red education bases, watching red films, and listening to revolutionary stories, allowing Party members to experience the Party’s glorious history and great achievements firsthand, enhancing Party members’ Party spirit under the goal of “the essence of learning lies in practice,” and further stimulating their enthusiasm and motivation to strive for the Party’s cause for life. In addition, the Party has also formed a complete modern national honor system through the “Five Medals and One Book” [9]9 The “Five Medals and One Book” (五章一簿) refers to a system of five types of medals and a registry of meritorious service, established to create a comprehensive national honor system. meritorious service honor commendation system, allowing the people of all ethnic groups across the country to form a common historical memory, while also inspiring Party members and cadres to remain true to their original aspiration and keep their mission firmly in mind, providing a strong guarantee for the responsibility education of Party members.

在新时代新征程中，中国共产党不断创新和完善教育引导机制，实施党的创新理论学习教育计划，建设马克思主义学习型政党，先后开展了党的群众路线教育实践活动、“三严三实”专题教育、“两学一做”学习教育、“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题教育、党史学习教育、学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想主题教育、党纪学习教育、深入贯彻中央八项规定精神学习教育，以固本培元、凝心铸魂的教育机制强化党员的责任意识。一方面，党通过加强理论学习，组织党员干部深入学习党的理论、路线、方针、政策，提高党员的政治素养和理论水平，掌握科学的世界观和方法论，使其能在思想上始终同党中央保持高度一致。另一方面，党通过实践活动强化党员的责任意识。在党史学习教育中，各级党组织纷纷开展丰富多彩的活动，如参观红色教育基地、观看红色影片、聆听革命故事等，让党员们在身临其境中感受党的光辉历程和伟大成就，在“为学之实，固在践履”的目标下增强了党员的党性修养，更激发了其为党的事业奋斗终身的热情和动力。此外，党还通过“五章一簿”功勋荣誉表彰制度，全面形成完整的现代国家荣誉体系，让全国各族人民形成共同的历史记忆，同时也激发着党员干部不忘初心、牢记使命，为党员的责任教育提供了有力的保障。

(5) Democratic Centralism, Scientific Decision-Making and Power Restriction

(五)民主集中，科学决策权力制约

Democratic centralism, as the basic mechanism running through all Party activities and work, constrains power behavior with procedural justice, prevents power alienation with closed-loop supervision, and achieves the governance goal of “power granted with basis, exercised with rules, and supervised effectively,” strengthening the supervision and restriction of power operation from the mechanism, ensuring the implementation of responsibilities at all levels of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party and the precision of scientific accountability, marking a deep leap from “system establishment” to “system effectiveness transformation” in comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. It is the fundamental organizational principle and leadership system established by the Communist Party of China since its birth and will be adhered to for a long time. Taking democratic centralism as the fundamental principle of power allocation, the scientific distribution of power structure is achieved through “collective leadership, democratic centralism, individual deliberation, and decision by meeting.” The “Resolution on the Third Amendment to the Constitution of the Communist Party of China” adopted in June 1927 clearly stipulated that “the guiding principle of the Party is democratic centralism,” which was the first time democratic centralism was included in the Party Constitution and has been retained to this day. In the course of the Party’s development, democratic centralism has always played a crucial role. Mao Zedong, in works such as “On New Democracy” and “On Coalition Government,” repeatedly emphasized the importance of democratic centralism for the construction of the new democratic political power. After the founding of New China, the principle of democratic centralism was established in the construction of political power. The “Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference,” which served as a provisional constitution, and the first Constitution of 1954 both clearly stipulated that state organs implement democratic centralism. Deng Xiaoping pointed out that democratic centralism is a fine tradition of the Party, and its implementation directly affects the fate of the Party and the country. Jiang Zemin proposed that democratic centralism “is the basic norm that must be followed in intra-Party life and an indispensable institutional guarantee for achieving scientific and democratic decision-making.” Hu Jintao proposed that “abiding by democratic centralism is the unity of rights and obligations, a requirement of Party spirit, and also the Party’s organizational discipline, which must not be taken lightly.”

民主集中制作为贯穿于党的全部活动和各项工作的基础机制，其以程序正义约束权力行为、以闭环监督防控权力异化，实现了“权力授予有据、行使有规、监督有效”的治理目标，从机制上强化了权力运行监督制约，保障了全面从严治党的各级责任落实到位与科学问责的精准性，标志着全面从严治党从“制度建立”向“制度效能转化”的深层跃迁，是中国共产党自诞生之日起就确立并将长期坚持的根本组织原则和领导制度。以民主集中制为权力配置的根本原则，通过“集体领导、民主集中、个别酝酿、会议决定”实现权力结构的科学分配。1927年6月通过的《中国共产党第三次修正章程决案》明确规定“党的指导原则为民主集中制”,是民主集中制第一次被载入党的章程，并一直保留至今。在党的发展历程中，民主集中制始终发挥着至关重要的作用。毛泽东在《新民主主义论》《论联合政府》等著作中，多次强调民主集中制对于新民主主义政权建设的重要性。新中国成立后，民主集中制原则在政权建设中得以确立，具有临时宪法性质的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》以及1954年第一部宪法都明确规定，国家机构实行民主集中制。邓小平指出，民主集中制是党的优良传统，其执行的好坏直接关系到党和国家的命运。江泽民提出，民主集中制“是党内生活必须遵循的基本准则，是实现决策科学化、民主化必不可少的制度保证”。胡锦涛提出，“遵守民主集中制，是权利和义务的统一，是党性的要求，也是党的组织纪律，决不能等闲视之”。

The *Constitution of the Communist Party of China*, revised and adopted at the 20th National Congress of the CPC, clearly states that democratic centralism is both the Party’s fundamental organizational principle and the application of the mass line within Party life. On the new journey of the New Era, the Communist Party of China continues to uphold and improve democratic centralism. While embodying the Party’s leadership, it also safeguards the rights of individual Party members, thereby promoting the deep integration of democratic centralism with the responsibility system. For example, by improving the implementation mechanism for the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee, improving the mechanisms for the allocation of power and the constraints on its exercise, and improving the mechanisms for promoting the concretization, precision, and normalization of political supervision, it ensures that Party cadres comprehensively enhance their political judgment, political understanding, and political execution, and implement the major decisions and deployments of the Party Central Committee without any deviation.

党的二十大修订通过的《中国共产党章程》明确指出，民主集中制既是党的根本组织原则，也是群众路线在党的生活中的运用。在新时代新征程中，中国共产党继续坚持和完善民主集中制，在体现党的领导的同时，也保障了党员个体的权利，从而推动民主集中制与责任体系的深度融合。如通过完善党中央重大决策部署落实机制，完善权力配置和运行制约机制，健全推进政治监督具体化、精准化、常态化的机制等方式，确保党员干部全面提高政治判断力、政治领悟力、政治执行力，不折不扣贯彻落实党中央重大决策部署。

Viewed from the Party’s historical practice, democratic centralism has played an important role in maintaining the Party’s unity and solidarity and enhancing its innovative vitality. When the relationship between democracy and centralism is handled well, the cause of the Party and the people flourishes; conversely, it leads to setbacks for the cause of the Party and the people. In real political life, the application of democratic centralism in the construction of the responsibility system is manifested in multiple aspects. First, democratic centralism ensures the scientific nature and effectiveness of the Party’s decision-making. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out, “Uphold democratic centralism, form a power operation mechanism with scientific decision-making, resolute execution, and strong supervision, and urge the fair use of power, the use of power according to law, and the clean use of power.” By fully promoting intra-Party democracy, extensively soliciting opinions and suggestions from Party members, and forming centralized and unified decisions, the correctness and operability of the Party’s line, principles, and policies are guaranteed. Second, democratic centralism promotes the implementation of the Party’s political discipline and political rules. The Party’s political discipline and political rules are the Party’s lifeline and an important guarantee for maintaining the Party’s unity and solidarity and preserving its advanced nature and integrity. Through democratic centralism, promoting leading cadres to strictly implement the rules for the deliberation and decision-making of leading bodies, and improving and implementing the decision-making supervision mechanism for the “Three Major and One Large” [10]10 The “Three Major and One Large” (三重一大) refers to a decision-making supervision mechanism within the CPC that requires collective discussion and decision on major issues, important personnel appointments and removals, major project arrangements, and the use of large amounts of funds., can ensure that Party organizations at all levels and all Party members maintain a high degree of consistency with the Party Central Committee in political stance, political direction, political principles, and political path, and ensure that the Party’s decisions and deployments are fully implemented. Third, democratic centralism promotes the construction of the Party’s supervision system. The Party’s supervision system is an important guarantee for the Party’s self-purification, self-improvement, self-renovation, and self-enhancement. Through democratic centralism, an intra-Party supervision mechanism can be established and improved, clarifying the supervision responsibilities of different subjects, forming a power operation mechanism with scientific decision-making, resolute execution, and strong supervision, ensuring that Party organizations at all levels and Party cadres exercise power in accordance with laws and regulations, and preventing the occurrence of corruption.

从党的历史实践来看，民主集中制在维护党的团结统一、增强党的创新活力方面发挥了重要作用。当民主与集中的关系处理得好时，党和人民事业就兴旺发达;反之，则会导致党和人民事业遭受挫折。在现实政治生活中，民主集中制在责任体系建设中的应用体现在多个方面。一是民主集中制确保了党的决策的科学性和有效性。习近平总书记提出，“坚持民主集中制，形成决策科学、执行坚决、监督有力的权力运行机制，督促公正用权、依法用权、廉洁用权”。通过充分发扬党内民主，广泛听取党员的意见和建议，形成集中统一的决策，保证了党的路线、方针、政策的正确性和可操作性。二是民主集中制促进了党的政治纪律和政治规矩的落实。党的政治纪律和政治规矩是党的生命线，是维护党的团结统一、保持党的先进性和纯洁性的重要保障。通过民主集中制，促进领导干部严格执行领导班子议事决策规则，完善并落实“三重一大”决策监督机制,可以确保党的各级组织和全体党员在政治立场、政治方向、政治原则、政治道路上同党中央保持高度一致，确保党的决策部署得到全面贯彻落实。三是民主集中制推动了党的监督体系建设。党的监督体系是党自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高的重要保障。通过民主集中制，可以建立健全党内监督机制，明确不同主体的监督责任，形成决策科学、执行坚决、监督有力的权力运行机制，确保党的各级组织和党员干部依法依规行使权力，防止腐败现象的发生。

III. Experience and Insights from Improving the Construction of the Comprehensive and Strict Governance of the Party Responsibility System

三、健全全面从严治党责任体系建设的经验启示

The Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the CPC emphasized, “Innovate and improve leadership methods and governance methods, deepen the reform of the Party building system, and improve the system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party,” and proposed a series of measures and reform paths. This makes arrangements and deployments for deepening the reform of the Party building system from the height of top-level design, clarifying the roadmap and task book. On the new journey, in order to deeply advance the construction of a clean government and the fight against corruption, improve the system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, and promote the great new project of Party building for the New Era to develop in depth, regarding the construction of the responsibility system, consideration should be given to forming a complete closed loop from concept to practice, from history to the future, and from system to feedback.

党的二十届三中全会强调，“创新和改进领导方式和执政方式，深化党的建设制度改革，健全全面从严治党体系”,并提出了系列举措和改革路径。这从顶层设计的高度对深化党的建设制度改革作出部署安排，明确了路线图、任务书。在新征程中，为深入推进党风廉政建设和反腐败斗争，健全全面从严治党体系，推动新时代党的建设新的伟大工程向纵深发展，针对责任体系建设，应思考从理念到实践、从历史到未来、从制度到反馈的完整闭环。

(I) Two-Way Interaction between Top-Level Design and Grassroots Practice

(一)顶层设计与基层实践双向互动

Top-level design is the macro-planning and strategic guidance for the construction of the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party responsibility system. Top-level design of the Party’s responsibility system involves aspects such as the Party’s organizational structure, division of responsibilities, and decision-making mechanisms, and covers key links such as the Party’s political construction, ideological construction, organizational construction, discipline construction, work style construction, and institutional construction. The core of top-level design lies in ensuring that the Party’s responsibility system can comprehensively and systematically cover all the Party’s work and various fields, and ensuring that the Party’s decisions can be scientific, democratic, and efficient. In top-level design, the Party’s leadership position is always unwaveringly upheld, the Party’s comprehensive leadership and centralized unity are emphasized, ensuring that the Party’s responsibility system can always advance in the correct direction, and attention is paid to the scientific nature, foresight, and operability of top-level design, to ensure that various systems can interconnect and support each other, forming a complete institutional system. However, top-level design is not a castle in the air; its vitality lies in the testing and improvement of grassroots practice. In the process of advancing the construction of the responsibility system, it is always necessary to focus on combining top-level design with grassroots practice, ensuring that the Party’s various systems, decisions, and deployments can be effectively implemented at the grassroots level. Grassroots practice is the cornerstone of the construction of the Party’s responsibility system and the key to testing whether top-level design is scientific and effective. By establishing and improving grassroots Party organizations, strengthening the education and management of grassroots Party cadres, and enhancing the organizational strength and combat effectiveness of grassroots Party organizations, it ensures that the Party’s various systems, decisions, and deployments can be effectively implemented at the grassroots level. By leveraging the initiative and creativity of grassroots Party cadres, encouraging them to refine and improve top-level design in light of actual conditions, it ensures that the Party’s responsibility system is more in line with grassroots realities and the needs of the masses. For example, in the fight against poverty, through top-level design, the strategic policy of targeted poverty alleviation and targeted poverty eradication was formulated, and attention was paid to leveraging the role of grassroots Party cadres, encouraging them to innovate poverty alleviation methods and approaches in light of actual conditions, ensuring that poverty alleviation work achieved tangible results.

顶层设计是全面从严治党责任体系建设的宏观规划和战略指导。对党的责任体系进行顶层设计，涉及党的组织结构、职责分工、决策机制等方面，并涵盖党的政治建设、思想建设、组织建设、纪律建设、作风建设、制度建设等关键环节。顶层设计的核心在于确保党的责任体系能够全面、系统地覆盖党的各项工作和各个领域，确保党的决策能够科学、民主、高效。在顶层设计中，始终坚持党的领导地位不动摇，强调党的全面领导和集中统一，确保党的责任体系能够始终沿着正确的方向前进，并注重顶层设计的科学性、前瞻性和可操作性，以确保各项制度能够相互衔接、相互支撑，形成完整的制度体系。然而，顶层设计并非空中楼阁，其生命力在于基层实践的检验和完善。在推进责任体系建设的过程中，要始终注重将顶层设计与基层实践相结合，确保党的各项制度、决策和部署能够在基层得到有效执行。基层实践是党的责任体系建设的基石，是检验顶层设计是否科学、有效的关键。通过建立健全基层党组织，加强基层党员干部的教育管理，提高基层党组织的组织力和战斗力，确保党的各项制度、决策和部署能够在基层得到有效落实。通过发挥基层党员干部的积极性和创造性，鼓励他们结合实际情况，对顶层设计进行细化和完善，确保党的责任体系更加符合基层实际和群众需求。如在脱贫攻坚中，通过顶层设计制定精准扶贫、精准脱贫的战略方针，并注重发挥基层党员干部的作用，鼓励其结合实际情况，创新扶贫方式和方法，确保扶贫工作取得实效。

In the process of advancing the construction of the responsibility system, “adhere to truly managing and strictly managing, daring to manage and strictly managing, long-term management and strict management, adhere to strict ideology, strict discipline enforcement, strict cadre management, strict work style, and strict anti-corruption, maintain strategic focus, show perseverance and tenacity, and implement the responsibility for managing the Party and governing the Party,” it is necessary to pay attention to both the scientific nature and foresight of top-level design and the targeted nature and effectiveness of grassroots practice. First, the goals of top-level design should provide scientific guidance and decision-making for the Party’s overall and strategic issues, and should follow the Party’s nature, purpose, and mission. Adhere to the unity of the Party’s maximum program and minimum program, adhere to the coordination of the Party’s ideological construction, organizational construction, work style construction, anti-corruption and clean governance construction, and institutional construction, and strengthen the scientific nature and foresight of top-level design, ensuring that the Party’s responsibility system can always adapt to the needs of the development of the times. Second, strengthen the construction and management of grassroots Party organizations, improve the quality and ability of grassroots Party cadres, and ensure that they can effectively implement the Party’s various systems, decisions, and deployments. Encourage grassroots Party organizations and Party cadres to refine and improve top-level design in light of actual conditions, ensuring that the Party’s responsibility system is more in line with grassroots realities and the needs of the masses. Third, strengthen the construction of mechanisms for interaction and feedback between top-level design and grassroots practice, ensuring that problems in grassroots practice can be promptly fed back to the top-level design level, providing strong support for the improvement of top-level design. For example, establish a regular research system to understand the actual situation and needs of grassroots organizations; through information feedback mechanisms, promptly collect opinions and suggestions from grassroots organizations.

在推进责任体系建设的过程中，“坚持真管真严、敢管敢严、长管长严，坚持思想从严、执纪从严、治吏从严、作风从严、反腐从严，保持战略定力，拿出恒心韧劲，落实管党治党责任”,既要注重顶层设计的科学性和前瞻性，又要注重基层实践的针对性和实效性。一是顶层设计的目标应该为党的全局性、战略性问题提供科学的指导和决策，应该遵循党的性质、宗旨和使命。坚持党的最高纲领和最低纲领相统一，坚持党的思想建设、组织建设、作风建设、反腐倡廉建设和制度建设相协调，并加强顶层设计的科学性和前瞻性，确保党的责任体系能够始终适应时代发展的需要。二是加强基层党组织的建设和管理，提高基层党员干部的素质和能力，确保能够有效地执行党的各项制度、决策和部署。鼓励基层党组织和党员干部结合实际情况，对顶层设计进行细化和完善，确保党的责任体系更加符合基层实际和群众需求。三是加强顶层设计与基层实践的互动和反馈机制建设，确保基层实践中的问题能够及时反馈到顶层设计层面，为顶层设计的完善提供有力支持。如建立定期调研制度，了解基层组织的实际情况和需求;通过信息反馈机制，及时收集基层组织的意见和建议。

(II) Integration and Transformation of Historical Wisdom and the Proposition of the Times

(二)历史智慧与时代命题融合转化

The integration and transformation of historical wisdom and the propositions of the times constitute the fundamental principle of the CPC’s construction of its responsibility system and profoundly embody the Party’s historical consciousness and commitment to the era. Historical inheritance not only reflects the Party’s nature and purpose but also carries its historical mission and contemporary responsibilities; it can enhance the political identity and sense of belonging of Party members and cadres, providing a solid historical foundation and ideological support for the construction of the Party’s responsibility system. In the long-term revolutionary struggle, the Party, through continuous practical exploration, gradually established core elements such as its political line, organizational principles, and disciplinary requirements, laying a solid foundation for the construction of the Party’s responsibility system. Historical experience and fine traditions have also become important resources and valuable assets for the Party in advancing the construction of the responsibility system in the New Era. However, historical inheritance is not a simple replication or imitation; it requires innovation in the course of inheritance and development in the course of innovation. It is necessary to deeply grasp the historical experience of the Party’s self-revolution, especially the fresh experience of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, and, based on the new tasks of the times, under the centralized and unified leadership of the Party Central Committee, improve the responsibility structure for Party governance in which each bears its own responsibility and all coordinate in a unified manner. By strengthening theoretical study and ideological education, raising the political awareness and sense of responsibility of Party members and cadres, and ensuring that responsibilities at all levels are effectively fulfilled, the requirements of comprehensiveness, the keynote of strictness, and the concept of governance should be implemented throughout the construction and implementation of the responsibility system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. This will continuously raise its level of institutionalization, standardization, and scientific rigor, so that all work related to comprehensive and strict governance of the Party better reflects the characteristics of the times, grasps the laws governing it, and is rich in creativity, thereby providing political, ideological, and organizational guarantees for the healthy development of the Party’s and the state’s undertakings.

历史智慧与时代命题融合转化，构成了中国共产党责任体系建设的根本原则，并深刻体现了党的历史自觉和时代担当。历史传承不仅体现着党的性质和宗旨，也承载了党的历史使命和时代责任，可以增强党员干部的政治认同感和归属感，为党的责任体系建设提供坚实的历史基础和思想支撑。在长期的革命斗争中，党通过不断的实践探索，逐步确立了政治路线、组织原则、纪律要求等核心内容，为党的责任体系建设奠定了坚实基础，历史经验和优良传统也成了党在新时代推进责任体系建设的重要资源和宝贵财富。然而，历史传承并非简单的复制和模仿，而是要在继承中创新，在创新中发展。要深刻把握党自我革命的历史经验特别是党的十八大以来全面从严治党的新鲜经验，立足新的时代任务，在党中央集中统一领导下，健全各负其责、统一协调的管党治党责任格局。通过加强理论学习和思想教育，提高党员、干部的政治觉悟和责任意识，确保各级责任得到有效履行，把全的要求、严的基调、治的理念贯彻到全面从严治党责任体系的构建和落实之中，不断提升其制度化、规范化、科学化水平，使全面从严治党各项工作更好体现时代性、把握规律性、富于创造性,为党和国家事业健康发展提供政治、思想、组织保证。

With the development of the times, the Party faces complex and ever-changing challenges from both domestic and international sources. These challenges test not only the Party’s governance capacity and leadership level but also the effectiveness and adaptability of the responsibility system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party. In this process, first, it is necessary to deeply explore the Party’s historical resources, including its historical documents, archives, figures, and events, and to conduct propaganda and education through various forms, so that Party members and cadres deeply recognize the importance of the Party’s historical inheritance. By passing on the Party’s fine traditions, such as the mass line, seeking truth from facts, and hard struggle, these traditions should be integrated into the construction of the responsibility system, imprinting the political responsibility awareness of governing the Party and running the Party strictly in the minds of every Party member and cadre, thereby forming a responsibility culture with distinctive characteristics. Second, it is necessary to actively respond to the profound changes in the domestic and international situation, continuously innovate the forms and content of the responsibility system, clarify the subjects and objects of the responsibility system, and ensure that Party organizations at all levels and Party members and cadres clearly understand their own responsibilities, so as to meet the requirements and challenges of the New Era. Only by adhering to the principle of historical inheritance, fully drawing on the Party’s historical experience and fine traditions, and courageously facing practical challenges, actively responding to the profound changes in the domestic and international situation, continuously summing up experiences and lessons, and innovating ideas and measures, can the responsibility system be advanced in step with the times.

随着时代的发展，党面临着来自国内外各种复杂多变的挑战，不仅考验着党的执政能力和领导水平，也考验着全面从严治党责任体系的有效性和适应性。在此过程中，一是要深入挖掘党的历史资源，包括党的历史文献、历史档案、历史人物和历史事件等，通过多种形式进行宣传和教育，使党员干部深刻认识到党的历史传承的重要性;要通过传承党的优良传统，如党的群众路线、实事求是、艰苦奋斗等，将优良传统融入责任体系的建设中，将管党治党政治责任意识印刻在每一名党员干部的脑海里，形成具有鲜明特色的责任文化。二是积极应对国内外形势的深刻变化，不断创新责任体系的形式和内容，明确责任体系的主体和对象，确保各级党组织和党员干部都能够明确自己的责任，以适应新时代的要求和挑战。只有坚持历史传承的原则，充分汲取党的历史经验和优良传统，并勇于面对现实挑战，积极应对国内外形势的深刻变化，不断总结经验教训，创新思路举措，方可推动责任体系的与时俱进。

(3) Theoretical Innovation and Practical Exploration Resonate at the Same Frequency

(三)理论创新与实践探索同频共振

From the New Democratic Revolution to the period of socialist revolution and construction, and then to the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, each stage faced different historical tasks and social contradictions. From its very inception, the Party consciously took Marxism as its guiding ideology and began its preliminary exploration of the Party’s responsibility system. Marxism, as a scientific worldview and methodology, provided theoretical support and a guide to action for the construction of the Party’s responsibility system. However, Marxism is not an immutable dogma; it needs to be integrated with China’s specific realities and continuously developed and innovated in practice. Therefore, in the process of exploring the responsibility system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, the CPC has always adhered to the principle of combining theory with practice, emphasizing both the guiding role of theory and the decisive significance of practice. Through theoretical innovation and practical exploration, it ensures that the Party’s line, principles, and policies can precisely align with national development and the people’s needs, effectively responding to various risks and challenges. The construction of the responsibility system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, as an important component of Party building, concerns the Party’s advanced nature and integrity and affects its governance capacity and leadership level. By combining theoretical innovation with practical exploration, it is possible to continuously improve and perfect intra-Party regulations, strengthen Party members’ and cadres’ political consciousness, consciousness of the overall situation, core consciousness, and consciousness of alignment, ensuring that the Party always remains the strong leading core of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics. As an important part of the national governance system, the level of construction of the responsibility system directly affects the effectiveness of national governance. The combination of theory and practice helps to build a more scientific, efficient, and transparent responsibility mechanism, promote the transformation of government functions, enhance public service capacity, and drive sustained and healthy economic and social development.

从新民主主义革命到社会主义革命、建设时期，再到改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期，每个阶段都面临着不同的历史任务和社会矛盾。党从诞生之初，就自觉地将马克思主义作为自己的指导思想，并开始了对党的责任体系的初步探索。马克思主义作为科学的世界观和方法论，为党的责任体系建设提供了理论支撑和行动指南。然而，马克思主义并非一成不变的教条，需要与中国具体实际相结合，在实践中不断发展和创新。因此，中国共产党在探索全面从严治党责任体系的过程中，始终坚持理论与实践相结合的原则，既注重理论的指导作用，又强调实践的决定性意义，通过理论创新与实践探索，确保党的路线方针政策能够精准对接国家发展和人民需求，有效应对各种风险挑战。全面从严治党责任体系的建设作为党的建设的重要组成部分，关乎党的先进性和纯洁性，影响着党的执政能力和领导水平。通过理论创新与实践探索相结合，可以不断健全和完善党内法规制度，强化党员干部的政治意识、大局意识、核心意识、看齐意识，确保党始终成为中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心。责任体系作为国家治理体系的重要组成部分，其建设水平直接关系到国家治理效能的发挥。理论与实践相结合，有助于构建更加科学、高效、透明的责任机制，促进政府职能转变，提升公共服务能力，推动经济社会持续健康发展。

At every important stage of the Party’s history, theoretical innovation and practical exploration have been two indispensable aspects of the construction of the responsibility system. Theoretical innovation provides direction guidance and ideological support for practical exploration, while practical exploration provides a realistic foundation and testing standard for the further deepening of theory. From the main responsibility for building a clean Party and government to the main responsibility for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, this is not merely a change in wording but a development in practice and a deepening of understanding. The close integration of theory and practice, while promoting the continuous improvement and development of the responsibility system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, also provides a strong guarantee for the Party’s long-term governance and the country’s lasting peace and stability. In the New Era, the CPC faces an even more complex and ever-changing domestic and international situation and even more arduous and heavy tasks. Therefore, it must continue to adhere to the principle of combining theoretical innovation with practical exploration and continuously promote the responsibility system for comprehensive and strict governance of the Party to keep pace with the times. First, it is necessary to strengthen theoretical study and ideological education, improve the political quality and leadership ability of Party members and cadres, and ensure that the Party’s responsibilities are effectively implemented. Second, through practical exploration, it is necessary to continuously reform the forms and content of the responsibility system to meet the requirements and challenges of the New Era, ensuring that the Party’s responsibility system always possesses strong vitality and combat effectiveness. Third, it is always necessary to focus on discovering and solving problems in practice and continuously sum up experiences and lessons. By establishing reform pilot zones, carrying out special governance, implementing major engineering projects, and other means, it is necessary to actively explore effective ways and methods for implementing responsibilities, forming a number of replicable and scalable experience models. On the future journey, we must continue to carry forward this fine tradition, continuously sum up experiences and lessons, and innovate ideas and measures, contributing wisdom and strength to the Party’s long-term governance and the country’s lasting peace and stability.

在党的历史的每一个重要阶段，理论创新与实践探索都是责任体系建设不可或缺的两个方面。理论创新为实践探索提供了方向指引和思想支撑，而实践探索则为理论进一步深化提供了现实基础和检验标准。从党风廉政建设主体责任到全面从严治党主体责任，不只是字面上的变化，更是实践的发展、认识的深化。理论与实践的紧密结合，在推动全面从严治党责任体系不断完善和发展的同时，也为党的长期执政和国家的长治久安提供了有力保障。在新时代，中国共产党面临着更加复杂多变的国内外形势和更加艰巨繁重的任务，因此，必须继续坚持理论创新与实践探索相结合的原则，不断推动全面从严治党责任体系的与时俱进。一是加强理论学习和思想教育，提高党员、干部的政治素质和领导能力，确保党的责任得到有效落实。二是要通过实践探索，不断改革责任体系的形式和内容，以适应新时代的要求和挑战，确保党的责任体系始终具有强大的生命力和战斗力。三是始终注重从实践中发现问题、解决问题，不断总结经验教训。通过设立改革试验区、开展专项治理、实施重大工程项目等方式，积极探索责任落实的有效途径和方法，形成一批可复制、可推广的经验模式。在未来的征程中，我们要继续发扬这一优良传统，不断总结经验教训，创新思路举措，为党的长期执政和国家的长治久安贡献智慧和力量。

(4) Intra-Party Supervision and Extra-Party Constraints Work in Concert

(四)党内监督与党外约束协同发力

The combination of intra-Party supervision and extra-Party constraints is the fundamental guarantee for ensuring the effective implementation of the main responsibilities at all levels of the Party and for promoting the Party’s self-revolution. As the ruling party, the CPC is deeply aware that power must be confined to the cage of institutions and must be subject to strict supervision and restraint. The Party must continuously strengthen the construction of the intra-Party supervision system, improve various supervision systems, and enhance the targetedness and effectiveness of supervision. For example, in the process of advancing comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, it has deeply carried out “look-back” inspections, promoted “mobile-style” inspections, leveraged the deterrent force of “roving sentinels,” and acted as “night watchmen,” effectively exerting the deterrent effect of intra-Party supervision. In long-term practice, it has established various intra-Party supervision systems, including the system of Party congresses, the system of Party committees, and the system of Party discipline inspection, clarifying the duties and authority of Party organizations at all levels and Party members and cadres, stipulating the methods and procedures of supervision, and ensuring the effective implementation of the Party’s responsibilities. Through intra-Party supervision, the Party can promptly discover and correct its own problems and deficiencies, prevent and punish corruption, ensure the Party’s health and vitality, and maintain its advanced nature and integrity. Through various forms of extra-Party constraints, such as supervision by the masses, supervision by democratic parties, and supervision by news media, channels for mass supervision have been unblocked, the role of democratic parties in supervision has been brought into play, and the Party’s governance situation and the conduct and style of Party members and cadres have been reflected from different angles and levels, enhancing the Party’s transparency and credibility.

党内监督与党外约束相结合，是确保党的各级主体责任得到有效落实、推动党的自我革命的根本保障。作为执政党，中国共产党深知权力必须被关进制度的笼子里，必须受到严格的监督和制约。党要不断加强党内监督体系建设，完善各项监督制度，提高监督的针对性和实效性。如在推进全面从严治党的过程中，深入开展“回头看”，推进“机动式”巡视，发挥“游动哨”的威慑力，当好“守更人”，有效发挥了党内监督的震慑作用;在长期的实践中建立了包括党的代表大会制度、党的委员会制度、党的纪律检查制度等在内的各类党内监督体系，明确各级党组织和党员干部的职责和权限，规定监督的方式和程序，确保了党的责任得到有效落实。通过党内监督，党能够及时发现和纠正自身存在的问题和不足，防止和惩治腐败，确保党的肌体健康、充满活力，保持党的先进性和纯洁性。通过人民群众监督、民主党派监督、新闻媒体监督等多种党外约束形式，畅通了群众监督的渠道，发挥了民主党派在监督中的作用，也从不同角度、不同层面反映党的执政情况和党员干部的作风表现，提高了党的透明度和公信力。

Throughout the periods of revolution, construction, and reform, the Party has consistently adhered to combining intra-Party supervision with extra-Party constraints, forming a unique oversight and restraint mechanism. Different forms of supervision, proceeding from various angles and levels, oversee and constrain the implementation of the Party’s main responsibilities, ensuring that these responsibilities are bound not only by intra-Party supervision but also by extra-Party constraints. In long-term practice, the Communist Party of China has deeply recognized the importance of combining intra-Party supervision with extra-Party constraints. On the new journey, we must continuously improve the intra-Party supervision system, taking intra-Party supervision as the leading force, specialized supervision as the backbone, grassroots supervision as the support, and the coordination and integration of various types of supervision as the guarantee, to promote the improvement of the Party and state supervision system. First, strengthen the construction of extra-Party supervision channels, promoting the organic integration and mutual reinforcement of intra-Party supervision and extra-Party constraints; second, actively and proactively accept supervision from the masses, establish and improve mass supervision mechanisms, smooth channels for mass supervision, and promptly respond to the concerns and demands of the masses; third, strengthen communication and ties with democratic parties, personages without party affiliation, and people’s organizations, fully leveraging their role in supervision. Through the close integration of intra-Party supervision and extra-Party constraints, fully demonstrate the Party’s capacity for self-purification, self-improvement, self-reform, and self-enhancement, and display the Party’s open attitude and inclusive spirit toward external supervision.

党在革命、建设和改革的各个时期，都始终坚持把党内监督与党外约束相结合，形成了独特的监督制约机制。不同形式的监督从各个角度和层面出发，对党的主体责任落实情况进行监督和制约，确保了党的主体责任不仅受到党内监督的约束，也受到党外监督的制约。在长期的实践中，中国共产党深刻认识到党内监督与党外约束相结合的重要性。新征程上，我们要不断完善党内监督体系，以党内监督为主导、专责监督为主干、基层监督为支撑、各类监督贯通协调为保障，推动完善党和国家监督体系。一是加强党外监督渠道建设，推动党内监督与党外约束的有机结合和相互促进;二是积极主动接受人民群众的监督，建立健全群众监督机制，畅通群众监督渠道，及时回应群众关切和诉求;三是加强与民主党派、无党派人士、人民团体等的沟通联系，充分发挥他们在监督中的作用。通过党内监督与党外约束的紧密结合，充分体现党的自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高的能力，展示党对外部监督的开放态度和包容精神。

(5) Organizational Accountability and Individual Responsibility: Equal Rights and Responsibilities

(五)组织问责与个体追责权责对等

Organizational accountability and individual responsibility with equal rights and responsibilities are first reflected in the responsibilities of Party organizations at all levels and every Party member and cadre. Within the Communist Party of China, every Party member and cadre is a cell in the Party’s organism, and their sense of responsibility and spirit of bearing responsibility directly relate to the overall effectiveness of the comprehensive and strict governance of the Party responsibility system. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized, “Rights and responsibilities are unified; the Party Constitution grants disciplinary sanction authority to Party organizations at all levels, including Party groups. Party committees (Party groups) at all levels must dare to manage and strictly enforce discipline, shouldering the political responsibility of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party.” [13]13 Xi Jinping, “Speech at the Sixth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection” (January 12, 2016), in *Selected Readings of Xi Jinping’s Important Remarks on Comprehensively and Strictly Governing the Party*, Central Party Literature Press, 2016, p. 118. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the main responsibility of Party committees (Party groups), the supervisory responsibility of functional departments, the oversight responsibility of discipline inspection commissions (discipline inspection groups), the “first responsible person” responsibility of secretaries, the “dual responsibility for one’s own post” [14]14 “Dual responsibility for one’s own post” (一岗双责) refers to the requirement that leading cadres bear responsibility both for their specific job duties and for Party building and clean governance within their purview. responsibility of leading Party members, and the specific responsibilities of Party members and cadres, so that every Party member and cadre always remembers their responsibilities, achieving consistency in words and deeds, and practicing the Party’s purpose and mission through concrete actions. Only by grasping the “ox nose” [15]15 “Ox nose” (牛鼻子) is a Chinese idiom meaning the key or crucial point that, once grasped, allows control of the whole situation. of the responsibility for managing and governing the Party can organizations at all levels and the vast majority of Party members and cadres know and clarify their responsibilities, fulfill and take responsibility for their duties, and each bear their own responsibilities. Second, it is reflected in the principle that where there is power, there is responsibility; where there is responsibility, it must be shouldered; and where there is dereliction of duty, it must be pursued. Organizational problems are addressed at the organizational level, individual problems at the individual level; both main responsibility and oversight responsibility are pursued, and leadership responsibility and Party organization responsibility are also traced upward. By combining mechanisms such as supervision and inspection, target assessment, responsibility pursuit, and accountability feedback, the content, objects, matters, subjects, procedures, and methods of accountability are made scientific and precise. In particular, typical cases of dereliction of duty and loss of responsibility are closely monitored, with regular follow-up inspections, tiered feedback, and centralized warnings. The tool of accountability is well utilized, ensuring that the intensity of institutional implementation and the degree of responsibility fulfillment precisely cover all Party organizations and all Party members, preventing both insufficient accountability and excessive accountability.

组织问责与个体追责权责对等，首先，体现在党的各级组织和每个党员、干部的责任上。在中国共产党党内，每个党员和干部都是党的肌体中的一个细胞，其责任意识和担当精神直接关系到全面从严治党责任体系的整体效能。习近平总书记强调，“权责是统一的，党章赋予了包括党组在内的各级组织纪律处分的权限，各级党委(党组)就要敢抓敢管、严格执纪，把全面从严治党政治责任担负起来”。因此，明确党委(党组)的主体责任、职能部门的监管责任、纪委(纪检组)的监督责任、书记的“第一责任人”责任、领导班子成员的“一岗双责”责任、党员干部的具体责任，使每个党员和干部都时刻牢记自己的责任，做到言行一致、表里如一，以实际行动践行党的宗旨和使命。只有抓住管党治党责任这个“牛鼻子”，才能使各级组织和广大党员干部知责明责、守责尽责、各负其责。其次，体现为有权必有责、有责要担当、失责必追究。组织的问题抓组织、个人的问题抓个人，既追究主体责任、监督责任，也要向上一级追查领导责任、党组织责任。通过把监督检查、目标考核、责任追究、问责反馈等机制结合起来，实现问责内容、对象、事项、主体、程序、方式科学化、精准化，尤其是对失职失责的典型问题要紧盯不放、定期回头看、逐级反馈、集中警示，用好问责利器，将制度执行力度与责任落实的程度精准覆盖到全体党组织、全体党员，既防止问责乏力，也防止问责泛化。

On the new journey, the Communist Party of China faces the “four major challenges” and the “four major risks,” [16]16 The “four major challenges” (四大考验) are the tests of governance, reform and opening up, the market economy, and the external environment. The “four major risks” (四大危险) are the dangers of mental slackness, incompetence, disengagement from the masses, and corruption. requiring every Party member and cadre to always maintain a clear mind, enhance political acuity and political discernment, continuously improve their political literacy and work capabilities, and in their work, be courageous in taking responsibility and daring to bear responsibility, practicing the Party’s purpose and mission through concrete actions. It is necessary to adhere to a full chain of responsibility, ensuring equal rights and responsibilities and that dereliction of duty is invariably questioned. No matter which Party organization or functional department it is, it must sign and endorse [17]17 “Sign and endorse” (签字背书) is a term from Party discipline meaning to formally attest to and assume responsibility for a task or area of work. the responsibility for building a clean and honest Party and combating corruption, ensuring that it guards its own turf. Secretaries of Party committees, secretaries of discipline inspection commissions, and other leading members consciously and effectively assume the “dual responsibility for one’s own post,” placing greater emphasis on democracy and science in decision-making and implementation to ensure the correctness and effectiveness of decisions; in the face of difficulties and challenges, they place greater emphasis on unity and collaboration to jointly respond to various risks and challenges. Attention is paid to the collective leadership role and collective spirit of bearing responsibility of Party organizations, ensuring that Party organizations at all levels can fully play a democratic and scientific role in decision-making and implementation, jointly responding to various risks and challenges. Every Party member and cadre exercises their due rights and fulfills their due responsibilities, actively striving to be a participant rather than a bystander, always remembering that the primary duty of a Communist Party member is to work for the Party, and always remembering the fundamental task and mission of serving the people.

新征程上，中国共产党面临着“四大挑战”和“四大风险”，故要求每个党员和干部都要时刻保持清醒头脑，增强政治敏锐性和政治鉴别力，不断提高自己的政治素养和工作能力，在工作中勇于担当、敢于负责，以实际行动践行党的宗旨和使命。必须坚持责任上全链条，做到权责对等、失责必问，无论是哪个党组织、哪个职能部门都要对承担的党风廉政建设责任进行签字背书，做到守土有责。党委书记、纪委书记等班子成员自觉切实担负“一岗双责”，在决策和执行过程中，更加注重民主和科学，确保决策的正确性和有效性;在面对困难和挑战时，更加注重团结和协作，共同应对各种风险和挑战。注重党组织的集体领导作用和集体担当精神，确保党的各级组织在决策和执行过程中能够充分发挥民主和科学的作用，共同应对各种风险和挑战。每名党员、干部行使应有权利，履行应尽责任，要积极争当参与者，不当旁观者，时刻牢记作为共产党员的第一职责是为党工作，时刻牢记为人民服务的根本任务和使命责任。

(6) Synergistic Optimization of Institutional Construction and Efficient Implementation

(六)制度建设与高效执行协同优化

The comprehensive and strict governance of the Party responsibility system is a complex system that requires a complete set of scientific, standardized, and effective institutions to support and guarantee it. This includes not only basic institutions such as the Party’s organizational system, leadership system, and work system but also covers various aspects such as Party discipline, supervision, and assessment. Institutional construction provides clear behavioral norms and action guidelines for Party organizations at all levels and Party members and cadres, ensuring that responsibilities at all levels can be effectively implemented. Through continuously establishing and improving various intra-Party regulations, the Party has provided solid institutional support for the construction of its responsibility system. However, if institutions exist without implementation, or if implementation is ineffective, institutions become dead letters and cannot play their due role. Therefore, efficient implementation is an extension and supplement to institutional construction, and the key to transforming institutional advantages into governance effectiveness. Through efficient implementation, the Party’s various institutions can be effectively carried out, responsibilities at all levels can be effectively fulfilled, and the Party’s various undertakings can be smoothly advanced. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, [18]18 The 18th National Congress of the CPC was held in November 2012, marking the beginning of the New Era under Xi Jinping’s leadership. the zero-tolerance attitude toward punishing corruption and the resolute correction of the “four forms of decadence” [19]19 The “four forms of decadence” (四风) are formalism, have demonstrated the seriousness of the Party’s political discipline and political rules, reflecting the Party’s firm determination and strong execution capability in institutional construction and efficient implementation. In the process of combining institutional construction with efficient implementation, the Party has always adhered to the principle of unifying the problem-oriented approach and the goal-oriented approach. On the one hand, in response to prominent problems within the Party, relevant institutions are promptly formulated and improved, clarifying responsibilities, regulating behavior, and strengthening supervision in the form of institutions. On the other hand, attention is paid to combining institutional construction with the Party’s central tasks, ensuring the targetedness and effectiveness of institutional construction.

全面从严治党责任体系是一个复杂的系统，需要一整套科学、规范、有效的制度来支撑和保障。这不仅包括了党的组织制度、领导制度、工作制度等基本制度，还涵盖了党的纪律、监督、考核等各个方面。制度建设为党的各级组织和党员干部提供了明确的行为规范和行动指南，确保了各级责任能够得到有效落实。党通过不断建立健全各项党内法规，为党的责任体系建设提供了坚实的制度支撑。仅有制度而不执行，或者执行不力，制度就会成为一纸空文，无法发挥其应有的作用。因此，高效执行是制度建设的延伸和补充，是将制度优势转化为治理效能的关键。通过高效执行，党的各项制度能够得到有效贯彻，各级责任能够得到有效落实，党的各项事业也能够得到顺利推进。党的十八大以来，以零容忍态度惩治腐败，坚决纠正“四风”问题，彰显了党的政治纪律和政治规矩的严肃性，体现了党在制度建设与高效执行方面的坚定决心和强大执行力。在制度建设与高效执行相结合的过程中，党始终坚持问题导向和目标导向相统一的原则。一方面，针对党内存在的突出问题，及时制定和完善相关制度，以制度的形式明确责任、规范行为、强化监督。另一方面，注重将制度建设与党的中心任务相结合，确保制度建设的针对性和实效性。

The implementation path for combining institutional construction with efficient implementation requires starting from multiple aspects. First, in the process of institutional design, we must adhere to a problem-oriented approach, formulating targeted institutions and measures in response to problems and deficiencies in the construction of the Party’s responsibility system. Attention should be paid to the systematic nature and coordination of institutions, ensuring that various institutions can interconnect and support each other, forming an organic whole; attention should be paid to the innovativeness and forward-looking nature of institutions, continuously adapting to the needs of the times, providing strong guarantees for the construction of the Party’s responsibility system. Second, in the process of institutional implementation, we must adhere to strictness as the priority, seriously handling violations of institutions to form effective institutional constraints. Attention should be paid to the efficiency and effectiveness of institutional implementation, ensuring that institutions can be rapidly and effectively implemented through optimizing processes and improving efficiency; supervision and evaluation of institutional implementation should be strengthened, promptly identifying and solving problems and deficiencies in institutional implementation, continuously improving and optimizing the institutional implementation mechanism. Third, by strengthening the Party’s organizational construction, improving the Party’s organizational system and operational mechanisms, and enhancing the Party’s organizational strength and combat effectiveness; attention should be paid to leveraging the role of grassroots Party organizations, ensuring that the Party’s various institutions and decisions can be effectively implemented at the grassroots level through strengthening the construction and management of grassroots Party organizations. Fourth, strengthen the Party’s leadership, ensuring that institutional construction and efficient implementation can always advance in the correct direction, providing a strong political guarantee for the construction of the Party’s responsibility system.

制度建设与高效执行相结合的实施路径，需要从多个方面入手。一是在制度设计过程中，要坚持问题导向，针对党的责任体系建设中存在的问题和不足，制定有针对性的制度和措施。要注重制度的系统性和协调性，确保各项制度之间能够相互衔接、相互支撑，形成一个有机整体;要注重制度的创新性和前瞻性，不断适应时代发展的需要，为党的责任体系建设提供有力保障。二是在制度执行过程中，要坚持严字当头，对违反制度的行为进行严肃处理，形成有效的制度约束。要注重制度执行的效率和效果，通过优化流程、提高效率等方式，确保制度能够得到迅速、有效的落实;要加强制度执行的监督和评估，及时发现和解决制度执行中存在的问题和不足，不断完善和优化制度执行机制。三是通过加强党的组织建设，完善党的组织体系和运行机制，提高党的组织力和战斗力;注重发挥基层党组织的作用，通过加强基层党组织的建设和管理，确保党的各项制度和决策能够在基层得到有效落实。四是加强党的领导，确保制度建设与高效执行能够始终沿着正确的方向前进，为党的责任体系建设提供坚强的政治保障。

(7) Assessment and Evaluation and Dynamic Adjustment Form a Closed Loop

(七)考核评价与动态调整形成闭环

Assessment and evaluation are both a yardstick for testing the effectiveness of the work of Party organizations at all levels and Party cadres and members, and an important means of promoting the implementation of responsibilities. The CPC has always focused on using assessment and evaluation mechanisms to conduct a comprehensive, objective, and fair evaluation of the implementation of responsibilities by Party organizations at all levels and Party cadres and members, with particular emphasis on the standardization and innovativeness of the work process, ensuring the comprehensiveness and accuracy of assessment and evaluation. In the assessment and evaluation mechanism, the principles of combining quantitative and qualitative methods, combining results and processes, and combining self-assessment and mutual assessment are adhered to, ensuring the fairness and authority of assessment and evaluation; emphasis is placed on linking assessment and evaluation results with reward and punishment mechanisms, by commending the advanced and motivating the backward, to promote Party organizations at all levels and Party cadres and members to more consciously fulfill their responsibilities; by constructing a scientific and reasonable assessment and evaluation mechanism, the implementation of responsibilities by Party organizations at all levels and Party cadres and members is accurately evaluated, thereby continuously optimizing and perfecting the responsibility system, ensuring it always adapts to the needs of the times. The core of the dynamic adjustment mechanism lies in promptly discovering problems and deficiencies in the responsibility system based on the results of assessment and evaluation, and then continuously improving the responsibility system through means such as institutional revision, process optimization, and personnel adjustment, ensuring the flexibility and adaptability of the responsibility system, and enhancing its scientific nature and effectiveness. In the anti-corruption struggle, the Party has formed an effective mechanism for ensuring that officials dare not, cannot, and do not want to engage in corruption through the establishment and improvement of the anti-corruption institutional system.[20]20 The phrase “dare not, cannot, and do not want to engage in corruption” (不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐) is a standard formulation in the CPC’s anti-corruption discourse, referring to deterrence, institutional prevention, and attitudinal transformation. However, with the deepening of the anti-corruption struggle, some new problems and challenges have gradually emerged, such as reckless action, inaction, fear of action, and inability to act effectively. Through the assessment and evaluation mechanism, problems are promptly identified, and through the dynamic adjustment mechanism, the anti-corruption and work style construction institutional system is scientifically optimized, ensuring the continuity and precision of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party.

考核评价既是检验各级党组织和党员干部工作成效的标尺，也是推动责任落实的重要手段。中国共产党历来注重通过考核评价机制，对各级党组织和党员干部的责任落实情况进行全面、客观、公正的评估，尤其是注重工作过程的规范性和创新性，确保考核评价的全面性和准确性。在考核评价机制中，坚持定量与定性相结合、结果与过程相结合、自评与互评相结合的原则，确保考核评价的公正性和权威性;注重将考核评价结果与奖惩机制相挂钩，通过表彰先进、激励后进的方式，推动各级党组织和党员干部更加自觉地履行责任;通过构建科学合理的考核评价机制，准确评估各级党组织和党员干部的责任落实情况，进而不断优化和完善责任体系，确保其始终适应时代发展的需要。动态调整机制的核心在于根据考核评价结果，及时发现责任体系中存在的问题和不足，进而通过制度修订、流程优化、人员调整等方式，对责任体系进行不断完善，确保责任体系的灵活性、适应性，提升其科学性和有效性。在反腐败斗争中，党通过建立健全反腐败制度体系，形成了不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐的有效机制。然而，随着反腐败斗争的深入推进，乱作为、不作为、不敢为、不善为等一些新的问题和挑战逐渐显现。通过考核评价机制，及时发现问题，并通过动态调整机制，对反腐败与作风建设制度体系进行科学优化，能够确保全面从严治党的持续性和精准性。

In the process of advancing the construction of the responsibility system, it is necessary to focus both on the comprehensiveness and normalization of assessment and evaluation, and on the flexibility and adaptability of dynamic adjustment. On the one hand, strengthen the scientific and standardized construction of the assessment and evaluation mechanism. Based on the Party’s line, principles, and policies, as well as the duties and tasks of Party organizations at all levels and Party cadres and members, formulate scientific and reasonable assessment standards and methods, ensuring the comprehensiveness and normalization of assessment and evaluation. According to the development of the times and changes in the situation, promptly make dynamic adjustments to the responsibility system, ensuring that the responsibility system always remains consistent with the Party’s central work and adapts to the requirements of the times. On the other hand, strengthen the flexibility and adaptability of the dynamic adjustment mechanism, further clarify the circumstances, procedures, and channels for cadres to be “able to go up and able to go down,”[21]21 “Able to go up and able to go down” (能上能下) is a Party personnel policy principle that allows for both promotion and demotion of cadres based on performance, breaking the de facto lifelong tenure of leading positions. combine assessment results with cadre selection and appointment, rewards and punishments, and incentives, forming an effective incentive and constraint mechanism, and promoting a favorable situation where the capable are promoted, the excellent are rewarded, the mediocre are demoted, and the inferior are dismissed. Formulate and implement the implementation measures for the “three distinctions,”[22]22 The “three distinctions” (三个区分开来) is a policy guideline that distinguishes (1) mistakes made in exploration and experimentation from violations of discipline, (2) mistakes due to lack of experience from dereliction of duty, and (3) errors in the absence of explicit prohibitions from intentional violations. correctly view the mistakes and errors of Party cadres and members in performing their duties, highly unify strict management and supervision with encouraging responsibility, form a closed loop in normal assessment and dynamic adjustment, and clearly support those who take responsibility, back those who are accountable, bolster those who do practical work, and encourage those who innovate.

在推进责任体系建设的过程中，既要注重考核评价的全面性和常态化，又要注重动态调整的灵活性和适应性。一方面，加强考核评价机制的科学性和规范性建设。根据党的路线、方针、政策以及各级党组织和党员干部的职责和任务，制定科学、合理的考核标准和考核方法，确保考核评价的全面性常态化。根据时代的发展和形势的变化，及时对责任体系进行动态调整，确保责任体系始终与党的中心工作保持一致，与时代发展的要求相适应。另一方面，加强动态调整机制的灵活性和适应性建设，进一步明确干部“能上能下”的情形、程序、渠道，将考核结果与干部的选拔任用、奖惩激励等相结合，形成有效的激励和约束机制，推动形成能者上、优者奖、庸者下、劣者汰的良好局面。制定并落实“三个区分开来”实施办法，正确看待党员干部在履职中的失误和错误，把从严管理监督和鼓励担当作为高度统一起来，在常态考核与动态调整中形成闭环，旗帜鲜明为担当者担当、为负责者负责、为干事者撑腰、为创新者鼓劲。

(The authors are a professor and doctoral supervisor at the School of Marxism, Lanzhou University; and a 2024 doctoral student at the School of Marxism, Lanzhou University, and a lecturer at the School of Marxism, Chengdu Medical College.)

（作者系兰州大学马克思主义学院教授、博士研究生导师；兰州大学马克思主义学院2024级博士研究生，成都医学院马克思主义学院讲师）

Online editor: Ma Jingren

网络编辑：马京仁