The Development and Practical Exploration of the Theory of Party Spirit Cultivation in the New Era

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, in the face of a complex and volatile international situation and the arduous and heavy tasks of reform, development, and maintaining stability, “Xi Jinping, centering on the major epochal课题 of what kind of long-term Marxist governing party to build and how to build it,” has highlighted the main theme and主线 of comprehensively strengthening the Party spirit cultivation of all Party members in the New Era. He has put forward a series of new concepts, new ideas, and new strategies for governing, building, strengthening, and rejuvenating the Party, emphasizing that Party spirit cultivation is the “study of the mind” (心学) for Communists and a lifelong required course for Communist Party members. With a series of original achievements, he has greatly enriched and developed the theory and practice of Party spirit cultivation, marking that the development and practical effects of the theory of Party spirit cultivation in the New Era have reached a new height.

党的十八大以来，面对错综复杂的国际形势、艰巨繁重的改革发展稳定任务，“习近平总书记围绕建设什么样的长期执政的马克思主义政党、怎样建设长期执政的马克思主义政党的重大时代课题”，突出新时代全面加强广大党员党性修养这个主题主线，提出一系列管党治党、兴党强党的新理念新思想新战略，强调党性修养是共产党人的“心学”，是共产党员终生的必修课，以一系列原创性成果极大丰富和发展了党性修养理论和实践，标志着新时代党性修养理论的发展与实践效果达到了新高度。

I. Accurately Understanding Xi Jinping’s Important Discourses on Party Spirit Cultivation

一、准确理解习近平总书记关于党性修养的重要论述

Xi Jinping has delivered a series of important discourses on Party spirit cultivation, deepening the Chinese Communists’ systematic understanding of Party spirit cultivation. These discourses serve as the action guide for leading the Party’s great self-revolution and promoting the great social revolution, and are an important component of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Only by deeply understanding the scientific connotation of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era and accurately grasping Xi Jinping’s new discourses and new concepts on Party spirit cultivation can we, in the deep integration of theory and practice, continuously urge Party members and cadres to strengthen their Party spirit and enhance their cultivation.

习近平总书记发表一系列关于党性修养的重要论述，深化了中国共产党人对党性修养的系统性认识，是引领党的伟大自我革命、推动伟大社会革命的行动指南，是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要组成部分。只有深刻理解习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的科学内涵，准确把握习近平总书记关于党性修养的新论述、新理念，才能在理论与实践的深度融合中推动广大党员干部持续增强党性、提升修养。

(A) Strengthening Party Spirit Cultivation Is a Required Course for Communist Party Members

（一）加强党性修养是共产党员的必修课

Xi Jinping pointed out: “A cadre’s Party spirit cultivation, ideological awareness, and moral level will not naturally improve with the increase of Party membership seniority, nor will they naturally improve with the promotion of position; they require lifelong effort.” Strengthening Party spirit cultivation is a lifelong required course for all Communist Party members, requiring every Party member to persistently study, practice, and reflect. The improvement of a Communist Party member’s Party spirit cultivation, ideological awareness, and moral level is a long-term process. Every Communist Party member should take a long-term perspective and cultivate this required course well.

习近平总书记指出：“干部的党性修养、思想觉悟、道德水平不会随着党龄的增加而自然提高，也不会随着职务的升迁而自然提高，而需要终生努力。”加强党性修养是所有共产党员的终生必修课，需要每一位党员持之以恒地学习、实践和反思。共产党员的党性修养、思想觉悟、道德水平的提升是一个长期的过程，每位共产党员都应以长远的视角，修好这门必修课。

In the new historical period, with the deepening development of the market economy, the continuous advancement of reform and opening up, and the constant deepening of economic globalization, ideological diversity, multiplicity, and volatility will inevitably arise. When these are reflected within the Party, many new situations and new problems inevitably emerge. For example, among some Party members and cadres, very serious problems have gradually appeared, such as the dilution of loyalty to the Party and the weakening of ideals and beliefs. Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “These problems seriously erode the Party’s ideological and moral foundation, seriously undermine the Party’s unity and centralized unity, seriously damage the intra-Party political ecosystem and the Party’s image, and seriously affect the development of the Party’s and the people’s cause.” The “four serious” issues mentioned by the General Secretary profoundly illustrate the importance, necessity, and timeliness of strengthening Party spirit cultivation. On the new journey of the New Era, to build a contingent of Party members and cadres with faith as firm as iron, discipline as firm as iron, and responsibility as firm as iron, we must unswervingly persist in conducting Party spirit education and tempering for Party members and cadres.

在新的历史时期，随着市场经济的深入发展、改革开放的不断推进、经济全球化的不断深化，必然会带来思想的多元、多样和多变，这些反映到党内来，不可避免地出现了很多新情况、新问题。比如，一些党员干部身上，逐渐出现了对党的忠诚度淡化、理想信念弱化等十分严重的问题。习近平总书记深刻指出：“这些问题，严重侵蚀党的思想道德基础，严重破坏党的团结和集中统一，严重损害党内政治生态和党的形象，严重影响党和人民事业发展”。总书记提到的这“四个严重”，深刻说明了加强党性修养的重要性、必要性和及时性。在新时代新征程中，要建设一支有铁一般信念、铁一般纪律、铁一般担当的党员干部队伍，就必须毫不动摇地坚持对党员干部进行党性教育和锻炼。

(B) Party Spirit Cultivation Is the Foundation of a Communist Party Member’s Standing

（二）党性修养是共产党员的立身之本

What is Party spirit cultivation? This is a core issue that every Party member should understand clearly. Only by truly understanding and grasping its scientific connotation can one consciously temper oneself into a Chinese Communist with a strong Party spirit. Xi Jinping emphasized: “Party spirit is the cornerstone of a Party member’s or cadre’s standing, undertaking work, speaking, and establishing virtue.” A strong Party spirit is continuously tempered and gradually cultivated in daily study, life, and work practice; this is a cumulative process.

什么是党性修养，这是每一个党员都应该搞清楚的核心问题，只有真正了解和把握其科学内涵，才能自觉地把自己锻炼成为党性坚强的中国共产党人。习近平总书记强调：“党性是党员干部立身、立业、立言、立德的基石。”坚强的党性是在日常的学习、生活、工作实践中不断磨炼、逐步养成的，这是一个日积月累的过程。

Xi Jinping pointed out: “Our Party takes Marxism as its foundation for founding the Party, takes the realization of communism as its highest ideal, and takes serving the people wholeheartedly as its fundamental purpose. This is the root (本) of Communists. Without these, it is like a tree without roots.” The Party spirit cultivation of Communist Party members is the foundation of a Communist Party member’s standing. To enhance the Party spirit cultivation of Communist Party members means that all Party members should improve themselves in the characteristics of being guided by Marxism, taking the realization of communism as the highest ideal, and taking serving the people wholeheartedly as the fundamental purpose.

习近平总书记指出：“我们党以马克思主义为立党之本，以实现共产主义为最高理想，以全心全意为人民服务为根本宗旨。这就是共产党人的本。没有了这些，就是无本之木。”共产党员的党性修养，是共产党员的立身之本，提升共产党员的党性修养，就是全体党员要在以马克思主义为指导、以实现共产主义为最高理想、以全心全意为人民服务为根本宗旨的特性上提升自己。

(C) The Basic Realization Path for Improving Party Spirit Cultivation

（三）提高党性修养的基本实现路径

Shortly after the conclusion of the 18th National Congress of the CPC, Xi

在党的十八大闭幕后不久，习近平总书记就着重强调：“党章就是党的根本大法，是全党必须遵循的总规矩”。“党性教育首先要学好党章。”党章是加强党性修养的根本遵循。党章对党员的权利义务、具备什么样的条件、如何加强党性修养，都做了明确规定。党员要严格按照党章的要求，加强党性修养，始终保持党的先进性和纯洁性，不断增强自身的能力和本领，更好地完成各项工作任务，展示出共产党人的良好形象，为全面推进中国式现代化贡献力量。结合党章的要求以及党性修养的实践，具体途径如下：

First, continuously strengthen theoretical study. General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized at the 20th National Congress of the CPC, "build a Marxist learning-oriented political party" and "build a learning society and a learning country where lifelong learning is pursued by all." These important expositions set significant requirements for the entire Party, demanding that all Party cadres enhance their ability to learn, and persist in using the positions, viewpoints, and methods of Marxism to strengthen Party spirit cultivation. This means that Party cadres must examine the past with a historical perspective, analyze the present with dialectical thinking, and look to the future with a comprehensive outlook. Every Party member must deeply study and thoroughly understand the Party's innovative theories, and unswervingly follow the Party. Strengthening ideals and convictions, enhancing Party spirit cultivation, and continuously increasing the Party spirit consciousness of Communist Party members are the sacred duties and missions of every Communist Party member. The strength or weakness of a Communist Party member's Party spirit is often manifested in whether they value learning, and to what degree. Party members who love learning, are adept at learning, and are eager to learn often have stronger Party spirit. Conversely, those who do not value learning, do not like learning, or are not good at learning will find it difficult to strengthen their Party spirit. Therefore, it is necessary to truly cultivate the good habits of "making learning work-like and work learning-like" and "live and learn." Every Party member must arm their mind with scientific theory, so as to better shoulder the era's task of comprehensively building a modern socialist country. "Party spirit is, in the final analysis, a matter of standpoint." The firmness of standpoint requires fully strengthening the Party spirit education of Party cadres, and to strengthen the Party spirit education of Party cadres, it is necessary to give full play to the role of Party schools as the main front. Enhancing Party spirit cultivation is a compulsory lifelong lesson for all Communist Party members. In the New Era, to comprehensively and deeply advance Party building, the top priority still lies in carrying out Party spirit education well and strengthening the Party spirit cultivation of Party cadres.

一是不断加强理论学习。习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中强调，“建设马克思主义学习型政党”“建设全民终身学习的学习型社会、学习型大国”。这些重要论述对全党提出重要要求，要求全体党员干部增强学习本领，坚持用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法加强党性修养，意味着党员干部要以历史的眼光审视过去、以辩证的思维分析当下、以全面的视角展望未来。每位党员都要学深悟透党的创新理论，坚定不移跟党走。坚定理想信念，增强党性修养，不断增强共产党员的党性意识，是每一位共产党员的神圣职责和使命。共产党员党性的强与弱，往往表现在其对于学习是否重视，以及重视的程度如何。热爱学习、善于学习、渴望学习的党员，往往党性较强。反之，不重视学习、不喜欢学习、不善于学习，则难以增强党性。因此要真正养成“学习工作化，工作学习化”和“活到老，学到老”的良好习惯。每一位党员都要用科学理论来武装自己的头脑，以更好肩负起全面建设社会主义现代化国家的时代重任。“党性说到底就是立场问题。”立场的坚定，需要充分加强党员干部的党性教育，而加强党员干部党性教育要充分发挥好党校这个主阵地作用。提升党性修养是所有共产党员一生必修之课，新时代全面深入推进党的建设，重中之重还在于开展好党性教育、强化党员干部的党性修养。

Second, temper oneself through work practice. Party spirit cultivation is not only a process of learning, but also a process of practice. The Party spirit cultivation of Communist Party members comes from practice. For every Party member to truly forge and significantly improve their Party spirit, it can only be achieved by engaging in social practice and drawing nourishment from it. "Communist Party members must master this scientific theoretical weapon, and must go to the great practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, achieving the unity of knowledge and action." By continuously improving one's own Party spirit cultivation, one dares to take on responsibilities and actively does practical things for the people and solves their difficulties; by continuously strengthening one's own Party spirit cultivation, one is strict with oneself in self-discipline, consciously abides by Party discipline and national laws and regulations, achieves clean governance and incorruptibility, and makes due contributions to the cause of the Party and the people. In the practical process of realizing self-worth and social value, Party cadres learn skills, enhance their abilities, and strengthen their Party spirit.

二是在工作实践中历练。党性修养，不仅是一个学习的过程，更是一个实践的过程。共产党员的党性修养，是从实践中来的。每一位党员要想使自己的党性得到切实锻造、明显提高，只有通过开展社会实践，并从中汲取养分才能达到。“共产党员要掌握这个科学的理论武器，要到建设中国特色社会主义伟大实践中去，做到知与行的一致。”通过不断提升自己党性修养，勇于担当作为，积极为人民群众办实事、解难题；通过不断强化自己党性修养，严以自律，自觉遵守党的纪律和国家法律法规，做到廉洁奉公、清正廉洁，为党和人民的事业作出应有的贡献。党员干部在实现自我价值、社会价值的实践过程中，学到了本领，提升了能力，增强了党性。

Third, carry out criticism and self-criticism well. Through carrying out criticism and self-criticism, not only can inner-Party political life be effectively regulated, but it can also strengthen the Party spirit cultivation of Party members. For Communist Party members, the process of tempering Party spirit and cultivating Party spirit is a transformative process of continuous criticism and self-criticism, analysis and examination. “We have the weapon of criticism and self-criticism, which is Marxist-Leninist. We can get rid of bad styles and preserve good ones.” [1]1 “Flies and ants of corruption at the grassroots level” (基层“蝇贪蚁腐”) is a metaphorical term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to low-level officials who engage in petty corruption that directly affects ordinary people. To enhance Party spirit cultivation, it is necessary to make full use of the scientific method of criticism and self-criticism, properly resolve various contradictions within the Party, carefully identify one’s own shortcomings and deficiencies, target the root cause of the problem and apply precise treatment, resolutely overcome one’s own existing defects, and constantly pursue comprehensive self-improvement and development. In fact, Party spirit cultivation has a relatively prominent characteristic: it mainly relies on the inner initiative and consciousness of Party members, rather than depending on external coercive means or driving forces to force Party members to undergo passive transformation. Only by consciously and actively overcoming one’s own various shortcomings and deficiencies can one better improve one’s own political judgment, political understanding, and political execution.

三是开展好批评和自我批评。通过开展批评和自我批评，不仅能有效规范党内政治生活，更能强化党员的党性修养。共产党员进行党性锻炼和党性修养是一个不断批评和自我批评的剖析检视的改造过程。“我们有批评和自我批评这个马克思列宁主义的武器。我们能够去掉不良作风，保持优良作风。”党性修养的提升，就要充分运用好批评和自我批评这一科学方法，解决好党内各类矛盾，认真查找自身的不足与缺陷，对准病根、精准施治，坚决克服自身存在的缺点，不断追求自身的全面进步与发展。事实上，党性修养具有一个较为突出的特征，就是其主要还是靠党员内在的主动性和自觉性，而不能是依赖外在的强制手段、推动力来强迫党员被动地进行改造。只有自觉地积极地克服自身的各种各样的缺点和不足，才能更好地提高自身的政治判断力、政治领悟力、政治执行力。

II. All-round, Multi-measured, Strictly Demanded, Continuously Deepening and Strengthening Party Spirit Cultivation

二、全方位、多举措、严要求，不断深入加强党性修养

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has firmly grasped the requirement of “strengthening Party spirit,” clarified a series of basic questions concerning “how to strengthen Party spirit” in the New Era, adopted multiple approaches and advanced on all fronts to deepen Party spirit education, and persistently advanced the great new project of Party building in the New Era.

党的十八大以来，党中央牢牢把握“强党性”这一要求，明确新时代关于“如何增强党性”的一系列基本问题，多管齐下、齐头并举深入加强党性教育，持之以恒地推进了新时代党的建设新的伟大工程。

(I) Elevating Party Spirit Cultivation to an Unprecedented Height and Attaching Importance to It

（一）把党性修养提到前所未有的高度予以重视

How to maintain the advanced nature and purity of the Communist Party of China, how to improve the moral quality of every Party member, and how to enhance the overall image and overall combat effectiveness of the Party—the key lies in the Party spirit cultivation of the Party membership. In light of a series of important discourses by General Secretary Xi Jinping on Party spirit cultivation, it can be seen that “strengthening the Party spirit cultivation of all comrades in the Party” has been elevated to an unprecedented height for emphasis and attention.

如何保持中国共产党的先进性和纯洁性，如何提高每一位党员的品德素质，如何提高党的整体形象和整体战斗力，关键在于党员队伍的党性修养。结合习近平总书记关于党性修养的一系列重要论述，可见“加强全党同志的党性修养”已被提到了前所未有的高度进行强调、给予重视。

On the basis of summarizing the innovative practice of the great new project of Party building, General Secretary Xi Jinping has formed a series of important viewpoints, bringing richer contemporary connotations to the “heart-mind learning” [2]2 “Operation Fox Hunt” (猎狐行动) and “Operation Skynet” (天网行动) are Chinese government campaigns targeting fugitives suspected of economic crimes and corruption who have fled abroad, aiming to repatriate them for prosecution. of Communists. He has repeatedly emphasized that enhancing Party spirit cultivation for Communist Party members is a task that “requires lifelong effort.” In January 2020, in his speech at the concluding meeting of the education campaign on the theme of “staying true to our original aspiration and founding mission,” General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out, “The Party spirit of a Communist Party

习近平总书记在总结党的建设新的伟大工程的创新实践基础上，形成了一系列重要观点，为共产党人的“心学”带来了更加丰富的时代内涵。他曾多次强调，共产党员提升党性修养是一项“需要终生努力”的任务。2020年1月，习近平总书记在“不忘初心、牢记使命”主题教育总结大会上的讲话中指出，“共产党员的党性不是随着党龄增长和职务提升而自然提高的。”“每个党员都要在思想政治上不断进行检视、剖析、反思，不断去杂质、除病毒、防污染。”只有不断提升自身的理论水平、实践能力和道德修养，才能更好地履行党员的使命和责任；只有不断学习、不断提升，才能在各种复杂的情况下胜任各项工作，为党和人民作出更大的贡献。

(2) Carrying out a series of intra-Party centralized study and education campaigns

（二）开展一系列党内集中学习教育

Carrying out centralized study and education campaigns is an important practical form for the Chinese Communist Party to strengthen Marxist education. The CPC’s history of more than one hundred years has fully proven that conducting intra-Party Party spirit education in the form of centralized education, with an emphasis on strengthening the Party spirit cultivation of Communist Party members, is a unique feature and a notable advantage that distinguishes the CPC from other political parties. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, up to the present, the whole Party has carried out eight intra-Party centralized study and education campaigns. First, in May 2013, the campaign began with the education and practice of the mass line, focusing on enhancing Party members’ Party spirit cultivation from the perspective of work style improvement, further transforming work styles and tightening Party-mass and cadre-mass relations. In April 2015, to further advance the improvement of the Party’s work style, the whole Party carried out a special education campaign on the “Three Stricts and Three Honests” [1]1 “Flies and ants of corruption at the grassroots level” (基层“蝇贪蚁腐”) is a metaphorical term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to low-level officials who engage in petty corruption that directly affects ordinary people.. Through centralized study and education, leading cadres’ Party spirit cultivation was further elevated in terms of “strictness” and “honesty.” The “Two Studies and One Action” [2]2 “Operation Fox Hunt” (猎狐行动) and “Operation Skynet” (天网行动) are Chinese government campaigns targeting fugitives suspected of economic crimes and corruption who have fled abroad, aiming to repatriate them for prosecution. study and education campaign launched in 2016 took the “Party Constitution, Party regulations, and series of important speeches” as the main content of study for all CPC members. The broad masses of Party members, following the standards for qualified Party members, strove to become qualified Communist Party members, further enhancing their Party spirit cultivation. In May 2019, the whole Party carried out a centralized study and education campaign around the theme of “remaining true to our original aspiration and keeping our mission firmly in mind” [3]3 The "three public expenditures" (三公经费) refer to spending on official overseas visits, official vehicles, and official hospitality., resulting in a notable enhancement of theoretical cultivation, political cultivation, moral cultivation, disciplinary cultivation, and work style cultivation. In 2021, the whole Party deeply carried out study and education on Party history. During the Party history study and education period, Party cadres systematically studied the history of the CPC, thereby systematically strengthening their theoretical, political, and moral cultivation. The study and education campaign on Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era launched in 2023 deeply focused on “strengthening Party spirit,” further promoting all Party cadres to temper their Party spirit and hone their cultivation. The Party discipline study and education campaign carried out in the whole Party in 2024, from the level of “disciplinary cultivation,” further intensified the effort in theoretical study. For every Party member to achieve studying discipline, knowing discipline, understanding discipline, and observing discipline, Party organizations need to conduct regular disciplinary education for them, and even more so, Party members themselves need to proactively and consciously cultivate their abilities and continuously strengthen their own Party spirit cultivation. Carrying out Party discipline study and education has effectively promoted the broad masses of Party members to strengthen their consciousness of observing discipline. In March 2025, the Party Central Committee decided to carry out a study and education campaign on deeply implementing the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulations [4]4 "Key minority" (关键少数) is a term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to leading cadres at and above a certain level, who are seen as the most influential and therefore the most critical targets for discipline and oversight. in the whole Party, requiring the whole Party to earnestly study, comprehend, implement, and carry out the spirit of the Eight-Point Regulations and their implementation rules, further guiding Party members and cadres to temper their Party spirit, raise their ideological awareness, tighten Party-mass and cadre-mass relations, promote the normalization and long-term effectiveness of work style improvement, and strengthen the Party’s advanced nature and purity, thereby continuously winning the trust and support of the people.

开展集中学习教育活动，是中国共产党加强马克思主义教育的重要实践形式。中国共产党一百多年的历史充分证明，以集中教育的形式开展党内党性教育，注重强化共产党员的党性修养，这是中国共产党区别于其他政党的一个独特之处与显著优势。党的十八大以来，截至目前全党共开展了八次党内集中教育。首先，2013年5月，以党的群众路线教育实践活动开局，侧重从作风建设的角度提升党员的党性修养，进一步转变了作风、密切了党群干群关系。2015年4月，为深入推进党的作风建设，全党开展“三严三实”专题教育，通过集中学习教育，让领导干部的党性修养更进一步地“严”和“实”。2016年开展的“两学一做”学习教育，全体中国共产党党员以“党章、党规、系列讲话”为学习的主要内容，广大党员按照合格党员的标准，争做一名合格共产党员，进一步提升了党性修养。2019年5月，全党围绕“不忘初心、牢记使命”的主题开展集中学习教育，理论修养、政治修养、道德修养、纪律修养、作风修养得到显著增强。2021年，全党深入开展党史学习教育，在党史学习教育期间，党员干部通过系统学习中国共产党历史，系统增强了理论、政治和道德修养。2023年开展的学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想主题教育，深入聚焦“强党性”，进一步推动了全体党员干部锤炼党性、砥砺修养。2024年在全党开展的党纪学习教育，从“纪律修养”层面，进一步加大了理论学习的力度。每一名党员做到学纪、知纪、明纪、守纪，党组织需要常态化地对其开展纪律教育，更需要党员自己主动性自觉性地练就本领、不断强化自身党性修养。开展党纪学习教育，有力推动了广大党员强化遵守纪律的自觉。2025年3月党中央决定在全党开展深入贯彻中央八项规定精神学习教育，要求全党认真学习领会和贯彻落实中央八项规定及其实施细则精神，进一步引导党员、干部锤炼党性、提高思想觉悟，密切党群干群关系，推进作风建设常态化长效化，强化党的先进性和纯洁性，以此不断赢得人民群众的信任与拥护。

In a series of centralized education campaigns, Party cadres have been profoundly educated in Party spirit time and again. Practice has proven that intra-Party centralized education campaigns are of great significance for Party cadres to strengthen their Party spirit exercise and are the main pathway for Party cadres’ Party spirit education. Looking back at the Party’s history of more than one hundred years, it is not difficult to see that centralized study and education is mainly achieved by carrying out a series of intra-Party themed education campaigns, while regular study and education is mainly realized through two methods: daily study organized by grassroots Party branches and Party spirit education in Party schools.

在一系列的集中教育中，党员干部一次次受到深刻的党性教育。实践证明，党内集中教育活动，对于党员干部加强党性锻炼具有重要意义，是党员干部党性教育的主要途径。从一百多年的党史历程来看，不难得知，集中性的学习教育，主要靠开展党内一系列主题教育来实现，而经常性的学习教育，则主要是通过基层党支部组织的日常学习和党校的党性教育这两种方式来实现的。

(3) Simultaneously rectifying work styles, enforcing discipline, and combating corruption, resolutely preventing the breach of the bottom line of Party spirit cultivation

（三）正风肃纪反腐一起抓，坚决杜绝触碰党性修养底线

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, under the strong leadership of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, a zero-tolerance attitude has been maintained towards corrupt phenomena and acts, resolutely ensuring severe punishment of key corrupt elements, eradication of grassroots corruption tumors, and capture of cross-border corruption-related personnel, comprehensively advancing the Party’s self-revolution with the determination of “always on the road” [5]5 "Flies and ants of corruption" (蝇贪蚁腐) is a metaphor for low-level corruption that directly affects the daily lives of ordinary people, as opposed to high-level "tigers" (tigers, 老虎)., and continuously improving Party members’ Party spirit cultivation by taking the Party’s self-purification, self-improvement, self-reform, and self-enhancement as important starting points.

党的十八大以来，在以习近平同志为核心的党中央的坚强领导下，对腐败现象和行为保持零容忍的态度，坚决做到严惩关键腐败分子、清除基层贪腐毒瘤和抓捕跨国涉腐人员等，以永远在路上的决心全面推进党的自我革命，以党的自我净化、自我完善、自我革新、自我提高为重要抓手，不断提高党员党性修养。

First, severely punishing corrupt elements among the “key minority” [6]6 Xi Jinping, speech at the concluding session of the thematic education seminar on studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, 2024.. “The greater the responsibility and the more important the position of a leading cadre, the more supervision must be strengthened.” Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has clearly recognized that in the process of the anti-corruption struggle, it must firmly grasp the “key minority,” and must manage leading cadres well, not allowing them to be co-opted and corrupted into “agents” of interest groups. A series of unprecedented “tiger-hunting” [7]7 The “five areas of excellence” (五个过硬) refer to requirements for leading cadres: firm convictions, political integrity, strong sense of responsibility, capable competence, and exemplary conduct. anti-corruption actions have severely punished the harmful tigers within the Party, effectively eliminating extremely serious political risks existing within the Party and the state. General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: “Our Party, as the world’s largest political party, no external force can defeat us; the only force that can defeat us is ourselves.” General Secretary Xi Jinping also clearly emphasized: “Only by not seeking personal

一是严惩“关键少数”中的腐败分子。“领导干部责任越重大、岗位越重要，就越要加强监督。”党的十八大以来，党中央清醒地认识到在反腐败斗争的过程中，必须紧紧抓住“关键少数”，一定要管理好领导干部，不能任由他们被拉拢腐蚀成为利益集团的“代理人”。一系列力度空前的“打虎”反腐行动，严厉惩处了党内存在的害群之虎，有效消除了党和国家内部存在的极其严重的政治隐患。习近平总书记深刻指出：“我们党作为世界第一大党，没有什么外力能够打倒我们，能够打倒我们的只有我们自己。”习近平总书记还明确强调：“不谋私利才能谋根本、谋大利，才能从党的性质和根本宗旨出发。”以人民群众的根本利益为一切工作的出发点和落脚点，这是我们党不断加强党性修养的勇气之源、底气所在，也是中国共产党能够始终坚持注重加强全体党员的党性修养，不断发展壮大，不断取得胜利的内在原因。

Second, eradicating the cancer of corruption at the grassroots level. The “micro-corruption” in grassroots corruption has a more direct impact and a more palpable effect on the masses. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels across the country have focused deeply on issues concerning people’s livelihoods, severely investigating and punishing various unhealthy tendencies and corruption at the grassroots with a “zero-tolerance” attitude, thereby eliminating a large number of grassroots corruption cancers and significantly improving the political ecosystem at the grassroots level. After the 19th National Congress of the CPC, discipline inspection and supervision organs began to focus on rectifying various corrupt behaviors that directly infringe upon the vital interests of the masses, with emphasis on investigating “flies and ants of corruption at the grassroots level.” [1]1 “Flies and ants of corruption at the grassroots level” (基层“蝇贪蚁腐”) is a metaphorical term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to low-level officials who engage in petty corruption that directly affects ordinary people. Through a series of special investigation and punishment actions, various grassroots benefit funds and livelihood policies have been duly guaranteed, and the vital interests of the masses have been effectively safeguarded. After the 20th National Congress of the CPC, a new round of special rectification actions was deployed and carried out, achieving new results in anti-corruption work. Through more than a decade of unremitting and forceful anti-corruption efforts by the Party Central Committee, especially the high priority placed on and the comprehensive deepening of grassroots anti-corruption work, the political ecosystem at the grassroots level has been significantly purified, the hearts of the Party and the people have been more united and consolidated, the masses’ sense of gain, happiness, and security has been continuously enhanced, and the Party’s governing foundation has been further strengthened.

二是清除基层贪腐毒瘤。基层贪腐中的“微腐败”对人民群众来说影响更直接、感受更明显。党的十八大以来，全国各级纪检监察机关深度聚焦民生问题，以“零容忍”的态度对基层各种不正之风与腐败问题进行严厉查处，清除了一大批基层贪腐毒瘤，基层的政治生态得到了明显的好转。党的十九大之后，纪检监察机关开始重点整治直接侵害人民群众切身利益的各种腐败行为，着重查处“基层‘蝇贪蚁腐’”，通过开展一系列的专项查处行动之后，各项基层惠民资金和民生政策得到了应有的保障，人民群众的切身利益也得到了有效的维护。党的二十大之后，新的一轮专项整治行动部署开展，取得了新的反腐工作成效。党中央经过十多年坚持不懈的强力反腐，特别是对基层反腐工作的高度重视并全面深入推进，使基层的政治生态得到了明显净化，使党心民心更加团结凝聚，不断提升了人民群众的获得感、幸福感、安全感，进一步巩固了党的执政根基。

Third, apprehending cross-border corruption-related personnel. The report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC stated the need to “deepen international cooperation against corruption and build an integrated mechanism for pursuing fugitives, preventing flight, and recovering assets.” This fully reflects the attitude and resolve of the Communist Party of China to “pursue corrupt elements wherever they flee and investigate corruption to the end” with persistent efforts to apprehend corruption-related personnel. In accordance with the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind proposed by General Secretary Xi Jinping, China actively engages in dialogue and cooperation with countries around the world and various international organizations, continuously expanding the “circle of friends” in international anti-corruption efforts. At the same time, China works with countries around the world to jointly establish and improve international coordination mechanisms for anti-corruption cooperation. The number of international cooperation platforms is also increasing, and cross-border anti-corruption work is being comprehensively advanced. Under the overall leadership of the Party Central Committee, with the in-depth development of a series of special actions such as “Operation Fox Hunt” and “Operation Skynet,” [2]2 “Operation Fox Hunt” (猎狐行动) and “Operation Skynet” (天网行动) are Chinese government campaigns targeting fugitives suspected of economic crimes and corruption who have fled abroad, aiming to repatriate them for prosecution. the deterrent effect of anti-corruption has continued to manifest. A large number of cross-border corruption-related personnel and those listed on “Red Notices” have voluntarily surrendered or been brought to justice, marking significant progress in China’s international anti-corruption efforts.

三是抓捕跨国涉腐人员。党的二十大报告中提到，要“深化反腐败国际合作，一体构建追逃防逃追赃机制。”这充分体现了我们中国共产党“无论腐败分子逃到何处、有腐必将追查到底”持之以恒抓捕涉腐人员的态度与定力。根据总书记提出的人类命运共同体理念，我国积极与世界各国、各个国际组织对话合作，国际反腐的“朋友圈”越扩越大，同时与世界各国一道共同致力于建立健全国际反腐败协作协调机制，国际合作平台数量也在不断增多，跨国反腐工作全面推进。在党中央的全面统领下，随着“猎狐行动”“天网行动”等一系列专项行动的深入开展，反腐震慑效应持续显现，一大批跨国涉腐人员和“红色通缉”涉案人员主动投案、落入法网，我国国际反腐工作取得重大进展。

During the 20th National Congress of the CPC, leading comrades from the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection attended a press conference and released a set of data: “Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, discipline inspection and supervision organs across the country have filed a total of over 4.648 million cases, including the investigation of 553 centrally managed cadres, and the punishment of over 25,000 officials at the bureau and department level and over 182,000 officials at the county and division level.” In 2022, data from a public opinion survey conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics showed that 97.4% of the masses “expressed satisfaction” with the results achieved in comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, the construction of clean governance, and anti-corruption work, an increase of 22.4 percentage points compared to 2012. Comprehensive and strict governance of the Party has also received firm support and recognition from the masses. In February 2025, a total of 11,459 cases of violations of the Eight-Point Regulations were investigated nationwide, with 15,209 people subjected to criticism, education, and handling, including 9,292 who received Party discipline or government sanctions. This marks the 138th consecutive month of publishing monthly report data. In the first quarter of 2025, discipline inspection and supervision organs across the country handled 502,000 pieces of problem clues, filed 220,000 cases, and sanctioned 185,000 people (including 139,000 who received Party discipline sanctions and 60,000 who received government sanctions).

在党的二十大召开期间，中央纪委的领导同志出席记者招待会，公布了一组数据：“党的十八大以来，全国纪检监察机关共立案464.8万余件，其中，立案审查调查中管干部553人，处分厅局级干部2.5万多人、县处级干部18.2万多人。”2022年，国家统计局组织开展的民意调查数据显示，97.4%的人民群众对全面从严治党、党风廉政建设以及反腐败工作所取得的成效“表示满意”，比2012年提高22.4个百分点，全面从严治党也得到人民群众的坚定支持和认可。2025年2月，全国共查处违反中央八项规定精神问题11459起，批评教育和处理15209人，其中党纪政务处分9292人。这是连续第138个月公布月报数据。2025年第一季度，全国纪检监察机关处置问题线索50.2万件，立案22万件，处分18.5万人（其中党纪处分13.9万人、政务处分6万人）。

(4) Providing Institutional Guarantees for Strengthening Party Spirit Cultivation

（四）为加强党性修养提供制度保障

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has formulated and revised a series of intra-Party regulations and documents concerning organizational construction, providing institutional guarantees for strengthening Party spirit cultivation. The organizational systems consolidating Party spirit cultivation have become more complete, various regulations and systems have been effectively implemented and enforced, and the Party’s institutional construction has become more scientific, systematic, and standardized.

党的十八大以来，党中央先后制定和修订了一系列组织建设等方面的党内法规文件，为加强党性修养提供制度保障，巩固党性修养的组织制度更加完善，各项法规制度得到有效执行落实，党的制度建设更趋科学化系统化规范化。

First, scientifically and systematically establishing systems. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: “The key to adhering to the principle of Party spirit is to establish rules, emphasize rules, and abide by rules. What can be done, what cannot be done, what should be done this way, and what should be done that way must all be clearly stipulated.” The various intra-Party regulations and systems of the Communist Party of China are not only an important guarantee for achieving the normalization and long-term effectiveness of the Party’s self-revolution but also the strongest support for advancing the Party’s own construction. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Communist Party of China, based on actual conditions and keeping pace with the times, has continuously improved and perfected the system of relevant laws and regulations in all aspects concerning the enhancement of Party spirit cultivation.

一是科学系统地建立制度。习近平总书记指出：“坚持党性原则，关键是立规矩、讲规矩、守规矩。哪些事能做、哪些事不能做，哪些事该这样做、哪些事该那样做，都要规定得明明白白。”中国共产党的各项党内法规制度，不仅是实现党的自我革命常态化、长效化之重要保障，也是推进党的自身建设最强有力的支撑。党的十八大以来，中国共产党结合实际、与时俱进，不断健全完善关于增强党性修养的各个方面相关法规制度体系。

Second, strictly and effectively implementing systems. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, our Party has attached great importance to the implementation and enforcement of systems, treating institutional execution as an important basis and reference for evaluating Party members and leading cadres within the Party. Scientific assessments are conducted on the implementation of systems by Party members and cadres. At the same time, responsibilities are further clarified layer by layer from top to bottom. Strong execution is positively incentivized, while weak execution is punished and held accountable, thereby continuously urging Party members and cadres to transform their institutional awareness into practical work implementation. The report of the 19th National Congress of the CPC pointed out the need to “enable Party members and cadres to revere the rules, be cautious, and hold the bottom line, and to become accustomed to working and living in an environment of supervision and restraint.” General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized: “We must enhance the execution of systems, making systems and discipline ‘high-voltage lines’ that are live.” In short, systems and regulations must be implemented in their “establishment” and further developed in their “practice.” Against the backdrop of strict system implementation, the vast majority of Party members and leading cadres take the lead and actively set an example in system implementation. The entire Party, through strict and effective system implementation, ensures that the Party’s self-construction is continuously deepened and sustained.

二是严格有效地落实制度。党的十八大以来，我们党高度重视制度的执行落实，把制度执行力作为党内考核党员领导干部一个重要的依据和参考，对党员干部对制度的执行情况进行科学考察，同时从上往下进一步层层明确责任，执行力强会被正向激励，执行力弱则会被惩处问责，以此不断督促党员干部把制度意识真正转化为工作落实。党的十九大报告指出，要“让党员、干部知敬畏、存戒惧、守底线，习惯在受监督和约束的环境中工作生活”。习近平总书记多次强调：“要提高制度执行力，让制度、纪律成为带电的‘高压线’。”总之，制度规章要在“立”中落实，更要在“行”中发展。在严格的制度执行大背景下，广大党员干部率先垂范，积极做制度执行的表率，全党以严格有效的制度执行，确保了党的自我建设不断引向深入化和持续化。

III. The Comprehensive Enhancement of Party Spirit Cultivation for Communist Party Members in the New Era

三、新时代共产党员的党性修养全面提升

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has adopted multiple measures simultaneously and advanced in parallel to strengthen the Party spirit cultivation of Communist Party members. The vast majority of Party members have further studied theory, tempered their Party spirit, and strengthened their loyalty. In vivid practical exercises, they have always maintained the political essence of Communists. The Party spirit cultivation of Communist Party members in the New Era has been comprehensively enhanced and completely renewed.

党的十八大以来，党中央多管齐下、齐头并进加强共产党员的党性修养，广大党员进一步学好理论、锤炼党性、强化忠诚，在生动的实践锻炼中始终保持共产党人的政治本色，新时代共产党员的党性修养全面提升、焕然一新。

(1) Theoretical Cultivation

（一）理论修养

In recent years, the vast majority of Party members and cadres, especially young Party members and cadres, have continuously strengthened their theoretical study in the course of keeping pace with the times, continuously deepened their theoretical cultivation, and at the same time attached importance to the cultivation of subjective initiative. Their ideals and beliefs have become more steadfast in the process of theoretical study, their original aspiration and founding mission have become more solid in the process of social practice, they have achieved self-cultivation and improvement through the accumulation of daily details, and they have stepped forward and taken responsibility in the dialectical unity of knowledge and action. Their theoretical cultivation has been continuously enhanced. With the development of the times, theoretical study has increasingly become an essential quality and internal requirement for the growth and progress of Party members and cadres, and the intensity of theoretical study has correspondingly increased. Through systematic theoretical study, the vast majority of Party members in the New Era have deepened their understanding of the Party’s innovative theories, continuously strengthened their confidence in the great cause of reform and opening up, and become more hopeful about the bright future of national rejuvenation.

近年来，广大党员干部尤其是年轻的党员干部，在与时俱进的时代发展中不断强化理论学习，不断深入加强理论修养，同时重视主观能动性的培养，理想信念在理论学习过程中更加坚定，初心使命在社会实践过程中更加牢固，在日常点滴积累过程中实现自我修炼提升，在知与行辩证统一过程中挺膺担当作为，理论修养不断提升。随着时代的发展，理论学习越来越成为党员干部成长进步的必备素养和内在要求，理论学习的强度也相应不断增大。通过系统的理论学习，新时代广大党员对党的创新理论的理解进一步加深，对改革开放伟大事业的信心不断增强，对民族复兴的光明未来更加充满希望。

General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized on many occasions the importance of theoretical study for Party members and cadres, requiring that Party members and cadres must lay a solid theoretical foundation in Marxism. The political belief of Communists is Marxism. Carefully studying classic Marxist works is an important prerequisite for Party members and cadres to improve their theoretical level. Only by calming down, reading the original texts thoroughly and solidly, absorbing the essence of their ideological theories, and at the same time using Marxism as a scientific method in practical work, and earnestly studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, can they effectively guard against and prevent the invasion of various complex and erroneous ideological trends, and calmly and orderly respond to various complex and intricate situations. Therefore, for Communist Party members to truly study deeply, thoroughly understand, and apply Marxism in the New Era, they must first improve their own theoretical cultivation and lay a solid theoretical foundation.

习近平总书记在许多场合曾多次强调理论学习对党员干部的重要性，要求党员干部必须打牢马克思主义的理论功底。共产党人的政治信仰，就是马克思主义。认真研读马克思主义经典著作是党员干部提升理论水平的重要前提。只有静下心来、原原本本、扎扎实实地阅读原著，汲取其中思想理论精髓，同时在实际工作中用好马克思主义这一科学方法，认真学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，才能有效警惕和防范各类纷纭繁杂的错误思潮的入侵，才能在各种错综复杂的形势下从容有序地应对。因此，共产党员要想真正学深、悟透、运用好新时代的马克思主义，必须先提高自身理论修养、打牢自身理论功底。

In 2013, General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out at the celebration of the 80th anniversary of the founding of the Central Party School: “Our Party has always attached importance to the study of the whole Party, especially leading cadres; this is a successful experience in promoting the development of the Party’s and the people’s cause.” To develop the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, promote social development, and realize communism, Party members and cadres must possess a relatively high theoretical level. Only then can they obtain an unbreakable internal driving force and ideological support, and only then can they overcome all kinds of difficulties and dangers on the path forward. Scientific theory can guide the development of social practice, while theoretical armament must be gradually deepened and matured through the process of full study and practice. By promoting the normalization and institutionalization of “studying the Party Constitution, Party regulations, and General Secretary Xi Jinping’s series of important speeches and becoming a qualified Party member” (两学一作), and through study methods such as self-study, concentrated study and discussion, themed Party Day activities, and the “three meetings and one lesson” system (三会一课), political theory study is strengthened, closely integrated with actual work conditions, and the cultivation and forging of Party spirit is highlighted. It can be seen that grasping theoretical study has become a necessary path and an important foundation for our Party to overcome all difficulties in the New Era.

2013 年，习近平总书记在中央党校建校80周年庆祝大会上指出：“我们党历来重视抓全党特别是领导干部的学习，这是推动党和人民事业发展的一条成功经验。”发展中国特色社会主义事业，推动社会发展，实现共产主义，要求党员干部必须具备较高的理论水准，由此才能获得牢不可破的内在动力和思想支撑，才能攻克前进路上各种各样的急难险滩。科学的理论能够指导社会实践发展，而理论的武装则必须在充分地学习与实践的过程中才能逐步深化、走向成熟。通过推进“两学一做”学习教育常态化、制度化，通过自学、集中学习研讨、主题党日活动、“三会一课”等学习方式，加强政治理论学习，紧密结合实际工作情况，突出党性的培育与锻造。可见，抓好理论学习已成为新时代我们党战胜一切困难的必要途径和重要基础。

(2) Political Cultivation

（二）政治修养

Our Party has always attached great importance to the issue of Party political construction, requiring the vast majority of Party members and cadres to raise their political stance. In a series of processes of understanding, analyzing, and solving problems, they must always be clear-cut in speaking of politics. Through the long-term joint efforts of the whole Party, the atmosphere within the Party has continuously improved and turned for the better. Every Party member and cadre can personally feel the changes around them. The political life within the Party constantly shows a new atmosphere. In this environment, confidence in comprehensive and strict governance of the Party is stronger and more steadfast, and the political cultivation of the vast majority of Party members has achieved a significant enhancement.

我们党历来高度重视党的政治建设问题，要求广大党员干部必须提高自身的政治站位，在认识问题、分析问题、解决问题等一系列思考与实践过程中，要始终做到旗帜鲜明讲政治。在全党长期的共同努力之下，党内风气持续转好向好，每一名党员干部都能切身感受到身边的变化，党内政治生活不断展现出新的气象，在这种氛围下，对全面从严治党的信心更强、更坚定，广大党员的政治修养实现了明显的增强。

After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee paid more attention to the Party’s political construction, making up its mind and exerting great effort to do a good job and strengthen the Party’s political construction. “Being clear-cut in speaking of politics is the fundamental requirement for the Communist Party of China as a Marxist political party.” It requires Party members and cadres to establish political consciousness and firmly stand on the political ground, especially when facing major issues at critical junctures. Therefore, Party members and cadres must insist on speaking of politics at any time and any place. The vast majority of Party members and cadres must strengthen their political beliefs, reinforce political leadership, and improve political ability. Only by continuously improving the “three political abilities” (政治三力) [3]3 The "three public expenditures" (三公经费) refer to spending on official overseas visits, official vehicles, and official hospitality. can they continuously overcome various difficulties and obstacles on the path forward, truly achieving “bright eyes, foresight in seeing things, and swift action.”

党的十八大之后，党中央更加注重党的政治建设，下决心、大力度，抓好抓强党的政治建设。“旗帜鲜明讲政治是中国共产党作为马克思主义政党的根本要求。”要求党员干部必须树立政治意识，务必站稳政治立场，尤其是在面临重大问题的重要关头时更要做到如此。因此，党员干部在任何时间、任何地点都应坚持做到讲政治。广大党员干部要坚定政治信仰、强化政治领导、提高政治能力。只有不断提高“政治三力”，才能不断克服前行路上的各种艰难险阻，真正做到“眼睛明亮、见事超前、行动迅速”。

In October 2016, the “Certain Norms for Political Life Within the Party Under the New Situation” (关于新形势下党内政治生活的若干准则) was issued, further standardizing political life within the Party. The vast majority of Party members and cadres earnestly studied, compared, and self-examined, strictly observing Party political discipline and political rules. In October 2017, the 19th National Congress of the CPC made a series of arrangements and deployments for Party building, among which grasping political construction was the top priority. In October 2022, the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC further clarified that Party political construction should lead all work of Party building. By standardizing political life within the Party, shaping a good political ecology and political atmosphere, a favorable environment is provided for the vast majority of Party members and cadres to forge a higher level of Party spirit cultivation. The vast majority of Party members and cadres resolutely implement a series of important strategic deployments of the Party Central Committee, continuously strengthen political cultivation, and their political cultivation has been significantly enhanced.

2016年10月，《关于新形势下党内政治生活的若干准则》出台，进一步规范了党内政治生活，广大党员干部认真学习对照自查，严守党的政治纪律和政治规矩。2017年10月，党的十九大对党的建设又作出了一系列的安排部署，其中抓好政治建设是重中之重。2022年10月，党的二十大报告进一步明确了要以党的政治建设统领党的建设各项工作。通过规范党内政治生活，塑造良好的政治生态和政治风气，为广大党员干部锻造较高党性修养提供良好环境。广大党员干部坚决落实党中央的一系列重要战略部署，持续加强政治修养，政治修养显著增强。

(3) Moral Cultivation

（三）道德修养

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on moral cultivation have pointed the direction for improving the moral cultivation of Party members and cadres and advancing the great new project of Party building in the New Era. Guided by this, the moral cultivation of the vast majority of Party members and cadres has been sublimated in study and practice.

党的十八大以来，习近平总书记关于道德修养重要论述，为提高党员干部的道德涵养和推进新时代党的建设新的伟大工程指明了方向。以此为指引，广大党员干部的道德修养在学习与实践中得到了升华。

General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “Cultivating virtue requires both lofty aspirations and grounding in the ordinary.” Communist Party members must be strict in self-cultivation, share the same heart and virtue with the Party, and be loyal to the Party. “Loyalty” is an important yardstick for measuring the moral character of Party members and cadres. General Secretary Xi Jinping requires all Party comrades to always be loyal to the Party. He greatly admires Jiao Yulu [4]4 "Key minority" (关键少数) is a term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to leading cadres at and above a certain level, who are seen as the most influential and therefore the most critical targets for discipline and oversight. and calls on the vast majority of Party members to learn from Jiao Yulu, to learn from Jiao Yulu’s good qualities and good work style. He hopes that the vast majority of Party members and cadres can correctly handle the dialectical relationship between “public” and “private,” truly achieving all-round improvement in many aspects such as “political morality,” “personal private morality,” and “ideals and beliefs,” thereby continuously strengthening their own Party spirit.

习近平总书记强调：“修德，既要立意高远，又要立足平实。”共产党员要严以修身，与党同心同德，对党忠诚。“忠诚”是衡量党员干部品德的一把重要量尺，习近平总书记要求全体党员同志要始终做到对党忠诚。他十分崇尚焦裕禄，号召广大党员向焦裕禄学习，学习焦裕禄的好品质好作风，希望广大党员干部正确处理好“公”与“私”之间这对辩证关系，真正做到在“政治品德”“个人私德”“理想信念”等诸多方面实现全方位的提升，从而使自身党性得到持续增强。

(4) Discipline Cultivation

（四）纪律修养

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has made simultaneous efforts through education and institutions, directly targeting long-standing malpractices, rectifying the unhealthy and fostering the upright. General Secretary Xi Jinping has repeatedly emphasized and elaborated on the

党的十八大以来，党中央通过教育、制度齐发力，直击积弊、扶正祛邪。习近平总书记多次强调、阐述全面从严治党的方针，广大党员干部的纪律修养逐步转变，严格成为常态，开创了党的建设新局面，使党风政风呈现新气象。全面从严治党成为新常态，党员干部的纪律修养不断得到提高，这一明显转变，广大人民群众在日常生活工作中是看得见，也体会得到的。同样，在这一转变的影响之下，党员干部和人民群众之间的矛盾也得以有效化解，党员干部良好的纪律修养逐步形成，党员干部在老百姓心中的形象与以往相比也出现了较大改变。

The discipline cultivation of Party members consists of the behavioral rules that Party members must observe. "Our Party is a Marxist political party organized through revolutionary ideals and iron discipline; strict discipline is the Party's glorious tradition and unique advantage." The history of the Communist Party of China fully demonstrates that strict discipline is an important guarantee and basic prerequisite for ensuring the Party's continuous growth and the steady advancement of its cause. Therefore, it can be said that discipline cultivation is the basic quality and code of conduct that all Communist Party members should possess. As the whole Party deepens its understanding of the severity of the situation of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, Party cadres and members continuously focus on strengthening their own discipline cultivation, and in intra-Party life, they consciously and strictly comply with and follow intra-Party regulations, Party discipline, and democratic centralism. Democratic centralism is our Party's fundamental organizational system. Adhering to the principle of democratic centralism to correctly handle intra-Party affairs helps enhance intra-Party democracy and strengthen intra-Party unity. This further demonstrates that after the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the routine development of Party discipline building has enabled the discipline cultivation of Party members to become a regular practice.

党员的纪律修养，是党员必须遵守的行为规则。“我们党是靠革命理想和铁的纪律组织起来的马克思主义政党，纪律严明是党的光荣传统和独特优势。”中国共产党的历史充分显示，纪律严明，是确保党不断发展壮大、事业不断向前推进的重要保障和基本前提。因此，可以说纪律修养是广大共产党员所应具备的基本素养和行为守则。随着全党对全面从严治党严峻形势认识的深化，广大党员干部不断注重强化自身纪律修养，在党内生活中，做到自觉严格遵照遵从党内法规、党的纪律和民主集中制。民主集中制是我们党的根本组织制度，坚持以民主集中制原则来正确处理党内事务，有助于增进党内民主、加强党内团结，这也进一步说明，党的十八大之后，党的纪律建设常态开展，党员的纪律修养形成常态。

(5) Cultivation of Work Style

（五）作风修养

Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the Party Central Committee has attached great importance to the building of the Party's work style, continuously improving and transforming the work style, setting an example from the top down, and establishing a good model for the entire Party. Under the influence of the Party Central Committee taking the lead, the work style cultivation of the whole Party has achieved significant improvement.

党的十八大以来，党中央高度重视党的作风建设，不断改进作风、转变作风，自上而下，模范先行，为全党树立了良好典范，在党中央率先垂范的影响之下，全党的作风修养实现了明显好转。

General Secretary Xi Jinping profoundly pointed out: "The issue of work style is fundamentally an issue of Party spirit." An important part of the Party spirit cultivation of Party cadres and members is to form and continuously maintain an excellent work style. Since the founding of the Party, various unhealthy tendencies within the Party have repeatedly emerged, and the work style issue has faced enormous challenges. After the 18th National Congress of the CPC, under the background of comprehensive and strict governance of the Party, improving the work style of Party cadres and members has become an important topic in the New Era. First, the Party Central Committee took the "Eight-Point Regulations" as the symbolic entry point for improving work style building. After that, a large number of laws, regulations, and systems aimed at transforming work style were formulated, issued, and effectively implemented. Systems concerning the regulation of "three public expenditures" [3]3 The "three public expenditures" (三公经费) refer to spending on official overseas visits, official vehicles, and official hospitality., "government procurement," and "official vehicle reform" were all revised, playing a key role in the process of rectifying the work style. Second, since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, the centralized study and education campaigns within the Party have all highlighted the characteristic of "grasping the key points" in work style building, taking "preventing a rebound" as an important task, taking "routinization" as the direction of advancement, and taking the "key minority" [4]4 "Key minority" (关键少数) is a term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to leading cadres at and above a certain level, who are seen as the most influential and therefore the most critical targets for discipline and oversight. as the key target, achieving a high degree of integration between "regular education" and "centralized education." Third, the upper and lower levels work together to vigorously solve the prominent problems that the masses strongly reflect. Details determine success or failure. Focus on purifying the atmosphere around the masses, start from small things, grasp the subtle aspects, grasp implementation and execution, concentrate on rectifying corruption and unhealthy tendencies around the masses, eliminate "flies and ants of corruption" [5]5 "Flies and ants of corruption" (蝇贪蚁腐) is a metaphor for low-level corruption that directly affects the daily lives of ordinary people, as opposed to high-level "tigers" (tigers, 老虎). around the masses, focus on rectifying problems that damage the Party's image, such as "petty officials with massive corruption" and "grassroots rats," and effectively safeguard the vital interests of the people.

习近平总书记深刻指出：“作风问题根本上是党性问题。”党员干部党性修养的一项重要内容就是要形成并持续保持优良作风。自党成立以来，党内各种不良风气反复地出现，作风问题面临巨大挑战。党的十八大之后，在全面从严治党的背景下，改进党员干部作风成为新时代的重要课题。首先，党中央以“八项规定”作为抓好作风建设的标志性切入点，在此之后，一大批旨在转变作风的法规制度纷纷制定出台并得以有效贯彻执行。关于规范“三公经费”“政府采购”“公车改革”等方面的制度，都进行了修订，在扭转作风的过程中起到了关键性的作用。其次，党的十八大以来党内集中学习教育都凸显了作风建设“抓重点”这一特点，以“防反弹”为重要任务，以“常态化”为推进方向，以“关键少数”为重点对象，使“经常性教育”与“集中性教育”高度结合。再次，上下齐心，大力解决群众反映强烈的突出问题。细节决定成败，着重净化群众身边风气，从小抓起，抓细微处，抓执行落实，集中整治群众身边的腐败问题和不正之风，清除群众身边的“蝇贪蚁腐”，重点整治“小官巨贪”“基层硕鼠”等损害党的形象的问题，切实保障人民群众的切身利益。

IV. Conclusion

四、结语

General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out: “Leading cadres must take the tempering of Party spirit and the enhancement of ideological awareness as a lifelong task, learning, cultivating, and improving until old age.” [6]6 Xi Jinping, speech at the concluding session of the thematic education seminar on studying and implementing Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, 2024. Party spirit cultivation is a “lifelong task” for Communist Party members. Only by grasping the laws of Party spirit cultivation, establishing a long-term mechanism, and achieving overall planning and coordinated advancement can the scientific level of Party spirit cultivation be raised. On the one hand, Party spirit cultivation is a systematic project and also a long-term project. It is necessary to implement the Party Central Committee’s requirements for Party members’ Party spirit cultivation of “firm convictions, political integrity, strong sense of responsibility, capable competence, and exemplary conduct,” [7]7 The “five areas of excellence” (五个过硬) refer to requirements for leading cadres: firm convictions, political integrity, strong sense of responsibility, capable competence, and exemplary conduct. continuously improve the institutions and measures for Party spirit cultivation, and comprehensively strengthen the systematic nature of institutional supply. Party spirit cultivation should be incorporated into the system for modernizing national governance capacity, while also focusing on stimulating the subjectivity of Party members, so that the enhancement of Party spirit is transformed from “organizational demands” into “value pursuits,” thereby laying a solid spiritual foundation for the Party’s long-term governance and providing a solid ideological guarantee and organizational support for the development of the Party and the state’s undertakings. At the same time, in line with the requirements of the “five areas of excellence,” the exemplary role of the “key minority” [8]8 “Key minority” (关键少数) refers to leading cadres at and above the county and department level, who are expected to set an example for others. should be brought into play, further improving the political literacy and ideological awareness of Party cadres through multiple levels such as theoretical study, organizational life, clean governance education, daily supervision, and feedback. On the other hand, Party spirit cultivation has no end; it must be pursued persistently and with sustained effort. Party cadres must continuously strengthen their Party spirit cultivation, constantly improve their own abilities and skills in accordance with the principles of Party spirit, and steadfastly adhere to loyalty to the Party and service to the people. By enhancing Party spirit through practical tempering, deepening the foundation of faith, and further resolving problems such as the “disconnect between knowledge and action” and “formalism” in Party spirit cultivation, a continuous improvement in Party spirit cultivation can be truly achieved.

习近平总书记指出：“领导干部要把锤炼党性、提高思想觉悟作为终身课题，活到老、学到老、修养到老。”党性修养是共产党员的“终身课题”，只有把握党性修养的规律，建立长效机制，做到统筹兼顾、协同推进，才能提高党性修养的科学化水平。一方面，党性修养是一项系统工程，也是一项长期工程。要落实党中央对共产党员的党性修养“信念过硬、政治过硬、责任过硬、能力过硬、作风过硬”的要求，不断完善党性修养的制度与措施，全面强化制度供给的系统性。将党性修养纳入国家治理能力现代化体系，同时注重激发党员的主体性，使党性提升从“组织要求”转化为“价值追求”，为党的长期执政筑牢精神根基，为党和国家事业发展提供坚实的思想保障和组织支撑。同时结合“五个过硬”的要求，发挥“关键少数”的示范作用，从理论学习、组织生活、廉政教育、日常监督与反馈等多个层面，进一步提升党员干部的政治素养和思想觉悟。另一方面，党性修养没有止境，必须持之以恒、久久为功。党员干部要不断加强党性修养，按照党性原则要求不断提高自身的本领与能力，坚持做到对党忠诚、为民服务。通过在实践的锤炼中增强党性，厚植信仰根基，进一步解决党性修养的“知行脱节”“形式主义”等问题，真正实现党性修养不断提升。

Author biographies: Zhu Yan, second-level professor and doctoral supervisor at the Department of CPC History Teaching and Research, Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC (National Academy of Governance); Zhou Zhudong, doctoral candidate in CPC history at the Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC (National Academy of Governance), lecturer at the Party School of the CPC Dongfang Municipal Committee; Huang Li, doctoral candidate in CPC history at the Party School of the Central Committee of the CPC (National Academy of Governance), deputy director and associate professor at the Hunan Cadre Education and Talent Development Research Center, Party School of the CPC Hunan Provincial Committee (Hunan Academy of Governance).

作者简介：祝彦，中共中央党校（国家行政学院）中共党史教研部二级教授、博士生导师；周著东中共中央党校（国家行政学院）中共党史专业博士研究生，中共东方市委党校讲师；黄力，中共中央党校（国家行政学院）中共党史专业博士研究生，中共湖南省委党校（湖南行政学院）湖南干部教育与人才发展研究中心副主任、副教授。