The Practice and Implications of Party Newspaper-Based Cadre Education in the Central Soviet Area

As early as the Central Soviet Area period, our Party creatively used Party newspapers as a core medium to carry out cadre education, accumulating valuable historical experience. The Central Soviet Area Party newspapers represented by *Red China*, *Struggle*, and *Red Flag Weekly* transcended the functional positioning of mere news propaganda to become the core communication medium for cadre education. From a communication studies perspective, the Party newspapers of this period constructed multi-dimensional communication topics around cadre education, innovated diverse presentation methods, and employed layered narrative strategies, forming a set of media-based education systems adapted to the Soviet Area’s struggle environment and the cognitive characteristics of worker-peasant Party members. Reviewing the cadre education practices of these Party newspapers during this period can restore the historical picture of early Marxist theory dissemination and also provide useful insights for using various media to carry out cadre education today.

早在中央苏区时期，我们党就创造性地运用党报这一核心媒介开展干部教育工作，积累了宝贵的历史经验。以《红色中华》《斗争》《红旗周报》为代表的中央苏区党报，超越了单纯新闻宣传的功能定位，成为开展干部教育的核心传播媒介。从传播学角度来看，这一时期的党报围绕干部教育构建多维传播话题、创新多元呈现方式、运用分层叙事策略，形成了一套适配苏区斗争环境与工农党员认知特征的媒介教育体系。梳理这一时期党报的干部教育实践，可以还原早期马克思主义理论传播的历史图景，也为当下运用各类媒介开展干部教育提供有益的启示。

Multi-Dimensional Topics Construct the Communication Framework for Cadre Education

多维话题构建干部教育传播框架

Through a review of the main Central Soviet Area Party newspapers such as *Red China*, *Struggle*, and *Red Flag Weekly*, it is evident that the Central Soviet Area Party newspapers built four core communication topics around cadre education: the study of Marxism-Leninism, theoretical interpretation and construction, Party conduct and discipline education, and the selection and promotion of model exemplars. These four topics each have their own emphasis and complement each other, constituting a complete content system for cadre education and representing the concentrated implementation of the Party newspaper’s media function in the field of Party building.

通过对《红色中华》《斗争》《红旗周报》等中央苏区主要党报的梳理可见，中央苏区的党报围绕干部教育搭建起马克思列宁主义学习、理论阐释建构、党风党纪教育、模范典型选树四大核心传播话题，四大话题各有侧重、互为补充，构成了干部教育的完整内容体系，也是党报媒介功能在党建领域的集中落地。

The Party newspapers, combined with the mass newspaper-reading movement, opened up channels for the implementation of theoretical dissemination, forming a linkage model of “newspaper dissemination + newspaper-reading propaganda and education.” On the one hand, in accordance with the requirements of intra-Party propaganda work, the Party newspapers published biographical accounts and theoretical articles of classic writers such as Marx, Engels, and Lenin, excerpted content from Marxist-Leninist classics, and carried out systematic theoretical dissemination under the guidance of Lenin’s “theory of inculcation.” On the other hand, the Party newspapers symbolically presented the daily activities of theoretical education institutions and various revolutionary commemorative events, transforming theoretical study into a collective practice with ritualistic significance, using communication rituals to strengthen Party members’ theoretical identification and political sense of belonging. Through standardized text production and large-scale reproduction and dissemination, the Party newspapers solved the problems of book scarcity and uneven distribution of theoretical resources in the Soviet Area, achieving full coverage of Marxist theory among the vast number of cadres.

党报结合群众性读报运动，打通理论传播的落地渠道，形成“报刊传播+读报宣教”的联动模式。一方面，党报遵照党内宣传工作要求，刊载马克思、恩格斯、列宁等经典作家的生平事迹与理论文章，节选马列经典著作内容，依据列宁“灌输论”的指导开展系统化理论传播；另一方面，党报对理论教育机构的日常活动，以及各类革命纪念活动进行符号化呈现，将理论学习转化为具有仪式感的集体实践，以传播仪式强化党员的理论认同与政治归属感。党报通过标准化的文本生产与规模化的复制传播，解决了苏区书籍匮乏、理论资源分布不均的问题，实现了马克思主义理论在广大干部中的全覆盖。

The mere dissemination of original works could not meet the practical needs of the Chinese revolution. The Party newspapers relied on authoritative voices to advance the localized interpretation of Marxism-Leninism. Drawing on Engels’ relevant discussions on authority, the Party newspapers took the thoughts of leaders and the views of intra-Party theorists as core communication content. By publishing leaders’ speeches, quotations, and intra-Party documents, they completed theoretical construction at the level of revolutionary strategy. They published special articles by intra-Party theorists, combining them with practical work such as armed uprisings, Party branch building, and base area governance, to complete theoretical refinement at the practical level. The dual track of leader interpretation and expert explanation gradually adapted Marxist-Leninist classical theory to the revolutionary scene of the Soviet Area, promoting the early exploration of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context.

单纯的原著传播无法适配中国革命的现实需求，党报依托权威声音推进马克思列宁主义本土化阐释。结合恩格斯关于权威的相关论述，党报将领袖思想、党内理论家观点作为核心传播内容；通过刊载领袖讲话、语录与党内文件，完成革命战略层面的理论建构；发表党内理论家的专题文章，结合武装起义、支部建设、根据地治理等现实工作，完成实践层面的理论细化。领袖阐释与专家解读双轨并行，让马克思列宁主义经典理论逐步适配苏区的革命场景，推动马克思主义中国化的早期探索。

The Party newspapers played a role in public opinion supervision, using Party conduct and discipline education to promote organizational discipline. *Red China* opened columns such as “Iron Hammer,” “Warning Bell,” and “Iron Broom” to explain discipline through cases. *Struggle* even set up a special “Self-Criticism” page, using a problem-oriented approach to expose formalism, bureaucratism, and undesirable work styles such as perfunctory attitudes and inflated targets. The Party newspapers directly confronted issues such as idle work, buck-passing, and detachment from the masses in some Soviet Area units, analyzing the internal reasons why lax work styles could shake the foundation of political power. At the same time, they concentrated on publishing typical cases of corruption, embezzlement, disciplinary violations, and Party betrayal, along with punishment results, using case warnings to delineate disciplinary red lines and achieving mediated organizational discipline through public dissemination. Compared with internal circulars, the public dissemination of Party newspapers had a stronger deterrent effect through public opinion, transforming individual disciplinary violations into collective lessons for all cadres, achieving the large-scale and normalization of Party conduct and discipline education.

党报发挥舆论监督作用，以党风党纪教育促进组织规训。《红色中华》开设“铁锤”“警钟”“铁帚”等专栏，以案释纪；《斗争》更是设立“自我批评”专题版面，以问题导向曝光形式主义、官僚主义以及敷衍塞责、指标浮夸等不良作风。党报直面苏区部分单位工作空转、推诿扯皮、脱离群众等问题，剖析作风涣散动摇政权根基的内在原因；同时集中刊登贪污腐化、违纪叛党等典型案例与处分结果，以案例警示划定纪律红线，借助公开传播实现媒介化组织规训。与内部通报相比，党报的公开传播具有更强的舆论震慑力，将个体的违纪行为转化为全体干部的集体教训，实现了党风党纪教育的规模化与常态化。

The Party newspapers carried out cadre education through the selection and promotion of model exemplars, relying on exemplary narratives. The Party newspapers opened two major communication directions: first, through special articles commemorating fallen revolutionary martyrs, they completed the construction of collective memory of heroic spirit through commemorative reports, transmitting revolutionary ideals; second, through columns such as “Glorious Red Board” and “Red Plaque,” they publicized the work experience of outstanding Communist Party members, model Party branches in the Soviet Area, and underground Party branches in white areas, transforming advanced practices into work templates that could be demonstrated and promoted, fostering an atmosphere of striving for excellence within the Party. The four topics had clear divisions of labor, from theoretical arming and theoretical innovation to disciplinary constraints and exemplary motivation, constructing a comprehensive cadre education communication landscape.

党报通过模范典型选树，依托榜样叙事开展干部教育。党报开辟两大传播方向：一是通过专题文章追忆牺牲的革命先烈，通过纪念报道完成英雄精神的集体记忆建构，传承革命理想；二是借助“光荣的红板”“红匾”等栏目，宣传优秀共产党员、苏区模范党支部与白区地下党支部的工作经验，将先进做法转化为可示范推广的工作模板，在党内营造创先争优的氛围。四大议题分工明确，从理论武装、理论创新到纪律约束、榜样激励，构建起全方位的干部教育传播格局。

Establishing Communication Forms Adapted to the Audience

建立适配受众的传播形态

In light of the actual communication situation in the Soviet Area, where Party members were mainly workers and peasants with limited cognitive abilities, the Party newspapers continuously optimized the presentation of content, balancing academic rigor and popular accessibility, gradually forming four types of communication forms: “theoretical interpretation, unity of knowledge and action, positive and negative cases, and interactive sharing,” thereby solving the problem of localized dissemination of Marxist theory.

结合苏区党员以工农为主体、认知能力有限的传播实际，党报不断优化内容呈现方式，兼顾学理性与通俗性，逐步形成了“理论解读、知行合一、正反案例、互动分享”四类传播形态，破解马克思主义理论本土化传播难题。

The Party newspapers carried out original text interpretation with a dual orientation. Targeting the cognitive characteristics of worker-peasant Party members, they abandoned obscure academic expressions and used popular language to explain basic principles such as scientific socialism and the dictatorship of the proletariat, lowering the threshold for theoretical understanding. At the same time, they adhered to the principle of integrating theory with practice. Taking articles such as “Marx and Lenin on Armed Insurrection” as examples, the Party newspapers combined Marxist-Leninist insurrection theory with revolutionary historical facts such as the Guangzhou Uprising, transforming book theory into practical methods for armed struggle.

党报以双重面向开展原著解读。针对工农党员的认知特点，摒弃晦涩难懂的学术表达，用通俗话语阐释科学社会主义、无产阶级专政等基本原理，降低理论理解门槛。同时坚持理论联系实际，以《马克思列宁论武装暴动》等文章为例，党报将马列暴动理论与广州起义等革命史实相结合，把书本理论转化为武装斗争的实操方法。

The Party newspapers actively explored communication paradigms that combined Marxist theory with revolutionary practice. *Struggle* published the article “Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of Marx’s Death,” which dialectically criticized intra-Party dogmatism and empiricism, clarifying the basic principle that theory and practice cannot be separated.

党报积极探索马克思主义理论与革命实践相结合的传播范式。《斗争》刊发文章《马克思逝世五十周年纪念》辩证批判党内教条主义与经验主义，明确理论与实践不可割裂的基本原则。

The Party newspapers were adept at using positive and negative typical cases for education. By publicly reporting cases of corruption among public officials, disciplinary violations by Red Army soldiers, and inaction by grassroots cadres, they fully disclosed case details and trial results, pointed out their consequences and impacts, forming a comprehensive deterrent and achieving the effect of “investigating one case, educating a whole area.” At the same time, they publicized advanced deeds such as Party members and cadres voluntarily supporting the front, exchanging experiences in mobilization work and grassroots Party building. The two types of cases, one punishing and one promoting, respectively played the roles of bottom-line constraint and value guidance.

党报善于运用正反典型案例开展教育。通过公开报道公职人员贪腐、红军士兵违纪、基层干部不作为等案例，完整披露案情、审判结果，指出其后果影响，形成全域震慑，达到“查处一案、教育一片”的效果。同时宣传党员干部主动支前等先进事迹，交流动员工作、基层党建的经验。两类案例一惩一扬，分别发挥底线约束与价值引领作用。

The Party newspapers actively built communication channels for Party members to share their insights. Newspapers such as *Struggle* repeatedly issued calls for contributions, soliciting work experiences and difficult demands from Party branches at all levels and ordinary Party members, breaking the traditional model of one-way indoctrination by the Party newspapers. Party members submitted articles reflecting on work mistakes and analyzing the root causes of problems, using problems to drive cadres’ work reflection. Mao Zedong and others’ investigation summaries and experience commentaries often appeared in the newspapers. Extensive exchanges formed a communication loop of “practice—summary—re-practice.” The interactive form transformed the Party newspapers from a mere educational vehicle into a public opinion space where Party members could exchange ideas and share experiences.

党报主动搭建党员感悟分享的交流渠道。《斗争》等报纸多次发布征稿启事，面向各级支部与普通党员征集工作心得、困难诉求，打破党报单向灌输的传统模式。党员以文章投稿反思工作失误、剖析问题根源，以问题驱动党员干部工作反思；毛泽东等人的调研总结、经验评述时常见诸报端，广泛的交流，形成了“实践—总结—再实践”的传播闭环。互动形态让党报从单纯的教育载体，转变为党员交流思想、分享经验的公共舆论空间。

Layered Narrative Strategies Aid the Construction of Cadre Education Discourse

分层叙事策略助力干部教育话语建构

The Central Soviet Area Party newspapers employed layered narrative strategies, establishing multiple narrative methods such as theoretical dissemination narratives, authoritative discourse narratives, discipline-and-motivation narratives, and practice-oriented narratives, shaping communication discourse to serve the ideological unification and team building of Party cadres, further strengthening the communication effect of cadre education.

中央苏区党报运用分层叙事策略，建立了理论传播叙事、权威话语叙事、规训激励叙事、实践导向叙事等多种叙事方式，塑造传播话语，服务于党员干部的思想统一与队伍建设，进一步强化干部教育的传播效果。

The Party newspapers adopted a series of strategies. On the one hand, through popularized narratives, they transformed Marxist-Leninist classical theory into concrete symbols for repeated emphasis, using Party members’ personal experiences to narrate learning insights, making abstract theory concrete and rooted in the minds of Party cadres. On the other hand, through contextualized narratives, they closely followed central tasks such as counter-encirclement and suppression campaigns, expanding the Red Army, land investigation, and supporting the front, embedding Marxist theory into specific revolutionary scenes, interpreting theory around practical struggles and clarifying action directions, constructing a cognitive logic of “learn theory, promote practice.” The two types of narratives complemented each other, achieving the implementation of cadre theoretical education from text to practice.

党报采取了一系列策略。一方面，以通俗化叙事将马列经典理论转化为具象符号以反复强调，用党员亲身经历讲述学习体会，让抽象理论具象化并扎根党员干部心中；另一方面，以情境化叙事，紧扣反“围剿”、扩红、查田、支前等中心任务，将马克思主义理论嵌入具体革命场景，围绕现实斗争解读理论、明确行动方向，构建“学理论、促实践”的认知逻辑。两类叙事相互配合，实现干部理论教育从文本到实践的落地。

The Party newspapers concentrated on publishing leaders’ quotations and speeches, relying on leaders’ prestige to strengthen cadres’ and the masses’ identification with the Party’s line and policies, and aligning with the psychological expectations of Party members at the time, consolidating political centripetal force within the Party. Intra-Party theorists, based on the reality of China’s rural revolutionary base areas, abandoned purely foreign discourse, used localized vocabulary and perspectives to interpret theories and policies, and refined methods suitable for Soviet Area political power construction and branch work.

党报集中刊载领袖语录、讲话，依托领袖威望强化干部群众对党的路线、方针的认同，并契合当时党员的心理期待，凝聚党内政治向心力。党内理论家则立足中国农村革命根据地的现实，摒弃纯外来话语，运用本土化词汇与视角解读理论和方针，提炼适配苏区政权建设、支部工作的方法。

Party newspapers carried out cadre education through disciplinary and motivational narratives. The negative-warning narrative, mainly by exposing violations of discipline and law and publishing the results of punishments, used disciplinary deterrence and the principle of "learning from past mistakes to avoid future ones" to clarify the behavioral boundaries of Party members. The positive-model narrative delved into the spiritual connotations of advanced collectives and individuals, refined actionable models for study and emulation, and set benchmarks for grassroots work. This combination of negative and positive narratives formed an educational narrative that integrated constraint and guidance, helping to cultivate a healthy atmosphere within the Party.

党报通过规训与激励叙事开展干部教育。负面警示叙事通过曝光违纪违法行为、公布处分结果为主，以纪律威慑和惩前毖后，明确党员行为边界；正面榜样叙事深挖先进集体与个人的精神内涵，提炼可学习借鉴的行动模式，树立基层工作标杆。一负一正的叙事组合，形成约束与引领并存的教育叙事，助力塑造党内良好风气。

Party newspapers promoted work through practical narratives. On the one hand, there was the problem-driven reflective narrative, which relied on the "self-criticism" column to directly confront work shortcomings, analyze ideological roots and practical difficulties, and demonstrate the Party's courage for self-revolution. On the other hand, there was the multi-subject participatory narrative, which, by publishing Party members' reflective essays and incorporating grassroots voices, transformed Party cadres from passive recipients of communication into participants in narrative dissemination, strengthening their political sense of belonging and subjective initiative, and pushing Party cadres from passively accepting intra-Party education to actively devoting themselves to the revolutionary cause.

党报以实践叙事推动工作开展。一方面是问题驱动的反思叙事，依托“自我批评”专栏，直面工作短板、剖析思想根源和实践困境，展现党的自我革命的勇气。另一方面是多主体参与叙事，通过刊载党员感悟文章，吸纳基层声音，让党员干部从传播受众转变为叙事传播参与者，强化他们的政治归属感与主观能动性，推动党员干部从被动接受党内教育转向主动投身革命事业。

As an important medium for the Party to carry out cadre education during the revolutionary period, the Central Soviet Area Party newspapers were an early exploration of the deep integration of the Marxist view of journalism with Party building. Rooted in the readership, adhering to the fine tradition of making theory popular and practical, continuously optimizing topic construction, presentation methods, and narrative strategies, while also perpetuating the communication approach of combining problem orientation with model leadership, the Central Soviet Area Party newspapers still hold significant reference value for the current education of Party cadres through Party newspapers, and can provide lessons for the Party's news and舆论 work and cadre team building in the New Era.

中央苏区党报作为革命时期党开展干部教育的重要媒介，是马克思主义新闻观与党建工作深度融合的早期探索。中央苏区党报立足受众、坚持理论通俗化与实践化的优良传统，不断优化话题构建、呈现方式与叙事策略，同时延续问题导向与榜样引领相结合的传播思路，对当前党报的党员干部教育依然具有重要的参考价值，能够为新时代党的新闻舆论工作和干部队伍建设提供借鉴。

(The authors are, respectively, a researcher at the Institute of Marxist Studies, Jiangxi Normal University, and a professor at the School of Marxism, Jiangxi Normal University.)

（作者系江西师范大学马克思主义研究院研究员；江西师范大学马克思主义学院教授）