Research on World Left-Wing Trends and Movements amid the Changes Unseen in a Century

—A Survey of Overseas Left-Wing Thought Research in 2019

——2019年国外左翼思想研究概览

The world today is in the midst of changes unseen in a century, and the fundamental contradictions of capitalism are taking on new forms. In response to the many challenges and urgent tasks facing the world, overseas left-wing scholars in 2019 sought to answer a number of hot-button issues, thereby demonstrating the contemporary value and vitality of Marxism.

当今世界处于百年未有之大变局中，资本主义基本矛盾呈现新的变化。针对当前世界面临的诸多挑战和紧迫任务，2019年国外左翼学者希望能够回答一些热点问题，以展现马克思主义的当代价值和生命力。

I. Latest Developments in Overseas Left-Wing Thought Research

一、国外左翼思想研究最新发展动态

In 2019, overseas left-wing scholars published a large number of articles studying Marx himself and the contemporary value of his thought, conducting in-depth critiques of contemporary capitalism, neoliberalism, imperialism, and other issues. The year 2019 also coincided with the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, and overseas leftists increasingly turned their attention to the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, engaging in extensive discussion of its value, significance, and especially its positive impact on world socialism. At the same time, domestic Chinese academic circles assessed the current state of overseas Marxism in the 21st century, and translated and discussed the latest research findings of overseas left-wing scholars on digital capitalism, financial capitalism, the capitalist crisis, and other topics.

2019年，国外左翼学者发表了大量研究马克思本人及其思想当代价值的文章，对当代资本主义、新自由主义以及帝国主义等问题进行了深入批判。2019年也恰逢中华人民共和国成立70周年，国外左翼也越来越关注中国特色社会主义道路，对中国特色社会主义的价值、意义特别是对世界社会主义的积极影响进行了广泛探讨。与此同时，国内学界对21世纪国外马克思主义的发展现状进行了评析，对国外左翼学者关于数字资本主义、金融资本主义、资本主义危机等最新研究成果进行了译介和讨论。

In June 2019, the Left Forum was held in Brooklyn, New York, under the theme “What Else Does the Left Need to Do?” The Socialism Conference became an important gathering place for the contemporary American left. In July, the Socialism Conference was held in Chicago, focusing on themes such as the predicament and crisis of capitalism, how to use Marxism to respond to real-world problems, and the struggles and strategies for seeking alternatives to capitalism. The “Marxism Festival” was held in London, hosted by the Socialist Workers Party of Britain, under the theme “A Festival of Socialist Ideas.” In October, the organization “Socialist Appeal” held the “2019 Revolution Festival” in London, commemorating Britain’s revolutionary history—from the 19th-century Chartist movement to the 1926 General Strike, and on to the ongoing political struggles—while discussing current affairs, history, philosophy, economics, and other issues. In November, the 10th World Socialism Forum, hosted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, was held in Beijing, where Chinese and foreign scholars engaged in lively discussion around the forum’s theme, “Seventy Years of New China and World Socialism.” On November 5, the 6th National Forum on Overseas Marxist Studies was held at the China University of Mining and Technology, where participating experts engaged in broad exchanges on the theme “Seventy Years of Overseas Marxist Studies.”

2019年6月，纽约左翼论坛在布鲁克林召开，会议主题是“左翼还需要做什么”。社会主义大会成为美国当下左派的重要集会场所。7月，美国社会主义大会在芝加哥召开，会议主要围绕资本主义的困境与危机、如何运用马克思主义回应现实问题、寻求资本主义替代方案的斗争与策略等主题展开;“马克思主义节”在伦敦举行，主办方是英国社会主义工人党，主题是“社会主义理念的节日”。10月，“呼吁社会主义”组织在伦敦举办“2019革命节”，纪念英国的革命历史———从19世纪的宪章运动到1926年的总罢工，再到目前正在进行的政治斗争，并就时事、历史、哲学和经济学等问题进行讨论。11月，由中国社科院主办的第十届世界社会主义论坛在北京举行，与会中外学者聚焦论坛主题“新中国七十年与世界社会主义”展开热烈研讨。11月5日，第六届全国国外马克思主义研究论坛在中国矿业大学召开，与会专家围绕“国外马克思主义研究70年”这一主题进行了广泛交流。

II. Research on Important Theories and Hot-Button Issues in Overseas Left-Wing Thought

二、国外左翼思想重要理论与热点问题研究

1. Research and Discussion on the Question of Imperialism

1. 关于帝国主义问题的研究和探讨

The question of imperialism has been a hot topic in Western left-wing theoretical circles since the 21st century. In recent years, scholars such as David Harvey and John Smith have debated the contemporary applicability and development of Lenin’s theory of imperialism. Smith argues that finance capital is highly correlated with industrial capital and state power, and that finance capital can transform class contradictions into territorial contradictions. With declining profits and intensifying international competition, the present era is more fraught with the danger of war than in recent decades. American scholars Intan Suwandi, R. Jamil Jonna, and John Bellamy Foster have analyzed the new imperialism from the perspective of global commodity chains. They argue that 21st-century capitalist production is no longer a simple aggregation of national economies; all countries are deeply embedded in global commodity chains. Monopoly finance capital has established a new international division of labor under imperialism. To analyze the essence of contemporary imperialism, one must leave the sphere of exchange, where free trade predominates, and enter the sphere of production, where the rate of exploitation is extremely high. Globalized exploitation is primarily hidden within the labor-value commodity chain and the global labor arbitrage mechanism behind it.[1]1 Intan Suwandi, R. Jamil Jonna, and John Bellamy Foster, “Global Commodity Chains and the New Imperialism,” *Monthly Review*, vol. 70, no. 10 (March 2019). Foster points out that the world today is in the era of late imperialism, a period of monopoly finance capital globalization and economic stagnation, the decline of U.S. hegemony, and intensifying world conflicts, heralding either planetary catastrophe or a new revolutionary beginning. Broader human struggle must be built on the foundation of sustained revolutionary resistance by the peoples of the Global South.[2]2 John Bellamy Foster, “The Long Ecological Revolution,” *Monthly Review*, vol. 69, no. 6 (November 2017). Xie Fusheng and others have introduced the latest debates among overseas scholars on the question of imperialism, arguing that the essence of imperialism has not changed, but its forms of expression have changed, exhibiting stage-specific characteristics.[3]3 Xie Fusheng, et al., “New Debates on Imperialism Theory in Western Left-Wing Academia,” *Journal of World Economics and Politics*, 2019, no. 5.

帝国主义问题一直是21世纪以来西方左翼理论界的研究热点。近年来，大卫·哈维、约翰·史密斯等学者围绕列宁帝国主义理论的当代适用性及发展展开了争论。史密斯认为，金融资本与产业资本以及国家政权高度相关，金融资本能够将阶级矛盾转移为地域矛盾。随着利润下滑、国际竞争加剧，当今时代比过去几十年都更具有战争爆发的危险。美国学者因坦·苏万迪、R.J.约恩纳、福斯特从全球商品链的角度，对新帝国主义作了分析。他们认为，21世纪的资本主义生产已不再是国家经济的简单集合，各国都深深地内嵌于全球商品链之中。垄断金融资本建立了一种新的帝国主义国际分工，要剖析当代帝国主义本质，就必须离开自由贸易占主导地位的交换领域，进入存在极高剥削率的生产领域。全球化剥削主要隐藏于劳动价值商品链及其背后的全球劳动套利机制中。1福斯特指出，当今世界处于帝国主义晚期，也是垄断金融资本全球化和经济停滞、美国霸权衰落和世界冲突加剧的时期，预示着地球灾难或新的革命开端。更广泛的人类斗争必须建立在南半球人民的持续革命抵抗的基础上。2谢富胜等人介绍了国外学者关于帝国主义问题的最新争论，认为帝国主义的本质并未改变，但其表现形式发生了变化，呈现出阶段性特征。3

2. In-depth Analysis and Critique of Neoliberalism

2. 关于新自由主义的深入分析和批判

The analysis and critique of neoliberalism has been a constant concern of overseas left-wing scholars. Foster points out that neoliberalism is a comprehensive project by the ruling class to advance political-ideological construction. It is linked to the rise of monopoly finance capital, and its main strategic goal is to embed the state within capitalist market relations, creating an absolute capitalist system, thereby plunging contemporary human existence and ecology into even more dangerous circumstances.[4]4 John Bellamy Foster, “Neoliberalism and the Crisis of Public Education,” *Monthly Review*, vol. 71, no. 6 (November 2019). Indian scholar Prabhat Patnaik and others argue that neoliberal capitalism has reached a dead end, with global overproduction and asset price bubbles being the main reasons for this impasse. The failure of neoliberalism is also prominently manifested in the severe blow to the world economy from the U.S. internet and real estate bubbles, the basic end of the era in which the Third World drove economic growth through increased exports, the imbalance in international payments sweeping across the entire Third World, and the resurgence of fascism on a global scale.[5]5 Prabhat Patnaik, “The Neoliberal Dead End,” *Social Scientist*, vol. 47, no. 7-8 (July-August 2019). Sitaram Yechury, General Secretary of the Communist Party of India, points out that neoliberalism is the root of the contemporary capitalist crisis; the capitalist crisis has caused a rightward political shift in capitalism, intensifying imperialist military and political aggression and internal contradictions among imperialist powers; and resistance to the rise of right-wing political forces has increased in many regions of the world.[6]6 Sitaram Yechury, “The Crisis of Capitalism and the Rise of the Right,” *World Marxist Review*, 2019, no. 3.

对新自由主义的分析和批判是国外左翼学者始终关注的议题。福斯特指出，新自由主义是统治阶级推行政治意识形态建设的综合工程，它与垄断金融资本的崛起相关，其主要战略目标是将国家嵌入资本主义市场关系之中，打造绝对资本主义体系，从而使当代人类生存和生态陷入更危险境地。4印度学者罗特萨·帕特内克等人认为，新自由主义资本主义已经走入死胡同，其中全球生产过剩和资产价格泡沫是导致其走入死胡同的主要原因。新自由主义的失败还突出表现在世界经济因美国互联网和房地产泡沫遭到重创、第三世界通过增加出口拉动经济增长的时代基本终结、国际收支失衡席卷整个第三世界、法西斯主义在全球范围内再次兴起等方面。5印共总书记西塔拉姆·亚秋里指出，新自由主义是当代资本主义危机的根源，资本主义危机造成资本主义政治右倾化，帝国主义的军事和政治侵略及帝国主义之间内部矛盾加剧;全球许多地区对右翼政治势力崛起的抵制增加。6

3. Discussion of Contemporary Capitalism and Its New Changes

3. 对当代资本主义及其新变化的探讨

Foster has offered a profound exposition of the current capitalist crisis and its prospects for development. He points out that in less than twenty years since the beginning of the 21st century, capitalism as a social system has already failed, with fascism, racism, imperialism, and war rearing their heads once again. The way to resolve the immediate crisis is both social and ecological.[7]7 John Bellamy Foster, “The Crisis of Capitalism and the Prospects for Socialism,” *Monthly Review*, vol. 71, no. 1 (May 2019). In response to the 2019 global climate movement, Susanne Jeffrey argues that global imperialism has made no progress in reducing the use of fossil fuels due to the interests of states and capital; only by mobilizing the power of the working class can progress be made on these issues.[8]8 Susanne Jeffrey, “Climate, Capitalism, and the Working Class,” *New Left Review*, no. 118 (July-August 2019). Digital capitalism has been a hot topic in recent years. German scholars Philipp Staab and Oliver Nachtwey, from the perspective of control over markets and labor, propose that digitalization has become a meta-trend in the analysis of contemporary capitalism. Some post-capitalist theorists argue that information technology makes the abolition of work possible, freeing labor from the shackles of rationalization and control. Through an analysis of the case of Amazon, they argue that the current rationalization of the labor process is key to corporate competitive strategy, and that the expansion of digital control and the organizational structures adopted by digital economy enterprises are evidence of the expansion, not the reduction, of capitalist labor.[9]9 Philipp Staab and Oliver Nachtwey, “Market and Labour Control in Digital Capitalism,” *TripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique*, vol. 17, no. 2 (2019). Lan Jiang has reviewed the digital capitalism thought of overseas scholars. He argues that digital alienated labor is becoming a new form of abstract domination. To break this digital alienated labor, humanity must achieve data sharing and re-examine the hope for communism proposed by Marx from the perspective of data.[10]10 Lan Jiang, “Digital Capitalism and the Critique of Alienated Labor,” *Foreign Theoretical Trends*, 2019, no. 8.

福斯特对当前资本主义危机及其发展前景进行了深刻论述。他指出，进入21世纪还不到20年，资本主义作为一种社会制度已经失败，法西斯主义、种族主义、帝国主义和战争重新抬头。解决眼前危机的方法既是社会的，也是生态的。7苏珊娜·杰弗瑞针对2019年全球气候运动指出，全球帝国主义由于国家和资本利益在减少，化石燃料使用方面未取得任何进展，只有动员工人阶级的力量才能推动上述问题的解决。8数字资本主义是近年来的热门话题。德国学者菲利普·斯塔布、奥利弗·纳赫特韦从对市场和劳动的控制角度，提出数字化已经成为分析当代资本主义的一种元趋势。一些后资本主义理论家们认为，信息技术使工作的废除成为可能，劳动力摆脱了合理化与控制的枷锁。通过分析亚马逊公司案例，他们认为目前劳动过程合理化是企业竞争战略的关键，数字控制的扩大和数字经济企业所采用的组织结构是资本主义劳动扩大而非其减少的证据。9蓝江对国外学者的数字资本主义思想进行了述评。他认为，数字异化劳动正在成为新的抽象统治。为了打破这种数字异化劳动，人类必须实现数据共享，重新从数据的视角来审视马克思提出的共产主义的希望。10

4. Research on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Its World Significance

4. 对中国特色社会主义及其世界意义的研究

Egon Krenz, former General Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany and Chairman of the Council of State of the German Democratic Republic, gave a high appraisal of the positive significance of socialism with Chinese characteristics for world socialism and for the peace and development of human society. He pointed out that the experience of China’s development shows that anyone who truly wants to take the socialist road cannot bypass China’s experience. The role of pioneer of human progress was taken up in the eighteenth century by the French Revolution of 1789, in the twentieth century by Russia’s October Revolution, and in the twenty-first century it will be assumed by China.[11]11 The French Revolution of 1789 and the Russian October Revolution of 1917 are cited here as epochal events that, in the Marxist tradition, marked the bourgeois and proletarian revolutions respectively, each advancing human progress in its era. Russian scholar H. A. Sluka and others believe that China’s success in finding a path suited to its own development and combining internal and external factors of economic growth is the key to China’s rapid economic prosperity.[12]12 Egon Krenz (born 1937) was the last leader of the German Democratic Republic before its dissolution in 1990. Toma Ivan, former First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Youth League, holds that the many achievements in the economic, social and political life reflected in China’s universal prosperity will become a very attractive and inspiring model for some regions of the world. In areas outside China, China’s reality and development prospects have reference value for them in terms of norms of action.[13]13 Toma Ivan (born 1948) was a Romanian communist youth leader; the Romanian Communist Youth League was the youth wing of the Romanian Communist Party before the 1989 revolution.

原德国统一社会党总书记、民主德国国务委员会主席埃贡·克伦茨对中国特色社会主义对于世界社会主义以及人类社会和平与发展的积极意义给予了高度评价。他指出，中国发展经验表明，凡是真正想走社会主义道路的人，都无法绕开中国经验。承担人类进步先驱者角色的，18世纪是法国1789年的大革命，20世纪是俄国的十月革命，21世纪将由中国担当。11俄罗斯学者H.A.斯卢卡等人认为，中国成功找到适合自己发展的道路并把经济增长的内外因素相结合是中国经济快速繁荣的关键。12前罗马尼亚共青团中央第一书记托马·伊万认为，中国普遍繁荣反映出的经济、社会和政治生活等领域的众多成就，会成为对世界一些地区非常有吸引力和鼓舞人心的榜样。在中国以外的一些地区，中国的现实和发展前景对它们来说具有行动准则方面的借鉴意义。13

5. Evaluation and Reflection on Foreign Left-Wing Thought

5. 对国外左翼思想的评析与思考

Some scholars introduced new advances in the basic theory of the foreign Marxist political economy circle in 2018, covering core topics of political economy, including value theory, surplus value theory, exploitation, the rate of profit, and the macroeconomic dynamics accompanying capital accumulation.[14]14 The “new communist trend of thought” (新共产主义思潮) refers to a post-2008 revival of communist theorizing among Western radical left intellectuals, distinct from both traditional communist parties and social democracy. Some scholars explored the issue of the critique of modernity in contemporary Western left-wing thought, arguing that the shift in focus from the critique of capitalism as an alternative to the critique of modernity contains a major dilemma: these currents appear theoretically more radical than before, but have in fact retreated politically.[15]15 The Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) is the largest socialist organization in the United States, founded in 1982. Other scholars introduced the renewed discussion of communism by “Western radical left-wing theorists” in the context of the practice of the New Era, analyzing the background, theoretical content, significance and historical limitations of the new communist trend of thought that emerged after the international financial crisis.[16]16 The German Left Party (Die Linke) was formed in 2007 from a merger of the Party of Democratic Socialism (successor to the East German ruling party) and a breakaway from the Social Democratic Party. Still other scholars evaluated the overall state of current foreign Marxist studies, arguing that foreign Marxism today, while seemingly flourishing, is in fact developing weakly and faces the risk of continued marginalization within the Western academic system. “Flourishing” refers to the quantity of works; “development” refers to the emergence of new theoretical paradigms, schools of thought, and academic viewpoints and their substantive impact.[17]17 The “Yellow Vests” movement (Mouvement des gilets jaunes) was a French populist protest movement that began in November 2018, initially against fuel tax increases, and expanded to broader demands for economic justice. Although these judgments are individual opinions, they also point to some problems and challenges in the development of foreign Marxism.

有学者介绍了2018年国外马克思主义政治经济学界在基本理论上的新进展，内容涉及政治经济学的核心议题，包括价值理论、剩余价值理论、剥削、利润率和伴随资本积累的宏观经济动态等。14有学者探讨了当代西方左翼思潮中的现代性批判问题，认为当代西方左翼思潮从资本主义替代到现代性批判之旨趣转换包含着一个重大困境，它们在理论表象上似乎愈发激进了，但在政治上实际退却了。15也有学者对“西方激进左翼理论家”在新时代实践下重新开启的关于共产主义的探讨进行了介绍，解析了国际金融危机后西方新共产主义思潮形成的原因背景、理论内涵和意义及其历史局限性。16还有学者对当前国外马克思主义研究的整体现状进行了评析，认为当前国外马克思主义看似繁荣，实则发展乏力，且在西方学院体系中存在持续边缘化的风险。繁荣是就作品数量而言，发展则是指新的理论范式、理论流派、学术观点的出现及其产生的实质性影响。17上述论断虽是个人判断，但也指出了国外马克思主义发展中存在的一些问题和面临的挑战。

III. Research on the Current State of Left-Wing Development Abroad

三、国外左翼发展现状研究

1. Left-Wing Studies in North America and Europe

1. 北美、欧洲地区左翼研究

Since the financial crisis, left-wing thought and movements in the United States have gradually become active. Some scholars believe that although the theoretical dominance and policy practice of neoliberalism in the United States have accumulated a great deal of discontent among the people in production, daily life and political participation, directly leading to a resurgence of left-wing movements in society, due to subjective and objective reasons, left-wing movements find it difficult to exert lasting influence. To break out of this predicament, the Democratic Socialists of America put forward the slogan “Back to the Working Class,” advocating deeper engagement with the working masses to consolidate their own foundation for development. The activities of the organization have brought new possibilities for the development of the American left-wing movement.[18]18 Alain Badiou (born 1937) is a prominent French Marxist philosopher and a key figure in the “new communism” current. Some scholars wrote articles analyzing the current state of the European left-wing camp, arguing that the European left-wing camp will undergo changes in the future: social democratic parties holding moderate positions will decline markedly, while left-wing parties holding extreme positions will become increasingly favored by voters; among the extreme left-wing parties, populist parties will rise significantly and may even replace social democratic parties as the main parties in the left-wing camp.[19]19 "Left retreats, right advances" (左退右进): A shorthand description of a political trend in which left-wing forces lose ground while right-wing forces gain influence, commonly used in Chinese analyses of Latin American politics. Other scholars pointed out the challenges facing European left-wing parties, arguing that in the face of the blow of the financial crisis, center-left parties pursuing equality did not see a window of opportunity but instead encountered the most serious setbacks and crises since their founding. In 2018, among the 28 EU member states, the number governed by center-left parties fell from 13 to just one. Today’s center-left parties in Europe are part of the ruling elite, and their goals and values are far removed from what they once were.[20]20 "21st-century socialism" (21世纪社会主义): A term associated with left-wing governments in Latin America, notably in Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador, referring to a socialist project distinct from 20th-century models, emphasizing participatory democracy and anti-imperialism.

金融危机以来，美国的左翼思潮和运动逐渐活跃。有学者认为，虽然美国新自由主义的理论主导与政策实践使民众在生产、生活和政治参与中积压了大量不满，直接导致社会中左翼运动再度活跃，但由于主客观原因，左翼运动难以持久地发挥影响力。为突破此种窘境，美国民主社会主义者联合会提出了“回到工人阶级”的口号，倡导深入劳工群体以巩固自身发展基础。联合会的活动为美国左翼运动发展带来了新的可能性。18有学者撰文分析了欧洲左翼阵营的发展现状，认为今后欧洲左翼阵营将发生变化:持温和立场的社会民主党将明显衰落，持极端立场的左翼政党将越来越受选民青睐;在极端左翼政党中，民粹主义政党将显著崛起，甚至有可能取代社会民主党，成为左翼阵营中的主要政党。19还有学者指出了欧洲左翼政党面临的挑战，认为面对金融危机的打击，以追求平等为诉求的中左翼政党并没有出现机会窗口，而是遭遇了创建以来最严重的挫折与危机。2018年，在28个欧盟成员国中，由中左翼政党执掌政权的从原来的13个降到只有1个。欧洲今日的中左翼政党是统治精英的一部分，其目标、价值观与过去相去甚远。20

Other scholars introduced the current state of development of the German Left Party, arguing that the German Left Party has escaped its earlier difficulties, achieved a transformation into a “pan-German party,” filled part of the “political vacuum” to the left of the Social Democratic Party in the German party system, and established a “dual leadership system,” but still faces multiple difficulties such as weak leadership, a lack of collective identity within the organization, and ideological ambiguity.[21]21 "Washington Consensus" (华盛顿共识): A set of neoliberal economic policy prescriptions (deregulation, privatization, fiscal austerity) promoted by Washington-based institutions in the 1990s for developing countries, especially in Latin America. In May 2019, the European Union held elections for the next European Parliament. The center-left and center-right parties maintained their status as the two major political groups in the parliament, but lost their absolute majority of seats. The Workers’ Party of Belgium has grown rapidly in recent years; in 2019, it entered the European Parliament for the first time, with one person elected as a member of the European Parliament. In 2018, the “Yellow Vests” movement broke out in France. In February 2019, the left-wing General Confederation of Labor and the “Yellow Vests” united for the first time, holding nationwide demonstrations to protest the French government’s reform plan for the pension system. The famous French scholar and leading figure of “new communism,” Alain Badiou, believes that the “Yellow Vests” movement is an unorganized movement of the large-scale middle class. Although they are not establishing a new order in a revolutionary way, they may in the future produce a more organized and more powerful force.

另有学者介绍了德国左翼党的发展现状，认为德国左翼党摆脱了当年困境，实现了向“全德党”的转型，填补了德国政党体制中社民党左翼的部分“政治真空”，建立了“双头领导体制”，但依然面临着领导层孱弱、组织缺乏集体认同、意识形态模糊等多种困境。212019年5月，欧盟举行了下一届欧洲议会的选举，中左和中右政党继续保持议会两大政治团体的地位，但失去了绝对优势席位。比利时工人党近年来增长较快，2019年，首次进入欧洲议会，1人当选欧洲议员。2018年，法国爆发了“黄马甲”运动。2019年2月，左翼的“法国总工会”与“黄马甲”首次联合，举行全国性游行示威，抗议法国政府关于退休制度的改革方案。法国著名学者、“新共产主义”领军人物阿兰·巴迪欧认为，“黄马甲”运动是大规模中产阶级的无组织运动，他们虽然并非以革命的方式建立新的秩序，但在未来可能产生一股更有组织、更强大的力量。

2. Left-Wing Studies in Russia, the Middle East, and Africa

2. 俄罗斯、中东、非洲地区左翼研究

Some scholars point out that contemporary Russian Marxist studies, taking the “21st-century socialist revival movement” as their ideological consensus, have developed theoretical explorations and practical propositions for the transition to socialism under the globalization of the logic of capital, forming a distinctive research orientation. This mainly includes: returning to the basic positions and methods of Marx’s historical materialism, deeply reflecting on the historical experience of Soviet socialist practice and the Russification of Marxism; analyzing the power struggles and transformation of contradictions between the contemporary capitalist world system and the left-wing socialist movement, and carrying out a critical analysis of the predicament of “peripheral capitalism” after Russia’s state transition; and actively exploring the reality of combining Marxism with the historical path of specific nation-states and transitioning to socialism.[22]22 "Neo-developmentalism" (新发展主义): A Latin American left-wing economic approach that seeks to combine state-led development, social welfare, and redistribution, in contrast to the neoliberal model, but often reliant on commodity exports. Other scholars propose that the rise in positive evaluations by the Russian public of Stalin and the Soviet Union under his leadership reflects a trend of revival of socialist belief and embodies the deep-seated demands of the progress and development of human society.[23] Some scholars introduced the issue of cooperation among left-wing parties in the Middle East. Driven by motives of criticizing the current international system, responding to the challenges of neoliberalism, and enhancing the theoretical legitimacy of their parties, left-wing parties in the Middle East actively engage in international exchange and cooperation. However, influenced by the international situation, the limitations of this international exchange and cooperation are equally obvious.[24] Left-wing parties are an important political force in Algeria. The Algerian government provides a certain space for left-wing parties to carry out political activities within the system and ensures that their institutionalized political participation does not impact the regime. However, constrained by factors such as history and ethnicity, left-wing parties lack popular support and are ineffective.[25]

有学者指出，当代俄罗斯马克思主义研究以“21世纪社会主义复兴运动”为思想共识，在资本逻辑全球化背景下展开向社会主义过渡的理论探索与实践主张，形成了独特研究路向，主要有回归马克思历史唯物主义的基本立场与方法，深入反思苏联社会主义实践与马克思主义俄国化的历史经验;分析当代资本主义世界体系与左翼社会主义运动之间的力量博弈与矛盾转化，展开对俄罗斯国家转轨后“边缘资本主义”困境的批判性分析;积极探索马克思主义与特定民族国家历史道路相结合、向社会主义过渡的现实性。22还有学者提出俄罗斯民众对斯大林及其领导的苏联肯定性评价的回升，呈现了社会主义信念的复兴趋势，体现了人类社会前进和发展的深层次要求。23有学者介绍了中东左翼政党的合作问题，出于对现行国际体系的批判、应对新自由主义的挑战以及提高政党理论合法性的动机，中东左翼政党积极开展国际交流与合作。但受国际形势影响，这种国际交流与合作的局限性同样明显。24左翼政党是阿尔及利亚的重要政治力量之一。阿尔及利亚政府为左翼政党在制度内开展政治活动提供了一定空间，并确保其制度化政治参与并不会对政权造成冲击。但受历史、民族等因素制约，左翼政党缺乏民众支持，效力不足。25

3. Left-Wing Studies in Latin America

3. 拉美地区左翼研究

In 2019, new changes emerged in the Latin American left. In Bolivia, the military, police and right-wing extremists staged a coup; the president resigned and flew to Mexico to seek asylum. Regarding the current state of left-wing development in Latin America, Yuan Dongzhen believes that the effect of "the left retreats, the right advances" continues to ferment, left-wing ruling parties face increasing difficulties, and the practical exploration of "21st-century socialism" has encountered new setbacks. Yet the influence of left-wing political forces in Latin America remains not to be underestimated; some left-wing governments still in power continue to adjust their economic and social policies, with their governing approaches tending toward moderation and pragmatism.[26] Some scholars argue that the neo-developmentalism and "21st-century socialism" of Latin American left-wing governments represent both a correction of the neoliberal model and the "Washington Consensus" and a useful exploration of a new development model. However, these left-wing governments' policies relied mainly on revenue from the commodity boom, making the basis for policy adjustment weak and unstable; they failed to establish a truly sustainable new development model that could replace neoliberalism.[27] In recent years, after holding power in multiple Latin American countries for over a decade, the left has gradually shown signs of decline.

2019年，拉美左翼出现了新的变化。在玻利维亚，军警和右翼极端分子发动政变，总统辞职，并飞往墨西哥寻求庇护。关于拉美左翼发展现状，袁东振认为，“左退右进”的效应持续发酵，左翼执政党面临难题增多，“21世纪社会主义”实践探索遭遇新挫折。但拉美左翼政治力量的影响仍不可小觑，一些仍继续执政的左翼政府不断调整经济社会政策，执政方针趋于温和化与实用主义化。26有学者认为，拉美左翼政府的新发展主义和“21世纪社会主义”既是对新自由主义模式和“华盛顿共识”的纠偏，也是对新发展模式的一次有益探索。然而，左翼政府施政主要借助大宗商品繁荣带来的收入，政策调整的基础薄弱而不稳，并未能确立一个真正可以替代新自由主义的、可持续的新发展模式。27近年来，左翼在掌握拉美多国执政权十多年后，逐渐显现出衰弱趋势。

IV. Reflections and Suggestions on the Study of the Foreign Left

四、国外左翼研究的思考及建议

In 2019, the uncertain and unstable factors facing world peace and development increased markedly. At a time of major development, transformation and adjustment in the world, the issues addressed by foreign left-wing scholars and organizations are extremely broad, fully reflecting Marxism's world perspective and humanistic concern. This shows that, although the development of foreign left-wing thought and movements faces many challenges and problems, as long as the contradictions and crises of capitalism persist, and as long as the research stance and tradition of Marxism are comprehensively manifested in the continuous enhancement of problem awareness and response to the demands of the times, foreign left-wing thought and movements will continue to experience development and progress. At the same time, for domestic research on foreign left-wing thought, as some scholars have pointed out, the 70 years of foreign Marxist studies have formed a good tradition of emphasizing textual research, which has been well inherited in contemporary foreign Marxist studies. However, it must be understood that more is not always better; the goal of research is not the text itself, but the ideas within it and their transformation in contemporary China.[17]17 The “Yellow Vests” movement (Mouvement des gilets jaunes) was a French populist protest movement that began in November 2018, initially against fuel tax increases, and expanded to broader demands for economic justice. Foreign left-wing scholars' research on Marxism and capitalism, especially on the new changes in today's financial monopoly capitalism, neoliberalism, imperialism and other issues, provides important intellectual resources for developing 21st-century Marxism and contemporary Chinese Marxism. The above research results of foreign scholars urgently need to be scientifically absorbed and drawn upon, and the construction of a philosophy and social sciences system with Chinese characteristics should be accelerated.

2019年，世界和平与发展面临的不确定不稳定因素明显增多。值此世界大发展大变革大调整之际，国外左翼学者和组织关注的议题十分广泛，充分反映了马克思主义的世界视野及人类关怀。这说明，虽然国外左翼思想和运动的发展面临很多挑战和问题，但只要资本主义的矛盾和危机仍然存在，在不断增强问题意识、回应时代诉求中全面彰显马克思主义的研究立场和传统，国外左翼思想和运动就会不断迎来发展与进步。同时，对于国内的国外左翼思想研究而言，正如有学者指出的，国外马克思主义研究70年形成了重视文本研究的好传统，并在当代国外马克思主义研究中得到了很好的传承，但同时必须明白的一点是过犹不及，研究的目标不是文本，而是其中的思想及其当代中国转化。17国外左翼学者对马克思主义和资本主义的研究，特别是对当今金融垄断资本主义的新变化、新自由主义、帝国主义等问题的研究，为发展21世纪马克思主义、当代中国马克思主义提供了重要的思想资源。对国外学者的上述研究成果，亟需予以科学吸收与借鉴，并加快构建中国特色社会主义哲学社会科学。

In recent years, many universities and research institutions have held forums such as the World Socialism Forum and the World Congress on Marxism, attracting many foreign left-wing scholars and organizations to participate, which is of great significance. It is precisely because of the innovation and development of adapting Marxism to the Chinese context that socialism with Chinese characteristics has achieved great success. Domestic academia should clarify its own historical mission and sense of responsibility, strengthen cooperation and exchange with foreign left-wing scholars and Marxist researchers, in order to jointly respond to some major theoretical and practical issues facing human peace and development, thereby promoting the continuous development of foreign Marxist studies.

近年来，许多高校和研究机构举办了世界社会主义论坛、世界马克思主义大会等，吸引了许多国外左翼学者和组织参加，意义极为重大。正是由于马克思主义中国化的创新与发展，中国特色社会主义才取得了巨大成功。国内学术界应明确自己的历史使命与责任担当，加强与国外左翼学者和马克思主义研究者的合作与交流，以共同回应人类和平与发展面临的一些重大理论和实践问题，从而推动国外马克思主义研究的不断发展。

Notes

注释

1 Intan Suwandi, R. Jamil Jonna and John Bellamy Foster, "Global Commodity Chains and the New Imperialism," *Monthly Review* Volume 70, No. 10 (March 2019).

1Intan Suwandi,R. Jamil Jonna and John Bellamy Foster, Global Commodity Chains and the New Imperialism, Monthly Review Volume 70, No. 10(March 2019).

2 John Bellamy Foster, "Late Imperialism: Fifty Years After Harry Magdoff's *The Age of Imperialism*," *Monthly Review* Volume 71, No. 3 (July-August 2019).

2John Bellamy Foster,Late Imperialism:Fifty Years After Harry Magdoff's The Age of Imperialism,Monthly Review Volume 71,No. 3(July-August2019).

3 Xie Fusheng, Li Yingdong, "Has Contemporary Imperialism Undergone a Qualitative Change? — The Latest Debates and Limitations of Foreign Marxist Scholars," *Chinese Social Sciences Evaluation* 2019, No. 3.

3谢富胜、李英东:《当代帝国主义发生质变了吗——国外马克思主义学者的最新争论及局限》，《中国社会科学评价》2019年第3期。

4 John Bellamy Foster, "Absolute Capitalism," *Monthly Review* Volume 71, No. 1 (May 2019).

4John Bellamy Foster, Absolute Capitalism,Monthly Review Volume 71,No. 1(May 2019).

5 Utsa Patnaik, Prabhat Patnaik, "Neoliberal Capitalism at a Dead End," *Monthly Review* Volume 71, No. 3 (July-August 2019).

5Utsa Patnaik, Prabhat Patnaik, Neoliberal Capitalism at a Dead End, Monthly Review Volume71,No. 3(July-August 2019).

6 Sitaram Yechury, trans. Chen Ping, Feng Xiaojian, "The Crisis of Neoliberalism and Its Multiple Consequences," *Foreign Theoretical Trends* 2019, No. 2.

6西塔拉姆·亚秋里著，陈平、封晓健译:《新自由主义的危机及其多元后果》，《国外理论动态》2019年第2期。

7 John Bellamy Foster, "Capitalism Has Failed — What Next?" *Monthly Review* Volume 70, No. 9 (February 2019).

7John Bellamy Foster,Capitalism Has FailedWhat Next? Monthly Review Volume 70,No. 9(February 2019).

8 Suzanne Jeffery, "Dirty Energy, Capitalism and the Working Class," *International Socialism*, Issue 162, Spring 2019.

8Suzanne Jeffery,Dirty energy,capitalism and the working class,International Socialism,Issue162-Spring 2019.

9 Philipp Staab, Oliver Nachtwey, trans. Lu Yunlin, "Digital Capitalism's Control of Markets and Labor," *Foreign Theoretical Trends* 2019, No. 3.

9菲利普·斯塔布、奥利弗·纳赫特韦著，鲁云林译:《数字资本主义对市场和劳动的控制》，《国外理论动态》2019年第3期。

10 Lan Jiang, "The Digital Shadow of Existence: A Philosophical Critique of Digital Capitalism," *Foreign Theoretical Trends* 2019, No. 3.

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11 Zhou Miao, "A Witness to Major History Reflects on the New Era of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics," *Guangming Daily*, August 31, 2019.

11周淼:《重大历史见证者感悟中国特色社会主义新时代》，《光明日报》2019年8月31日。

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13 Lei Xiaohuan, "The World Significance of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics — An Interview with Toma Ivan, Former First Secretary of the Romanian Communist Youth League," *Marxist Studies* 2019, No. 11.

13雷晓欢:《中国特色社会主义的世界意义——访前罗马尼亚共青团中央第一书记托马·伊万》，《马克思主义研究》2019年第11期。

14 Chen Weikai et al., "New Advances in Foreign Political Economy Research (2018)," *Political Economy Review* 2019, No. 3.

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18 Zhang Yanchen, "The Current Situation and Development Trends of the American Left-Wing Movement," *Marxism and Reality* 2019, No. 6.

18张彦琛:《美国左翼运动的现状与发展趋势》，《马克思主义与现实》2019年第6期。

19 Xia Qingyu, "The Composition and Trends of Left-Wing Camps in European Countries," *Journal of Dalian Maritime University* (Social Science Edition) 2019, No. 1.

19夏庆宇:《欧洲国家左翼阵营的构成情况及变化趋势》，《大连海事大学学报(社会科学版)》2019年第1期。

20 Yang Yunzhen, "The Current Situation and Causes of Center-Left Parties in Europe," *Chinese Social Sciences Today*, March 27, 2019.

20杨云珍:《欧洲中左翼政党现状及原因》，《中国社会科学报》2019年3月27日。

21 Wang Jun, “The Evolution of the Contemporary German Left Party: The ‘All-Germany Party’ and Its Predicament,” *Contemporary World and Socialism*, No. 5, 2019.

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22 Hu Xiaokun, “New Explorations of Socialist Theory by 21st-Century Russian Left-Wing Scholars,” *Studies on Marxism*, No. 2, 2019.

22户晓坤:《21世纪俄罗斯左翼学者对社会主义理论的新探索》，《马克思主义研究》2019年第2期。

23 Li Ruiqin, “An Exploration of the Origins of the Shift in Russian Public Opinion on Stalin and the Soviet Union,” *Journal of Anhui Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition)*, No. 6, 2019.

23李瑞琴:《俄罗斯民众对斯大林及苏联评价转变探源》，《安徽师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2019年第6期。

24 Yi Xiaoming, “International Exchange and Cooperation among Middle Eastern Left-Wing Parties: A Characteristic Analysis and Assessment,” *Scientific Socialism*, No. 6, 2019.

24易小明:《中东左翼政党的国际交流与合作:特征分析及其评价》，《科学社会主义》2019年第6期。

25 Yi Xiaoming, “Political Participation of Algerian Left-Wing Parties and Its Characteristics,” *Socialism Studies*, No. 4, 2019.

25易小明:《阿尔及利亚左翼政党的政治参与及其特征研究》，《社会主义研究》2019年第4期。

26 Yuan Dongzhen, “New Changes and Basic Trends in Latin America’s Political Ecology: An Analysis,” *International Forum*, No. 3, 2019.

26袁东振:《拉美政治生态的新变化与基本趋势分析》，《国际论坛》2019年第3期。

27 Fang Xufei, “The Exploration, Practice, and Effectiveness of Left-Wing Alternatives to the Neoliberal Development Model in Latin America,” *Latin American Studies*, No. 4, 2019.

27方旭飞:《拉美左翼对新自由主义替代发展模式的探索、实践与成效》，《拉丁美洲研究》2019年第4期。

Online editor: Zhang Jian

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