A Study of Foreign Left-Wing Thought and Movements under the COVID-19 Pandemic——An Overview of Foreign Left-Wing Thought Research in 2020

In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic swept across the globe. In the great test of how countries around the world responded to the pandemic, the fundamental contradictions of capitalism became further overt and publicized. In response to the novel coronavirus pandemic and numerous challenges currently facing the world, foreign left-wing scholars have conducted in-depth analysis and critique of contemporary capitalism, arguing that the present is a favorable moment for revolution and calling on the global left to unite, launch a worldwide resistance movement, completely change the existing capitalist system, and establish socialism. At the same time, in 2020, domestic academic circles evaluated the current state of development of 21st-century Marxism abroad, conducted in-depth research on foreign left-wing thought and movements, and achieved some important research results.

2020年新冠肺炎疫情席卷全球，在世界各国应对疫情这场大考中，资本主义的基本矛盾进一步表面化、公开化。针对当前世界面临的新型冠状病毒大流行和诸多挑战，国外左翼学者对当代资本主义进行了深入的分析批判，认为当前是革命的有利时机，呼吁全球左翼团结起来，发起世界性的抵抗运动，彻底改变现有的资本主义制度，建立社会主义。与此同时，2020年国内学界对21世纪国外马克思主义的发展现状进行了评析，对国外左翼思想和运动进行了深入研究，取得了一些重要的研究成果。

I. Trends in Foreign Left-Wing Thought in 2020

一、2020年度国外左翼思想动态

The year 2020 coincided with the 200th anniversary of Engels’s birth and the 150th anniversary of Lenin’s birth. Taking this as an opportunity, foreign left-wing scholars published a large number of articles studying the thought of Engels and Lenin and its contemporary value, criticized neoliberalism and racial capitalism, and extensively discussed socialist issues. As China’s influence continued to rise, foreign left-wing scholars explored and analyzed the value and significance of socialism with Chinese characteristics, especially its positive impact on world socialism, and highly evaluated the institutional advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics demonstrated in the great test of the pandemic.

2020年适逢恩格斯诞辰200周年、列宁诞辰150周年，国外左翼学者以此为契机，发表了大量研究恩格斯和列宁思想及其当代价值的文章，对新自由主义、种族资本主义展开批判，并对社会主义问题进行广泛探讨。随着中国的影响力不断提高，国外左翼学者对中国特色社会主义的价值、意义，特别是其对世界社会主义的积极影响，进行了探讨和分析，对疫情大考中彰显出的中国特色社会主义制度优势作出高度评价。

In 2020, the “Marxism Festival” was held in London, UK, in July of that year, hosted by the British Socialist Workers Party (SWP). The “Marxism Festival” has been held for more than 30 years. The theme of this year’s event was “A Planet on Fire, A World to Win.” Thousands of left-wing activists, trade union members, and scholars from around the world participated, focusing discussions on climate issues, resistance to fascism and the far right, and the Palestinian and Middle East issues.

2020年“马克思主义节”于该年7月在英国伦敦举行，主办方是英国社会主义工人党(SWP)。“马克思主义节”迄今已经举办了30多年，本年度的主题是“一个正在燃烧的星球，一个即将胜利的世界”。来自世界各地的数千名左翼活动分子、工会会员、学者等参加了活动，重点讨论了气候问题、反抗法西斯主义和极右翼、巴勒斯坦和中东问题。

2020 marked the 30th anniversary of the founding of the São Paulo Forum (FSP) in Brazil. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, no offline meetings were held for this year’s forum, but Cuban websites published several commemorative articles. Vladia Rubio pointed out that the current global environment is complex: coups, neoliberalism, racism, increasingly inhumane blockades imposed by the US government, a flood of fake news, and so on. Therefore, the São Paulo Forum remains important 30 years after its founding. Cuban intellectual and politician Abel Prieto Jiménez noted in a commemorative article that under the current situation in Latin America, the São Paulo Forum is more important than ever because new forms of fascism are taking shape. On this anniversary, one theme the São Paulo Forum needs to focus on is the cultural war with capitalism.

2020年是巴西圣保罗论坛(FSP)成立30周年，受新冠肺炎疫情影响，今年的论坛并没有举办线下会议，但古巴网站发表多篇相关纪念文章。弗拉迪亚·卢比奥指出，当前全球环境复杂:政变、新自由主义、种族主义、美国政府实施越来越不人道的封锁，大量虚假新闻等等，因此圣保罗论坛成立30年后依然重要。古巴知识分子和政治家阿贝尔·普里托·希门尼斯在纪念文章中指出，在拉美地区目前的形势下，圣保罗论坛比以往任何时候都更加重要，因为新的法西斯主义正在形成。在这一周年纪念日，圣保罗论坛需要关注的一个主题是同资本主义之间的文化战争。

On August 25, 2020, the new book launch for “China’s International Contribution and Global Significance in Fighting the Epidemic: Foreign Perspectives on China’s Anti-COVID-19 Efforts” and the international symposium “Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic and Building a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind” were held in Beijing, co-hosted by the Academy of Marxism of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Research Center for Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, and the World Socialism Research Center. This event received attention and enthusiastic responses from many foreign left-wing political parties and scholars. Experts and scholars from more than ten countries, including Hungary, Germany, the Czech Republic, Japan, and Greece, presented their views around the symposium’s theme. In November of the same year, the 11th World Socialism Forum, hosted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, was held in Beijing, attracting active participation from left-wing thinkers and intellectuals from countries including Nepal, Russia, the UK, Italy, and Japan. The conference was conducted in a combination of online and offline formats. Participating Chinese and foreign scholars focused on the forum’s theme, “The Centenary of the Communist Party of China and Changes Unseen in a Century,” and engaged in lively discussions.

2020年8月25日，由中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院、习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心、世界社会主义研究中心共同主办的《中国战“疫”的国际贡献和世界意义———国外人士看中国抗疫》新书发布会暨“新冠抗疫与构建人类命运共同体”国际研讨会在北京举行，受到了国外许多左翼政党和学者的关注和热烈回响，来自匈牙利、德国、捷克、日本、希腊等十多个国家的专家学者围绕会议主题发表观点。同年11月，由中国社会科学院主办的第十一届世界社会主义论坛在北京举行，吸引了来自尼泊尔、俄罗斯、英国、意大利、日本等国家的左翼思想家和知识分子的积极参与。大会以线上与线下相结合的形式进行，与会中外学者聚焦论坛主题“中国共产党百年与百年大变局”，展开了热烈研讨。

II. Research on Important Foreign Left-Wing Theories and Hot Issues

二、国外左翼重要理论与热点问题研究

(I) Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of Engels’s Birth and the 150th Anniversary of Lenin’s Birth

(一)纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年和列宁诞辰150周年

The year 2020 coincided with the 200th anniversary of Engels’s birth and the 150th anniversary of Lenin’s birth. Foreign left-wing journals and websites published a large number of articles studying Engels and Lenin. Foreign left-wing scholars took the theme of commemorating Engels’s birth to explore his theoretical contributions and their contemporary value. Some foreign left-wing political parties issued statements and held seminars to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Lenin’s birth.

2020年恰逢恩格斯诞辰200周年和列宁诞辰150周年，国外左翼刊物和网站发表了大量研究恩格斯和列宁的文章。国外左翼学者纷纷以纪念恩格斯诞辰为主题，探讨恩格斯的理论贡献及其当代价值。国外一些左翼政党发表声明，举办研讨会纪念列宁诞辰150周年。

Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, Engels’s dialectics of nature received particular attention. John Bellamy Foster evaluated Engels as one of the founders of modern ecological thought, whose pioneering achievement was using the dialectical view of nature to elucidate all four materialist “origin” problems left after Darwin: the origin of the universe; the origin of life; the origin of human society; and the origin of the family. Today, in the context of epidemics represented by the novel coronavirus, Engels’s insights have taken on new importance and are indispensable for understanding ecological issues.[1]1 John Bellamy Foster, “Engels’s Dialectics of Nature in the Age of the Anthropocene,” Monthly Review, Vol. 72, No. 3, July-August 2020. Paul Blackledge argued that Engels’s dialectics of nature opens up space for understanding the ecological crisis from the essence of the alienation of capitalist social relations. Engels’s view of the unity of humanity and nature leads to the recognition that socialist revolution involves not only changes in social and political relations but also necessarily entails a fundamental transformation in the relationship between humanity and nature.[2]2 Paul Blackledge, “Engels, the Dialectics of Nature, and the Critique of Capitalism,” Science & Society, Vol. 84, No. 3, July 2020.

在新冠肺炎疫情大流行的背景下，恩格斯的自然辩证法思想格外受到重视。约翰·贝拉米·福斯特评价恩格斯是现代生态思想的奠基者之一，其开创性成就是利用辩证自然观，阐明了达尔文之后遗留下来的所有四个唯物主义“起源”问题:宇宙的起源;生命的起源;人类社会的起源;家庭的起源。今天，在以新冠肺炎病毒为代表的流行病的背景下，恩格斯的见解具有了新的重要性，对于人们理解生态问题的贡献是不可或缺的。1保罗·布莱克利奇认为恩格斯的自然辩证法为人们从资本主义社会关系异化的本质上理解生态危机开辟了空间，恩格斯关于人与自然统一的观点使人们认识到，社会主义革命不仅涉及社会关系和政治关系的变革，它还必然涉及人类与自然关系的根本转变。2

Wolfgang Streeck argued that Engels opened up another line of inquiry in historical materialism. In this line, the means of destruction coexist with the means of production, and the formation of the state is linked to the formation of classes. Compared to Marx’s production-centered theory of history, the theory of class formation is more consistent with the reality of the twentieth century.[3]3 Wolfgang Streeck, “Engels’s Second Discovery: The Theory of the State and the Origins of Capitalism,” New Left Review, No. 123, May-June 2020. Katja Hanke reviewed three of Engels’s works, “The Condition of the Working Class in England,” “Anti-Dühring,” and “The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State,” arguing that Engels’s reflections from that time prompt people to seek an alternative to the decaying capitalist system amidst the global crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic.[4]4 Katja Hanke, “Engels’s Relevance in the Time of Corona,” Jacobin, April 2020.

沃尔夫冈·施特雷克认为，恩格斯开启了历史唯物主义研究的另一条线索。在这条线索中，破坏手段与生产手段并存，国家的形成与阶级的形成相联系，相较于马克思以生产为中心的历史理论，阶级形成的理论更符合二十世纪的现实。3卡蒂娅·汉克回顾了恩格斯的《英国工人阶级状况》、《反杜林论》、《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》三篇文章，认为恩格斯当年的反思促使人们在新冠肺炎疫情这场世界性的危机中寻找一种方法来替代腐朽的资本主义制度。4

To commemorate the 150th anniversary of Lenin’s birth, the plenum of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF) adopted relevant resolutions. Central Committee Chairman Gennady Zyuganov delivered a series of important speeches on Lenin’s historical status, the contribution of Lenin’s thought and practice to Marxist theory and the world socialist movement, and the contemporary significance of commemorating Lenin. The CPRF believes that Lenin was a great thinker and revolutionary, the founder of the Bolshevik Party and the creator of the Soviet Union. He devoted his life’s energy to fighting for the liberation of the proletariat and the broad working masses from the exploitation of capital and to creating a new world without war and national oppression.[5]5 Gennady Zyuganov, “Lenin’s Legacy and the Struggle for Socialism in the 21st Century,” Pravda, April 22, 2020. On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of Lenin’s birth, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Mexico issued a statement summarizing Lenin’s theoretical contributions, arguing that through his study of Marxist political economy, Lenin proposed that imperialism is the highest stage of capitalist development. This theory is crucial for understanding the dynamics of capitalism and the connection between capitalist crises and imperialist wars. Furthermore, Lenin also made outstanding contributions to the analysis of the stages of capitalist development, Party building theory, state theory, and the study of Marxist philosophy.[6]6 Central Committee of the Communist Party of Mexico, “Statement on the 150th Anniversary of the Birth of V. I. Lenin,” April 2020. The Labor Party of Austria issued a statement arguing that Lenin proposed the guiding principles for building a new type of political party and the guiding principles of democratic centralism, and made important theoretical contributions on issues such as the national question and internationalism, the alliance policy of the working class, the strategy and tactics of the revolutionary movement, and philosophical issues, defending Marxism in theory and in fact.[7]7 Labor Party of Austria, “Lenin’s Theoretical Contributions and Their Significance for Today,” May 2020.

为纪念列宁诞辰150周年，俄共全会作出了相关决议，中央委员会主席根纳季·久加诺夫就列宁的历史地位、列宁的思想和实践对马克思主义理论及世界社会主义运动的贡献、纪念列宁的现实意义等问题发表了系列重要讲话。俄共认为，列宁是伟大的思想家和革命家，是布尔什维克党的创立者和苏联的缔造者，他为争取无产阶级及广大劳动人民从资本的剥削下获得解放、开创一个没有战争和民族压迫的新世界贡献了毕生精力。5列宁诞辰150周之际，墨西哥共产党中央委员会发表声明，总结了列宁的理论贡献，认为列宁通过对马克思主义政治经济学的研究，提出了帝国主义是资本主义发展的最高阶段。这一理论对于理解资本主义的动态以及资本主义危机与帝国主义战争之间的联系至关重要。此外，列宁对资本主义发展阶段的分析、对党建理论、国家理论、马克思主义哲学方面的研究也作出了杰出的贡献。6奥地利劳动党发表声明，认为列宁提出了建立新型政党的指导方针和民主集中制的指导方针，在民族问题和国际主义、工人阶级的联盟政策、革命运动的战略战术、哲学问题等方面作出了重要的理论贡献，在理论上和事实上捍卫了马克思主义。7

(II) Critique of Contemporary Capitalism

(二)对当代资本主义的批判

The analysis and critique of contemporary capitalism has always been a focus of foreign left-wing attention. Fraser has offered a profound exposition of the characteristics of contemporary capitalism. She argues that capitalism is not merely an economic system but an institutionalized social order. Capitalist society includes an “economy” that is distinguished from (and dependent on) a “polity” or political order; a sphere of “economic production” that is distinguished from (and dependent on) the sphere of “social reproduction”; a relation of exploitation that is distinguished from (and dependent on) relations of expropriation behind the scenes; and a socio-historical domain of human activity that is distinguished from (and dependent on) the non-historical external natural material foundation. Currently, capitalism faces three crisis tendencies: a structural crisis tendency of social reproduction, an inherent tendency toward ecological crisis, and a tendency toward political crisis.[8]8 This note refers to the work of Nancy Fraser, a prominent American critical theorist and feminist scholar, and her analysis of capitalism’s crisis tendencies.

对当代资本主义的分析和批判始终是国外左翼关注的议题。弗雷泽对当代资本主义的特征进行了深刻论述。她认为资本主义不仅仅是一种经济制度，还是一种制度化的社会秩序。资本主义社会包括一种区分于(并依赖于)“政体”或政治秩序的“经济”;一个区分于(依赖于)“社会再生产”领域的“经济生产”领域;一种区分于(并依赖于)幕后占有关系的剥削关系;一个区分于(并依赖于)非历史的外部自然物质基础的人类活动社会—历史领域。当前资本主义存在三种危机趋势:社会再生产的结构性危机趋势，生态危机的内在趋势，政治危机趋势。8

The outbreak and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted foreign left-wing thinkers to critique the capitalist system from various angles. David Matthews criticized the healthcare system under neoliberalism, arguing that neoliberalism is a hegemonic force and a “political-ideological project” of the ruling class. The health systems of Spain, Greece, and the United Kingdom have undergone neoliberal restructuring, characterized by reduced public funding, a retreat from universalism, increased co-payments, and privatization, with healthcare increasingly redefined as a commodity. Healthcare reform under neoliberal policies benefits capital rather than the broad masses.[9]9 David Matthews is a British political economist and critic of neoliberalism. Foster argues that the COVID-19 crisis is not the result of an unpredictable “black swan” event but should be understood as a complex of crisis tendencies. Financial monopoly capitalism is a primary vector of disease transmission. The logic of contemporary historical development shows that humanity needs a more public system of social metabolic reproduction, one that promotes the free development of each individual while protecting nature.[10]10 John Bellamy Foster is a prominent American Marxist sociologist and editor of *Monthly Review*. Meredith Turshen, a professor at Rutgers University in the United States, and Anne Thébaud-Mony, director of the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, co-authored an article reviewing public health in Western countries. They argue that health should be a basic human right, but Western governments’ public health policies have turned health services into commodities and objects of speculative investment, leading to the current COVID-19 crisis.[11]11 Meredith Turshen and Anne Thébaud-Mony are scholars specializing in public health and occupational health, respectively. Ian Ferguson argues that the origins, transmission patterns, and the extent of death and destruction caused globally by the COVID-19 pandemic are shaped by the following factors: global capitalism’s relentless pursuit of profit, the responses (or lack thereof) of Western governments to the disease, and existing divisions and inequalities.[12]12 Iain Ferguson is a British social work academic and Marxist writer.

新冠肺炎疫情的暴发与蔓延，促使国外左翼从不同的角度对资本主义制度展开批判。大卫·马修斯批判了新自由主义下的医疗制度，认为新自由主义是一种霸权力量，是统治阶级的“政治意识形态工程”。西班牙、希腊和英国的卫生系统经历了新自由主义的重组，其特点是公共资金减少、普遍主义倒退、共同支付增加和私有化，医疗保健越来越被重新定义为一种商品。新自由主义政策下的医疗体制改革有利于资本而不是广大民众。9福斯特认为，新冠肺炎疫情危机并非是不可预测的“黑天鹅”事件的结果，而应属于一系列危机趋势的综合体。金融垄断资本主义是疾病的主要传播媒介。当代历史发展的逻辑表明，人类需要一个更为公共的社会新陈代谢再生产系统，在保护自然的同时促进每个人的自由发展。10美国罗格斯大学教授梅雷德斯·图尔森和法国国家健康与医学研究院主任安妮·特鲍德·蒙尼共同撰文回顾了西方国家的公共卫生事业，认为健康本应是一项基本人权，却由于西方政府的公共卫生政策使卫生服务沦为商品和投机投资的对象，导致了目前的新冠肺炎疫情危机。11伊恩·弗格森认为，新冠病毒大流行的起源、传播方式以及它在全球造成的死亡和破坏程度，是由以下因素塑造的:全球资本主义对利润的无限追逐，西方各国政府对疾病的反应(或缺乏反应)，以及现有的分歧和不平等。12

(III) Critique of Racial Capitalism

(三)对种族资本主义的批判

In recent years, the resurgence of right-wing populism in the West has made racial capitalism one of the conceptual frameworks for understanding capitalist exploitation and a hot topic of discussion and research among Western left-wing scholars. In May 2020, the death of George Floyd, an African American man, from asphyxiation during a police encounter sparked protests and riots in over 150 U.S. cities, eventually triggering protests in 67 countries worldwide. Against this backdrop, *Monthly Review* published a special issue on racial capitalism, returning to Marxist historical materialism to re-examine the history and development of capitalism. Foster argues that this large-scale protest movement reflects, at a deeper level, the disintegration of the capitalist social structure.[13]13 George Floyd’s death in May 2020 sparked global Black Lives Matter protests against police brutality and systemic racism. Strolovitch, an assistant professor of African studies and political science at Carleton College in the United States, argues that the development, organization, and expansion of capitalist society, as well as its social ideology and political practices, are inherently race-oriented. She theorizes racial capitalism in modern America as a racially stratified political economy constituted by war and militarism, imperialist accumulation, expropriation through domination, and the hyper-exploitation of labor. The solution to racial capitalism is anti-racist socialism.[14]14 This refers to the work of an assistant professor at Carleton College, whose name is given as “施特利” in the original, likely a transliteration of a surname such as “Strolovitch” or similar. Lilia Monzó, an associate professor at Chapman University in the United States, argues that capitalism is a global racialized structure, and the COVID-19 virus sweeping the globe highlights capitalism’s racialization. Due to a lack of health insurance, Black populations have higher morbidity rates and are more susceptible to contracting the virus. All of this stems from the oppressive system of capitalism.[15]15 Lilia Monzó is an American scholar of education and critical theory.

近些年，西方右翼民粹主义再度兴起，种族资本主义成为理解资本主义剥削的概念框架之一，也成为西方左翼学者讨论和研究的热点问题。2020年5月，美国非洲裔男子乔治·弗洛伊德遭警察执法后窒息死亡，美国有150多个城市发生抗议和骚乱，甚至一度引发了全球67个国家的抗议活动。在此背景下，《每月评论》推出了种族资本主义专刊，回归马克思主义的唯物史观，重新审视资本主义的历史和发展。福斯特认为这场大范围的抗议行动在更深层次上体现了资本主义社会结构的瓦解。13美国卡尔顿学院非洲研究和政治学助理教授施特利认为，资本主义社会的发展、组织和扩张，以及社会意识形态和政治实践在本质上是以种族为导向的。他把现代美国的种族资本主义理论化为一种种族分层的政治经济，它由战争和军国主义、帝国主义积累、统治征用和劳动力的过度剥削构成。种族资本主义的解决方案是反种族主义的社会主义。14美国查普曼大学副教授莉莉亚·蒙佐认为，资本主义是一种全球性的种族化结构，席卷全球的新冠病毒凸显了资本主义的种族化。由于缺乏医疗保险，黑人发病率过高，他们更容易感染新冠病毒。这一切都源于资本主义这种压迫制度。15

(IV) Research and Discussion on the Question of Socialism

(四)关于社会主义问题的研究和探讨

The question of socialism has always been a research hotspot in Western left-wing theoretical circles and continues to spark widespread debate. Prominent American left-wing scholar Nancy Fraser argues that 21st-century socialism must not only transform the sphere of production but also transform the relationship between production and the background conditions that make it possible—social reproduction, state power, external nature, and forms of wealth. These conditions exist outside capital’s own circuit yet remain within its reach.[8]8 This note refers to the work of Nancy Fraser, a prominent American critical theorist and feminist scholar, and her analysis of capitalism’s crisis tendencies. Intan Suwandi, an editorial board member of *Monthly Review*, argues that in the face of the relative decline of U.S. output in the global economy, the American labor aristocracy born after World War II has markedly declined. At the same time, the broad working class faces an economic landscape of stagnation, financialization, and neoliberalism, experiencing increased exploitation, expropriation, and a general deterioration of conditions, leading to lowered expectations. The historical class context produced by these epochal shifts in material relations has allowed the global left to witness the resurgence of the socialist movement in the United States.[16]16 Intan Suwandi is an Indonesian-American Marxist economist and editorial board member of *Monthly Review*.

社会主义问题一直是西方左翼理论界的研究热点，并不断引发广泛讨论。美国著名左翼学者南希·弗雷泽认为，21世纪的社会主义不仅要进行生产领域的变革，还必须变革生产同使其成为可能的幕后条件的关系———社会再生产、国家权力、外部自然和财富形式。这些条件存在于资本的自身循环之外，又在资本可及的范围之内。8《每月评论》编委因坦·苏万迪认为，面对全球经济中美国产量的相对下降，诞生于第二次世界大战之后的美国劳动贵族阶层明显衰落了。与此同时，广大工人阶级面临着经济停滞、金融化和新自由主义的经济格局，他们受到越来越多的剥削、征用和条件的全面恶化，导致期望值降低。这些物质关系的时代性转变所产生的历史阶级背景，使全球左翼见证了美国社会主义运动的重新兴起。16

(V) Research on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Its World Significance

(五)对中国特色社会主义及其世界意义的研究

As the world’s largest socialist country, China continuously consolidates, develops, and improves its socialist system, fully demonstrating the superiority of the socialist system and attracting global attention. Regarding the relationship between socialism with Chinese characteristics and world socialism, some foreign left-wing figures have expressed their views. Gyula Thürmer, Chairman of the Hungarian Workers’ Party, believes that Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era is a broad synthesis formed on the basis of systematic reflection on theory, ideology, politics, economy, society, and foreign relations. It is an outstanding theoretical achievement of the 21st century with significant world significance. It serves the interests of the broad masses of working people and the people, meets the needs of maintaining social fairness, freedom, and a good life, and is the most valuable theoretical concept and practical guide for responding to these challenges. It is key to constructing a comprehensive strategy, understanding the necessity of multifaceted innovation, and ensuring its realization, inspiring peoples to struggle for the existence of independent sovereign states.[17]17 Gyula Thürmer is the long-time chairman of the Hungarian Workers’ Party, a Marxist-Leninist party. Raif Dizdarević, former President of the Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, believes that for socialism to achieve a revival, it must break free from the shackles of old concepts and habitual thinking and continuously innovate. China has set an example in this regard. Reform has fundamentally changed people’s old concepts and habitual thinking and is key to China’s development miracle. China has set an example for the world and provided reference answers for solving new socialist problems, both now and in the future.[18]18 Raif Dizdarević was a high-ranking official in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, serving as its head of state from 1988 to 1989. Andrea Catone, editor-in-chief of *Marx in the 21st Century* in Italy, highly praised the institutional advantages of socialism with Chinese characteristics in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. He believes that socialism with Chinese characteristics and the Communist Party of China have demonstrated a strong capacity to control and quarantine the epidemic. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese people can fully, actively, and consciously comply with the Chinese government’s directives with discipline. Without the very strong bond between the leaders and the people, between the Communist Party of China and the masses, the virus could not have been contained.[19]19 Andrea Catone is an Italian Marxist scholar and editor of the journal *Marx in the 21st Century*.

作为世界上最大的社会主义国家，中国不断巩固、发展和完善社会主义制度，使社会主义制度的优越性得到充分体现，受到世界的瞩目。关于中国特色社会主义及其与世界社会主义之间的关系，一些国外左翼人士纷纷表达了看法。匈牙利工人党主席蒂尔默·久洛认为，习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是在对理论、意识形态、政治、经济、社会和对外关系进行系统思考基础上形成的广泛综合体，是21世纪杰出的理论成果，具有重大的世界意义。它服务于广大劳动群众和人民群众的利益，符合维护社会公平、自由和美好生活的需要，是回应这些挑战的最有价值的理论概念和实践指导，是构建全面性战略、理解多方面创新的必要性及确保其实现的关键，鼓舞各国人民为独立主权国家的存在而斗争。17南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国主席团前主席拉伊夫·迪兹达雷维奇认为，社会主义要实现复兴就要打破旧观念和习惯思维的禁锢，不断革新。中国在这个方面作出了表率。改革从根本上改变了人们的旧观念和习惯思维，是中国发展奇迹的关键所在。中国给世界树立了榜样，为解决现在以及将来的社会主义新问题提供了参考答案。18意大利《21世纪的马克思》主编安德烈·卡托内高度评价了中国特色社会主义在应对新冠肺炎疫情中的制度优势，认为中国特色社会主义和中国共产党展示出强大的控制和隔离疫情的能力。在中国共产党的领导下，中国人民能够充分积极的、有纪律的、有意识地遵守中国政府的指令。如果没有领导人和人民之间、中国共产党和人民群众之间非常牢固的纽带，病毒就不可能得到遏制。19

III. New Progress in Research on the Current State of Foreign Left-Wing Development and Major Practical Activities

三、国外左翼发展现状和重大实践活动研究的新进展

(I) Left-Wing Research in North America and Europe

(一)北美、欧洲地区左翼研究

After the financial crisis, left-wing thought in the United States has exhibited some new characteristics. Some scholars argue that the different viewpoints emerging in U.S. left-wing thought both overlap and merge with each other, with some major left-wing trends attempting to shift from theoretical demands to action plans. Additionally, socialist thought shows signs of revival in the United States.[20]20 This refers to the post-2008 financial crisis period. Some scholars have written articles analyzing the current problems of the U.S. left, arguing that the diversification of left-wing discourse systems, the networking of mobilization methods, and the fragmentation of electoral forces have together led to internal divisions within the U.S. left, resulting in its limited influence.[21]21 This refers to the internal fragmentation of the U.S. left, a common topic of debate among left-wing scholars.

金融危机后，美国左翼思潮呈现一些新特征。有学者认为，美国左翼思潮涌现出的不同观点既相互叠加又相互融合，一些主要左翼思潮尝试从理论诉求转换成行动方案。此外，社会主义思潮在美国出现复兴的迹象。20有学者撰文分析了当前美国左翼存在问题，认为美国左翼话语体系多元化、动员方式网络化和选举力量分散化共同导致了美国左翼内部的分裂，致使其影响力有限。21

Some scholars have introduced the exploration of communism by French left-wing scholars since the 21st century, pointing out that the French left-wing academic community has interpreted communism from multiple perspectives, innovated research pathways, and formed some enlightening views for reviving the concept of communism in Western societies. However, on the fundamental question of how to realize communism, especially regarding propositions such as the transitional stage, the withering away of the state, and the leading role of political parties, there are serious disagreements. This has also become a difficulty for the current French left in promoting the revival of communism.[22]22 The term “withering away of the state” (国家消亡) refers to the Marxist-Leninist theory that the state will eventually become unnecessary and dissolve under full communism. Other scholars have introduced French left-wing critical research on neoliberalism, arguing that whether it is the theoretical conceptual schemes of French left-wing scholars or the concrete practical schemes of political forces, although both have explored how to transcend neoliberalism, most remain at the level of theoretical metaphysics. In concrete practice, they have not exceeded the framework of actual capitalist society.[23]23 “Metaphysics” (形而上学) here is used in the Marxist sense, meaning an abstract, non-dialectical mode of thought detached from concrete practice.

有学者介绍了21世纪以来法国左翼学者对共产主义的探索，指出法国左翼学界从多视角阐释共产主义，创新了研究路径，形成了一些对西方社会复兴共产主义观念具有启发性观点。但在如何实现共产主义这个基本问题上，特别是关于过渡阶段、国家消亡、政党引领等命题，存在严重分歧。这也成为当前法国左翼促进共产主义复兴的困点。22另有学者介绍了法国左翼对新自由主义的批判性研究，认为不论是法国左翼学者的理论构想方案，还是政治势力的具体实践方案，虽然都对如何超越新自由主义进行了探索，但他们大多停留在理论的形而上学的层面。而在具体实践中，也并未超出资本主义现实社会框架。23

Regarding the phenomenon of left-wing populism emerging in Southern Europe today, some scholars have translated and introduced the research of Jacques Bidet, pointing out that the emerging left-wing populism regards itself as an anti-capitalist force and replaces the traditional concept of social class with “the people.” This trend holds that most social democratic parties and socialist parties have been absorbed by right-wing parties. Therefore, for the populace, the strategy of “uniting the left against the right” is no longer viable; the only option is to “unite the people against the oligarchy.”[24]24 Jacques Bidet (雅克·比岱) is a contemporary French Marxist philosopher and social theorist.

针对当今南欧出现的左翼民粹主义现象，有学者译介了雅克·比岱的研究，指出新兴的左翼民粹主义把自己视为反资本主义的力量，并用“人民”代替了传统的社会阶级的概念。这一思潮认为，大部分社会民主党和社会党已被右翼政党吞并。因此，对民众而言，“集合左翼反对右翼”的战略已经行不通，只能“集合人民反对寡头”。24

In January 2020, Spain formed its first left-wing coalition government since the establishment of democratic institutions. Judging by the measures and action plans since taking office, the new Spanish government places greater emphasis on social fairness, social security, and other livelihood issues, pays more attention to the survival and development of the lower social classes, and continuously consolidates the foundation of popular support. From the perspective of the development of the world socialist movement, the coalition government formed by the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party and the “Podemos” party helps the world socialist movement in Spain transition from decline to revival.[25]25 The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (工人社会党, PSOE) is a social-democratic party; “Podemos” (我们能党) is a left-wing populist party founded in 2014.

2020年1月，西班牙组建成立实行民主制度以来首个左翼联合政府。就执政以来的各项措施与行动计划看，西班牙新政府更侧重社会公平、社会保障等民生问题，更多关注社会底层阶级的生存与发展，不断夯实民意基础。从世界社会主义运动发展的角度来看，工人社会党和“我们能”党组建的联合政府有助于世界社会主义运动在西班牙由衰转盛。25

Other scholars have studied the rise of the Workers’ Party of Belgium in recent years, arguing that under the guidance of a strategy combining “principledness” and “flexibility,” the Workers’ Party of Belgium has formulated a series of action strategies that both highlight the party’s political stance and identity characteristics and are rigorous, pragmatic, flexible, and diverse, making it the force with the greatest growth potential among the common developmental difficulties faced by Western communist parties.[26]26 The Workers’ Party of Belgium (比利时工人党, PVDA-PTB) is a Marxist political party founded in 1979.

还有学者研究了近年来崛起的比利时工人党，认为在“原则性”与“灵活性”相结合战略的指导之下，比利时工人党制定了一系列既彰显党的政治立场、身份特征，又严谨务实、灵活多样的行动策略，使之成为西方共产党普遍发展困境中最具生长潜力的力量。26

(II) Research on the Left in Russia, the Middle East, and Africa

(二)俄罗斯、中东、非洲地区左翼研究

Some scholars have pointed out the current problems in the Russian left-wing movement, arguing that since the 21st century, Russian left-wing political parties have continuously fragmented due to ideological and theoretical differences, divergent struggle lines, and numerous internal and external challenges, forming a scattered pattern of “one large and many small.” This has also led to consequences such as the reduction in scale, intensification of contradictions, strategic adjustments, shifts in focus, diminished social attention, and declining political influence of the Russian left-wing movement.[27]27 “One large and many small” (一大众小) is a Chinese descriptive phrase for a political landscape where one major party coexists with numerous minor ones.

有学者指出俄罗斯左翼运动目前存在问题，认为21世纪以来，俄罗斯左翼政党之间由于思想理论分歧、斗争路线迥异以及面临众多内外挑战等原因而不断分化，形成了如今“一大众小”的分散格局，也造成了俄罗斯左翼运动的规模缩减、矛盾加剧，策略调整、重心转移，社会关注度减弱和政治影响力衰退等后果。27

Some scholars have summarized the main characteristics of current exchanges and cooperation among left-wing political parties in the Middle East, arguing that their class attributes and social attributes determine that Middle Eastern left-wing parties must conduct party diplomacy, and also determine that their regional exchanges and cooperation take progressive causes and party development as main content. Although influenced by Western countries’ Middle East policies and internal divisions and differences among Middle Eastern left-wing forces, there is both mutual cooperation and conflict among Middle Eastern left-wing parties, yet such exchanges and cooperation have significant symbolic and practical significance.[28]28 “Party diplomacy” (政党外交) refers to the international exchanges and cooperation conducted by political parties, a concept prominent in Chinese political discourse.

有学者总结了当前中东左翼政党交流与合作的主要特征，认为阶级属性和社会属性决定了中东左翼政党必然要开展政党外交，也决定了中东左翼政党的地区性交流与合作以进步事业和政党发展为主要内容。虽然受西方国家中东政策，及中东左翼力量内部分歧和差异的影响，中东左翼政党之间既有相互合作的一面，也有相互冲突的一面，但是这种交流与合作有着重大的象征意义和现实意义。28

In the development of populist political parties in today’s world, left-wing populist parties have begun to rise in transitioning societies. In South Africa, due to the combined effect of voter demand and populist supply, the Economic Freedom Fighters have risen strongly “in the name of justice,” becoming the third-largest party after the African National Congress and the Democratic Alliance, triggering the populist turn of mainstream parties and intensifying political polarization in South Africa.[29]29 The Economic Freedom Fighters (经济自由斗士党, EFF) is a South African left-wing populist party founded in 2013 by Julius Malema.

在当今世界民粹主义政党的发展过程中，左翼民粹主义政党开始在转型社会兴起。在南非，由于选民需求和民粹主义供给的共同作用，经济自由斗士党“以公正的名义”强势兴起，成为仅次于南非非洲人国民大会党和民主联盟的第三大党，引发了主流政党的民粹主义化，也加剧了南非政治的极化。29

(III) Research on the Left in Asia

(三)亚洲地区左翼研究

In 2020, domestic scholars conducted research on the current state of left-wing development in Asia. Some scholars explored the new trends of the socialist movement in Sri Lanka in the 21st century, arguing that the main left-wing political parties in Sri Lanka promote the socialist movement in three ways: primarily parliamentary struggle, supplemented by “street politics” and “worker strikes.” Sri Lankan left-wing parties have also enriched the types of socialist movements, giving rise to social movements in forms such as “people’s movements” and “equal rights movements,” reflecting the voices of Sri Lankan people calling for solutions to social problems and demonstrating the courage and wisdom of left-wing parties in striving for political discourse and popular support.[30]30 “Street politics” (街头政治) refers to political activism conducted through public demonstrations and protests.

2020年度，国内学者对亚洲地区左翼的发展现状进行了研究。有学者探讨了21世纪斯里兰卡社会主义运动的新态势，认为斯里兰卡各主要左翼政党推动社会主义运动的方式有三种:议会斗争为主，“街头政治”和“工人罢工”为辅。斯里兰卡左翼政党还丰富了社会主义运动的类型，出现了“人民运动”“平等权利运动”等形式的社会运动，反映出斯里兰卡民众对解决社会现实问题的呼声，也表现了左翼政党争取政治话语权和民众支持的勇气和智慧。30

Some scholars, by summarizing the new characteristics of capitalist development in South Korea in the 21st century, have pointed out that as the drawbacks of neoliberalism are continuously exposed, the South Korean left-wing movement has begun to adjust its struggle strategies, presenting a new pattern in the combination of left-wing thought with actual movements. Trotskyism, liquidationism, the New Left, basic income theory, etc., have gradually become important schools in the new pattern; South Korean left-wing social movements have shown a trend of deepening and unification; innovatively studying and developing Marxism has become an important task for left-wing social workers and theorists.[31]31 “Liquidationism” (清算主义) refers to a political tendency that seeks to liquidate or abandon traditional revolutionary organizations and strategies.

有学者通过总结21世纪韩国资本主义发展的新特征，指出在新自由主义的弊端不断暴露的情况下，韩国左翼运动开始调整斗争战略，使左翼思潮在与现实运动结合的过程中呈现新格局。托洛茨基主义、清算主义、新左翼、基本收入理论等渐渐成为新格局中的重要流派;韩国左翼社会运动开始出现深化和联合的趋势;创新性地研究和发展马克思主义成为左翼社会工作者和理论家的重要内容。31

Other scholars have written articles introducing the contemporary Naxalite movement in India, pointing out that the Naxalite revolutionary forces, reorganized in the 1990s, have formed a “red corridor” in central and eastern India, changing the political and social ecology of remote rural areas. The Naxalite movement is an experiment of Maoist revolution in India, hoping to establish a new social order through organized revolution and violent struggle.[32]32 The Naxalite movement (那萨尔运动) is an armed Maoist insurgency in India, named after the village Naxalbari in West Bengal where a peasant uprising occurred in 1967.

还有学者撰文介绍了当代印度的那萨尔运动，指出20世纪90年代进行重组的纳萨尔派革命力量在印度中东部地区形成了“红色走廊”，改变了偏僻农村地区的政治和社会生态。纳萨尔运动是毛主义革命在印度的一场实验，它希望通过组织化的革命和暴力斗争建立崭新的社会秩序。32

(IV) Research on the Left in Latin America

(四)拉美地区左翼研究

In 2020, new changes occurred in the Latin American left. On October 18, Bolivia held presidential elections. On the 23rd, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal of Bolivia announced that Luis Arce, the candidate of the left-wing party “Movement for Socialism,” won the election by an absolute majority. Some scholars have analyzed the political direction of Bolivia after the election and the future challenges facing the new government, arguing that the newly elected ruling party still faces challenges in many areas such as the economy, society, and public health. Maintaining national stability is a prerequisite for addressing the above risks and challenges.[33]33 The Movement for Socialism (争取社会主义运动, MAS) is a left-wing political party in Bolivia founded by Evo Morales.

2020年拉美左翼出现新变化。10月18日，玻利维亚举行总统选举。23日，玻利维亚最高选举法院宣布，左翼政党“争取社会主义运动”候选人路易斯·阿尔塞(Luis Arce)以绝对优势获得大选胜利。有学者就选举之后玻利维亚的政局走向和新政府的未来挑战做了分析，认为刚刚获得选举的执政党还面临着经济、社会、公共卫生等诸多领域的挑战。能否保持国家的稳定是应对上述风险挑战的前提条件。33

Other scholars have written articles analyzing the development trend of the Latin American left in 2020, pointing out that under the combined effects of the world economic recession and the COVID-19 pandemic, the economic and social situation in Latin America deteriorated in 2020, with poverty and unemployment rates rising continuously. The continued sanctions and suppression by the United States have made the overall development of the Latin American left unsatisfactory. Moreover, ideological differences among Latin American left-wing parties, and prominent contradictions both between and within parties, make it even more difficult to form effective joint forces to counter U.S. interference and the squeeze of right-wing forces in the region.[34]34 “Squeeze” (挤压) refers to political and economic pressure exerted by opposing forces.

还有学者撰文分析了2020年拉美地区左翼的发展态势，指出在世界经济衰退和新冠肺炎疫情的共同作用下，2020年拉美经济社会形势恶化，贫困率和失业率不断上升。美国的持续制裁和打压，使拉美地区左翼整体发展并不理想。而拉美左翼政党彼此间意识形态存在分歧，各政党之间和政党内部矛盾突出，更加难以形成有效合力对抗美国的干涉和本地区右翼势力的挤压。34

As the world approaches the third decade of the 21st century, neoliberalism has once again sparked widespread attention and controversy in Latin America. After 2019, anti-neoliberal protest movements have spread continuously across Latin America. Latin American left-wing governments, left-wing parties, left-wing leaders, and left-wing intellectuals actively seek countermeasures to address the growth of right-wing forces and the resurgence of neoliberalism in the region. While continuously launching counterattacks and critiques against neoliberalism, they continue to explore national and social development alternatives to neoliberalism.[35]35 “Resurgence” (回潮) literally means “tidal return,” used metaphorically to describe the revival of a political or ideological trend.

在即将进入21世纪第三个十年之际，新自由主义在拉美再度引发广泛关注和争议。2019年之后，反新自由主义的抗议运动在拉美地区不断蔓延，拉美左翼政府、左翼政党、左翼领导人、左翼知识分子，积极寻求应对拉美右翼势力增长和新自由主义回潮的对策，在对新自由主义展开持续反击和批判的同时，继续探寻替代新自由主义的国家和社会发展方案。35

IV. Some Reflections on Foreign Left-Wing Research

四、关于国外左翼研究的一点思考

Overall, the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has had a profound impact on the world situation. Foreign left-wing forces, amid this pandemic, have launched an unprecedented overall reflection and critique of capitalism, further deepening their understanding of the essence of capitalism and strengthening their enthusiasm and belief in the socialist cause. According to their analysis, capitalism under the pandemic faces a triple crisis: the COVID-19 pandemic, economic recession, and ecological crisis. The root of these crises lies in the infinite pursuit of profit by capital under the capitalist mode of production. While criticizing capitalism, foreign left-wing scholars such as Slavoj Žižek have issued the call that "the time for fundamental change has come." In their view, the moment for socialism has arrived! However, some other foreign left-wing scholars believe that the prerequisite for the realization of socialist revolution is revolutionary consciousness. For now, the working class, as the subject of revolution, still lacks revolutionary consciousness. Therefore, they suggest that the primary task of revolution is to establish independently organized trade unions and educate workers on labor law, civil rights law, unemployment compensation regulations, and any other aspects that may be valuable to workers. In addition, they also recommend that workers actively participate in political activities.[36]36 The original text cites a reference numbered 36, which is not provided in the source paragraphs. This note indicates the citation point. The research and analysis of foreign left-wing scholars have relatively fully revealed the contradictions of capitalism, making people more clearly aware of how the logic of capital overrides life. Only by breaking the dominance of the logic of capital, uniting all left-wing forces including socialism, and jointly resisting neoliberalism, can complete liberation and freedom be achieved. Overall, foreign left-wing forces have begun to gradually extricate themselves from the "crisis of critique" in which they have been mired since the 1990s. Through the major issue of the COVID-19 pandemic, they have returned to the agenda of liberation and to real social movements. For example, in the recent two years of the French "Yellow Vest Movement" and the 2020 American "Black Lives Matter" movement, left-wing voices were not absent. It is undeniable that the drawbacks and predicaments of capitalism provide a favorable opportunity for the revival of the left. However, to seize this opportunity, the left must adjust its theories and struggle strategies according to the current state of capitalism, strengthen its influence on social movements and workers' movements, and transform them into socialist movements.[37]37 The original text cites a reference numbered 37, which is not provided in the source paragraphs. This note indicates the citation point.

整体来看，2020年新冠肺炎疫情的暴发对世界局势产生深远的影响。国外左翼在这场疫情中对资本主义展开了前所未有的总体性反思与批判，对资本主义本质的认识得到进一步深化，对社会主义事业的热情和信念得到进一步增强。根据他们的分析，疫情背景下的资本主义存在三重危机:新冠病毒大流行、经济衰退、生态危机。这些危机产生的根源在于资本主义生产方式下资本对利润的无限追求。在批判资本主义的同时，诸如齐泽克等国外左翼学者发出了“是时候进行根本性的变革”的呼声。在他们看来，社会主义的时刻到来了!但也有一些国外左翼学者认为，社会主义革命得以实现的前提是革命意识。就目前而言，作为革命主体的工人阶级仍然缺乏革命意识。因此，他们建议，革命的首要工作是建立独立组织的工会，对工人进行劳动法、民权法、失业补偿条例以及对工人可能有价值的任何其他方面的教育。此外，还建议工人要积极参与政治活动。36国外左翼学者的研究和分析较为充分地揭示了资本主义的矛盾，使人们更加清醒地认识到资本逻辑如何凌驾在生命之上，唯有破除资本逻辑的主宰，团结包括社会主义在内的所有左翼力量，共同抵制新自由主义，才能获得彻底的解放与自由。总体而言，国外左翼开始逐渐摆脱自20世纪90年代以来陷入的“批判危机”。通过新冠肺炎疫情这一重大议题回到解放议程，回归现实的社会运动。比如，在近两年的法国“黄马甲运动”和2020年的美国“黑命贵”运动中，都不乏左翼的声音。不可否认，资本主义的弊端与困境为左翼的复兴提供了有利契机。但要想抓住这一机会，左翼必须要针对资本主义的现状调整其理论和斗争策略，加强对社会运动和工人运动的影响，使其向社会主义运动转化。37

As for domestic research on foreign left-wing thought, further deepening and expansion are still needed. Domestic scholars' research on foreign left-wing thought and movements is still uneven; some important left-wing political parties, left-wing movements, and left-wing trends have not received timely and in-depth attention. For instance, in the period after the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, African socialism experienced a comprehensive decline. However, according to research by scholars from the University of Sussex and the University of Texas, protest events in Africa rose sharply between 2010 and 2011 and have remained at very high levels in many African cities. In recent years, anti-capitalist movements have emerged in Africa, attracting close attention and research from foreign left-wing scholars. However, domestic research on these left-wing scholars has not given due attention, resulting in few introductions and in-depth studies in this area. Furthermore, current domestic research on foreign left-wing thought mostly remains at the level of tracking and introduction. In terms of extended and in-depth reflection, it is very insufficient. There is an urgent need, while objectively sorting out foreign left-wing thought and movements, to strengthen research efforts on them and judgments about their future direction.

就国内的国外左翼思想研究而言，还需要进一步深化和拓展。国内学者对国外左翼思想和运动的研究还不均衡，一些重要的左翼政党、左翼运动和左翼思潮并未得到及时和深入的关注。比如，苏东剧变后的一段时期，非洲社会主义全面衰落。但是，根据苏塞克斯大学和德克萨斯大学学者们的研究，非洲抗议事件在2010年到2011年间急剧上升，在许多非洲城市中一直处于非常高的水平。近些年，非洲出现了抵抗资本主义运动，引起国外左翼学者的密切关注和研究。但国内对这些左翼学者的研究并没有给予应有的关注，导致鲜有这方面的介绍和深入研究。此外，国内目前的国外左翼研究大都是停留在追踪式介绍层面。在延伸的和深入的思考方面，是非常不够的，亟待在客观梳理国外左翼思想和运动的同时，加强对它们的研究力度以及对其未来走向的判断。

Notes

注释

1 John Bellamy Foster, “Engels’s Dialectics of Nature in the Anthropocene”, Monthly Review, Volume 72, Issue 06, 2020.

1 John Bellamy Foster，“Engels’s Dialectics of Nature in the Anthropocene”,Monthly Review,Volume 72,Issue 06,2020．

2 Paul Blackledge, “Engels vs. Marx?: Two Hundred Years of Frederick Engels”, Monthly Review, Volume 72, Issue 01, 2020.

2 Paul Blackledge，“Engels vs.Marx?:Two Hundred Years of Frederick Engels”,Monthly Review,Volume 72,Issue 01,2020．

3 Wolfgang Streeck, “Engels’s Second Theory---Technology, Warfare and the Growth of the State”, New Left Review, Volume 123, 2020.

3 Wolfgang Streeck，“Engels’s Second Theory---Technology,Warfare and the Growth of the State”,New Left Review,Volume 123,2020．

4 Katia Hancke, “Friedrich Engels: A Revolutionary Thinker for a World in Turmoil”, https://www.socialistalternative.org/2020/11/28/friedrichengels-a-revolutionary-thinker-for-a-world-in-turmoil/. [2020-11-28]

4 Katia Hancke，“Friedrich Engels:A Revolutionary Thinker for a World in Turmoil”,https://www.socialistalternative.org/2020/11/28/friedrichengels-a-revolutionary-thinker-for-a-world-in-turmoil/．[2020-11-28]

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5刘淑春:《列宁的英名永载史册---俄共纪念列宁诞辰150周年》，《世界社会主义研究》，2020年第4期。

6 “Declaración del Comité Central del PCM---En ocasión del 150 aniversario de Vladimir Ilich Lenin”, https://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-MexicoViva-Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin/. [2021-01-23]

6“Declaración del ComitéCentral del PCM---En ocasión del 150 aniversario de Vladimir Ilich Lenin”,https://www.solidnet.org/article/CP-of-MexicoViva-Vladimir-Ilich-Lenin/．[2021-01-23]

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8 Nancy Fraser, “What Should Socialism Mean in The Twenty-first Century?”, Socialist Register, 2020.

8Nancy Fraser，“What Should Socialism Mean in The Twenty-first Century?”,Socialist Register,2020．

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9 David Matthews，“Health Care for Profit (Not Health)---A Sick System”,Monthly Review,Volume 71,Issue 11,2020．

10 John Bellamy Foster, Intan Suwandi, “COV-ID-19 and Catastrophe Capitalism: Commodity Chains and Ecological-Epidemiological-Economic Crises”, Monthly Review, Volume 72, Issue 02, 2020.

10 John Bellamy Foster,Intan Suwandi，“COV-ID-19 and Catastrophe Capitalism:Commodity Chains and Ecological-Epidemiological-Economic Crises”,Monthly Review,Volume 72,Issue 02,2020．

11 Meredeth Turshen, Annie Thébaud-Mony, “The COVID-19 Pandemic Exposes Fatal Health Inequities”, Monthly Review, Volume 72, Issue 06, 2020.

11 Meredeth Turshen,Annie Thébaud-Mony，“The COVID-19 Pandemic Exposes Fatal Health Inequities”,Monthly Review,Volume 72,Issue 06,2020．

12 Iain Ferguson, “Capitalism, Coronavirus and Mental Distress”, http://isj.org.uk/coronavirusmen tal-distress/.

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14 Charisse Burden-Stelly，“Modern U.S.Racial Capitalism---Some Theoretical Insights”,Monthly Review,Volume 72,Issue 03,2020．

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18 Qiao Ruihua, Peng Yuchao: “China in the New Era Has the Pioneering Spirit of Forging Ahead with Determination——An Interview with Raif Dizdarević, Former President of the Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia”, Studies on Marxism, Issue 8, 2020.

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20 Pei Shaohua: “On the Characteristics and Development Trends of American Leftist Thought in the Post-Crisis Era”, Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping Theory Studies, Issue 7, 2020.

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21 Gao Jianming, Guo Jie: “The Current Situation, Problems, and Prospects of the American Left”, Scientific Socialism, Issue 1, 2020.

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23 Xia Yinping, Ni Jingjing: “Another World is Possible——French Leftist Critical Research on Neoliberalism”, Contemporary World and Socialism, Issue 1, 2020.

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29马正义:《南非左翼民粹主义政党的兴起及其根源》，《国外理论动态》2020年第5期。

30 Du Min: “New Trends in the Socialist Movement in Sri Lanka in the 21st Century”, Studies on Marxism, Issue 7, 2020.

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31 Jiao Pei: “Frustration and Reorganization: A Study of 21st-Century South Korean Leftist Thought”, Foreign Theoretical Trends, Issue 2, 2020.

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32 Wang Qingfeng: “The Naxalite Movement: Left-Wing Radicalism in India”, Foreign Studies, Issue 1, 2020.

32王晴锋:《纳萨尔运动:印度的左翼激进主义》，《外国问题研究》2020年第1期。

33 Han Han: “The Left Returns to Bolivian Politics”, World Knowledge, Issue 22, 2020.

33韩晗:《左翼重回玻利维亚政坛》，《世界知识》2020年第22期。

34 Xu Shicheng: “New Changes in Latin American Party Politics and Policy Adjustments of Left-Wing Parties”, Contemporary World, Issue 11, 2020.

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