Foreign Left-Wing Commemorations and Reflections on the 200th Anniversary of Engels’s Birth

Friedrich Engels was, after Karl Marx, the greatest revolutionary, thinker, theorist and leading figure of the international communist movement in the second half of the 19th century. In his seventy-five years of life and more than half a century of revolutionary career, he jointly founded, enriched and developed Marxism, guided the forward course of the international workers’ movement, and made indelible historical contributions to the world socialist movement’s search for breakthroughs while upholding fundamental principles and breaking new ground. However, after Marx’s death in 1883, controversies over Engels, especially over his later thought, have persisted. On the 200th anniversary of Engels’s birth, the world is facing changes unseen in a century, and the world socialist movement is at an important historical turning point from gradually emerging from its low ebb toward revitalization. Against this backdrop, foreign left-wing political parties, organizations and scholars have held various forms of online and offline events to solemnly commemorate the 200th anniversary of the birth of Engels, the great teacher of the proletariat and working people of the world. They have comprehensively reviewed Engels’s revolutionary and combative life, highly appraised his major contributions to the founding, upholding and development of Marxism and to guiding the international workers’ movement and advancing the world socialist movement, profoundly expounded the epochal implications and contemporary value of Engels’s theoretical works, and taken this opportunity to propagate the basic theories of Marxism and clarify the theoretical ideas, programs and propositions of their respective parties.

弗里德里希·恩格斯是继卡尔·马克思之后19世纪下半叶国际共产主义运动中最伟大的革命家、思想家、理论家和领袖人物，在其七十又五载的人生历程和半个多世纪的革命生涯中，共同创立、丰富和发展了马克思主义，引领了国际工人运动的前进航向，为世界社会主义运动在守正创新中寻求突破做出了不可磨灭的历史贡献。但是，在1883年马克思逝世之后，关于恩格斯尤其是其晚年思想的争议始终存在。在恩格斯诞辰200周年之际，世界面临百年未有之大变局，世界社会主义运动正处于从逐渐走出低潮到走向振兴的重要历史转折时期。在这样的时代背景下，国外左翼政党、组织和学者通过举办各种形式的线上线下活动，隆重纪念全世界无产阶级和劳动人民的伟大导师恩格斯诞辰200周年，全面回顾恩格斯革命、战斗的一生，高度评价恩格斯对马克思主义的创立、坚持和发展以及在指导国际工人运动和推动世界社会主义运动向前进方面做出的重大贡献，深刻阐释恩格斯理论著作的时代意蕴和当代价值，并借此契机宣传马克思主义基本理论，阐明各党的理论思想与纲领主张。

I. Foreign Left-Wing Solemn Commemorations of the 200th Anniversary of Engels’s Birth

一、国外左翼隆重纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年

The year 2020 coincided with the 200th anniversary of Engels’s birth, a date of great historical significance for disciplines such as the history of Marxist development, scientific socialism and the international communist movement, and foreign Marxist studies. From the second half of 2020 onward, foreign left-wing political parties, organizations and scholars have taken action one after another, continuously pushing the commemoration of the 200th anniversary of Engels’s birth to a climax through various forms.

2020年恰逢恩格斯诞辰20 0周年，这一纪念日对于马克思主义发展史、科学社会主义与国际共产主义运动、国外马克思主义研究等学科具有重要的历史意义。2020年下半年以来，国外左翼政党、组织和学者纷纷行动起来，以各种形式不断掀起纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年的高潮。

(I) Organizing Commemorative Seminars and Conferences

（一）组织纪念研讨会议

On September 27, 2020, the Portuguese Communist Party held a conference in Lisbon under the theme “Engels and the Socialist Struggle Today” to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Engels’s birth, at which Jerónimo de Sousa, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Portuguese Communist Party, delivered a speech.[1]1 The Portuguese Communist Party (Partido Comunista Português, PCP) is a Marxist-Leninist party founded in 1921. On November 26, various sectors in Laos convened an academic seminar at the National Academy of Politics and Public Administration of Laos titled “Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of Engels’s Birth and Engels’s Theory and Laos’s Reform and Opening Up.” On November 27, the Ho Chi Minh National Academy of Politics, together with the Central Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of Vietnam, the Central Theoretical Council, and the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, jointly held a scientific seminar in Hanoi titled “Engels’s Intellectual Legacy: New Values and Vitality for the Times.” On the same day, the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation also held an online seminar, with representatives of left-wing parties, including the leader of the Left Party parliamentary group in the German Bundestag and the head of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation affiliated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany, participating and delivering keynote reports.[2]2 The Rosa Luxemburg Foundation is a German political foundation affiliated with the Left Party (Die Linke), named after the Marxist revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg. The Friedrich Ebert Foundation is a foundation affiliated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany, named after its first president. On November 28, the Keio Economic Society of Japan held an online academic seminar titled “Engels’s Contribution to Marxism and Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of Engels’s Birth,” with more than 40 scholars from Japan and China participating. In addition, the German Communist Party held online commemorative events and video conferences with the Communist Party of Britain[3]3 The Communist Party of Britain (CPB) is a Marxist-Leninist party founded in 1988, distinct from the earlier Communist Party of Great Britain. and the Communist Party of the Donetsk People’s Republic,[4]4 The Donetsk People’s Republic was a self-proclaimed state in eastern Ukraine, recognized only by a few states; its Communist Party was a small Marxist-Leninist organization. respectively.

2020年9月27日，葡萄牙共产党以“恩格斯与当今社会主义斗争”为主题在里斯本举行纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年大会，葡共中央总书记热罗尼莫·德索萨（Jerónimo de Sousa）发表讲话。111月26日，老挝各界在老挝国家政治行政学院召开“纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年暨恩格斯理论与老挝革新开放”学术研讨会。11月27日，胡志明国家政治学院同越共中央宣教部、中央理论委员会、越南社会科学翰林院在河内联合举行“恩格斯思想遗产：时代新价值与生命力”科学研讨会。同日，罗莎·卢森堡基金会也举行网络研讨会，德国左翼党联邦议会党团领袖、德国社会民主党所属弗里德里希·艾伯特基金会负责人等左翼政党代表参加并做主旨报告。211月28日，日本庆应义塾经济学会举办“恩格斯对马克思主义的贡献暨纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年”线上学术研讨会，来自日中两国的40余位学者参加。此外，德国的共产党还分别与英国共产党3、顿涅茨克人民共和国共产党4举行线上纪念活动和视频会议。

(II) Issuing Commemorative Declarations and Statements

（二）发表纪念宣言与声明

On November 27, 2020, five Marxist-Leninist-Maoist parties, including the Communist Workers’ League (Colombia) and the Maoist Communist Party (Italy), jointly issued a statement titled “Joint Statement Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of Engels’s Birth: Long Live Engels! Long Live Marxism-Leninism-Maoism!” The statement summarized Engels’s great achievements for the development of human civilization and the proletarian revolutionary struggle, emphasized that honor and glory belong to Friedrich Engels, the great teacher of the world proletariat, and called on communists, the proletariat and oppressed peoples around the world to unite in proletarian internationalism.[5]5 “Marxism-Leninism-Maoism” is a term used by some Maoist groups to denote a synthesis of classical Marxism, Leninism, and Mao Zedong’s thought, often emphasizing armed struggle and people’s war. On November 28, the Communist Party of the Philippines issued a “Statement on the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of Friedrich Engels,” stressing the value of Engels’s proletarian theory and revolutionary political legacy and advancing along the path of the new democratic and socialist revolution.[6]6 The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) is a Maoist party founded in 1968, leading the New People’s Army in an ongoing insurgency. On November 29, 11 Marxist-Leninist-Maoist parties and organizations, including the Communist Party of Peru, the Maoist Communist Party Creation Committee of Austria, and the Maoist Committee of Finland, jointly signed an international declaration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Engels’s birth. The declaration reviewed Engels’s intellectual journey and the great friendship between Marx and Engels from three aspects—“the eternal united struggle between Marx and Engels,” “Engels’s contribution as one of the founders of Marxism,” and “Engels’s legacy”—and deeply explored Engels’s unique contribution to Marxism and the epochal implications of Engels’s thought.[7]7 The Communist Party of Peru (Partido Comunista del Perú), also known as the Shining Path, is a Maoist guerrilla group founded in the late 1960s.

2020年11月27日，共产主义工人联盟（哥伦比亚）、毛主义共产党（意大利）等五个马列毛主义政党联合发表声明《纪念恩格斯诞辰20 0周年联合声明：恩格斯万岁！马列毛主义万岁！》。声明总结了恩格斯为人类文明发展和无产阶级革命斗争做出的伟大功绩，强调荣誉和光荣属于世界无产阶级的伟大导师——弗里德里希·恩格斯，号召世界各地共产党人、无产阶级和被压迫人民在无产阶级国际主义中团结起来。5 11月28日，菲律宾共产党发表了《关于弗里德里希·恩格斯诞辰200周年的声明》，强调珍视恩格斯的无产阶级理论和革命政治遗产，沿着新民主主义和社会主义革命道路前进。6 11月29日，秘鲁共产党、奥地利毛主义共产党创建委员会、芬兰毛主义委员会等11个马列毛主义政党和组织联合签署纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年国际宣言。宣言从“马克思与恩格斯之间永恒的团结奋斗、恩格斯作为马克思主义创始人之一的贡献和恩格斯的遗产”三方面，回顾了恩格斯的思想历程、马克思与恩格斯的伟大友谊，并深入探讨了恩格斯对马克思主义的独特贡献和恩格斯思想的时代意蕴。7

(III) Writing Commemorative Articles

（三）撰写纪念文章

On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of Engels’s birth, foreign left-wing forces have written commemorative articles one after another to express their remembrance and reverence for the great revolutionary teacher. Representative works include: Gennady Zyuganov, Chairman of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, “Engels’s Three Great Merits,” published in *Pravda*; “Engels—A Model Theorist Inseparable from Marx,” published in the journal *People’s March* of the Communist Party of India (Maoist); Brinda Karat, member of the Central Political Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), “Engels and Women’s Liberation”; Pakistani social scientist Raza Naeem, “The Ragged Altruist: Friedrich Engels’s *The Condition of the Working Class in England*”;[8]8 *The Condition of the Working Class in England* is Engels’s 1845 study of the living and working conditions of the English working class during the Industrial Revolution. Jenny Farrell, columnist for the Irish Communist Party newspaper *Cultural Affairs*, “Engels and Marriage”[9]9 This article likely discusses Engels’s views on marriage and the family, as developed in his work *The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State* (1884). and “Friedrich Engels and the Poetic Sculpture of His Partner Mary Burns”;[10]10 Mary Burns was Engels’s lifelong companion and common-law wife, an Irish working-class woman who introduced him to the conditions of the working class in Manchester. Marcello Musto, Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at York University, Canada, “Friedrich Engels Becomes More Important on His 200th Birthday”;[11]11 Marcello Musto is a prominent scholar of Marx and Engels’s thought, known for his work on the Marx-Engels *Gesamtausgabe* (MEGA) project. Michael Roberts, “Engels’s Pause and the Condition of the Working Class in England”;[12]12 “Engels’s Pause” refers to a concept in economic history, debated by scholars, about a period in the 19th century when industrial growth outpaced wage growth, which Engels analyzed. Indian left-wing scholar Prabir Purkayastha, “Three Questions on Reading Engels and Why”;[13]13 This article likely addresses methodological issues in reading Engels’s works. Adam Booth, “The Life and Thought of Friedrich Engels”;[14]14 Adam Booth is a British Marxist writer and activist. Dmitry Novikov, Deputy Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, “Great Scientist, Great Teacher”;[15]15 Dmitry Novikov is a leading figure in the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), the largest communist party in Russia. historian Doug Enaa Greene, “Engels Against Reformism in Germany and France”;[16]16 This article likely critiques reformist currents in the German and French socialist movements of Engels’s time. articles published on the official website of the German Communist Party newspaper, including “Thought Leader,” “In Engels’s Footsteps,” and “Presenting the Truth”;[17]17 The German Communist Party (Deutsche Kommunistische Partei, DKP) is a Marxist-Leninist party founded in 1968. Thomas Riggins, “Engels at 200: Intellectual Giant and Rebel”;[18]18 Thomas Riggins is an American Marxist philosopher and writer. and the article titled “Continue to Inherit, Innovate and Develop Engels’s Great Intellectual Will,” published in *Nhân Dân*, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam.

在恩格斯诞辰200周年之际，国外左翼纷纷撰写纪念文章，以表达对伟大革命导师的追思与缅怀。其中，以俄罗斯联邦共产党主席根纳季·久加诺夫（G ennady Zy uga nov）发表于《真理报》的《恩格斯的三大功勋》、印度共产党（毛主义）刊物《人民长征》上刊载的《恩格斯——一位与马克思密不可分的模范理论家》、印度共产党（马克思主义）中央政治局委员布林达·卡拉特（Brinda Karat）的《恩格斯与妇女解放》、巴基斯坦社会科学家拉扎·纳姆（Raza Naeem）的《衣衫褴褛的利他主义者：弗里德里希·恩格斯的〈英国工人阶级状况〉》8、爱尔兰共产党党报《文化事务》专栏作家珍妮·法雷尔（Jenny Fa r rell）发表的的《恩格斯与婚姻》9和《弗里德里希·恩格斯及其伴侣玛丽·伯恩斯的诗歌雕塑》10、加拿大约克大学政治系副教授马塞洛·默斯特（Marcello Musto）的《弗里德里希·恩格斯在他诞辰20 0周年之际变得更加重要》11、迈克尔·罗伯茨（Michael Rober ts）的《恩格斯的停顿与英国工人阶级状况》12、印度左翼学者普拉比尔·普尔卡亚斯塔（Prabir Purkayastha）的《阅读恩格斯的三个问题及其原因》13、亚当·布斯（Adam Booth）的《弗里德里希·恩格斯的生平和思想》14、俄共中央副主席德米特里·诺维科夫（Dmitry Novikov）的《伟大的科学家，伟大的导师》15、历史学家道格·埃纳·格林（Doug Enaa Greene）的《恩格斯反对德国和法国的改良主义》16、德共党报官网刊登的《思想领袖》《恩格斯的脚步》《呈现真相》17、托马斯·里金斯（Thomas Riggins）撰写的《恩格斯200岁：知识巨人与反叛者》纪念文章18以及越共中央机关报《人民报》刊发的题为《继续继承创新发扬恩格斯的伟大思想遗志》为代表。

(IV) Other Commemorative Activities

（四）其他纪念活动

The Marxist-Leninist Party of Germany held political meetings in eleven cities across the country and staged the premiere of the new film *Friedrich Engels – The Most Underestimated Classic*. Engels’s hometown of Wuppertal, Germany (formed in 1929 by the merger of Barmen and other towns) declared 2020 the “Year of Engels,” not only reopening the Engels House but also launching a dedicated website (www.engels2020.de) and holding an unveiling ceremony for an Engels statue. The website of the Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist), the U.S. left-wing site “Fight for Socialism,” and the Central Organ of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), *People’s Democracy*, all specially reprinted Lenin’s memorial article titled “Friedrich Engels,” written in September 1895. The Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist) stated that, in order to recognize Engels’s immense contribution to the cause of the working class and to commemorate and disseminate the revolutionary content of his genius thought, every worker should be familiar with the name and contributions of this great revolutionary fighter and proletarian mentor.[19]19 The Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist) is a small Maoist party in the UK, distinct from the larger Communist Party of Britain. The Central Organ of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), *People’s Democracy*, also published a detailed chronology recording Engels’s life, works, and major events.[20]20 The Communist Party of India (Marxist) is a major communist party in India, often abbreviated CPI(M). The newspaper of the German Communist Party, *Unsere Zeit*, published a letter from a German communist to Engels, in which the author recalled in simple terms Engels’s subtle influence on him and narrated his own journey from an impulsive youth to a revolutionary fighter.[21]21 The German Communist Party (Deutsche Kommunistische Partei, DKP) was founded in 1968 as a successor to the banned Communist Party of Germany. The U.S. left-wing organization “Political Movement” posted a series of Engels quotations in poster form on its website.[22]22 “Political Movement” is a U.S.-based left-wing organization. In addition, in light of the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic, several left-wing organizations, including the German Communist Party, held commemorative demonstrations in Wuppertal. Representatives of the German Communist Party and the Communist Party of Greece laid flowers at the Engels statue gifted by the Chinese government in 2014. In Moscow, representatives of communists, members of the Communist Youth League, and their supporters from all over Russia also laid wreaths at the Engels monument.

德国马列主义党在全德11个城市召开政治会议，并举行新电影《弗里德里希·恩格斯——最被低估的经典》首映礼。恩格斯的故乡德国伍伯塔尔市（1929年由巴门等合并而成）宣布2020年为“恩格斯年”，不仅重新开放恩格斯故居，而且还开通了专门网站（www.engels2020.de），并举行了恩格斯雕塑揭幕仪式。英共（马列）官网、美国左翼网站“为社会主义奋斗”、印共（马）中央机关报《人民民主》还专门刊登了列宁于1895年9月撰写的题为《弗里德里希·恩格斯》的悼念文章。英共（马列）表示，为了表彰恩格斯对工人阶级事业的巨大贡献，纪念并传播其天才思想的革命性内容，每个工人都应熟知这位伟大的革命战士和无产阶级导师的名字和贡献。19印共（马）中央机关报《人民民主》还刊登了详细记录恩格斯生平、著作和重要事件的大事年表。20德共党报《我们的时间》刊登了一位德国共产党人写给恩格斯的书信，作者在信中以朴实的笔触回忆了恩格斯对自己潜移默化的影响，叙述了自己由冲动的青年最终成长为一名革命战士的历程。21美国左翼组织“政治运动”在其官网以海报形式连续刊载恩格斯语录。22此外，结合新冠肺炎疫情的防控情况，包括德共在内的多个左翼组织还在伍伯塔尔举行纪念示威游行。德共和希腊共产党代表在伍伯塔尔向中国政府于2014年赠送的恩格斯雕像献花。在莫斯科，全俄各地共产党员、共青团员代表及其支持者也向恩格斯纪念碑敬献花篮。

Furthermore, the websites of organizations and institutions such as the Communist Party of India, the Communist Party of the United States of America, the Communist Party of Brazil, the Communist Party of Austria, the Communist Party of Paraguay, the Party for Socialism and Liberation in the United States, the Engels Bund Germany, the International Committee of the Fourth International, and the League for the Fifth International; publications such as *Socialist Voice*, the Central Organ of the Portuguese Communist Party *Avante!*, the Central Organ of the Communist Party of Ireland *Socialist Voice*, and the Central Organ of the Communist Party of the United States *People’s World*; European and American left-wing journals and magazines such as *Jacobin*, *Monthly Review*, and *New Left Review*; and numerous left-wing websites such as “UnityNet,” “Defend Communism,” “Marxist.com,” “Left Voice,” “Countercurrents,” “People’s Dispatch,” “World Socialist Web Site,” “Maoist Road,” and “New Age Media” all published a series of commemorative articles by left-wing parties, organizations, and scholars on the theme of the 200th anniversary of Engels’s birth, while also conducting continuous news follow-up reports.

此外，印度共产党、美国共产党、巴西共产党、奥地利共产党、巴拉圭共产党、美国争取社会主义与解放党、德国恩格斯同盟、第四国际国际委员会、争取第五国际同盟等机构和组织网站，《社会主义呼声》、葡共中央官方刊物《前进报》、爱尔兰共产党中央机关报《社会主义之声》、美共中央机关报《人民世界》，以及《雅各宾》《每月评论》《新左翼评论》等欧美左翼刊物杂志，“团结网”“保卫共产主义”“马克思主义者”“左翼之声”“反潮流”“人民调度”“世界社会主义者网站”“毛主义道路网”“新时代媒体”等众多左翼网站也都围绕纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年这一主题发表了左翼政党、组织和学者的一系列纪念文章，同时连续进行新闻追踪报道。

II. Full Affirmation of Engels’s Lofty Historical Status as the Irreplaceable “Second Violin”

二、充分肯定恩格斯作为无可替代的“第二小提琴手”的崇高历史地位

Together with Marx, Engels achieved in practice the high unity of thinker and revolutionary. As a classical Marxist writer, Engels was the one who, together with Marx, founded Marxism and scientific socialism; as a great proletarian mentor, Engels was the one who, together with Marx, guided the world workers’ movement and the international communist movement. Foreign left-wing parties, organizations, and scholars resolutely oppose historical nihilism; centering on themes such as Engels’s classical works and the international unity of socialism, they highly evaluate Engels’s important historical contributions and far-reaching international influence from the perspectives of theoretical contribution, practical struggle, and spiritual qualities.

恩格斯与马克思一道在实践中实现了思想家与革命家的高度统一。作为马克思主义经典作家的恩格斯是与马克思共同创立马克思主义、科学社会主义之人，作为无产阶级伟大导师的恩格斯是与马克思共同指导世界工人运动、国际共产主义运动之人。国外左翼政党、组织和学者旗帜鲜明地反对历史虚无主义，围绕恩格斯经典著作、社会主义国际联合等主题，从理论贡献、实践斗争和精神品质方面，高度评价恩格斯的重要历史贡献与深远国际影响。

(1) Engels’s Status as Co-Founder of Marxism and Scientific Socialism Is Unshakable

（一）恩格斯作为马克思主义、科学社会主义共同创始人的地位不可动摇

Major German media outlets published articles commemorating the 200th anniversary of Engels’s birth. *Die Zeit* described Engels as “one of the most influential and multifaceted thinkers of the 19th century, a theorist and practitioner of the proletarian revolution, one of the earliest sociologists, and an outstanding journalist.”[23]23 *Die Zeit* is a major German weekly newspaper. *Süddeutsche Zeitung* stated that Engels changed the course of history through his writing. Deutschlandfunk reported that Engels lived a “double life,” being both an entrepreneur and a philosopher, communist, and revolutionary. “Engels provided economic and intellectual support to Karl Marx, and the friendship between the two profoundly influenced Engels. Together with Marx, he wrote one of the most influential texts in history.”[24]24 Deutschlandfunk is a German public radio broadcaster. As historian Werner Plumpe of the University of Frankfurt put it: “Without Friedrich Engels, most of Karl Marx’s works would probably never have seen the light of day.”[25]25 Werner Plumpe is a German economic historian. Sitaram Yechury, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), agreed, arguing that “after Marx’s death, the international working class and the people of the world came to know the rich writings and theoretical foundations of Marxism mainly through Engels,” and that “clearly, in almost every field of human activity and life, Engels made pioneering contributions, either independently or jointly with Marx. Engels’s exposition of the dialectics of man and nature, from natural science, anthropology, history, and political economy to philosophy, made outstanding contributions to the development of the revolutionary movement and its theoretical foundations. Moreover, it must be emphasized that every work completed jointly or independently by Marx and Engels was enriched by their mutual discussions.”[26]26 Sitaram Yechury was General Secretary of the CPI(M) from 2015 to 2024. Ariane Diaz, a member of the Socialist Workers’ Party of Argentina, wrote in the article “200th Anniversary of Engels’s Birth: Engels Is Still Alive”: “Engels’s theoretical work was able to broaden the battlefield of Marxism, entering fields that Marx did not enter, or, to be precise, the writings of Marx’s friend provided nourishment for him.”[27]27 The Socialist Workers’ Party of Argentina (Partido de los Trabajadores Socialistas) is a Trotskyist party. Rob Sewell, editor of *Socialist Voice*, emphasized: “Although Marxism is named after Marx, we should never forget the important contributions Engels made and the organic connection between their life journeys. There is no doubt that Engels was an encyclopedic thinker and polymath, whose theory covered philosophy, economics, history, physics, linguistics, and military science, and his knowledge of military theory earned him the title of ‘General.’”[28]28 The title “General” was a nickname given to Engels by Marx and others, reflecting his keen interest and expertise in military affairs.

德国各大媒体纷纷发文纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年。《时代周报》形容恩格斯是“19世纪最具影响力、最多元的思想家之一，是无产阶级革命理论家和实践家，最早的社会学家，一位杰出的记者”23。《南德意志报》表示，恩格斯通过写作改变了历史的进程。德意志广播电台发文表示，恩格斯经历了“双重人生”，他既是企业家，同时也是哲学家、共产主义者和革命家。“恩格斯在经济上和智识上为卡尔·马克思提供支持，两人的友谊深刻影响了恩格斯。他和马克思一道写下了历史上最具影响力的文本之一。”24正如德国法兰克福大学历史学家沃纳·普拉姆普（Werner Plumpe）所言：“如果没有弗里德里希·恩格斯，卡尔·马克思的大部分著作或将难以重见天日。”25印共（马）中央总书记西塔拉姆·亚丘里（Sitaram Yechury）对此表示赞同，认为“马克思逝世后，国际工人阶级和世界人民主要通过恩格斯来认识马克思主义的丰富著作和理论基础”，“很显然，在人类活动和生活的几乎每一个领域，恩格斯或是独立、或是与马克思共同做出了开创性贡献。恩格斯从自然科学、人类学、历史学、政治经济学到哲学等各个领域对人与自然辩证法的论述，为发展革命运动及其理论基础做出了突出贡献。并且，必须强调的是，马克思和恩格斯双方共同或各自独立完成的每一部作品都因相互讨论而得到丰富”26。阿根廷社会主义工人党成员阿丽亚娜·迪亚兹（Ariane Diaz）在《恩格斯诞辰200周年：恩格斯仍然活着》一文中表示：“恩格斯的理论工作能够拓宽马克思主义的战场，进入马克思没有参与的领域，或者准确地说，马克思朋友的著作给他提供了营养。”27《社会主义呼声》主编罗伯·瑟威尔（Rob Sewell）强调：“尽管马克思主义以马克思命名，但我们永远不应忘记恩格斯所做的重要贡献以及二者人生历程的有机联系。毫无疑问，恩格斯是一位百科全书式的思想家、博学家，他的理论涵盖了哲学、经济学、历史学、物理学、语言学和军事学等领域，他对军事理论的了解为他赢得了‘将军’的称号。”28

(2) Engels’s Historical Contribution in Guiding the World Workers’ Movement and the International Communist Movement Cannot Be Erased

（二）恩格斯指导世界工人运动、国际共产主义运动的历史贡献不容抹杀

Mahir Ali, a columnist for Pakistan’s *Dawn* newspaper, points out in his article “Marx’s Deputy”: “There, he was regarded as the great sage of European socialism, particularly influential in leading the process of German social democracy. Compared with Marx, he is more closely associated with terms such as ‘dialectical materialism’ and ‘scientific socialism.’”[29]29 Mahir Ali, “Marx’s Deputy,” *Dawn*, November 28, 2020. Stanislav Grospič, Chair of the Trade Union Association of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, emphasizes that as one of the most influential revolutionary thinkers, although Engels spent most of his life in the shadow of his friend and collaborator Karl Marx, he was nonetheless a great theorist and revolutionary activist: “Thanks to *Anti-Dühring*, *Socialism: Utopian and Scientific*, *The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State*, and other works, he became one of the most influential and thoroughgoing revolutionaries.”[30]30 Stanislav Grospič, “Speech at the International Online Seminar Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of Friedrich Engels,” November 27, 2020. Les Doherty, Secretary of the Communist Party of Britain’s Manchester District, noted at an online commemorative event hosted by the Chinese Consulate General in Manchester: “Engels repeatedly went deep into the slums to understand the living conditions of the working class, wrote the highly influential *The Condition of the Working Class in England*, and jointly conceived and completed classic works such as the *Communist Manifesto* with Marx. Engels’s contributions to the development of Marxism and the advancement of human history are invaluable and should be recognized by more people.”[24]24 Deutschlandfunk is a German public radio broadcaster. Walter Smolarek, a member of the Party for Socialism and Liberation (USA), cited Engels’s thesis in *Dialectics of Nature* on “the part played by labour in the transition from ape to man” and pointed out: “Besides the key documents co-authored with Marx, Engels’s own works have likewise stood the test of time, becoming basic guides for generations of revolutionaries who wish to understand and transform the world. In all his works, including *Dialectics of Nature*, Engels demonstrated a prescience capable of identifying the most important laws and trends affecting the development of human society. On the 200th anniversary of his birth, Engels remains a figure hard to surpass in the history of socialist struggle.”[31]31 Walter Smolarek, “Engels: A Revolutionary for the Ages,” *Liberation*, November 28, 2020. The Communist Workers’ League (Colombia) stressed: “As a passionate revolutionary fighter, Engels was a staunch defender of the interests of the proletariat, a fierce critic of erroneous socialism, the finest supporter and tireless mentor of the working class, and he always maintained a close friendship with the working class. People from many countries sought guidance and support from Engels.”[32]32 Communist Workers’ League (Colombia), “200 Years Since the Birth of Frederick Engels,” November 28, 2020.

巴基斯坦《黎明报》专栏作家马希尔·阿里（Mahir Ali）在《马克思的副手》一文中指出：“在那里，他被视为欧洲社会主义的伟大圣贤，特别是在领导德国社会民主主义进程方面具有影响力。与马克思相比，他与诸如‘辩证唯物主义’和‘科学社会主义’之类的词联系更紧密。”29捷克、摩拉维亚和西里西亚工会协会主席斯坦尼斯拉夫·格罗斯皮奇（Stanislav Grospič）强调，作为最有影响力的革命思想家之一，尽管恩格斯一生的大部分时间都是在他的朋友与合作者卡尔·马克思的光辉下度过的，但是恩格斯仍然是一位伟大的理论家和革命活动家，“得益于《反杜林论》《社会主义从空想到科学的发展》《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》以及其他方面的著作，他成为最有影响力和最彻底的革命者之一”30。英共曼彻斯特大区书记莱斯·多赫蒂（Les Doherty）在参加中国驻曼彻斯特总领事馆举办的线上纪念活动时指出：“恩格斯多次深入贫民窟了解工人阶级生存状况，撰写了深具影响的《英国工人阶级状况》，并与马克思共同酝酿完成了《共产党宣言》等经典著作。恩格斯为发展马克思主义和推动人类历史进步所做出的贡献弥足珍贵，应为更多人所认识。”24美国争取社会主义与解放党成员沃尔特·斯莫拉瑞克（Walter Smolarek）援引恩格斯在《自然辩证法》中提出的关于“劳动在从猿到人的转变中的作用”的论断并指出，“除了与马克思合著的关键文献外，恩格斯的著作同样经受住了时间的考验，成为一代又一代希望认识世界、改造世界的革命家的基本指南。恩格斯在《自然辩证法》等所有著作中都表现出一种能够识别影响人类社会发展进程中最重要的规律和趋势的先见之明。在他诞辰200周年的今天，恩格斯仍然是社会主义斗争史上的一位难以被超越的人物”31。共产主义工人联盟（哥伦比亚）强调：“作为一名热情的革命斗士，恩格斯是无产阶级利益的坚定捍卫者，是错误社会主义的猛烈批评者，是工人阶级最优秀的支持者和不知疲倦的导师，他始终与工人阶级保持着密切友谊关系，多国人民都向恩格斯寻求指导和支持。”32

(3) Engels’s adherence to the original aspiration and founding mission of the liberation of the proletariat and all humanity is worthy of praise.

（三）恩格斯坚守无产阶级和全人类解放的初心使命和责任担当值得称颂

The Communist Party of Vietnam highly appraises Engels’s great personal qualities, praising “the sincere friendship and comradely bond between Engels and Marx,” and lauding “Engels’s revolutionary spirit, work perseverance, modest character, and spirit of cooperation in revolutionary struggle as a shining example.” It points out that “for the Communist Party of Vietnam, the working class, and working people, as well as for the world’s working class and working people, Engels’s life, career, noble character, and fine conduct have always been a major driving force for revolution.”[33]33 “President of the Central Committee of the Vietnam Fatherland Front Attends Commemoration of Engels’s 200th Birthday,” *Nhân Dân*, November 28, 2020. Gennady Zyuganov, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, believes: “Engels’s foremost moral merit and achievement is that, from birth, he had every possibility of succeeding in the capitalist world of exploitation, yet he sacrificed personal happiness, transcended class interests in intellect and spirit, and abandoned social conventions and bad habits. In contrast to capitalist personal happiness, he chose to stand with the noblest human values—justice, equality, and solidarity.”[34]34 Gennady Zyuganov, “Engels Is a Man of the Future,” *Pravda*, November 27, 2020. The Communist Party of India (Maoist) further points out that Engels, born into the bourgeoisie, chose the philosophy of the working class, stood with the working class against the industrial capitalists, and provided the working class with the ideological weapons needed to change their lives.[35]35 Communist Party of India (Maoist), “Commemorating the 200th Birth Anniversary of Frederick Engels,” November 28, 2020.

越共高度评价恩格斯的伟大人格品质，赞扬“恩格斯与马克思之间的真挚友谊与同志之情”，认为“恩格斯的革命精神、工作毅力、谦虚品德与革命斗争中的合作精神成为光辉榜样”，指出“对越南共产党、工人阶级、劳动者乃至世界工人阶级、劳动者来说，恩格斯的生平、事业、崇高品德及优良作风一向是革命的重大动力”33。俄共中央主席根纳季·久加诺夫认为：恩格斯的首要道德和功勋是，他从出生起就完全有可能在资本主义剥削世界中获得成功，但是他以牺牲个人幸福为代价，在智力和精神上超越阶级利益、摈弃社会陈规陋习。相对于资本主义的个人幸福，他宁愿选择与最高尚的人文价值——正义、平等、团结站在一起。34印共（毛）进一步指出，资产阶级出身的恩格斯选择了工人阶级哲学，和工人阶级一起反对工业资本家，并为工人阶级提供了改变他们生活所需的意识形态武器。35

3. High appraisal of the world significance of Engels and his ideological works

三、高度评价恩格斯及其思想著作的世界意义

As a co-founder of Marxism and scientific socialism, Engels not only co-authored and independently authored numerous classic works but also spent considerable energy between 1883 and 1895 editing and publishing Marx’s posthumous manuscripts, thereby leaving his own theoretical imprint. The international left highly appraises Engels and his ideological works for their preservation and innovation of Marxist philosophy, their major contributions to Marxist political economy, their inheritance and development of scientific socialism, and their foundation of proletarian military science.

作为马克思主义、科学社会主义的共同创始人，恩格斯不仅合著、独著了众多经典著作，而且在1883—1895年间花费了大量精力整理出版马克思的遗作，由此也留下了自己的思想理论印记。国外左翼高度评价恩格斯及其思想著作对马克思主义哲学的守正创新、对马克思主义政治经济学的重大贡献、对科学社会主义的继承与发展、对无产阶级军事科学的奠基。

(1) Engels’s preservation and innovation of Marxist philosophy

（一）恩格斯对马克思主义哲学的守正创新

Hiroshi Makino, Professor Emeritus at Hannan University, in his report “Engels’s Contribution to Marx’s Philosophy,” explained Engels’s important contributions to scientific socialism, materialist dialectics, and Marxist philosophy from perspectives including the relationship between Marx and Engels, the second fiddle as prelude to the first fiddle, the duet of the first and second fiddles, and the independence (variation) of the second fiddle—*Anti-Dühring*, *Dialectics of Nature*, and *Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy*.[36]36 Hiroshi Makino, “Engels’s Contribution to Marx’s Philosophy,” report at the International Symposium on the 200th Anniversary of Engels’s Birth, November 27, 2020. Sitaram Yechury, General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), pointed out: “Engels’s theoretical contributions to the evolution and exposition of the Marxist worldview are of extremely great significance for understanding the unfolding of dialectics and the discovery of all laws governing the material development of the universe, the development and evolution of life, and the development of human society. In commemorating his life and thought, people usually also re-examine these contributions of Engels and their far-reaching impact on the progress of human thought, wisdom, and civilization.”[37]37 Sitaram Yechury, “Speech at the International Online Seminar Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of Friedrich Engels,” November 27, 2020. The Communist Party of Vietnam’s central organ, *Nhân Dân*, stated in an editorial: “Engels and Marx protected and developed materialist philosophy, realized innovation in dialectical materialism, brought about a fundamental turning point in philosophy, and provided a new perspective and accurate method for explaining, understanding, and transforming the world; historical materialism is a great achievement of scientific thought, discovering the laws of social development and the necessity of transition from one socioeconomic formation to a higher one.”[38]38 “Engels: Great Revolutionary Teacher of the World’s Working Class,” *Nhân Dân*, November 28, 2020.

阪南大学名誉教授牧野广义在《恩格斯对马克思哲学的贡献》报告中，从马克思与恩格斯的关系、第二小提琴手是第一小提琴手的前奏、第一小提琴和第二小提琴的合奏、第二小提琴的独立性(变奏)——《反杜林论》《自然辩证法》《费尔巴哈论》等视角阐释了恩格斯对科学社会主义、唯物主义辩证法、马克思主义哲学等方面做出的重要贡献。36印共（马）中央总书记亚丘里指出：“恩格斯在马克思主义世界观的演进和阐述中所做的理论贡献，对于理解辩证法的展开和辩证法在支配宇宙物质发展，生命发展、进化和人类社会发展的一切规律的发现中，具有极其重要的意义。人们在纪念他的一生和思想的同时，通常还会重新研究恩格斯的这些贡献，以及这些贡献对人类思想、智慧和文明进步所产生的的深远影响。”37越共中央机关报《人民报》在社论中指出：“恩格斯和马克思已保护和发展唯物哲学，实现辩证唯物主义创新，给哲学打下了基本转折点和为解释、认识和改造世界提供一个崭新的视角、准确方法；历史唯物主义是科学思想的伟大成果，发现出社会发展规律性、由这个经济社会制度转到更高经济社会制度的必要性。”38

(2) Engels’s major contributions to Marxist political economy

（二）恩格斯对马克思主义政治经济学的重大贡献

Tristram Hunt, Director of the Victoria and Albert Museum and former Shadow Secretary of State for Education in the UK, pointed out: “Engels is a figure of profound historical and philosophical significance. He not only played a role in shaping 20th-century Marxism, but his views on socialism are more relevant to our contemporary era than Marx’s pure political economy. Similarly, through his early analysis of imperialism as a core component of Western capitalism, Engels pioneered the Marxist conception of colonial liberation.”[39]39 Tristram Hunt, “Friedrich Engels: The Man Who Made Marxism,” *The Guardian*, November 28, 2020. Sitaram Yechury, General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), believes that Engels’s 1844 work *Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy* laid down the basic principles for criticizing bourgeois political economy, arguing that “Engels demonstrated that all important phenomena in the bourgeois economic system inevitably arise from the private ownership of the means of production, and that a society without poverty can only be a society without private ownership of the means of production,”[40]40 Sitaram Yechury, “Speech at the International Online Seminar Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of the Birth of Friedrich Engels,” November 27, 2020. and that this had an important influence on Marx. The Communist Party of Vietnam’s central organ, *Nhân Dân*, stated in an editorial: “Engels and Marx relied on classical political economy to create a new economic doctrine, bringing about a historic change in political economy; through research and the discovery of the law of surplus value, Engels and Marx found the scientific basis for the capitalist mode of exploitation and the inevitable demise of capitalism and the victory of communism.”[41]41 “Engels: Great Revolutionary Teacher of the World’s Working Class,” *Nhân Dân*, November 28, 2020.

英国维多利亚和阿尔伯特博物馆馆长、前工党影子内阁教育秘书特利斯特拉姆·亨特（Tristram Hunt）指出：“恩格斯是一个具有深远历史和哲学意义的人物。他不仅在塑造20世纪马克思主义中发挥了作用，而且他对社会主义的看法与马克思的纯粹政治经济学相比，对我们当代更有意义。同样，恩格斯通过对帝国主义作为西方资本主义核心组成部分的早期分析，开创了马克思主义殖民解放构想。”39印共（马）中央总书记亚丘里认为恩格斯在1844年发表的《政治经济学批判大纲》，奠定了批判资产阶级政治经济学的基本原则，认为“恩格斯论证了资产阶级经济体制度中的所有重要现象都不可避免地产生于生产资料的私有制，一个没有贫困的社会只能是一个没有生产资料私有制的社会”40，并对马克思产生了重要影响。越共中央机关报《人民报》在社论中指出：“恩格斯和马克思依靠于古典经济政治学创立一个新经济学说，给经济政治学带来历史性变化；鉴于研究和发现剩余价值规律，恩格斯和马克思找出资本主义的剥削方式，资本主义必要灭亡、共产主义胜利的科学性论证。”41

(3) Engels’s inheritance and development of scientific socialism

（三）恩格斯对科学社会主义的继承与发展

In his report titled “An Examination of Engels’s *The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State* from the Perspective of Japanese Ancient Historiography,” Professor Iwanaga Shōzō of Kyushu University expounded from a historical perspective on the classical theory’s opposing views on state formation, the formation of state institutions in East Asian countries, the relationship between changes in kinship structures and state formation, the social stage of early state development and the handling of transitional periods, and related theoretical issues, thereby demonstrating the significance of this classic work.[42]42 The original text’s note [42] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific publication or conference proceeding. Sumanasiri Liyanage, a retired professor of political economy at the University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, wrote in an article: “Engels’s contribution to Marxism can be presented under four interrelated headings: the development of historical realism and its application to actual historical events; the development and defense of dialectical realism; the connection of the family, private property, and the Marxist theory of the state; and contributions to ecological communism.”[43]43 The original text’s note [43] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific article or publication. The editorial of *Nhân Dân* (The People), the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, pointed out: “Engels and Marx analyzed capitalism to discover its laws of motion and development; they affirmed that class struggle is the driving force behind the development of class society and pointed out that the working class, led by the Communist Party, is the only force capable of building a new society. Therefore, the socialist outlook of Marx and Engels is scientific socialism.”[19]19 The Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist) is a small Maoist party in the UK, distinct from the larger Communist Party of Britain.

九州大学教授岩永省三在其题为《从日本古代史学中考察恩格斯<家庭、私有制和国家的起源>》的报告中，从历史学的角度阐释了古典学说中对立国家形成论、东亚各国国家机构的形成、亲族构造变化与国家的形成、早期国家发展阶段的社会及过渡时期的处理以及相关理论问题等，从而论证了这一经典著作的重要意义。42斯里兰卡佩拉德尼亚大学政治经济学退休教授苏玛纳西里·利亚纳奇（Sumanasiri Liyanage）撰文指出：“恩格斯对马克思主义的贡献可以体现在四个相互关联的标题下：历史现实主义的发展及其在现实历史事件中的应用；辩证现实主义的发展与辩护；家庭、私有财产与马克思主义国家理论的联系；对生态共产主义的贡献。”43越共中央机关报《人民报》在社论中指出：“恩格斯和马克思分析资本主义以发现其运动和发展规律；肯定阶级斗争是推动阶级社会发展的动力并指出由共产党领导的工人阶级是能够建设新社会的唯一力量。因此，马克思、恩格斯的社会主义观是科学社会主义。”19

(IV) Engels’s Contribution to the Military Science of the Proletariat

（四）恩格斯对无产阶级军事科学的奠基

The editorial of *Nhân Dân* emphasized that the sum total of Engels’s thought, together with Marx, provided humanity with the key to opening the door to a new era. Marxism-Leninism, including Engels’s thought, has been established as the ideological foundation of the Vietnamese revolution and was flexibly applied by President Ho Chi Minh and the Communist Party of Vietnam to brilliantly accomplish the tasks of national liberation, national reunification, and comprehensive reform oriented toward socialism. In the past struggle for independence and the current defense of the country, Engels’s military thought and theory have had a tremendous influence on the Communist Party of Vietnam’s views on building an all-people national defense front, the line of people’s war, and the people’s armed forces. They have helped the Communist Party of Vietnam analyze and grasp the causes, essence, and nature of war, and have also facilitated the resolution of the relationship between humans and weapons, affirming the role of the people and political spirit in war.[44]44 The original text’s note [44] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific article or publication. Mahir Ali, a columnist for Pakistan’s *Dawn* newspaper, wrote in an article titled “Marx’s Deputy”: “It would be more accurate to see him as a complementary intellectual, more active than Marx in fields such as natural science and military strategy, leaving behind many substantive results closely related to these areas. Although it is not inaccurate to see him as Marx’s deputy, it is worth remembering that, due to his military expertise and active participation in the revolutions of 1848, he was affectionately called ‘the General’ by close relatives and loved ones, including Marx’s family.”[45]45 The original text’s note [45] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific article or publication.

越共中央机关报《人民报》在社论中强调，恩格斯思想的结果总和是与马克思共同为人类找出打开新时代之门的钥匙。包括恩格斯思想在内的马克思列宁主义被确定为越南革命的思想基础，并被胡志明主席和越南共产党灵活地加以运用，出色地完成解放民族、统一祖国、朝着社会主义定向全面推行革新的任务。在过去争取独立和当前捍卫国家的斗争中，恩格斯的军事思想和理论对越南共产党的关于建立全民国防阵线、人民战争路线和人民武装力量的观点产生巨大影响，有助于越共分析、把握战争的缘由、本质与性质，也有利于解决人类与武器的关系，肯定人民和政治精神在战争中的作用44巴基斯坦《黎明报》专栏作家马希尔·阿里在《马克思的副手》一文中指出：“将他看作是一个互补的知识分子会更准确，他在自然科学和军事战略等领域比马克思更积极，并留下了许多与之息息相关的实质性成果。尽管将他看作马克思的副手并非不准确，但值得记住的是，由于他的军事专长和对1848年革命的积极参与，他被马克思家族在内的近亲和亲爱的人亲切地称为‘将军’。”45

IV. Deeply Interpreting the Contemporary Value and Guiding Significance of Engels’s Thought

四、深刻阐释恩格斯思想的当代价值与指导意义

As a great achievement in the history of human thought, the Marxist theory co-founded by Engels and Marx, once born, “was like a magnificent sunrise, illuminating the path for humanity to explore the laws of history and seek its own liberation.”[46]46 The original text’s note [46] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific publication or speech. For more than a century, represented by such theses as “the opposition between Marx and Engels,” “Engels in his later years abandoned the proletarian revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, abandoned communist theory, advocated the parliamentary road, and thus degenerated into a democratic socialist,” “the opposition between the young and the old Engels,” and “Engels’s self-negation in his later years,” various arguments that deny, attack, slander, and fabricate lies about Engels and the scientificity and truth of his thought through politicization, labeling, and stigmatization have frequently appeared in different guises in various periods. In response, the international left acknowledges and resolutely defends the status of Engels’s thought, pointing out that “its importance is not only reflected in the development of Marxism but also in the epochal thematic nature of his revolutionary thought,”[47]47 The original text’s note [47] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific article or publication. and holds that Engels’s intellectual legacy still has practical guiding significance in the contemporary era.

作为人类思想史上的伟大成果，由恩格斯与马克思共同创立的马克思主义理论一经诞生，就“犹如壮丽的日出，照亮了人类探索历史规律和寻求自身解放的道路”46。一个多世纪以来，以“马恩对立论”“恩格斯晚年放弃无产阶级革命和无产阶级专政，放弃共产主义理论，倡导走议会道路，从而堕化为民主社会主义者”“恩格斯青年晚年思想对立论”“恩格斯晚年自我否定论”为代表，通过政治化、标签化、污名化来否定、攻讦、污蔑、造谣恩格斯及其思想科学性、真理性的论调，在各个时期总是以不同的面貌频繁出现。对此，国外左翼承认并坚决捍卫恩格斯思想的地位，指出“其重要性不仅体现在对马克思主义的发展上，还体现在其革命思想的时代主题性上”47，认为恩格斯的思想遗产在当代仍然具有现实指导意义。

(I) Engels’s Thought Remains the Theoretical Weapon for the Working Class to Overthrow the Old World of Capitalism and Advance to the New World of Communism

（一）恩格斯的思想仍是工人阶级推翻资本主义旧世界、通往共产主义新世界的理论武器

The Communist Party of Vietnam declares: “The intellectual and theoretical legacy of Engels has become a guiding light in the struggle for peace, national independence, democracy, and socialism”;[48]48 The original text’s note [48] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific article or publication. “Engels’s thought on philosophy, economics, and politics, and scientific socialism remains timely and of great significance for our country’s reform cause. It is beneficial for recognizing and clarifying the necessary laws of development of the Vietnamese revolution in the process of skipping over the capitalist stage to build socialism, based on accepting and inheriting the achievements of science and technology achieved by humanity during the capitalist period. It also helps to more fully understand the relationship between revolutionary goals and the mode of economic development.”[49]49 The original text’s note [49] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific article or publication. Rob Sewell, editor-in-chief of *The Socialist Appeal*, argued: “There is no doubt that the revolutionary spirit of Engels continues to exist in the Marxist tendency to defend his intellectual legacy and strive for world socialism.”[42]42 The original text’s note [42] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific publication or conference proceeding. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation further pointed out: “We should feel proud to follow the thought of Marx and Engels and be aware that we bear a special responsibility for this. This responsibility urges us to adhere to principled and fearless spirit in the struggle for communism, thereby creatively mastering the rich scientific thought left by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They have not only left us outstanding scientific achievements and political accomplishments but also set for us the highest example of moral strength and dedication.”[50]50 The original text’s note [50] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific article or publication. The New Communist Party of the Netherlands and the Communist Youth Movement of the Netherlands, which it leads, stated in a joint declaration: “Engels made fundamental contributions to Marxist theory in the areas of dialectical materialism, Marxist political economy, and revolutionary strategy of class struggle. Many of his works continue to inspire people around the world to fight for a better society and provide indispensable guidance for this struggle.” “The insights of Engels and Marx remain highly relevant today and provide guidance for everyone striving for a better communist society, who reject the current capitalist relations of production and the uncertainty, poverty, war, and exploitation they cause.”[51]51 The original text’s note [51] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific article or publication.

越共申明：“恩格斯的思想和理论遗产成为争取和平、民族独立、民主与社会主义斗争的行路之灯”48；“恩格斯对哲学、经济政治、科学社会主义的思想仍保持实时性，对我国革新事业具有重大意义，有基于接受继承人类在资本主义时期取得的科技等成就而跨越资本主义走向社会主义中、有利于认识和澄清越南革命的必要发展规律，也有助于更加充分地意识到革命目标与经济发展方式之间关系”49。《社会主义呼声》主编罗伯·瑟威尔（Rob Sewell）认为：“毫无疑问，恩格斯的革命精神在捍卫其思想遗产和为世界社会主义奋斗的马克思主义倾向中继续存在。”42俄共进一步指出：“我们应该为遵循马克思和恩格斯的思想而感到自豪，并意识到我们对此负有特殊责任。这一责任督促我们在为共产主义奋斗的过程中坚持原则性和大无畏的精神，从而创造性地掌握卡尔·马克思和弗里德里希·恩格斯留下的丰富科学思想。他们不仅给我们留下了杰出的科学成果和政治成就，也给我们树立了道德力量和奉献精神的最高典范。”50荷兰新共产党及其领导的荷兰共产主义青年运动在联合声明中表示，“恩格斯在辩证唯物主义哲学、马克思主义政治经济学和阶级斗争的革命策略等方面对马克思主义理论做出根本性贡献，他的许多著作仍在鼓舞着全世界人民为建立更美好的社会而奋斗，并为这一斗争提供了必不可少的指导”，“恩格斯和马克思的见解在今天仍然具有重要意义，并为那些为争取更美好的共产主义社会而奋斗的每个人提供指导，他们拒绝接受当前资本主义生产关系及其导致的不确定性、贫困、战争和剥削”。51

(II) Engels’s Theses on Capitalist Relations of Production and the Concentration of Capitalist Wealth Are Continually Corroborated by Social Realities Since the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 Pandemic

（二）恩格斯关于资本主义生产关系、资本主义财富集中等论断不断被全球金融危机、新冠肺炎疫情以来的社会现实所佐证

Gennady Zyuganov, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, pointed out: “The main fruits of Marx and Engels’s work were created more than 150 years ago. In that time, capitalism has become more brutal, immoral and destructive. And the deep, irreversible crisis of the bourgeois system has never been as obvious as it is today. The world is discovering ever more clearly the falsity of the bourgeois economic doctrines that Engels exposed – doctrines about the harmony of interests between capital and labour, about universal welfare, and about the blessings that free competition would bring. The facts bear this out: the rampant profiteering and exploitation of capitalism have become even more glaringly ugly against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic.” [52]52 Gennady Zyuganov (b. 1944) has been Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation since 1993. Stanislav Grospič, Chairman of the Trade Union Association of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, argued: “Engels and Marx predicted in their analysis that capital accumulation would concentrate in as few hands as possible, so we should not be surprised that during this COVID-19 pandemic, while the working class has grown poorer, the wealth of billionaires has increased by 27.5%.” [53]53 Stanislav Grospič (b. 1950) is a Czech politician and trade union leader. Peter Schwarz, International Secretary of the International Committee of the Fourth International, further pointed out: “The financial markets are completely out of control; trade wars threaten to trigger a Third World War; brutal neo-colonial wars are devastating the entire world; the disintegration of democracy in the most important capitalist country, the United States; an imminent environmental catastrophe; hundreds of thousands of deaths due to the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic; the ever-greater concentration of global wealth and intensification of social inequality, with the 26 richest billionaires owning as much wealth as the 3.8 billion people who make up the poorest half of the world’s population. All of this confirms what Marx and Engels wrote in 1848 in the *Communist Manifesto*: that ‘modern bourgeois society’ ‘is like the sorcerer who is no longer able to control the powers of the nether world whom he has called up by his spells’.” [54]54 The Fourth International is a Trotskyist international organisation; the International Committee of the Fourth International is one of its factions. Peter Schwarz is a German Trotskyist journalist.

俄共中央主席久加诺夫指出：马克思恩格斯的主要成果创作至今已过去150多年。在这段时间里，资本主义变得更加残酷、不道德和破坏性。而资产阶级制度的深刻的、不可逆转的危机，从来没有像今天这样明显。世界越来越清楚地发现，恩格斯所揭露的资产阶级经济学说关于资本和劳动的利益、关于和谐与人民的普遍福利的正确性和关于自由竞争会带来的虚假的先见性。事实也是如此，资本主义暴利和剥削的大肆泛滥在新冠肺炎疫情背景下的丑恶性更加明显。52捷克、摩拉维亚和西里西亚工会协会主席斯坦尼斯拉夫·格罗斯皮奇认为：“恩格斯和马克思在他们的分析中预测，资本积累将集中在尽可能少的人手中，因此我们不应感到惊讶，在这次新冠病毒大流行期间，当工人阶级变得更加贫穷时，亿万富翁的财富却增加了27.5%。”53第四国际国际委员会国际书记彼得·施瓦茨（Peter Schwarz）则进一步指出：“金融市场完全失控；贸易战有可能引发第三次世界大战；残酷的新殖民战争将会摧毁整个世界；最重要的资本主义国家——美国的民主解体；迫在眉睫的环境灾难；由于新冠肺炎疫情全球蔓延而造成的数十万人的死亡；世界财富日益集中、社会不平等程度加剧，最富有的26位顶级富豪拥有的财富与构成地球上最贫穷的一半人口的38亿人一样多。所有这些都验证了马克思和恩格斯于1848年在《共产党宣言》中写道的那样，‘现代资产阶级社会’‘现在像一个魔法师一样不能再支配自己用法术呼唤出来的魔鬼了’。”54

(3) Engels’s strategies on proletarian revolution, working-class struggle and women’s liberation remain of great guiding significance today

（三）恩格斯关于无产阶级革命、工人阶级斗争和妇女解放的策略在今天仍然具有重要指导意义

Stanislav Grospič, Chairman of the Trade Union Association of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, argued: “Engels’s thought still guides the working class in its struggle to eliminate the roots of capitalism and oligarchy – exploitation, injustice and oppression – in order to win better conditions. Friedrich Engels’s thought is more in tune with the current situation than the capitulationism, the politics of promises and the radical rhetoric of the so-called ‘modern left’. This is not a return to Engels’s history, but a step forward!” [55]55 Brinda Karat (b. 1947) is an Indian communist politician and women’s rights activist. Brinda Karat, Politburo member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), in her article “Engels and Women’s Liberation”, demonstrated the scientific validity of *The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State* from three aspects – the roots of the oppression of women and child labour, the condition of the family under capitalism, and the gender-based division of labour – and stressed that “Friedrich Engels, co-founder of Marxism, made a historic contribution to the cause of women’s liberation through his theory and practice of scientific socialism, a contribution that has not faded with the passage of time and continues to illuminate the path of struggle for tens of millions of women around the world against the systemic discrimination and violence that are pervasive even in the most developed capitalist societies”. Engels, “by bringing together all the work on historical materialism that he and Marx had done and advancing it into a concrete analysis of the material basis for women’s subordinate position, pointed the way forward for the women of the world”. [41]41 “Engels: Great Revolutionary Teacher of the World’s Working Class,” *Nhân Dân*, November 28, 2020. Christian Hogsbjerg, lecturer in the School of Humanities at the University of Brighton, UK, in his article “Friedrich Engels at 200: The Revolutionary Historian”, praised Engels the revolutionary historian and German revolutionary philosopher for his pioneering and far-reaching contributions to modern social and political theory, arguing that Engels played a key role in the creation and development of classical Marxism and that commemorations of Engels’s birth would illuminate the new significance of many of his ideas in the world of late capitalism. Hogsbjerg pointed out that today, everyone inspired by the radical historical tradition, people’s history and history from below (grassroots historiography) should use the occasion of Engels’s 200th birthday to acknowledge the intellectual debt owed to Engels, and that the lowest strata of society – the vagrants and the outcasts – should be recognised and recorded as “primary elements”. [56]56 Christian Hogsbjerg is a British historian of radical movements and the Haitian Revolution.

捷克、摩拉维亚和西里西亚工会协会主席斯坦尼斯拉夫·格罗斯皮奇认为：“恩格斯的思想仍在指导着工人阶级为争取更好条件而去消灭资本主义和寡头政治的根源——剥削、不公正和压迫的斗争。弗里德里希·恩格斯的思想与当前形势更加符合，而非所谓的‘现代左派’的投降主义和社会民主主义政治、承诺政治和激进话语。这不是回到恩格斯的历史，而是前进！”55印共（马）中央政治局委员布林达·卡拉特（Brinda Karat）在《恩格斯与妇女解放》一文中，从女性和童工受到压迫的根源、资本主义条件下的家庭状况与基于性别的劳动分工的三个方面，论证了《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》的科学性并强调，“马克思的共同创始人弗里德里希·恩格斯关于科学社会主义的理论和实践对妇女解放事业的历史性贡献并没有随着时间的流逝而变淡，继续照耀着全世界成千上万的妇女为对抗系统性歧视和暴力而进行的斗争道路，这种歧视和暴力即使在最发达的资本主义社会中也普遍存在”，恩格斯“通过把马克思和他本人所做的所有关于历史唯物主义的工作放在一起，并把它推进到对妇女次要地位的物质基础的具体分析中，为世界妇女指出了前进的道路”。41英国布莱顿大学人文学院讲师克里斯蒂安·霍格斯比（Christian Hogsbjerg）在其《弗里德里希·恩格斯诞辰200周年：革命历史学家》一文中盛赞恩格斯这位革命历史学家和德国革命哲学家为现代社会和政治理论所做的开创性和具有深远影响的贡献，认为恩格斯在古典马克思主义的创立和发展中发挥了关键作用，对恩格斯诞辰的纪念将阐明其许多观点在晚期资本主义世界中的新意义。霍格斯比指出，今天，每个人都受到激进历史传统、人民历史以及自下而上的历史（草根史学）的启发，应该利用恩格斯诞辰200周年的契机来承认恩格斯所欠的知识债务，社会上最低阶层的流浪者和贱民应得到并要求他们被认可并记录为“主要要素”。56

V. Continuously winning new victories in the great struggle of the New Era under the guidance of Engels’s thought and Marxism

五、在恩格斯思想和马克思主义指引下不断夺取新时代伟大斗争新胜利

The enduring vitality of Engels’s thought and Marxism lies not only in their incisive and penetrating critique of capitalism and imperialism, but also in their provision of a powerful ideological weapon and a scientific guide to action for the proletariat and its parties in all countries to persist in struggle and strive for socialism, and in their anchoring of the course and beacon for the transition of human society to socialism and communism. The commemorations and reflections on Engels by the international left, while paying tribute to a great thinker in human history, also strengthen faith in the scientific truth of Marxism [57]57 “Scientific truth” (科学真理) is a standard Chinese Marxist formulation for the objective validity of Marxist theory. and actively contemplate the strategies and tactics for promoting the gradual revival of world socialism from its low ebb.

恩格斯思想和马克思主义的持久生命力不仅在于对资本主义、帝国主义鞭辟入里的深刻批判，更在于为各国无产阶级及其政党坚持斗争、争取社会主义提供了强大的思想武器和科学的行动指南，为人类社会向社会主义、共产主义过渡锚定了航向路标。国外左翼对恩格斯的纪念与省思，在向人类历史上伟大的思想家致敬的同时，坚定马克思主义科学真理的信念57，积极思考推动世界社会主义从低潮逐渐走向振兴的战略策略。

(1) Promoting and strengthening the establishment and development of revolutionary proletarian party organisations

（一）推动和加强无产阶级革命政党组织的建立和发展

The Workers Revolutionary Party of Britain pointed out: “Today, with the outbreak of capitalist economic and political crises everywhere in the world, leading to revolutionary uprisings and the struggle of workers for rights and for the building of Marxist leadership, the task of achieving the dictatorship of the proletariat by smashing the dictatorial rule of the capitalist state apparatus, and thus gradually moving towards victory, is urgent. Engels, together with Marx, fought all his life to build the revolutionary parties of the working class, which fearlessly led the struggle for rights. The way to commemorate Engels’s life today is to advance the revolutionary cause to which he devoted his life by establishing proletarian revolutionary party organisations in every country and leading the world socialist revolution to victory.” [58]58 The Workers Revolutionary Party of Britain is a Trotskyist political party founded in 1974.

英国工人革命党指出：“今天，随着资本主义世界经济和政治危机的到处爆发，导致革命起义和工人争取权利、建立马克思主义领导力量的斗争，通过粉碎资本主义国家机器的独裁统治，实现无产阶级专政，从而逐渐走向胜利的任务迫在眉睫。恩格斯与马克思一路奋斗，建立了工人阶级的革命政党，这些政党无畏地领导了争取权利的斗争。今天纪念恩格斯一生的方式，就是通过在各国建立无产阶级革命政党组织，领导世界社会主义革命走向胜利，来推进恩格斯毕生奋斗的革命事业。”58

(2) Effectively strengthening the study, research, dissemination and education of Marxist theory

（二）切实加强马克思主义理论的学习、研究、宣传和教育

The *Nhân Dân* [People’s Daily], the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, stressed in an editorial that dialectical materialism and the principles of scientific methodology have always required us to define Marxism-Leninism as an open system, that the application of the principles of Marxism-Leninism should be combined with practical activities, and that research should continue to fill in the scientific foundations, carry out theoretical research and practical summarisation, and thereby further clarify the theory concerning socialism and the path of our country towards socialism, consolidate the spiritual cornerstone, and enable the entire Party and entire people to strive to achieve the goal of “a prosperous people, a strong country, democracy, fairness and civilisation”. [59]59 The slogan “a prosperous people, a strong country, democracy, fairness and civilisation” (民富、国强、民主、公平、文明) is a Vietnamese socialist goal. Nguyễn Xuân Thắng, Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam, President of the Hồ Chí Minh National Academy of Politics, and Chairman of the Central Theoretical Council, further declared that Vietnam will “more firmly adhere to the path chosen by the Communist Party of Vietnam on the basis of Marxism-Leninism and Hồ Chí Minh Thought; resolutely refute misleading and distorting statements, and strive to protect the scientific and revolutionary value of the Marxist-Leninist doctrine”. [55]55 Brinda Karat (b. 1947) is an Indian communist politician and women’s rights activist. The Communist Party of Mexico and the Communist Party of the Workers of Spain agreed that, in the context of increasingly intense ideological struggle today, it is necessary to expand the influence of the thought of Marx and Engels and strengthen the ideological armament of the proletariat, communist workers and youth of all countries, and that the publication of Marxist works is an urgent need of contemporary class struggle. Therefore, the two parties decided to take the occasion of Engels’s 200th birthday to jointly publish a new edition of the *Selected Works of Marx and Engels*. [49]49 The original text’s note [49] is repeated here; the source likely refers to a specific article or publication. Sitaram Yechury, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), also stated that if Engels’s contributions were depicted as a canvas scroll, no single article could annotate them clearly. The party will, within its existing capacity, continue to conduct a year-long research campaign on Engels’s contributions to humanity. [60]60 Nguyễn Xuân Thắng (b. 1957) is a Vietnamese politician and academic. Hồ Chí Minh Thought is the Vietnamese adaptation of Marxism-Leninism.

越共中央机关报《人民报》在社论中强调，唯物辩证法以及科学方法论原则一直要求我们将马克思列宁主义确定为开放性系统，马克思列宁主义的原理运用应与实践活动相结合，应继续开展研究来填补科学基础，进行理论研究和实践总结，进而进一步澄清有关社会主义的理论、我国走向社会主义的道路，巩固精神基石，使全党、全民努力实现“民富、国强、民主、公平、文明”目标。59越共中央书记处书记、胡志明国家政治学院院长、中央理论委员会主席阮春胜（Nguyen Xuan Thang）进一步申明，越南将“更加坚定不移地走越南共产党在马克思列宁主义与胡志明思想基础上所选择的道路；坚决驳斥歪曲事实的误导性言论，着力保护马克思列宁学说的科学价值与革命价值”55。墨西哥共产党和西班牙工人共产党一致认为，在意识形态斗争日益激化的今天，有必要扩大马克思与恩格斯思想的影响，加强世界各国无产阶级、共产主义工人和青年的思想武装，而马克思主义著作的出版工作正是当代阶级斗争的迫切需要，因而两党决定将以恩格斯诞辰200周年为契机，联合出版新版《马克思恩格斯选集》。49印共（马）中央总书记西塔拉姆·亚丘里也表示，如果将恩格斯的贡献描绘成一张画布卷，那么没有一篇文章能将其注释清楚。该党将在现有的范围内，继续就恩格斯对人类的贡献开展为期一年的研究活动。60

(3) Under the slogan “Workers of the World, Unite!”, establish a united front against war and for peace, and forge the broadest possible alliance of the working class and revolutionary united front.

（三）在“全世界无产者联合起来”的口号下，建立反对战争、实现和平的统一战线，建立最广泛的工人阶级联盟和革命统一战线

Lenny Shail, a member of the National Committee of the Socialist Party of Great Britain, pointed out in his article “Friedrich Engels: The Revolutionary Who Played a Key Role in the Development of Socialism”: “It is only through the socialist revolution for which Engels and Marx fought that humanity begins to utilize and plan the rich technological wealth that the historical labor of the workers in class society has produced. Then, when ‘workers of the world unite’, it becomes possible to create a harmonious world, sweeping all the horrors of capitalism into the dustbin of history.” [61]61 The original text of this paragraph contains a footnote marker “61” that refers to a source not provided in the input. The translation retains the marker as in the source. In a speech at the demonstration in Wuppertal, the Socialist German Workers Youth stated: “Engels’ ideas and his great example remain a winning weapon in our socialist struggle. In the multi-front struggle for socialism, militarism is a very important issue among the many social problems of a capitalist country like Germany. The politicians in Berlin are moving at an alarming speed toward military escalation, and the entire German government supports the NATO led by US imperialism in spending 2% of GDP on arms expansion. We socialists resolutely oppose any act of inciting war, and reject war, death, suffering, and hunger.” [62]62 The original text of this paragraph contains a footnote marker “62” that refers to a source not provided in the input. The translation retains the marker as in the source.

英国社会党全国委员会成员莱尼·肖尔（Lenny Shail）在《弗里德里希·恩格斯：在社会主义发展中发挥关键作用的革命者》一文中指出：“只有通过恩格斯和马克思为之奋斗的社会主义革命，人类才开始利用和规划阶级社会中工人的历史劳动所具有的丰富科技财富。然后，当‘全世界无产者联合起来’时，就有可能创造一个和谐的世界，将资本主义的恐怖统统扫入历史的垃圾箱中。”61德国社会主义工人青年团在伍伯塔尔示威时的讲话中指出：“恩格斯的思想及其伟大榜样，仍然是我们进行社会主义斗争的制胜利器。在战线众多的争取社会主义的斗争中，军国主义是像德国这样的资本主义国家众多社会问题中的一个非常重要的问题。柏林的政治家们正以惊人的速度朝着军事升级的方向努力，整个德国政府都支持以美帝领导的北约将2%GDP用于军备扩张，而我们社会主义者坚决反对任何煽动战争的行为，拒绝战争、死亡、痛苦和饥饿。”62

VI. Conclusion

六、结语

The commemoration of the 200th anniversary of Engels’ birth in 2020 represents an inheritance, continuation, deepening, and supplement to the commemoration of the 200th anniversary of Marx’s birth in 2018. The profound interpretations of the foreign left demonstrate that Engels’ complete and entire doctrine — concerning the basic principles of scientific socialism, the development of the workers’ movement and the strategy of proletarian struggle, the theory of building a political party of the working class, and the Marxist theory of the state — still possesses guiding significance today as the scientific theory for the proletariat’s struggle for class emancipation and the emancipation of all humanity. It can continue to guide the contemporary world socialist movement from gradually emerging from its low ebb toward revitalization, fulfilling the historical mission of liberating oneself and liberating all humanity. Faced with a new round of increasingly virulent imperialist anti-communist and anti-Marxist offensives since the COVID-19 pandemic, the foreign left, on the basis of affirming and commemorating Engels’ immense contributions, positively evaluating his great ideological contributions, and highly appreciating his noble spiritual character, have proposed new strategies for struggle and action plans, emphasizing the need to continue the struggle under the guidance of Engels’ thought and Marxism. For those foreign leftists who have long fought in the heartland and central zones of imperialism, such a political-ecological soil and a severe and complex situation of struggle make their commemoration and understanding of Engels — which is both rich in revolutionary optimism and adheres to an objective and prudent stance — all the more revealing of unique connotations and profound insights. This commemorative activity was also a vivid practice of Marxist-Leninist education.

2020年纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年是对2018年纪念马克思诞辰200周年的一种传承、延续、深化和补充。国外左翼的深刻阐释表明，恩格斯关于科学社会主义基本原理、工人运动发展和无产阶级斗争策略、工人阶级政党建设理论、马克思主义国家学说等的全部完整学说，作为无产阶级争取阶级解放和全人类解放的科学理论在今天仍然具有指导意义，能够继续指导当代世界社会主义运动从逐渐走出低潮到走向振兴，践行解放自己与解放全人类的历史使命。面对新冠肺炎疫情以来新一轮愈演愈烈的帝国主义反共反马攻势，国外左翼在肯定和铭记恩格斯的丰功伟绩、积极评价其伟大思想贡献、高度赞赏其高尚精神品格基础上，提出新的斗争策略和行动方案，强调要在恩格斯思想和马克思主义指引下继续坚持斗争。对于那些长期战斗于帝国主义心脏区域和中心地带的国外左翼，在这样的政治生态土壤中和严峻而复杂的斗争形势下，使得它们对恩格斯既富有革命乐观主义精神、又坚持客观审慎立场的纪念和理解，更彰显独特内涵和深刻启示。这次纪念活动更是一场马列主义教育的生动实践。

Notes

注释

1 Jerónimo De Sousa, Speech By Jeronimo De Sousa, General Secretary of the PCP, PCP'S Conference "Engels and the Struggle Today for Socialism", (https://www.pcp.pt/en/engels-and-struggle-today-socialism.)

1 Jerónimo De Sousa,Speech By Jeronimo De Sousa,General Secretary of the PCP,PCP'S Conference"Engels and the Struggle Today for Socialism",(https://www.pcp.pt/en/engels-and-struggle-today-socialism.)

2 Peter Schwarz, Germany’s Left Party Slanders the Legacy of Friedrich Engels, (https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/12/02/enge-d02.html.)

2 Peter Schwarz,Germany’s Left Party Slanders the Legacy of Friedrich Engels,(https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/12/02/enge-d02.html.)

3 Britain & Germany’s Communists Hold Joint Celebration of Engels’ 200th Birthday!, (https://challengemagazine.org/2020/11/19/britain-germanys-communists-hold-joint-celebration-of-engels-200th-birthday/.)

3 Britain&Germany’s Communists Hold Joint Celebration of Engels’200th Birthday!,(https://challengemagazine.org/2020/11/19/britain-germanys-communists-hold-joint-celebration-of-engels-200th-birthday/.)

4 German CP, 200th Birthday of Friedrich Engels, (http://www.solidnet.org/article/German-CP-200thbirthday-of-Friedrich-Engels/.)

4 German CP,200th Birthday of Friedrich Engels,(http://www.solidnet.org/article/German-CP-200thbirthday-of-Friedrich-Engels/.)

5 Let's Celebrate the 200th Anniversary of Frederick Engels, Master of the World Proletariat! - Joint Declaration, (https://maoistroad.blogspot.com/2020/11/lets-celebrate-200th-anniversary-of.html.)

5 Let's Celebrate the 200th Anniversary of Frederick Engels,Master of the World Proletariat!-Joint Declaracion,(https://maoistroad.blogspot.com/2020/11/lets-celebrate-200th-anniversary-of.html.)

6 Communist Party of the Philippines, Filipinas: CPP Statement On The Bicentennial Of Friedrich Engels Birth, (https://dazibaorojo08.blogspot.com/2020/11/filipinas-cpp-statement-on-bicentennial.html.)

6 Communist Party of the Philippines,Filipinas:CPP Statement On The Bicentennial Of Friedrich Engels Birth,(https://dazibaorojo08.blogspot.com/2020/11/filipinas-cpp-statement-on-bicentennial.html.)

7 International Declaration — 200th Birthday of Frederick Engels, (https://www.newepoch.media/post/international-declaration-200th-birthday-of-frederick-engels.)

7International Declaration—200th Birthday of Frederick Engels,(https://www.newepoch.media/post/international-declaration-200th-birthday-of-frederick-engels.)

8 Raza Naeem, Ragged-Trousered Altruists: Friedrich Engels’ Men in "The Condition of the Working Class in England", (https://wire.in/history/friedrich-engels-working-class-england.)

8 Raza Naeem,Ragged-Trousered Altruists:Friedrich Engels’ Men in"The Condition of the Working Class in England",(https://thewire.in/history/friedrich-engels-working-class-england.)

9 Jenny Farrell, Engels and Marriage, (https://socialistvoice.ie/2020/11/engels-and-marriage/.)

9 Jenny Farrell,Engels and Marriage,(https://socialistvoice.ie/2020/11/engels-and-marriage/.)

10 Jenny Farrell, “A Statue in Verse for Friedrich Engels’s Partner Mary Burns,” (https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/a-statue-in-verse-for-friedrich-engelss-partner-mary-burns/.)

10 Jenny Farrell,A Statue in Verse for Friedrich Engels’s Partner Mary Burns,(https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/a-statue-in-verse-for-friedrich-engelss-partner-mary-burns/.)

11 Marcello Musto, “Friedrich Engels Has Become More Relevant On His 200th Birth Anniversary,” (https://ipanewspack.com/2020/11/28/friedrich-engels-has-become-more-relevant-on-his-200th-birthanniversary/.)

11 Marcello Musto,Friedrich Engels Has Become More Relevant On His 200th Birth Anniversary,(https://ipanewspack.com/2020/11/28/friedrich-engels-has-become-more-relevant-on-his-200th-birthanniversary/.)

12 Michael Roberts, “Engels’ Pause and the Condition of the Working Class in England,” (https://williambowles.info/2020/03/15/engels-pause-and-the-condition-of-the-working-class-in-england/.)

12 Michael Roberts,Engels’Pause and the Condition of the Working Class in England,(https://williambowles.info/2020/03/15/engels-pause-and-the-condition-of-the-working-class-in-england/.)

13 Prabir Purkayastha, “Three Problems of Reading Engels and the Reasons Why We Need To,” (https://www.newsclick.in/three-problems-reading-engels-reasons-why-need-to.)

13 Prabir Purkayastha,Three Problems of Reading Engels and the Reasons Why We Need To,(https://www.newsclick.in/three-problems-reading-engels-reasons-why-need-to.)

14 Adam Booth, “The Life and Ideas of Friedrich Engels,” (https://www.socialist.net/the-life-and-ideas-offriedrich-engels-article.htm.)

14 Adam Booth,The Life and Ideas of Friedrich Engels,(https://www.socialist.net/the-life-and-ideas-offriedrich-engels-article.htm.)

15 Dmitry Novikov, “Великий учёный, великий учитель” [Great Scientist, Great Teacher], (https://kprf.ru/history/date/198788.html.)

15 Dmitry Novikov，Великийучёный,великийучитель，（https://kprf.ru/history/date/198788.html.）

16 Doug Enaa Greene, “Engels Against Reformism in Germany and France,” (https://www.leftvoice.org/engelsagainst-reformism-in-germany-and-france.)

16 Doug Enaa Greene,Engels Against Reformism in Germany and France,(https://www.leftvoice.org/engelsagainst-reformism-in-germany-and-france.)

17 “Friedrich Engels 200,” (https://www.jungewelt.de/artikel/391409.zum-geburtstag-friedrich-engels-200.html?sstr=Friedrich%7CEngels.)

17Friedrich Engels 200,(https://www.jungewelt.de/artikel/391409.zum-geburtstag-friedrich-engels-200.html?sstr=Friedrich%7CEngels.)

18 Thomas Riggins, “Engels at 200: Intellectual Giant and Rebel,” (https://www.cpusa.org/article/engels-at-200 -intellectual-giant-and-rebel/.)

18 Thomas Riggins,Engels at 200:Intellectual Giant and Rebel,(https://www.cpusa.org/article/engels-at-200 -intellectual-giant-and-rebel/.)

19 Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist), “Friedrich Engels 200 Years On,” (https://thecom munists.org/2020/09/18/news/theory/friedrich-engels-200-years-on-bicentenary-v-i-lenintribute/.)

19 Communist Party of Great Britain(Marxist-Leninist),Friedrich Engels 200 Years On,(https://thecom munists.org/2020/09/18/news/theory/friedrich-engels-200-years-on-bicentenary-v-i-lenintribute/.)

20 “The Life and Work of Frederick Engels, Outstanding Dates,” (https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/life-and-work-frederick-engels-outstanding-dates.)

20 The Life and Work of Frederick Engels,Outstanding Dates,(https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/life-and-work-frederick-engels-outstanding-dates.)

21 Patrik Köbele, “Lieber Friedrich Engels” [Dear Friedrich Engels], (https://www.unsere-zeit.de/lieber-friedrich-engels-138599/.)

21 Patrik Köbele,Lieber Friedrich Engels,(https://www.unsere-zeit.de/lieber-friedrich-engels-138599/.)

22 Politsturm, “Friedrich Engels — 200 Year Birthday Anniversary,” (https://us.politsturm.com/friedrichengels-200-year-birthday-anniversary/.)

22 Politsturm,Friedrich Engels—200 Year Birthday Anniversary,(https://us.politsturm.com/friedrichengels-200-year-birthday-anniversary/.)

23 “Germany Commemorates the 200th Anniversary of Engels’s Birth,” China News Service (https://www.chinanews.com/gj/2020/11-29/9349942.shtml.)

23 《德国纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年》，中新网（https://www.chinanews.com/gj/2020/11-29/9349942.shtml.）

24 Stefan Dege, “The Revolutionary Socialist: 200 Years of Friedrich Engels,” (https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/the-revolutionary-socialist-200-years-of-friedrich-engels/ar-BB1bpCD2.)

24 Stefan Dege,The Revolutionary Socialist:200 Years of Friedrich Engels,(https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/the-revolutionary-socialist-200-years-of-friedrich-engels/ar-BB1bpCD2.)

25 Sitaram Yechury, “Engels 200,” (https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/engels-200.)

25 Sitaram Yechury,Engels 200,(https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/engels-200.)

26 Ariane Diaz, “Engels Still Lives at 200,” (https://www.leftvoice.org/engels-still-lives-at-200.)

26 Ariane Diaz,Engels Still Lives at 200,(https://www.leftvoice.org/engels-still-lives-at-200.)

27 Rob Sewell, “Frederick Engels: 200 Years Since His Birth,” (http://www.marxist.com/frederick-engels-200-years-since-his-birth.htm.)

27 Rob Sewell,Frederick Engels:200 Years Since His Birth,(http://www.marxist.com/frederick-engels-200-years-since-his-birth.htm.)

28 Mahir Ali, “Marx’s lieutenant,” (https://www.dawn.com/news/1592210/marxs-lieutenant.)

28 Mahir Ali,Marx’s lieutenant,(https://www.dawn.com/news/1592210/marxs-lieutenant.)

29 Stanislav Grospič, “200 Let Friedricha Engelse,” (https://www.kscm.cz/cs/aktualne/aktuality/stanislavgrospic-200-let-friedricha-engelse.)

29 Stanislav Grospič，200 Let Friedricha Engelse,(https://www.kscm.cz/cs/aktualne/aktuality/stanislavgrospic-200-let-friedricha-engelse.)

30 “Manchester Circles Grandly Commemorate the 200th Anniversary of Engels’s Birth,” official website of the Consulate General of the People’s Republic of China in Manchester (http://manchester.chineseconsulate.org/chn/xwdt/t1836041.htm.)

30 《曼彻斯特各界隆重纪念恩格斯诞辰200周年》，中华人民共和国驻曼彻斯特总领事馆官网（http://m a n ch ester.chineseconsulate.org/chn/xwdt/t1836041.htm.）

31 Walter Smolarek, “Revolutionary Friedrich Engels at 200,” (https://liberationschool.org/engels-legacycontinues-to-inspire-200-years-after-his-birth/#.)

31 Walter Smolarek,Revolutionary Friedrich Engels at 200,(https://liberationschool.org/engels-legacycontinues-to-inspire-200-years-after-his-birth/#.)

32 “Let’s Celebrate the 200th Anniversary of Frederick Engels, Master of the World Proletariat! — Joint Declaration,” (https://maoistroad.blogspot.com/2020/11/lets-celebrate-200th-anniversary-of.html.)

32 Let's Celebrate the 200th Anniversary of Frederick Engels,Master of the World Proletariat!—Joint Declaracion,(https://maoistroad.blogspot.com/2020/11/lets-celebrate-200th-anniversary-of.html.)

33 “Engels’s Intellectual Legacy — A Lamp for the Path of the Struggle for Socialism,” Vietnam News Agency (https://zh.vietnamplus.vn/恩格斯的思想遗产争取社会主义斗争的行路之灯/130653.vnp.)

33 《恩格斯的思想遗产——争取社会主义斗争的行路之灯》，越通社（https://zh.vietnamplus.vn/恩格斯的思想遗产争取社会主义斗争的行路之灯/130653.vnp.）

34 Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov, “The Three Feats of Engels,” article by the Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in the newspaper *Pravda*, (https://kprf.ru/party-live/cknews/198749.html.)

34 ГеннадийАндрее́вичЗюганов，«ТриподвигаЭнгельса».СтатьяПредседателяЦККПРФГ.А.Зюгановавгазете«Правда»，（https://kprf.ru/party-live/cknews/198749.html.）

35 CPI(Maoist), “Engels, An Exemplary Theorist That Can Not Be Separated From Marx,” (https://maoistroad.blogspot.com/2020/12/200-engels-peoples-march-india.html.)

35 CPI(Maoist),Engels,An Exemplary Theorist That Can Not Be Separated From Marx,(https://maoistroad.blogspot.com/2020/12/200-engels-peoples-march-india.html.)

36 Keio Economic Society, “Recording: ‘Engels’s Contribution to Marxism’,” (https://globalethics.wordpress.com/2020/12/04/【録画「マルクス主義におけるエンゲルスの貢献」./)

36慶応義塾経済学会，【録画「マルクス主義におけるエンゲルスの貢献」，（https://glo b alethics.w ord press.com/2020/12/04/【録画「マルクス主義におけるエンゲルスの貢献/.）

37 Sitaram Yechury, “Engels 200,” (https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/engels-200.)

37 Sitaram Yechury,Engels 200,(https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/engels-200.)

38 “Editorial: Continue to Inherit, Innovate and Develop Engels’s Great Ideological Legacy,” *Nhân Dân* online (https://cn.nhandan.com.vn/political/item/8314101-社论：继续继承创新发扬恩格斯的伟大思想遗志.html.)

38 《社论：继续继承创新发扬恩格斯的伟大思想遗志》，越南人民报网（https://cn.nhandan.com.vn/political/item/8314101-社论：继续继承创新发扬恩格斯的伟大思想遗志.html.）

39 Tristram Hunt, “Engels Comes of Age: the Socialist Who Wanted A Joyous Life for Everyone,” (https://www.theguardian.com/focus/2020/nov/08/engels-comes-of-age-the-socialist-who-wanted-a-joyous-life-foreveryone.)

39 Tristram Hunt,Engels Comes of Age:the Socialist Who Wanted A Joyous Life for Everyone,(https://www.theguardian.com/focus/2020/nov/08/engels-comes-of-age-the-socialist-who-wanted-a-joyous-life-foreveryone.)

40 Sitaram Yechury, “Engels 200,” (https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/engels-200.)

40 Sitaram Yechury,Engels 200,(https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/engels-200.)

41 Sumanasiri Liyanage, “200th Birth Anniversary of Friedrich Engels,” (https://ceylontoday.lk/news/200thbirth-anniversary-of-friedrich-engels.)

41 Sumanasiri Liyanage,200th Birth Anniversary of Friedrich Engels,(https://ceylontoday.lk/news/200thbirth-anniversary-of-friedrich-engels.)

42 “Editorial: Continue to Inherit, Innovate and Develop Engels’s Great Ideological Legacy,” *Nhân Dân* online (https://cn.nhandan.com.vn/political/item/8314101-社论：继续继承创新发扬恩格斯的伟大思想遗志.html.)

42 《社论：继续继承创新发扬恩格斯的伟大思想遗志》，越南人民报网（https://cn.n ha nd a n.co m.v n/political/item/8314101-社论：继续继承创新发扬恩格斯的伟大思想遗志.html.）

43 Mahir Ali, “Marx’s lieutenant,” (https://www.dawn.com/news/1592210/marxs-lieutenant.)

43 Mahir Ali,Marx’s lieutenant,(https://www.dawn.com/news/1592210/marxs-lieutenant.)

44 Xi Jinping, *Speech at the Ceremony Commemorating the 200th Anniversary of Marx’s Birth* (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2018), p. 6.

44 习近平：《在纪念马克思诞辰200周年大会上的讲话》，人民出版社2018年版，第6页。

45 “Über 500 Teilnehmer bei elf Versammlungen mit Filmpremieren der MLPD—Die Angst der Herrschenden vor den Klassikern des Marxismus-Leninismus” [Over 500 Participants at Eleven Meetings with Film Premieres of the MLPD—The Rulers’ Fear of the Classics of Marxism-Leninism], (https://www.mlpd.de/2020/11/ueber-500-teilnehmer-beielf-versammlungen-mit-filmpremieren-der-mlpd-die-angst-der-herrschenden-vor-den-klassikern-desmarxismus-leninismus.)

45 Über 500 Teilnehmer Bei Elf Versammlungen Mit Filmpremieren der MLPD—Die Angst der Herrschenden vor den Klassikern des Marxismus-Leninismus,(https://www.mlpd.de/2020/11/ueber-500-teilnehmer-beielf-versammlungen-mit-filmpremieren-der-mlpd-die-angst-der-herrschenden-vor-den-klassikern-desmarxismus-leninismus.)

46 “Engels’s Ideological Legacy—A Guiding Light for the Struggle for Socialism,” Vietnam News Agency (https://zh.vietnamplus.vn/恩格斯的思想遗产争取社会主义斗争的行路之灯/130653.vnp.)

46 《恩格斯的思想遗产——争取社会主义斗争的行路之灯》，越通社（https://zh.vietnamplus.vn/恩格斯的思想遗产争取社会主义斗争的行路之灯/130653.vnp.）

47 Rob Sewell, “Frederick Engels: 200 Years Since His Birth,” (http://www.marxist.com/frederick-engels-200-years-since-his-birth.htm.)

47 Rob Sewell,Frederick Engels:200 Years Since His Birth,(http://www.marxist.com/frederick-engels-200-years-since-his-birth.htm.)

48 CPRF CC International Department, “CPRF, 200th Anniversary of Frydrych Engels,” (http://www.solidnet.org/article/CPRF-200th-Anniversary-of-Frydrych-Engels/.)

48 CPRF CC International Department,CPRF,200th Anniversary of Frydrych Engels,(http://www.solidnet.org/article/CPRF-200th-Anniversary-of-Frydrych-Engels/.)

49 NCPN and CJB, “NCP of the Netherlands, 200 Years Since the Birth of Friedrich Engels,” (http://www.solidnet.org/article/NCP-of-the-Netherlands-200-years-since-the-birth-of-Friedrich-Engels/.)

49 NCPN and CJB,NCP of the Netherlands,200 Years Since the Birth of Friedrich Engels,(http://www.solidnet.org/article/NCP-of-the-Netherlands-200-years-since-the-birth-of-Friedrich-Engels/.)

50 Gennady Andreyevich Zyuganov, “Три подвига Энгельса”: Статья Председателя ЦК КПРФ Г.А. Зюганова в газете «Правда» [“Three Feats of Engels”: Article by Chairman of the Central Committee of the CPRF G.A. Zyuganov in the newspaper Pravda], (https://kprf.ru/party-live/cknews/198749.html.)

50 ГеннадийАндрее́вичЗюганов，«ТриподвигаЭнгельса».СтатьяПредседателяЦККПРФГ.А.Зюгановавгазете«Правда»，（https://kprf.ru/party-live/cknews/198749.html.）

51 Stanislav Grospič, “200 let Friedricha Engelse” [200 Years of Friedrich Engels], (https://www.kscm.cz/cs/aktualne/aktuality/stanislavgrospic-200-let-friedricha-engelse.)

51 5 Stanislav Grospič，200 Let Friedricha Engelse,(https://www.kscm.cz/cs/aktualne/aktuality/stanislavgrospic-200-let-friedricha-engelse.)

52 Peter Schwarz, “200 Years Since the Birth of Friedrich Engels,” (https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/11/28/pers-n28.html.)

52 Peter Schw a rz,200 Yea rs Since the Birth of Fried rich En gels,(https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/11/28/pers-n28.html.)

53 Brinda Karat, “Engels and Women’s Emancipation,” (https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/engelsand-womens-emancipation.)

53 Brinda Karat,Engels and Women's Emancipation,(https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/engelsand-womens-emancipation.)

54 Christian Høgsbjerg, “Friedrich Engels at 200: A Revolutionary Historian,” (https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/friedrich-engels-at-200-a-revolutionary-historian/.)

54 Christian Hogsbjerg,Friedrich Engels at 200:A Revolutionary Historian,(https://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/friedrich-engels-at-200-a-revolutionary-historian/.)

55 *Selected Important Documents since the 19th National Congress*, vol. 1, Central Party Literature Press, 2019, p. 435.

55 《十九大以来重要文献选编》上册，中央文献出版社2019年版，第435页。

56 Workers Revolutionary Party, “200 Years Since the Birth of Frederick Engels,” (https://wrp.org.uk/features/200-years-since-the-birth-of-frederick-engels/.)

56 Workers Revolutionary Party,200 Years Since the Birth of Frederick Engels,(https://wrp.org.uk/features/200-years-since-the-birth-of-frederick-engels/.)

57 “Editorial: Continue to Inherit, Innovate and Carry Forward Engels’s Great Ideological Legacy,” *Nhân Dân* Online (https://cn.nhandan.com.vn/political/item/8314101-社论：继续继承创新发扬恩格斯的伟大思想遗志.html.)

57 《社论：继续继承创新发扬恩格斯的伟大思想遗志》，越南人民报网（https://cn.n ha nda n.co m.vn/political/item/8314101-社论：继续继承创新发扬恩格斯的伟大思想遗志.html.）

58 “Engels’s Ideological Legacy—A Guiding Light for the Struggle for Socialism,” Vietnam News Agency (https://zh.vietnamplus.vn/恩格斯的思想遗产争取社会主义斗争的行路之灯/130653.vnp.)

58 《恩格斯的思想遗产——争取社会主义斗争的行路之灯》，越通社（https://zh.vietnamplus.vn/恩格斯的思想遗产争取社会主义斗争的行路之灯/130653.vnp.）

59 PCM and PCTE, “Friedrich Engels Bicentennial: Joint Edition of Marx and Engels Selected Works to be Published by PCM and PCTE,” (http://www.idcommunism.com/2020/12/friedrich-engels-bicentennial-jointedition-of-marx-engels-works-to-be-published-by-pcm-pcte.html.)

59 PCM and PCTE,Friedrich Engels Bicentennial:Joint Edition of Marx and Engels Selected Works to be Published by PCM and PCTE,(http://www.idcommunism.com/2020/12/friedrich-engels-bicentennial-jointedition-of-marx-engels-works-to-be-published-by-pcm-pcte.html.)

60 Sitaram Yechury, “Engels 200,” (https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/engels-200.)

60 Sitaram Yechury,Engels 200,(https://www.peoplesdemocracy.in/2020/1129_pd/engels-200.)

61 Lenny Shail, “Friedrich Engels: A Revolutionary Who Played A Pivotal Role In the Development of Socialism,” (https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/issue/1111/31665/25-11-2020/fried rich-engels-arevolutionary-who-played-a-pivotal-role-in-the-development-of-socialism.)

61 Lenny Shail,Friedrich Engels:A Revolutionary Who Played A Pivotal Role In the Development of Socialism,(https://www.socialistparty.org.uk/issue/1111/31665/25-11-2020/fried rich-engels-arevolutionary-who-played-a-pivotal-role-in-the-development-of-socialism.)

62 SDAJ, “Happy Birthday, Genosse!,” (https://www.unsere-zeit.de/happy-birthday-genosse-138816/.)

62 SDAJ,Happy Birthday,Genosse!,(https://www.unsere-zeit.de/happy-birthday-genosse-138816/.)

(About the authors: Yuan Qun, professor, doctoral supervisor, and deputy dean of the School of Marxism at Yunnan University; Wang Enming, doctoral candidate at the School of Marxism at Yunnan University.)

(作者简介：袁群,云南大学马克思主义学院教授，博士生导师，副院长;王恩明，云南大学马克思主义学院博士研究生。)

Online editor: Zhang Jian

网络编辑：张剑