The Basic Situation and Tasks of Communist Parties in Central and Eastern Europe

The communist parties of the original eight Eastern European countries were mostly founded in the 1910s and 1920s and once had a glorious history. In 1989, the communist parties of Eastern European countries collapsed amid reform, leaving behind profound, weighty, and far-reaching warnings and lessons. Among the 16 Central and Eastern European countries formed after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the rebuilt and restored communist and workers’ parties mostly adhere to Marxism-Leninism and defend the history of socialism. However, overall, they are more weak than strong, are still exploring paths to emerge from the trough, and face pressures and challenges in defending history and breaking new ground.

原东欧八国的共产党大多成立于20世纪一二十年代，曾有过辉煌的历史。1989年东欧各国共产党在改革中走向覆亡，留下深重、深刻、深远的警醒和启示。在苏联解体、东欧剧变后形成的中东欧16个国家中，重建和恢复的共产党和工人党，大多能够坚持马克思列宁主义，捍卫社会主义历史，但总体上少强多弱，仍在探索寻找走出低谷的道路，面临着捍卫历史和开拓新局面的压力与挑战。

I. The Parties Enter a Stage of Rebuilding, Restoration, and Striving for Legitimacy and Expanding Influence

一、各党重建、恢复并进入争取合法性、扩大影响力阶段

After the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the original communist parties of Eastern European countries changed their banners, with most evolving into social democratic parties. After right-wing and center-right parties came to power in some countries, they declared communist parties illegal and explicitly prohibited their activities. Romania was the first country to ban any mention of the communist party on its territory. In 1992, Albania legally prohibited communist party activities and banned the activities of Marxist-Leninist and racist parties. In 1993, Hungary banned the use of communist symbols. Latvia and Lithuania equated Soviet symbols with Nazi symbols. Since 2015, Ukraine has “banned the public use and propaganda of communist and communist regime symbols. Communists have been treated extremely badly, and the Soviet legacy has been completely negated.” [1]1 "Peaceful evolution" (和平演变) is a term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to the strategy attributed to Western powers of subverting socialist states through non-military means, such as ideological infiltration and cultural influence, rather than by armed force. Communists carried out the work of rebuilding and restoring their parties under difficult circumstances.

东欧剧变后，原东欧各国共产党改旗易帜，其中大多数演化为社会民主党。一些国家的右翼、中右翼政党上台后，宣布共产党为非法政党，明令禁止共产党的活动。罗马尼亚是第一个禁止在其领土上提及共产党的国家。1992年，阿尔巴尼亚从法律上禁止共产党活动，禁止马克思列宁主义和种族主义政党的活动。1993年，匈牙利禁止使用共产主义标识。拉脱维亚和立陶宛等国将苏联标识等同于纳粹标识。自2015年起，乌克兰“禁止公开使用和宣传共产主义与共产主义政权的标识。共产党人受到极为恶劣的对待，苏联遗产被彻底否定”。共产党人在艰难的处境下开展着党的重建和恢复工作。

Since 2004, the European Union’s “explosive” eastward enlargement has brought all Eastern European countries into the EU, marking the end of Eastern Europe’s “Sovietization.” In the process of Central and Eastern Europe’s integration into Europe, the European Parliament, one of the three main institutions of the EU, has passed several anti-communist resolutions. On April 2, 2009, the European Parliament adopted the Resolution on European Conscience and Totalitarianism, calling for the recognition of “communism and Nazism as a common legacy of fascism,” equating communism with Nazism and fascism. On July 3, 2009, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe also adopted the Resolution on Defending Human Rights and Freedoms in the 21st Century within the OSCE Framework. On September 19, 2019, on the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of World War II, the European Parliament again adopted the Resolution on the Importance of European Remembrance for the Future of Europe, still equating communism with Nazism. The motion was supported by political groups including the European People’s Party, the Social Democrats, the Liberals, the Greens, and the Conservatives, and passed with 535 votes in favor, 66 against, and 52 abstentions. Consequently, some countries legalized reactionary measures against communist parties. The European Parliament’s continued issuance of related anti-communist resolutions has had a particularly significant impact on the survival and development of communist and workers’ parties in Eastern European countries that have joined the EU, with some parties even struggling to operate.

2004年以来欧盟“爆炸式”东扩，东欧诸国全部加入欧盟，这标志着东欧“苏维埃化”的终结。在中东欧融入欧洲的过程中，作为欧盟三大机构之一的欧洲议会数次通过反共决议。2009年4月2日，欧洲议会通过《关于欧洲意识和极权主义》的决议，呼吁承认“共产主义、纳粹主义是法西斯主义的共同遗产”，将共产主义与纳粹主义以及法西斯主义等同起来。2009年7月3日，欧安组织也通过《21世纪在欧安组织框架内保卫人权和自由》决议。2019年9月19日，在第二次世界大战爆发80周年之际，欧洲议会又通过了《欧洲铭记历史对欧洲未来的重要性》决议，仍将共产主义等同于纳粹主义。该议案得到欧洲人民党、社会民主党、自由党、绿党、保守党等政治团体的支持，以535票赞成、66票反对、52票弃权的结果通过。由此，一些国家使针对共产党的反动措施合法化。欧洲议会持续发布相关反共决议，尤其对已加入欧盟的东欧国家的共产党和工人党的生存及发展影响很大，有些党甚至举步维艰。

Despite the unfavorable overall environment, communist and workers’ parties in Central and Eastern Europe have strived to complete their rebuilding and restoration work, entering a stage of striving for legitimacy and expanding influence. Each party explicitly takes Marxism-Leninism as its guiding ideology, with the main strategic goal being to revive socialism and establish a socialist state in the post-socialist geopolitical space, and tactically seeking flexible cooperation with “left-wing centers” worldwide. In recent years, some communist and workers’ parties have achieved new developments and breakthroughs. In July 2018, the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (hereinafter referred to as the CPBM), by supporting a minority government, became a protocol partner in the Czech governing coalition, ending its 28-year status as an opposition party. The Hungarian Workers’ Party held its 27th Congress on December 8, 2018. In October 2019, Hungarian Workers’ Party member János Gulyás was re-elected mayor of the city of Borsodta in the Hungarian local government elections, and three other party members were elected as municipal representatives. On July 21, 2019, on the eve of the 75th anniversary of the founding of the Polish People’s Republic, the Polish Communist Party held its 5th Congress, attended by dozens of delegates from party organizations in various regions. On February 14, 2015, the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia adopted its latest party constitution. On June 27, 2016, the “21st Century Communist Party of Romania” successfully registered with the country’s Ministry of Justice. [2]2 "The drastic changes in Eastern Europe" (东欧剧变) refers to the collapse of communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc countries between 1989 and 1992, culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The Bulgarian Communist Party, established in 1996, formed a party alliance with the Bulgarian Socialist Party, steadily increasing its influence, with active party organizations in all 28 regions of the country. In April 1998, after Albania lifted the ban on communist party activities, the Albanian Communist Party became the first party to register with the electoral commission. In 2006, the Albanian Communist Party held a unification congress, attended by 300 delegates, with Hysni Milloshi elected as party leader. In the 2017 parliamentary elections, the party received 1,029 votes (0.07%).

在大环境不利的状况下，中东欧共产党和工人党努力完成重建和恢复工作，进入力争合法性、壮大影响力的阶段。各党明确以马列主义为指导思想，主要战略目标是在后社会主义的地缘政治空间复兴社会主义、建立社会主义国家，在策略上寻求与世界各国“左翼中心”进行灵活合作。近年，一些共产党和工人党实现新发展和新突破。2018年7月，捷克和摩拉维亚共产党（以下简称捷摩共）通过对少数派政府的支持，成为捷克执政联盟的协议伙伴，结束了长达28年的反对党身份。匈牙利工人党于2018年12月8日召开了第二十七次代表大会。2019年10月，匈牙利工人党成员贾诺斯·古里亚斯（János Gulyás）在匈牙利地方政府选举中再次当选匈牙利布尔索德塔市市长，另有3名党员当选为市政代表。2019年7月21日，在波兰人民共和国成立75周年前夕，波兰共产党召开第五次代表大会，各地区党组织的几十名代表参加了会议。2015年2月14日，南斯拉夫新共产党通过党的最新章程。2016年6月27日，“罗马尼亚21世纪共产党”在本国司法部成功注册参见李瑞琴：《2019年原苏东地区共产党工人党的新态势与新动向》，《科学社会主义》2020年第3期。。保加利亚共产党于1996年成立后与保加利亚社会党结成政党联盟，影响力稳步提升，党的基层组织活跃在全国28个地区。1998年4月，阿尔巴尼亚解除禁止共产党活动的法案后，阿尔巴尼亚共产党成为第一个在选举委员会进行登记的政党。2006年，阿尔巴尼亚共产党召开统一大会，300名代表参会，海斯尼·米洛希（Hysni Milloshi）当选党的领导人。在2017年的议会选举中，该党获得1029票（0.07％）。

After the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the communist and workers’ parties in the region suffered devastating blows, and their rebuilding, restoration, and development were severely constrained by the objective environment. Nevertheless, each party adheres to its ideals and beliefs, recovering, rebuilding, persevering, and striving for development under harsh conditions. This is an important symbol of world socialism advancing amidst a low ebb.

东欧剧变后该地区共产党和工人党遭受毁灭性打击，党的重建、恢复和发展深受客观环境的制约。尽管如此，各党坚持理想信念，在恶劣环境下恢复、重建、坚守并努力寻求发展，是世界社会主义在低潮中奋进的重要象征。

II. Reflecting on the Centenary History of Party Founding, Revisiting the Glory of Socialist Revolution and Construction

二、反思建党百年历程，重温社会主义革命和建设的光荣

In recent years, most Eastern European communist parties have reached the historical milestone of their centenary. Each party reviews its century-long development process, revisits the glorious history of the socialist revolution and construction period, and expresses confidence in the prospects of world socialism.

近年来，东欧共产党大多迎来建党百年的历史节点，各党回顾百年发展历程，重温社会主义革命和建设时期的光荣历史，表达了对世界社会主义前景的信心。

The Polish Communist Party, rebuilt after the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, was re-established in July 2002 and is the only party in Poland explicitly opposing capitalism. In December 2018, on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Polish Communist Party, the party leader published a lengthy commemorative article stating that the founding congress of the Polish Communist Party on December 16, 1918, declared that “the era of direct struggle for the realization of the socialist system has begun, the era of social revolution has begun,” reaffirming the historic role played by the Polish Communist Party in Poland’s path to socialism under the influence of the October Revolution.

东欧剧变后的波兰共产党重建于2002年7月，是波兰唯一一个明确反对资本主义的政党。2018年12月，在波兰共产党成立100周年之际，党的领导人发表长篇纪念文章指出，1918年12月16日波兰共产党成立大会宣布“为实现社会主义制度而进行直接斗争的时代已经开始，社会革命的时代已经开始”，重申在十月革命影响下波兰走上社会主义道路的过程中，波兰共产党发挥了历史性作用。

In 2021, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the CPBM, the party leader published a commemorative article, quoting Nobel Prize-winning Czech poet Jaroslav Seifert, calling May 16, 1921, a “famous day,” pointing out that Czechoslovakia had since established a Marxist political party, drawing a clear line with social democracy. In 1946, the Communist Party won the elections and led Czechoslovakia in gradually establishing a completely new model of socialist socio-economic development. The temporary failure of socialism in 1989 led to the restoration of capitalism, but the CPBM continues to struggle for the realization of socialism.

2021年捷摩共在纪念建党100周年之际，党的领导人发表纪念文章，引用诺贝尔文学奖获得者、捷克诗人雅罗斯拉夫·塞弗尔特（Jaroslav Seifert）的话，称1921年5月16日这一天是一个“著名的日子”，指出捷克斯洛伐克自此建立了马克思主义政党，与社会民主主义划清了界限。1946年，共产党赢得了选举，并领导捷克斯洛伐克逐步建立了一种全新的社会主义社会经济发展模式。1989年社会主义的暂时失败导致资本主义复辟，但捷摩共仍在为实现社会主义而斗争。

On May 8, 2021, Constantin Cretu, Chairman of the 21st Century Communist Party of Romania, published an article commemorating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Romanian Communist Party, declaring that during the communist period, the Romanian Communist Party led Romania in utilizing the country’s material and human resources in the most efficient way, achieving the highest achievements in its millennia-long history in the economic and social fields. In April 1989, Romania became the only country in the world without foreign debt. In the 21st century, the Romanian Communist Party internally supports a mixed market economy capable of maintaining the country’s balanced development, and externally supports continuing the traditional friendship between the Romanian people and the peoples of the world, continuing the tradition of strategic cooperation with friendly countries, and adopting an active, neutral, and denuclearized policy in the Black Sea and the Balkans.

2021年5月8日，罗马尼亚21世纪共产党主席康斯坦丁·克列楚（Constantin Cretu）发表文章纪念罗马尼亚共产党成立100周年，宣称罗马尼亚共产党曾在共产主义时期领导了罗马尼亚以最有效的方式利用国家的物力和人力资源，在经济和社会领域取得了千年历史中的最高成就。1989年4月，罗马尼亚成为世界上唯一没有外债的国家。21世纪，罗马尼亚共产党对内支持能够保持国家平衡发展的混合市场经济，对外支持延续罗马尼亚人民与世界各国人民的传统友谊，延续与友好国家的战略合作传统，在黑海和巴尔干半岛采取积极、中立和无核化政策。

On November 23, 2018, Thürmer Gyula, Chairman of the Hungarian Workers' Party, published an article titled "The Socialist Idea Is Invincible" to commemorate the Party's centenary. In the article, Gyula stated that history proves socialism is not only a great dream but also a feasible development path. Only socialism can save humanity from the capitalist crisis. The first generation of Hungarian communists, in order to realize the ideal of a new world, were illegally imprisoned, subjected to torture, and even made heroic sacrifices. An important task of the contemporary Hungarian Workers' Party is to ensure that the new generation of communists remembers the martyrs and upholds the Party's goals and ideals.

2018年11月23日，匈牙利工人党主席久洛（Thürmer Gyula）发表文章《社会主义思想所向披靡》纪念建党百年。久洛在文章中说，历史证明，社会主义不仅是一个伟大的梦想，还是一条可行的发展道路。只有社会主义才能将人类从资本主义危机中拯救出来。匈牙利第一代共产党人为了实现理想新世界，被非法监禁、遭受酷刑甚至英勇牺牲。当代匈牙利工人党的一项重要工作是促使新一代共产党人铭记英烈，坚守党的目标和理想“。

The New Communist Party of Yugoslavia was founded on July 30, 1990. Its founding declaration states that the Party is the inheritor and embodiment of all valuable ideas and traditions of the socialist and communist movements on the territory of the former Yugoslavia. In 2019, coinciding with the centenary of the founding of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the journal of the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia, *The New Communist*, published a special issue commemorating several great anniversaries: the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Socialist Workers' Party of Yugoslavia, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist International, and the 75th anniversary of the liberation of Serbia and other regions.

南斯拉夫新共产党于1990年7月30日成立，其成立宣言指出，党是前南土地上社会主义运动和共产主义运动中一切有价值的思想和传统的继承者与体现者。2019年逢南斯拉夫共产党建党百年，南斯拉夫新共产党党刊《新共产党员》出版专刊，纪念几个伟大的纪念日——南斯拉夫社会主义工人党建党100 周年、共产国际成立100周年、塞尔维亚及其他地区解放75周年。

After the dissolution of Yugoslavia, communist parties such as the Socialist Workers' Party of Croatia and the Communist Party of Serbia also emerged on the territory of the former Yugoslavia. The Communist Party of Serbia, founded on April 19, 2008, is a revolutionary Marxist-Leninist party advocating for the restoration of Yugoslavia. On the centenary of the founding of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the Communist Party of Serbia stated that, regardless of the enormous challenges it faces, the Party will remain faithful to the principles and ideals of revolutionary Marxism-Leninism. The Socialist Workers' Party of Croatia was founded on October 25, 1997, and registered in February 1998. It advocates socialism and declares itself a modern left-wing party unified in politics and action.

南斯拉夫解体后，在前南土地上，还出现了克罗地亚社会主义工人党、塞尔维亚共产党人党等共产主义政党。塞尔维亚共产党人党成立于2008年4月19日，是主张恢复南斯拉夫的革命性马列主义政党。在南斯拉夫共产党成立百年之际，塞尔维亚共产党表示，无论面临什么样的巨大挑战，党都将忠实于革命性马列主义的原则和理想。克罗地亚社会主义工人党成立于1997年10月25日，1998年2月注册成功，倡导社会主义，宣称是政治和行动统一的现代左翼政党。

The restored and rebuilt communist and workers' parties in Central and Eastern Europe are able to inherit the Party's century-old glorious traditions and adhere to the beliefs and goals established over a century of Party-building. This demonstrates the enduring influence and the brilliance of the truth of the magnificent world socialist movement of the 20th century. Respecting history, remembering history, and cherishing the glory of the Party's arduous leadership in socialist revolution and construction, which ultimately achieved great deeds, are the starting point, driving force, and source of strength for each party's new departure.

中东欧地区恢复和重建的共产党和工人党能够继承党的百年光荣传统，坚守百年建党的信念目标，显示了20世纪波澜壮阔的世界社会主义运动的持久影响力和真理性实践光辉。尊重历史、铭记历史，缅怀党历经艰难、领导社会主义革命和建设而终成伟业的光荣，是各党重新出发的起点、动力和源泉。

III. Seeking Modes of Activity Adapted to the Characteristics of the Times to Demonstrate Influence

三、寻求符合时代特点的活动方式展示影响力

The rebuilt communist and workers' parties in Central and Eastern Europe have all abandoned armed struggle and violent revolution, striving to carry out activities through legal channels and follow the parliamentary path. The main measures for these parties to expand their influence and accumulate strength are: first, establishing official party websites, with parties that have the means publishing newspapers and books, using media to demonstrate influence; second, actively participating in international forums and activities organized by left-wing organizations such as the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties, issuing joint statements, and seeking to unite forces; third, paying attention to world hot issues and the development of the world socialist movement, promptly voicing opinions, stating positions, and displaying their image on major issues. The modes of activity of each party exhibit distinct characteristics of the times.

重建后的中东欧共产党和工人党都放弃了武装斗争、暴力革命，力求通过合法途径开展活动，走议会道路。各党扩大影响、积蓄力量的主要措施，一是建立党的官方网站，有条件的党出版发行报纸书籍，利用媒体展示影响力；二是积极参加世界共产党工人党等左翼组织召开的国际论坛及各项活动，发布共同声明，寻求力量联合；三是关注世界热点问题和世界社会主义运动的发展，在重大问题上及时发声、表明态度、展示形象。各党活动方式呈现出鲜明的时代特点。

The official websites of the parties serve as platforms for exchange and interaction with communist parties worldwide. The timeliness and effectiveness of online platforms for the dissemination of information and news play a significant role in promoting the activities and work of each party. The official websites of parties such as the Polish Communist Party, the Hungarian Workers' Party, the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia, and the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia feature multiple columns and rich information. The content on these websites is updated frequently and contains a large amount of information, comprehensively and fully reflecting the Party's various activities and domestic and international hot issues. Regarding major events, important historical milestones, and significant anniversaries in the historical process of world socialism, the websites have published relevant commemorative articles and activity information.

各党的官方网站是与世界各国共产党交流互动的平台。网络平台对于信息资讯传播的及时性、有效性，对于各党活动和工作的开展，有着重要推动作用。波兰共产党、匈牙利工人党、南斯拉夫新共产党、捷摩共等政党的官方网站，开设了多个栏目，有着丰富的资讯。网站内容更新快、信息量大，能够全面充分反映党的各项活动及国内外热点问题。对世界社会主义历史进程中的重大事件、重大历史节点、重要纪念日，网站都发布了相关纪念文章与活动信息。

A recent theoretical article by Stanislav Grospic, Vice-Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, titled "Socialism as a World Development Process," explores the future of world socialism from both historical and contemporary dimensions. The article employs the Marxist method of class analysis to examine various contradictions in the contemporary world, emphasizing that the world today is still in a period of transition from capitalism to communism, and that the communist movement remains the most universal direction for the development of human society. The article argues that, starting from the October Revolution in Russia in 1917, the entire 21st century and even longer periods will be in a transitional period. Marxism and its labor theory of value remain relevant. The financial and economic crisis that broke out in most Western countries in 2008 is a new manifestation in the contemporary world of the fundamental contradictions of capitalism revealed by Marx. The rule of financial capital and the plunder by financial oligarchs are the main roots of the current capitalist crisis. Stanislav Grospic's article elucidates the contemporary value of Marxism and holds significant theoretical and practical importance. The article was published on the official website of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia for study and discussion within the entire Party and has also attracted attention from communists in other countries.

捷摩共中央委员会副主席斯坦尼斯拉夫·格罗斯皮克（Stanislav Grospic）近期发表的理论文章《作为世界发展进程的社会主义》，从历史与现实的双重维度探讨了世界社会主义的未来。文章运用马克思主义的阶级分析方法，考察当代世界的各种矛盾，强调当今世界还处于从资本主义向共产主义过渡的时期，共产主义运动仍然是人类社会发展最具普遍性的方向。文章认为，从1917年俄国十月革命开始，整个21世纪甚至更长时期都将处于过渡时期。马克思主义及其劳动价值理论仍然具有现实意义。2008年在多数西方国家爆发的金融经济危机是马克思所揭示的资本主义基本矛盾在当代世界的新表现，金融资本的统治和金融寡头的掠夺是当今资本主义危机的主要根源。坦尼斯拉夫·格罗斯皮克的文章阐释了马克思主义的当代价值，具有重要理论意义和现实意义。文章刊登在捷摩共官方网站上，供全党学习探讨，也受到其他国家共产党人的关注。

On May 9, 2021, the official website of the Polish Communist Party published an article commemorating Patrice Lumumba, the former Prime Minister of the Congo. The article considered Lumumba a fighter in the Congolese national liberation movement, who led the Congolese people's national independence struggle against Belgian rule that erupted in January 1959, liberating the Congo from Belgian colonial rule and winning democratic elections. The Polish Communist Party's introduction of important historical figures on its party website, along with guiding commentary, has positive significance for strengthening the Party's ideological education and enhancing the historical perspective of its members.

2021年5月9日，波兰共产党官网刊登了纪念刚果前总理帕特里斯·卢蒙巴（Patrice Lumumba）的文章，认为卢蒙巴是刚果民族解放运动的战士，领导了1959年1月爆发的刚果人民反对比利时统治的民族独立斗争，将刚果从比利时的殖民统治下解放出来，并赢得了民主选举。波共在党的网站上介绍重要历史人物，并给予引导性评价，对于加强党的思想教育、提升党员的历史视野有积极意义。

On May 10, 2021, the Polish Communist Party website published a short commentary titled "The Dissolution of the Soviet Union Violated the Will of the Citizens," pointing out that 30 years ago, the Soviet people clearly expressed their desire to preserve the socialist system, but some bureaucrats within the CPSU, including Gorbachev and leaders of some republics, violated the will of the Soviet people and restored capitalism from the top down. By reviewing and evaluating the major historical event of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Polish Communist Party expressed its clear stance on the reasons for the Soviet Union's collapse. Currently, the Polish Communist Party is still in the stage of striving for legal status. Under limited modes of activity, it works hard to carry out its tasks, remember history, and strengthen confidence, greatly inspiring the fighting spirit of the communist parties in Central and Eastern Europe.

2021年5月10日，波兰共产党网站刊登题为《苏联解体违背了公民意愿》的短评，指出30年前苏联民众明确表达了希望保留社会主义制度的愿望，但包括戈尔巴乔夫和一些加盟共和国领导人在内的部分苏共党内官僚，违背苏联民众意愿，自上而下恢复了资本主义。波兰共产党通过回顾和评价苏联解体这一重大历史事件，表达了其关于苏联解体原因的明确立场。目前波兰共产党尚处在争取合法性阶段，在有限的活动方式下，努力开展工作、铭记历史、坚定信心，极大鼓舞了中东欧共产党的斗争精神。

On May 28, 2021, the official website of the Hungarian Workers' Party published a news item in a vivid format with pictures and text: On May 27, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of its founding, the Communist Party of China held a World Marxist Political Parties Theoretical Seminar. Representatives from dozens of countries, including Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, and Russia, participated in the meeting via video link. Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, sent a congratulatory letter to the meeting. Representatives of the Hungarian Workers' Party also participated in this event. The article commented that the increased danger of war outbreak and the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic indicate that the current capitalist world is in a serious crisis, and the future world needs a society not driven by money. The party website promptly published news about the activities of foreign communist parties and emphasized the objective direction of applying and developing Marxism under the new circumstances. The content was novel and vivid, attracting attention both domestically and internationally.

2021年5月28日，匈牙利工人党官方网站以图文并茂的鲜活形式刊登了一则消息：5月27日，中国共产党在成立100周年之际举办了世界马克思主义政党理论研讨会，来自古巴、越南、老挝、俄罗斯等几十个国家的代表通过视频参加了会议，中共中央总书记习近平发来贺信对会议表示祝贺。匈牙利工人党代表也参加了此次活动。文章评论说，战争爆发的危险性增大和新冠肺炎疫情的扩散表明，当前资本主义世界正处于严重的危机之中，未来世界需要一个不受金钱驱动的社会。党的网站及时刊登国外共产党的动态，并强调在新的形势下运用和发展马克思主义的客观指向，内容新颖鲜活，吸引了国内外的关注。

Strengthening international ties and demonstrating the overall strength of the world's communist and workers' parties are also important activities for the parties in Central and Eastern Europe. From 1998 to 2019, the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties was held 21 times (the meetings were suspended after 2020 due to the global COVID-19 pandemic). The relevant parties in Central and Eastern Europe actively participated in each meeting. The joint statements issued collectively at the meetings have become an important way for the communist and workers' parties of Central and Eastern Europe to voice their opinions, express their positions, demonstrate their influence, and boost their morale.

加强国际联系，展示世界共产党和工人党的整体力量，也是中东欧各党的重要活动内容。1998～2019年，世界共产党和工人党国际会议已经召开21届（2020年后因新冠肺炎疫情在全球发生，会议暂停举办），中东欧地区相关各党积极参加历次会议。会议共同发布的联合声明，成为中东欧共产党工人党发出声音、表达立场、彰显影响、鼓舞斗志的重要方式。

On March 30, 2020, the world’s communist and workers’ parties issued a joint statement on the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, titled “Take Immediate Measures to Protect People’s Health and Rights.” The statement said: Salute to those countries most affected and those taking united action. China, Cuba, Russia and other countries have carried medical protective resources and sent health professionals to support countries severely affected by the pandemic; these actions stand in stark contrast to the absence of the European Union. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the anti-social and parasitic nature of capitalism, highlighting the superiority, scientific character, and timeliness of socialist central planning based on the needs of the masses. Socialism can ensure basic medical care for the people, enabling hospitals, medical personnel, medicine, laboratories, and physical examinations to meet people’s basic needs in daily life and emergencies. The joint statement analyzed and revealed the relative merits of the two social systems in responding to a global public health crisis, clarified positions and attitudes, and helped to consolidate and unify the thinking of the world’s communist and workers’ parties, inspiring the confidence of parties in the Central and Eastern European region to unite in overcoming the pandemic.

2020年3月30日，世界共产党和工人党就全球蔓延的新冠肺炎疫情发表题为《立即采取措施保护人民的健康和权利》的联合声明。声明说，向那些受影响最深的国家、团结行动的国家致敬。中国、古巴和俄罗斯等国携带医疗防护资源、派遣卫生专业人员支援疫情严重的国家，这些行动与欧盟的缺席形成鲜明对比。新冠病毒大流行揭示了资本主义的反社会性和寄生性，突显基于大众需求的社会主义中央计划的优越性、科学性和及时性。社会主义能够确保民众的基础性医疗保健，使医院、医护人员、医学、实验室、体检能够满足人们日常和紧急情况下的基本需求。联合声明分析并揭示了两种社会制度应对全球性公共卫生危机的高下优劣，明确立场和态度，有助于凝聚、统一世界共产党工人党的思想，鼓舞中东欧地区各党团结战胜疫情的信心。

On September 29, 2020, in response to actions by some countries spreading claims that the novel coronavirus originated from a biological laboratory leak and politicizing the issue of tracing the origin of the novel coronavirus, communist and workers’ parties of various countries issued a tit-for-tat joint statement titled “Against the Proliferation of Biological Weapons and the Closure of US Military Biological Laboratories Around the World.” The statement pointed out that under the leadership of the US Pentagon, 1,495 laboratories have been established worldwide. These laboratories are not accountable to the governments of the countries where they are located, and their activities are not transparent. This has aroused the concern of people around the world. Communist and workers’ parties resolutely oppose these anti-human acts.

2020年9月29日，针对一些国家散布新型冠状病毒源于生物实验室泄露、将新型冠状病毒溯源问题政治化等行径，各国共产党和工人党针锋相对，发表《反对生物武器扩散和关闭美国在世界各地的军事生物实验室》的联合声明。声明指出，在美国五角大楼的主导下全世界已经建立了1495个实验室，这些实验室不向其实验室所在国的政府负责，其活动也不透明，这都引起了世界人民的关注，共产党和工人党坚决反对这些反人类行为。

Parties including the Communist Party of Albania, the Communist Party of Bulgaria, the Socialist Workers’ Party of Croatia, the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, the Hungarian Workers’ Party, the Socialist Party of Latvia, the Communist Party of Macedonia, the Communist Party of Poland, the Socialist Party of Romania, the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia, the Communist Party of Serbia, the Communist Party of Slovakia, and the Communist Union of Bulgaria jointly signed and issued the various joint statements mentioned above. Some parties also took the lead in issuing statements on specific hot-button issues, and the official websites of the parties also published the joint statements of the communist and workers’ parties at the first opportunity.

阿尔巴尼亚共产党、保加利亚共产党人党、克罗地亚社会主义工人党、捷摩共、匈牙利工人党、拉脱维亚社会党、马其顿共产党、波兰共产党、罗马尼亚社会党、南斯拉夫新共产党、塞尔维亚共产党人党、斯洛伐克共产党、保加利亚共产主义联盟等政党，共同签署发布了上述各类联合声明，一些党还牵头发布针对具体热点问题的声明，各党的官方网站也第一时间刊登了共产党和工人党的联合声明。

In addition, communist parties in Central and Eastern European countries have also actively strengthened regional ties and cooperation. For example, some communist parties from Central and Eastern European countries participated in the “Initiative” of European communist and workers’ parties, established in October 2013 and led by the Communist Party of Greece. On May 10, 2020, the “Initiative” held a video conference themed “The Pandemic and the New Crisis of Capitalism.” Participating representatives exchanged information on the capitalist crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic and shared the characteristics and experiences of class struggle in their respective countries under the current situation. Participants emphasized that the COVID-19 pandemic exposed major deficiencies in the public health field of capitalist countries, arguing that the most dangerous virus for the planet is capitalism. The “Initiative” holds forums irregularly, is dynamic, and allows for timely exchange of views on major issues, playing a certain cohesive role for communist parties in Central and Eastern Europe, especially for weak and small parties.

此外，中东欧国家共产党还积极加强地区性联系与合作。比如，部分中东欧国家共产党参加了2013年10月成立、由希腊共产党牵头的欧洲共产党和工人党“倡议”。2020年5月10日，“倡议”举行了主题为“疫情大流行和资本主义新危机”的视频会议。与会代表交流了新冠肺炎疫情引发的资本主义危机的情况，分享了各自国家在当前形势下进行阶级斗争的特点和经验。与会者强调，新冠肺炎疫情暴露了资本主义国家在公共卫生领域的重大缺陷，认为对地球最危险的病毒是资本主义。“倡议”不定期举行论坛，动态性强，在一些重大问题上可及时交流观点，对于中东欧各共产党尤其是弱党小党有一定的凝聚作用。

The participation of communist parties in Central and Eastern European countries in various international conferences and organizations is a necessary pathway and choice for conducting activities while world socialism is still in a low ebb. Some weak and small parties gain strength and confidence through active participation in international conferences. Since most communist parties in the region have not entered parliament, the parties’ energy is mainly focused on speaking for vulnerable groups, organizing trade unions, and workers’ movements. In the future, striving to obtain legal status, enter parliament, and further expand influence through various legal channels are the main tasks of each party, and also the difficult and tortuous path necessary for development.

中东欧各国共产党参加各类国际会议和组织，是世界社会主义尚处在低潮时期开展活动的必要途径和选择，一些弱党小党通过积极参与国际会议获得力量与信心。由于该地区大多数共产党没能进入议会，党的精力主要放在为弱势群体代言、组织工会和工人运动等方面。未来，力争获得合法身份、进入议会、通过各种合法途径进一步扩大影响力，是各党的主要任务，也是发展必经的艰难曲折之路。

IV. The Task of Defending the History of World Socialism and Opposing Hegemonism Is Arduous

四、捍卫世界社会主义历史、反对霸权主义任务艰巨

The practice of historical nihilism [1]1 "Peaceful evolution" (和平演变) is a term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to the strategy attributed to Western powers of subverting socialist states through non-military means, such as ideological infiltration and cultural influence, rather than by armed force. towards 20th-century world socialism has been one of the important means adopted by the West in the ongoing ideological struggle since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe. Under unfavorable circumstances, communist and workers’ parties of various countries can only strive to make their voices heard and reveal the truth in order to restore the original face of history as much as possible. Currently, communist parties in various countries face the arduous task of defending the history of 20th-century socialism and are resolutely struggling against various phenomena of anti-communist forces distorting the history of 20th-century socialism, denigrating the history of socialist construction in their own countries, and defaming communist leaders. Although the parties are weak in strength, their courageous voices and adherence to principles are highlights of the 21st-century world socialist movement.

对20世纪世界社会主义的历史虚无主义做法是苏联解体、东欧剧变以来西方在持续的意识形态斗争中采取的重要手段之一。在不利的形势下，各国共产党和工人党唯有努力发声、揭示真相，才能尽量还原历史本来面貌。目前，各国共产党面临着捍卫20世纪社会主义历史的艰巨任务，正在坚决同反共主义歪曲20世纪社会主义历史，诋毁本国社会主义建设历史、共产党领袖的各种现象作斗争。各党力量弱小，但勇敢发声、坚持立场，是21世纪世界社会主义运动的亮点。

In 2019, Gustáv Husák, [2]2 "The drastic changes in Eastern Europe" (东欧剧变) refers to the collapse of communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc countries between 1989 and 1992, culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. President of the former Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, entered the top ten in a public vote for “Greatest Slovak” organized by an official Slovak institution. On February 21, 2021, in a related program, Slovak public television engaged in historical nihilism regarding the history of the Czechoslovak socialist revolution and construction, presenting Husák as a negative figure for the nation and the people. This act provoked strong opposition from the Communist Party of Slovakia. Party theoretical workers immediately published an article titled “The Serious Distortion of History Continues” to refute it. The article exposed that the Slovak television station deliberately broadcast video materials completely contrary to historical facts, portraying Husák as a selfish, cruel, immoral, power-hungry person, the leader of a “criminal” organization (the Communist Party), and falsely claiming that Husák, in order to receive the last anointing and absolution from Archbishop Ján Sokol, prepared a “speculative” statement before his death. This is a pure lie, which Husák’s relatives have repeatedly clarified. The article also pointed out that Husák was one of the main organizers of the anti-fascist movement and the Slovak National Uprising. In World War II, Slovakia ranked among the victorious countries in the anti-fascist struggle, which had a decisive impact on the future of the Slovak nation. The Husák era was not perfect, but Husák, with his superb intelligence and lifelong actions, risked his life to strive to maintain, defend, and develop the country during the difficult Cold War. Husák stood out among many important historical figures; his legendary contributions to the national liberation struggle won the hearts of the people. Husák was a loyal supporter of communist and socialist ideas. Even after the coup in November 1989, [3]3 The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (捷摩共) is a communist party in the Czech Republic, one of the few in the region with parliamentary representation. Husák still adhered to his beliefs and was committed to realizing socialism. Using historical facts as evidence, the article clearly, forcefully, and resoundingly refuted historical nihilism, restored the reputation of the party’s leader, and also helped the general Slovak public, especially young people, understand the historical truth, possessing strong practical significance.

2019年，前捷克斯洛伐克社会主义共和国总统、捷共中央总书记古斯塔夫·胡萨克（Gustav Husák）在斯洛伐克官方机构主办的“最伟大的斯洛伐克人”公众投票活动中进入前十位。2021年2月21日，斯洛伐克公共电视台在相关节目中虚无捷克斯洛伐克社会主义革命和建设历史，把胡萨克作为国家和民族的反面人物加以介绍。此举引起斯洛伐克共产党的强烈反对，党的理论工作者立即发表题为《对历史的严重歪曲仍在继续》一文进行批驳。文章揭露斯洛伐克电视台故意播放与历史事实完全相悖的影像资料，将胡萨克描绘成一个自私、残酷、不道德并渴望权力的人，一个“犯罪”组织（共产党）的领导人，污蔑胡萨克为得到索科尔（Jan Sokol）大主教的最后恩膏和赦免，在临终前准备了一份“投机”声明。这是纯粹的谎言，胡萨克的亲人已经多次予以澄清。文章还指出，胡萨克是斯洛伐克反法西斯主义运动、斯洛伐克民族起义的主要组织者之一。在第二次世界大战中，斯洛伐克跻身于反法西斯主义斗争的胜利国之列，对斯洛伐克民族的未来产生了决定性影响。胡萨克时代并非完美无缺，但胡萨克以高超的才智、毕生的行动，冒着生命危险努力在艰难的冷战中维护、捍卫和发展国家。胡萨克在众多重要历史人物中脱颖而出，他为民族解放斗争所作的传奇般的贡献赢得了民心。胡萨克是共产主义和社会主义思想的忠实拥护者，在1989年11月的政变之后，胡萨克依然坚持信仰并致力于实现社会主义。文章以历史事实为论据，清晰有力、掷地有声地批驳了历史虚无主义，为党的领袖挽回了声誉，也有助于广大斯洛伐克民众，尤其是青年了解历史真相，具有很强的现实意义。

On December 4, 2019, on the 70th anniversary of the founding of NATO, the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia issued a statement titled “NATO Is the Enemy of Peace and Progress,” exposing that since its establishment in 1949, NATO has become one of the headquarters of anti-communism, launching numerous criminal attacks against communists in various countries around the world, including its own member states, with the aim of preventing the rise of the working class. In recent years, NATO has fully demonstrated its killing role in imperialist wars in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, and Libya, and has intervened in Africa and other regions, expanding military bases to the Balkans and Central and Eastern Europe, and establishing infrastructure related to nuclear weapons storage in Europe. This shows that NATO is the enemy of human peace and progress. The Serbian people will never forget the disastrous consequences of the NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1999: over 3,000 civilians, including 70 children, were killed by NATO bombs, and more than 10,000 were injured. For a world without NATO, for a world of peace, solidarity, and progress, the struggle against imperialism must be strengthened, the struggle against the European Union, against NATO, and against all imperialist alliances must be intensified, and the system that breeds war, crisis, refugees, and exploitation must be ended. The statement of the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia expressed the aspirations of the people who have deeply suffered from hegemonism.

2019年12月4日，在北约成立70年时，南斯拉夫新共产党以《北约是和平与进步的敌人》为题发表声明，揭露北约自1949 年成立以来就成为反共主义的总部之一，发动了数次对世界各国包括其成员国的共产主义者的犯罪性袭击，目的是阻止工人阶级崛起。近年来，北约在南斯拉夫、阿富汗、伊拉克、叙利亚和利比亚的帝国主义战争中尽显杀戮作用，并干预非洲和其他地区，将军事基地扩展到巴尔干半岛和中东欧，在欧洲建立与核武器储存相关的基础设施。这表明，北约是人类和平与进步的敌人。塞尔维亚人民永远不会忘记1999 年北约轰炸南联盟的灾难性后果：包括70名儿童在内的3000多名平民被北约炸弹炸死，10000 多人受伤。为了没有北约的世界，为了和平、团结和进步的世界，要加强反对帝国主义的斗争，加强反对欧盟、反对北约和一切帝国主义同盟的斗争，结束滋生战争、危机、难民和剥削的制度。南斯拉夫新共产党的声明表达了深受霸权主义之害的人民的心声。

On November 5, 2020, the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia issued a statement strongly opposing a declaration signed by the foreign ministers of the United States, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and other countries concerning the 75th anniversary of "Victory in Europe Day" in World War II. The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia pointed out that although the declaration paid tribute to all victims of the war and all those who fought against Nazi Germany and contributed to ending the Holocaust, it equated the period of Nazi occupation with the so-called "period of Soviet enslavement" and the period after 1945. The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia stated that it firmly rejected this political, highly tendentious, and pro-American declaration with ulterior motives, rejected the equation of the Soviet Union with Nazi Germany, and rejected the rewriting of history. The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia demanded that the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs explain the reasons for co-signing this humiliating declaration and immediately withdraw from it.

2020年11月5日，捷摩共发表声明强烈反对美国、保加利亚、捷克、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、波兰、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克等国外交部部长签署的关于第二次世界大战“欧洲胜利日”75周年的声明。捷摩共指出，虽然该声明向战争中所有遇难者和所有与纳粹德国作战、为结束大屠杀作出贡献的军人致敬，却将纳粹占领时期与所谓的“苏联奴役”时期及1945年之后的时期相提并论。捷摩共表示，坚决拒绝这种具有别有目的的政治性、高度倾向性和亲美的声明，拒绝将苏联与纳粹德国等同，拒绝改写历史。捷摩共要求捷克外交部解释共同签署这份有辱人格的声明的原因，并立即撤回。

Erasing the historical role of the people's revolution led by communist parties in the 20th-century anti-fascist war and national liberation movements, and demonizing communist party leaders, are common manifestations of Western historical nihilism. Using legal means to defame and smear socialist history is a new manifestation of the activities of Western anti-communist forces. Defending the history of 20th-century world socialism and upholding socialist ideals and goals is an important, arduous, and long-term task for communist parties in the Central and Eastern European region.

抹杀共产党领导的人民革命在20世纪反法西斯主义战争和民族解放运动中的历史性作用、妖魔化共产党领导人是西方历史虚无主义的惯常表现。通过法律手段诋毁、抹黑社会主义历史，是西方反共势力活动的新表现。捍卫20世纪世界社会主义历史，坚持社会主义理想和目标，是中东欧地区各国共产党的一项重要、艰巨和长期的任务。

V. Focusing on New Developments in World Socialism in the 21st Century

五、关注21世纪世界社会主义新进展

The content of the focus of communist and workers' parties in the Central and Eastern European region on new developments in 21st-century world socialism presents a dual main line of history and reality. They both respect and continue the history of socialist revolution and construction, and focus on contemporary socialist theory and practice in the 21st century, paying particular attention to the development of the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

中东欧地区各国共产党和工人党关注21世纪世界社会主义新进展的内容呈现历史与现实双重主线，既尊重、延续社会主义革命和建设的历史，又着眼于21世纪当代社会主义理论与实践，尤其对中国特色社会主义事业的发展给予了重点关注。

On October 30, 2020, the website of the Polish Communist Party published news about the Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China [1]1 "Peaceful evolution" (和平演变) is a term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to the strategy attributed to Western powers of subverting socialist states through non-military means, such as ideological infiltration and cultural influence, rather than by armed force., under the title "Major Meeting of the Communist Party of China Sets a 15-Year Roadmap for China's Modernization," emphasizing that the Communist Party of China has charted the course for China's development over the next fifteen years, guiding China towards modernization. The official websites of other communist parties also published relevant news immediately.

2020年10月30日，波兰共产党网站刊登中国共产党十九届五中全会的消息，以《中国共产党主要会议制定了中国现代化的十五年路线图》为题，强调中国共产党为未来十五年的中国发展指明了方向，指导中国迈向现代化。其他共产党官网也第一时间刊登了相关消息。

The Hungarian Workers' Party paid attention to China's "Two Sessions" in 2021 [2]2 "The drastic changes in Eastern Europe" (东欧剧变) refers to the collapse of communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc countries between 1989 and 1992, culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union., posting a large photo of the Great Hall of the People convening the "Two Sessions" on its party website, accompanied by a caption: "China announced at this year's national meeting that its GDP growth rate in 2020 was 2.3%. This means that by the end of 2020, the Chinese economy had already emerged from the severe downturn since spring. In comparison, the US GDP growth rate was -3.5%, Germany -5%, and France -9%." This article, by comparing with Western economies, affirmed China's major achievements in fighting the epidemic and reviving the economy.

匈牙利工人党关注2021年的中国两会，在党的网站上刊登了人民大会堂召开两会的大幅照片，并配以文字说明:“中国在今年的国家会议上宣布，2020年中国GDP增长率为23％这意味着在2020年年底，中国经济已经走出了春季以来的严重低迷状态。相比之下，美国的GDP增长率为-3.5％，德国为-5％，法国为-9％。该篇文章以与西方经济进行对比的方式，肯定了中国抗击疫情、复苏经济的重大成就。

Another news report on the Hungarian Workers' Party's official website stated that the Chinese government announced that China had built 718,000 5G communication base stations in 2020 and would achieve nationwide 5G network coverage within five years. According to a Swedish survey, Western Europe's 5G supply will reach 55% in the next five years, and Eastern Europe will reach 27%. China is gaining a huge advantage in 5G. In the New Era, socialism with Chinese characteristics demonstrates the superiority of the social system through practical results, inspiring communists worldwide.

匈牙利工人党官网的另一篇消息报道，中国政府宣布2020年中国已建成718万个5G通信基站，五年内将实现5G网络全国覆盖。而根据瑞典的调查，西欧在未来五年的5G供应量将达到55％，东欧将达到27％。中国在5G方面正获得巨大优势。在新的时代，中国特色社会主义以实践效果呈现出社会制度的优越性，鼓舞了世界共产党人。

Aleksander Paunov, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Bulgaria, has visited China four times. He calls the rapid and enormous changes in China the "Chinese miracle," believing that the Chinese path is a unique model suitable for China's development found by the Communist Party of China in a dynamically changing world. "A country's greatest wealth is its people." It is precisely because the Communist Party of China always keeps the people in its heart that the Chinese people can unite efficiently and move towards the same goal, effectively controlling the epidemic. Paunov admires China's ability to implement every achievement in a planned, unyielding, and sincere manner. He believes that the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind proposed by Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee, which uniquely advocates the coexistence of different nations, countries, and civilizations, brings hope to the world. Building a community with a shared future for mankind while maintaining diversity and unity is an arduous and complex task requiring a high sense of political responsibility. All communist parties should seriously study and research it, promote international multilateral cooperation, share good practices, and systematically transform these valuable experiences into political decisions. Paunov's feelings after multiple visits to China are profound conclusions drawn as a witness and experiencer, and will also strengthen the Communist Party of Bulgaria's confidence in socialism.

保加利亚共产党第一书记亚历山大·保诺夫（Aleksander Paunov）曾四次到访中国，他把中国快速发生的巨大变化称为“中国奇迹”，认为中国道路是中国共产党在动态变化的世界中找到的适合中国发展的独特模式。“一个国家最大的财富是人民”，正是由于中国共产党始终把人民放在心里，才使中国人民能够高效地团结起来，朝着同一个目标前进，有效控制疫情。保诺夫钦佩中国有计划地、不屈不挠地、诚心诚意地把每一项成就落到实处的能力，认为中共中央总书记习近平提出的人类命运共同体理念，独创不同民族、国家和文明共存的思想，为世界带来了希望。构建人类命运共同体，同时保持多样性和团结，是一项艰巨复杂的任务，需要高度政治责任感。各国共产党都应认真学习研究，促进国际多边合作，分享好的做法，把这些宝贵经验系统性地转化为政治决策。保诺夫多次来华考察后的感受是亲历者和见证者得出的深刻结论，也将坚定保加利亚共产党对社会主义的信心。

Aleksandar Banjanac, General Secretary of the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia, speaking about the difficult process of fighting the epidemic in his country, said that the COVID-19 pandemic has deeply affected Serbian society and economy, revealing all the injustices and depressing situations facing society today. If there had been no help from China at the beginning of the epidemic, the result would have been catastrophic. In April 2021, the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia and the Young Communist League of Yugoslavia proposed erecting a bust of Chinese President Xi Jinping in Friendship Park in Belgrade, as a solemn way to pay high tribute to the Chinese people and their leader, thanking China for its immense help and contribution to Serbia in fighting the epidemic. The New Communist Party of Yugoslavia stated that since the outbreak of the epidemic, this friendly country has stood with Serbia, providing medical assistance multiple times and supplying the largest number of vaccines. 2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China. The Serbian people regard President Xi Jinping and the Communist Party of China as sincere friends and will also celebrate the centenary of the Communist Party of China in this way. On May 18, 2021, as a promotional activity, large color bust portraits of Xi Jinping were hung in multiple locations on Belgrade streets.

南斯拉夫新共产党总书记亚历山大·班贾纳克（Aleksandar Banjanac）针对本国抗击疫情的艰难过程谈道，新型冠状病毒的流行已深深影响了塞尔维亚的社会和经济，显示了当今社会面临的所有不公正和令人沮丧的局面。如果疫情初始没有中国的帮助，结果将是灾难性的。2021年4月，南斯拉夫新共产党和南共青联盟建议在贝尔格莱德友谊公园竖立中国国家主席习近平的半身像，以此庄重方式向中国人民及其领导人致以崇高的敬意，感谢中国在抗击疫情方面给予塞尔维亚的巨大帮助和贡献。南斯拉夫新共产党表示，自疫情发生以来，这个友好的国家就一直与塞尔维亚站在一起，多次给予医疗援助，提供了最多数量的疫苗。2021年是中国共产党建党100周年，塞尔维亚人民将习近平主席和中国共产党视为真诚的朋友，也将以这种方式庆祝中国共产党的百年诞辰。2021年5月18日，作为宣传活动，习近平大幅半身彩色像悬挂在贝尔格莱德大街多处。

Based on the traditional friendship between the two countries, China's selfless aid to Serbia, and a shared hatred of hegemonism, the New Communist Party of Yugoslavia, by erecting a bust of Chinese President Xi Jinping in its own country, expresses China-Serbia friendship that transcends time and space, spanning history and the future, expresses heartfelt wishes for the centenary of the Communist Party of China, sincere gratitude to the Chinese people, and respect and esteem for President Xi Jinping. From a broader perspective, this is also a new manifestation of the growing strength of world socialist forces in the 21st century.

南斯拉夫新共产党基于两国的传统友谊，基于中国对塞尔维亚的无私援助，基于对霸权主义的共同仇恨，以在自己国家竖立中国国家主席习近平半身塑像的方式，表达超越时空、跨越历史与未来的中塞友情，表达对中国共产党百年的衷心祝愿，对中国人民的由衷感激，对习近平主席的尊重和敬意。站在更高远的视阈看，这也是21世纪世界社会主义力量不断壮大的新表现。

VI. Main Challenges and Prospects and Trends

六、主要挑战与前景趋势

Currently, communist and workers' parties in the Central and Eastern European region are in the process of striving to survive, developing as much as possible, striving to expand their influence domestically and internationally, combining current goals with long-term tasks, and seeking to participate in and discuss politics through legal channels. Under unfavorable objective conditions, the road for each party to revitalize socialism is long and arduous, and they must overcome the various difficulties and challenges currently facing them.

目前，中东欧地区的共产党和工人党尚处在努力生存、尽量发展、力争扩大国内外影响力，将当前目标与长远任务相结合，寻求通过合法途径参政议政的过程中。在不利的客观环境下，各党振兴社会主义的道路漫长而艰巨，必须克服当下面临的各种困难与挑战。

First, communist parties that have lost their ruling status face numerous difficulties in carrying out their work, their voices are weak, and their political influence is limited. Communist parties in Central and Eastern Europe generally consider themselves historical successors of the century-old communist parties, fully affirming the important impact and role of the parties' century-long history on the development of their countries and nations; each party strives to carry out its work, strives to awaken the masses, speaks out for vulnerable groups, and exposes the inherent contradictions and ills of capitalism; they adhere to the mass character and practicality of a Marxist party, analyze problems using Marxist standpoints, viewpoints, and methods, and pursue social fairness and justice. However, as opposition parties, especially those burdened with a heavy historical legacy, how to overcome the limitations and constraints of the current situation and break through multiple historical and practical development bottlenecks is a major difficulty they currently face.

第一，丧失了执政地位的共产党，开展工作困难重重，发出的声音微弱，政治影响力有限。中东欧各国共产党基本都认为自己是百年共产党的历史继承者，充分肯定党的百年历史于国家和民族发展的重要影响和作用；各党努力开展工作，努力唤起民众，为弱势群体发声代言，揭露资本主义的固有矛盾弊病；坚持马克思主义政党的群众性和实践性，以马克思主义的立场观点方法分析问题，追求社会公平正义。但作为在野党，尤其是背负着沉重历史遗产的共产党，怎样克服时局的限制和约束，破除历史和现实多重发展瓶颈，是眼下面临的重大困难。

Second, the main forms of activity are singular and limited. Although the communist parties in this region have chosen to move toward socialism through peaceful means in response to changes in the situation, they face numerous difficulties on the parliamentary road. Most communist and workers' parties in Central and Eastern Europe have not entered parliament, and some are still striving to obtain legal status. With the exception of a few parties, those communist parties that have entered parliament have limited influence. For these parties to develop and grow and to gain political power, how to break through the narrow range of available pathways, expand their mass base and social base, and increase their competitiveness in parliamentary elections constitutes a major challenge to their development.

第二，主要活动方式单一、有限。该地区共产党虽然根据形势的变化选择以和平方式走向社会主义，但在议会道路上面临重重困难。中东欧各共产党和工人党大部分没有进入议会，有的还在努力争取合法性地位。除个别党外，进入议会的共产党影响力有限。各党要发展壮大、获得政权，如何突破狭窄的途径选择，扩大群众基础、社会基础，增加议会选举竞争力，是其发展的重大挑战。

Third, the environment for survival is complex, and conditions for development will be restricted and constrained for a long time. Central and Eastern Europe occupies an important geostrategic position, where various currents of thought, viewpoints, and ideologies converge and infiltrate. The eight former socialist countries of Eastern Europe have long been the front line of the Western peaceful evolution [1]1 "Peaceful evolution" (和平演变) is a term used in Chinese political discourse to refer to the strategy attributed to Western powers of subverting socialist states through non-military means, such as ideological infiltration and cultural influence, rather than by armed force. of socialism. The long-term ideological penetration by the West created the conditions for the drastic changes in Eastern Europe. [2]2 "The drastic changes in Eastern Europe" (东欧剧变) refers to the collapse of communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc countries between 1989 and 1992, culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. At present, it is necessary to wage a long-term struggle against various non-Marxist ideological trends. This is an unavoidable practical task for the communist parties in this region.

第三，生存环境复杂，发展条件将长期受到限制和束缚。中东欧在地缘政治上处于重要位置，各种思潮观点、思想意识云集渗入。原东欧八个社会主义国家一直是西方和平演变社会主义的前沿阵地，西方长期的意识形态渗透积累了东欧剧变的形势。当前，须同各种非马克思主义思潮进行长期斗争，这是该地区共产党不可回避的现实任务。

Fourth, the frequent changes of party names by communist parties indicate that the parties lack the basic conditions for unified, united, and stable development. Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe, the names of the parties in Central and Eastern Europe were not uniform; there were communist parties, workers' parties, labor parties, and so on. The party organizations that were rebuilt and restored after the drastic changes in Eastern Europe have also changed their names many times. A change in a party's name implies an evolution in the party's nature, important viewpoints, and political implications. In some cases, this was a temporary expedient to obtain legal registration under unfavorable domestic and international circumstances. In other cases, it was caused by a lack of ideological unity within the party, differences in the evaluation of major events in the history of world socialism, and the intensification of contradictions within the party's leading collective. At the same time, along with the differentiation and splitting of party organizations, the overall strength of the parties has been weakened. Some parties have even dissolved and reorganized as a result, causing severe damage and great losses to the party's organizational structure. These parties need stable development; only by moving steadily can they go far.

第四，共产党频繁更改名称，说明党缺乏统一、团结、稳定发展的基本条件。在苏联解体、东欧剧变前，中东欧各党名称不尽相同，有共产党、工人党、劳动党等。东欧剧变后重建、恢复的党组织也多次更改名称。党的名称的更改，意味着党的性质、重要观点、政治含义发生演变。有的是因在国内外不利的大背景下，争取获得合法注册的权宜需要。有的是因为党内思想不统一、对世界社会主义历史中重大事件的评价有分歧、党的领导集体矛盾激化而引起的。同时，随着党的组织分化、分裂等，党的整体力量被削弱，有的党还因此解散、重组，党的组织机构遭重创，损失极大。各党需要稳定发展，行稳才能致远。

Fifth, adapting to the changes, development, and trends of the times, promptly responding to the new demands and new aspirations of the people, and consolidating and expanding the social base and mass base are basic tasks that the development of communist parties in this region must face squarely, and are also tasks of the era that require breakthroughs and innovation. Under the new circumstances and conditions, the parties are also exploring new ways to maintain close ties with the masses. For example, Stanislav Grospič, Vice-Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, [3]3 The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (捷摩共) is a communist party in the Czech Republic, one of the few in the region with parliamentary representation. believes that, without doubt, in a period of great social change, communist parties need to understand more about the thoughts and needs of the masses, and also need to consider what must be done to enable the masses to master effective forms and methods of struggle under the conditions of the new era, becoming the vanguard of the country's democratic forces. For party leaders, possessing a relatively high theoretical level, revolutionary determination and courage, attaching importance to the close connection between the party and the people, and being adept at learning from historical experience are all necessary and essential.

第五，顺应时代变化、时代发展和时代潮流，及时呼应民众的新需求、新愿景，巩固扩大社会基础、群众基础，是该地区共产党发展需正视的基本任务，也是需要突破、创新的时代任务。在新的形势和条件下，各党也在探索密切与群众联系的新方式。如捷摩共中央委员会副主席斯坦尼斯拉夫·格罗斯皮克认为，毋庸置疑，在社会大变革时期，共产党需要更多地了解群众的思想和需要，还要思考需要做些什么才能在新的时代条件下使群众掌握有效的斗争方式和方法，成为国家民主力量的排头兵。对于党的领导者来说，具备较高的理论水平、革命决心和胆识，重视党和人民的密切联系，善于学习历史经验，都是必要和必须的。

Sixth, base oneself on the present while keeping an eye on the future. For example, the Chairman of the Academic Committee of the Czech Left Institute [4]4 The Czech Left Institute is a think tank associated with left-wing political forces in the Czech Republic. believes that it is very important to pay attention to the development and growth of the younger generation, and to focus on and cultivate the younger generation with a clear and understandable social vision. All political parties and activities need to continuously educate young party members and supporters, transmit experience at the level of party work and national administration, and promote the continuation and development of the socialist ideal under the new circumstances.

第六，立足当前，着眼未来。如捷克左翼研究所学术委员会主席认为，重视年轻一代的发展和成长，以清晰易懂的社会愿景关注、培养年轻一代非常重要。所有政党和活动都需要不断教育年轻党员和支持者，在党的工作和国家行政管理层面进行经验传送，在新的形势下促进社会主义理想的存续和发展。

(Author's bio: Li Ruiqin is a Research Fellow at the Academy of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者简介：李瑞琴系中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院研究员）

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心