Exploring and Forging Ahead in Vigorous Endeavor

In 2021, foreign communist parties forged ahead courageously in a world full of changes and uncertainties, holding high the banner of communism and exploring the correct path for the progress of human civilization. Over the past year, many communist parties celebrated their centenary, further strengthening their great faith in unremitting struggle for the communist ideal; convened new party congresses to set directions and goals for future development; participated in national and local elections, presenting many highlights while also facing multiple difficulties and challenges. Foreign communist parties engaged in serious reflection, summing up the experiences and lessons of the rise and fall of world socialism, and deeply pondered effective ways to strengthen mutual ties and cooperation under the great pandemic. Adhering to a practice-oriented approach, foreign communist parties unswervingly carried out struggles against imperialism, hegemonism and exploitation, remaining an important force for upholding justice and peace on both the national and international stages.

2021年，外国共产党在充满变数和不确定性的世界中勇毅前行，高扬共产主义旗帜，探索人类文明进步的正确道路。在过去一年中，多国共产党迎来建党百年诞辰，更加坚定了为共产主义理想而奋斗不息的伟大信念；召开了新一届党代会，为未来发展谋定方向和目标；参加全国和地方层面的选举活动，既呈现诸多亮点，也面临多重困境和挑战。外国共产党认真反思，总结世界社会主义兴衰的经验教训，深入思考大流疫下加强相互联系与合作的有效途径。外国共产党坚持实践导向，坚定不移开展反帝反霸反剥削斗争，始终是各国及国际舞台上捍卫正义与和平的重要力量。

Looking Back on a Century of Storms and Struggles, Continuing the Fight and Setting Out Anew

回首百年风雨路 接续斗争再出发

In 2021, many communist parties around the world reached the important milestone of their centenary. Various communist parties celebrated their centenary in multiple forms, comprehensively reviewing and summarizing the Party’s development history, reflecting on current practices and struggles, and looking forward to a bright future. Through related activities and occasions, these parties expressed their ideas and propositions, demonstrated their social influence, and expanded their space for public discourse.

2021年，世界多国共产党迎来建党百年的重要时刻。各国共产党以多种形式隆重庆祝百年诞辰，全面回顾、总结党的发展历程，反思当下实践和斗争，展望未来光明前景。各国共产党通过相关活动、场合表达自己的理念和主张，彰显自身社会影响，拓展社会舆论空间。

To welcome its centenary, the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) adopted the slogan “Freedom, Democracy, Socialism – A Party for the Future,” distributing leaflets affirming its permanent commitment as a party of the workers; published a special commemorative poster edition of its party newspaper *Avante!*, and launched an activity titled “Pay Tribute to the Heroes Who Fell in Struggle”; hung PCP flags and commemorative banners and painted murals across Portugal. Linking the commemoration to Portugal’s severe economic, social and public health problems under the COVID-19 pandemic, the PCP turned the centenary into a moment of struggle, conducting hundreds of interactions with workers and the people to discuss the problems facing workers, the people and the country, mobilizing and demanding solutions to these problems. On the anniversary day of March 6, 2021, the PCP launched the initiative “One Hundred Years, One Hundred Actions,” holding marches across the country demanding that the government formulate policies to respond to the people’s problems and aspirations. At the march in Lisbon, PCP General Secretary Jerónimo de Sousa delivered an important speech, paying tribute to generations of communists, praising them as models of selfless dedication to the cause of justice, reaffirming the Party’s firm conviction to continue the struggle for democracy and the construction of a communist society.

为迎接建党百年，葡萄牙共产党提出了“自由、民主、社会主义——面向未来的党”的口号，发放传单申明其作为工人党的永久承诺；出版党报《前进报》特别纪念版海报，推出“向在斗争中牺牲的英雄致敬”活动；在葡萄牙各地悬挂葡共党旗和纪念横幅、绘制壁画，结合新冠肺炎疫情下葡萄牙严重的经济、社会和公共卫生问题，使百年纪念成为一个斗争的时刻，与工人和民众进行数百次互动，讨论工人、人民和国家面临的问题，动员并要求解决这些问题。在2021年3月6日纪念日当天，葡共发起了“一百周年，一百个行动”倡议，在全国各地举行游行，要求政府制定政策，回应人民的问题和愿望。在里斯本的游行中，葡共总书记德索萨发表重要讲话，向一代又一代共产党人致敬，赞扬他们是无私献身于正义事业的典范，重申党的坚定信念，将继续为争取民主和建设共产主义社会而斗争。

As early as the end of 2020, the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) began promoting its party history in the special feature “Workers’ World” on its website. Since 2021, it has successively published commemorative works such as *A Century of Communist Struggle in Spain* and *One Hundred Years Building the Future, One Hundred Years Building Socialism*, and organized seminars to review the Party’s century-long struggle history and discuss the challenges facing the left and corresponding solutions. In his speech at the Party’s centenary commemorative congress, PCE General Secretary Enrique Santiago pointed out that for a century the PCE has stood at the forefront of the struggle for democracy and freedom, and that today it is more necessary than ever, because the contemporary world can no longer tolerate the capitalist mode of production. The PCE will build the broadest possible social consensus around the concepts of openness, diversity and equality, strive to achieve maximum unity with the left and progressives, and make unremitting efforts for the people, democracy and a bright future for the world.

早在2020年底，西班牙共产党就在其网站“工人世界”专题中推介党的历史，2021年以来又相继出版《西班牙一个世纪的共产主义斗争史》《一百年建设未来，一百年建设社会主义》等纪念著作，组织研讨会回顾党的百年奋斗史、探讨左翼面临的挑战及应对方案。在党的百年纪念大会讲话中，西共总书记恩里克·圣地亚哥指出，百年来西共一直站在争取民主和自由斗争的前列，且如今比以往任何时候都有存在的必要，因为当今世界再也不能容忍资本主义生产方式。西共将围绕开放、多元、平等理念建立最广泛社会共识，努力实现与左翼和进步人士的最大团结，为人民、民主和世界的光明前景不懈奋斗。

On August 1, 2021, the South African Communist Party (SACP) grandly held its centenary commemorative congress, which was live-streamed via Facebook and YouTube. SACP General Secretary Blade Nzimande issued the SACP Centenary Statement titled “Putting People First: Socialism is the Future – Build It Now,” reviewing the SACP’s century-long development history and its contributions to the liberation cause of South Africa, pointing out the Party’s future direction, and calling for the continuation of the national democratic revolution oriented towards socialism. He proposed that the national democratic revolution can sustain its vitality only under conditions where its nature and socialist direction of action are continuously deepened. The SACP will commit to developing a broad people’s movement, eliminating the legacy of racist oppression, and forever placing the people above interests.

2021年8月1日，南非共产党隆重举行建党百年纪念大会，并通过脸书（Facebook）和油管（YouTube）进行线上直播。南非共总书记恩齐曼迪发表了题为《以人为本：社会主义是未来——现在就建设社会主义》的南非共产党百年声明，回顾南非共百年发展历程及其对南非解放事业的贡献，指明了党未来的前进方向，呼吁继续开展面向社会主义的民族民主革命，提出民族民主革命只有在其性质和行动的社会主义方向不断深化的条件下才能赓续生命力。南非共将致力于开展广泛的人民运动，消除种族主义压迫的遗留问题，永远将人民置于利益之上。

In addition, communist parties in Luxembourg, Italy, Belgium, Canada and other countries also organized various forms of centenary celebrations. Some other communist parties held anniversary commemorations, such as the Communist Party of Venezuela celebrating its 90th anniversary, the Tudeh Party of Iran celebrating its 80th anniversary, and the Russian Communist Workers’ Party celebrating its 30th anniversary. Youth front organizations of communist parties, such as the Communist Youth Union of Czechoslovakia and the Young Communist League of Britain, also conducted various forms of centenary commemorative activities.

此外，卢森堡、意大利、比利时、加拿大等国共产党也组织了形式多样的建党百年庆祝活动。其他一些共产党开展了周年纪念活动，如委内瑞拉共产党庆祝建党90周年、伊朗图德党庆祝建党80周年、俄罗斯共产主义工人党庆祝建党30周年等。捷克共产主义青年联盟、英国共青团等共产党的青年外围组织，同样进行了多种形式的成立一百周年纪念活动。

Summing Up Past Experiences and Lessons, Planning Future Development Directions

总结过去经验教训 规划未来发展方向

2021 can be called the “year of congresses” for world communist parties, as many communist parties held their new national congresses. Although affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, many communist parties overcame difficulties, convening party congresses in various forms to deeply summarize their work over the past few years, discuss the challenges facing the Party, and clarify development goals and struggle tasks under the pandemic.

2021年称得上是世界共产党的“代表大会年”，多国共产党迎来了本党的新一届全国代表大会。尽管受到新冠肺炎疫情影响，但不少共产党克服困难，以多种形式召开党代会，深入总结过去几年的工作，探讨党面临的挑战及疫情下的发展目标和斗争任务。

The ruling communist parties of four socialist countries—the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), Laos, Vietnam, and Cuba—successively held party congresses in 2021. The Workers’ Party of Korea (WPK) held its Eighth Congress at the beginning of the year. The congress proposed further consolidating and strengthening the Party’s leadership, and continuing to adhere to the “people-first” line, the political philosophy of “people as heaven,” and the principle of self-reliance, among others. At the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee held at the end of the year, the WPK paid particular attention to rural construction, issuing the call to “usher in a new great era of socialist rural development,” emphasizing that it would launch a great march for the entire people towards comprehensive socialist construction in 2022. The 11th Congress of the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party fully affirmed Laos’ political stability, security and order under the pandemic, especially the substantial progress made in poverty reduction work, and outlined six major development goals for the next five years, including maintaining economic growth, improving infrastructure, and improving people’s living conditions. The 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam assessed the achievements and challenges of the past five years, highly evaluated the experience gained over 35 years of *đổi mới* (renewal), emphasized continuing on the path of renewal, integration and development, and set the goal of building a strong and prosperous Vietnam by 2045. The 8th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba summarized the achievements made since the 7th Congress in areas such as updating the economic model and fighting the pandemic, particularly emphasizing that public ownership of the means of production is the foundation of workers’ power and resolutely opposing privatization. At this congress, the Communist Party of Cuba achieved a smooth and orderly transition of the highest leadership of the Party and government.

朝鲜、老挝、越南、古巴等四个社会主义国家执政的共产党于2021年相继召开党代会。朝鲜劳动党在年初召开了党的八大，会议提出了进一步巩固和加强党的领导，继续坚持“人民群众第一主义”路线、“以民为天”的政治理念和自力更生方针等。在年底召开的八届四中全会上，劳动党尤其关注农村建设，发出了“开创社会主义农村发展新的伟大时代”的号召，强调将在2022年开启全民向着社会主义建设全面发展的伟大进军。老挝人民革命党十一大充分肯定疫情下老挝的政治稳定及安全和秩序，尤其是减贫工作取得的实质性进展，勾勒了未来5年保持经济增长、完善基础设施建设、改善人民生活条件等6大发展目标。越南共产党十三大对过去5年取得的成就及面临的挑战进行评估，高度评价革新35年取得的经验，强调继续走革新、融合、发展道路，提出到2045年建设一个强大、繁荣的越南的目标。古巴共产党八大总结了七大以来在模式更新、抗疫等方面取得的成就，尤其强调生产资料的全民所有制是劳动者权力的基础，坚决反对私有化，古共在这次会议上实现了党和政府最高领导的平稳、顺利过渡。

In developed capitalist regions, the Communist Party of Greece, the Communist Party of Britain, the Communist Party of Sweden, the Communist Party of the United States of America, the Communist Party of the Workers of Spain, the Communist Party of Australia, and the Communist Party of Switzerland all held party congresses. In June 2021, the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) held its 21st National Congress. The congress conducted in-depth discussions on many major issues facing the KKE, such as: under current conditions, how to further clarify the KKE’s role as an organized vanguard; how to advance the struggles of various social strata and strengthen unity; and how to carry out struggle in the anti-capitalist and anti-monopoly direction. The congress elected a new Central Committee, and Dimitris Koutsoumbas was re-elected as General Secretary of the Party.

在发达资本主义地区，希腊共产党、英国共产党、瑞典共产党、美国共产党人党、西班牙工人共产党、澳大利亚共产党、瑞士共产党等均召开了党代会。2021年6月，希腊共产党举行了第二十一次全国代表大会，会议围绕希共面临的诸多重大问题进行了深入讨论，如在当前条件下，如何进一步明确希共作为有组织的先锋队角色；如何推进社会各阶层的斗争和加强团结；如何在反资本主义和反垄断方向上开展斗争等。会议选举了新的中央委员会，迪米特里斯·库楚巴斯再次当选党的总书记。

In the former Soviet and Eastern European region, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Russian Communist Workers' Party, the Communist Party of Tajikistan, the Unified Communist Party of Georgia, the Communist Party of Albania, and others held party congresses. In April 2021, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation convened its 18th National Congress. In the general report of the congress, CPRF Central Committee Chairman Gennady Zyuganov summarized the party's activity results between the two congresses and proposed the party's work guidelines and objectives for the next stage, emphasizing raising the party's prestige and strengthening ideological discipline; prioritizing information, propaganda, and ideological work; advancing party team building, especially the cultivation of young party members, and strengthening the party's class core role; defending the legacy of the Soviet era, promoting socialist values, and safeguarding citizens' democratic and freedom rights. The congress adopted a resolution titled "For Socialism, Against Poverty and Lawlessness" and elected a new central leadership headed by Zyuganov.

在原苏东地区，俄罗斯联邦共产党、俄罗斯共产主义工人党、塔吉克斯坦共产党、格鲁吉亚统一工人党、阿尔巴尼亚共产党等召开了党代会。2021年4月，俄罗斯联邦共产党举行了第十八次全国代表大会。俄共中央主席久加诺夫在大会总报告中总结了党在两次代表大会期间的活动成果，提出了下一阶段党的工作方针和目标，着重强调提高党的威信，加强意识形态纪律；优先开展信息、宣传和意识形态工作；推进党的队伍建设尤其是青年党员的培养，强化党的阶级核心作用；捍卫苏联时代的遗产，促进社会主义价值观，维护公民的民主和自由权等。大会通过了“为了社会主义，反对贫穷和目无法纪”的会议决议，并选举出以久加诺夫为首的新的中央领导层。

In developing regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, the Communist Party of Brazil, the Progressive Party of the Working People of Cyprus, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), the Paraguayan Communist Party, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist), the Communist Party of Swaziland, the Communist Party of Iraq, and others held party congresses. In October 2021, the Communist Party of Brazil held its 15th National Congress. Affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, the meeting adopted an online format for the first time. At the closing ceremony, attended by over 600 people online, party chair Luciana Santos delivered a speech analyzing the profound crisis facing the Brazilian capitalist system under the pandemic and the intensification of class struggle, emphasizing that the PCdoB would commit to renewing its mass line and party-building line, deepening its connection with the lives and struggles of the working class and the people, and achieving the party's revitalization to overcome the immense difficulties and challenges it faces.

在亚非拉发展中地区，巴西共产党、塞浦路斯劳动人民进步党、尼共（联合马列）、尼共（毛主义中心）、巴拉圭共产党、印度共产党（马列）、斯威士兰共产党、伊拉克共产党等召开了党代会。2021年10月，巴西共产党举行了第十五次全国代表大会。受新冠肺炎疫情影响，会议首次采取了线上方式。在600多人线上参加的闭幕式会议上，党主席卢西亚娜·桑托斯发表讲话，分析了疫情下巴西资本主义制度面临的深刻危机及阶级斗争的加剧，强调巴共将致力于更新其群众和党建路线，深化与工人阶级和民众的生活和斗争联系，实现党的重振以克服自身面临的巨大困难和挑战。

Parliamentary Elections Show Continuity; Trends of Progress and Decline Coexist

议会选举呈现延续性 进步与衰退趋向共生

In 2021, foreign communist parties in national and local elections continued the development trends of recent years, with ups and downs, gains and losses, coexistence of highlights and difficulties, and the divergence and differentiation between progress and decline becoming more pronounced and distinct.

2021年，外国共产党在全国和地方选举中延续了最近几年的发展态势，有起有落、有得有失，亮点与困难并存，进步与衰退的分化、分野更加突出和鲜明。

Communist parties in several countries achieved varying degrees of electoral progress. In the Russian Duma elections, supporters of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation increased by 3.64 million, its support rate reached 18%, and it won 57 seats, an increase of 15 seats compared to before. In the local elections in Kerala, India, the Left Democratic Front, composed of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Communist Party of India, and others, won governing status again after 2016. In 2021, Spanish Communist Yolanda Díaz became the government's Minister of Labor and Social Economy, a rare significant highlight amidst the development difficulties of the Spanish Communist Party in recent years.

多国共产党取得了不同程度的选举进步。在俄罗斯杜马选举中，俄罗斯联邦共产党的支持者增加了364万，支持率达到18%并获得57个议席，较之前提高了15个席位。在印度喀拉拉邦的地方选举中，印度共产党（马克思主义）、印度共产党等组成的左翼民主阵线，继2016年后再次获得执政地位。2021年，西班牙共产党人尤兰达·迪亚斯出任政府劳动和经济部长，成为近些年西班牙共产党发展困境中难得的一个显著亮点。

Among the foreign communist parties that achieved electoral progress, several parties deserve attention. First, the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova. This party was the only communist party to come to power in the former Soviet region after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe. Under unfavorable domestic and international political circumstances, the PCRM has faced immense difficulties in recent years, winning no seats in the 2019 general election. In the national parliamentary elections held in July 2021, the PCRM formed an alliance with the Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova, led by PCRM leader Vladimir Voronin, winning 27% of the vote and 10 seats. Second, the Communist Party of Chile. The PCCh is a communist party with significant influence in Latin America, currently having 80,000 members (including 50,000 with public identities and 30,000 without). In the 2021 Chilean presidential election, PCCh candidate Daniel Jadue once led in opinion polls. In the Chamber of Deputies elections, the PCCh broke records by achieving 7% of the vote and 12 seats, its best result in recent years; in the Senate elections, the PCCh similarly achieved over 7% of the vote and 2 seats, breaking its long-standing situation of having no seats in the Senate. Third, the Communist Party of Austria. At the national level, the KPÖ is a marginal small party, with a national support rate consistently below 1% for a long time. However, in Graz, Austria's second-largest city, the KPÖ is one of the main political parties, maintaining a support rate above 20% since the 21st century. In 2021, in the Graz municipal elections, the KPÖ unprecedentedly achieved a 28.8% support rate, and KPÖ councilwoman Elke Kahr became mayor. Furthermore, the KPÖ has continuously achieved new developments in various parts of Austria in recent years, such as participating in governing coalitions in the capitals of states like Salzburg, Upper Austria, and Tyrol, and cooperating with the "Left Party" to win 23 seats in 15 districts of Vienna.

在取得选举进步的外国共产党中，有几个党值得关注。一是摩尔多瓦共产党人党。该党曾经是苏联解体、东欧剧变之后原苏联地区唯一上台执政的共产党，在国内外不利的政治环境下，摩共近些年遭遇巨大困难，2019年大选没有获得任何议席。在2021年7月举行的全国议会选举中，摩共与摩尔多瓦社会主义者党组建了由摩共领导人沃罗宁领衔的联盟，获得27%的支持率和10个议席。二是智利共产党。智共是拉美具有较大影响力的共产党，目前拥有党员8万人（其中公开身份党员5万人，未公开身份党员3万人）。在2021年智利总统选举中，智共候选人贾杜一度在民测中领跑。在众议院选举中，智共更是破纪录地得到7%的支持率和12个议席，取得近年来最好成绩；在参议院选举中，智共同样获得了超过7%的支持率和2个议席，打破了在参议院长期没有议席的局面。三是奥地利共产党。从国家层面看，奥共是一个边缘小党，全国支持率长期不到1%，但在奥地利第二大城市格拉茨市，奥共却是主要政党之一，21世纪以来长期保持着20%以上的支持率。2021年，在格拉茨市市政选举中，奥共前所未有地获得28.8%的支持率，奥共女议员埃尔克·卡尔出任市长。除此之外，奥共近年来在奥地利各地也不断获得新发展，比如在萨尔茨堡、上奥地利、蒂罗尔等州的首府参与执政联盟，与“左翼党”合作在维也纳的15个区获得23个议席。

Compared with the aforementioned successful communist parties in multiple countries, many foreign communist parties faced difficulties, setbacks, and even failures in parliamentary politics. The electoral support rates of some communist parties slightly decreased on a relatively stable basis. For example, in the Japanese House of Representatives general election, the Japanese Communist Party won a total of 10 seats (a decrease of 1 seat compared to before); in the Cypriot parliamentary elections, the Progressive Party of the Working People won 15 seats but remained the second-largest party in parliament. Some parties continued to hover on the margins of the political stage, unable to reverse their fortunes. For instance, in Italian local elections, the Party of the Italian Communists and the Italian Communist Party (New PCI), participating through the "Power to the People" alliance, remained sluggish with a support rate below 2%, while the Communist Party (Italy), running independently, achieved a maximum support rate close to 1%.

与上述取得成功的多国共产党相比，不少外国共产党在议会政治中面临困境乃至遭遇挫折和失败。一些共产党的选举支持率在相对稳定基础上稍有下降，比如在日本众议院大选中，日本共产党总共获得10个席位（较之前减少1个席位）；在塞浦路斯议会选举中，塞浦路斯劳动人民进步党获得15个议席，但仍然是议会第二大党。一些党继续游走于政治舞台的边缘，难以实现翻身逆转，比如在意大利地方选举中，通过“权力属于人民”联盟参选的意大利重建共产党和意大利共产党（新意共）持续低迷，支持率不到2%，单独参选的共产党（意大利）最高支持率接近1%。

In 2021, the party most severely impacted by elections was undoubtedly the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia. In the Czech general election held in October, the KSČM only obtained 3.6% of the vote (its 2017 support rate was 7.8%, winning 15 seats), failing to reach the 5% parliamentary threshold and losing all its seats. This was the first time since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe that the KSČM failed to win any seats. This electoral defeat directly led to the resignation of party chairman Vojtěch Filip. Current Member of the European Parliament Kateřina Konečná was elected as the new chairperson, also becoming the first female supreme leader in the history of the KSČM. For the future development of the KSČM, how to coordinate the relationship between securing its core electorate of those over 65 and attracting young voters, and how to resolve internal factional disputes and struggles, will be its primary challenges.

2021年，受选举冲击最大的，无疑是捷克和摩拉维亚共产党。在10月举行的捷克大选中，捷摩共仅获得3.6%的支持率（2017年支持率为7.8%并获得15个议席），未能达到5%的议会门槛，丧失全部议席，这也是自苏联解体、东欧剧变后捷摩共首次未能获得任何议席。这次大选失利直接导致党主席菲利普辞职，现任欧洲议会议员卡特琳娜·科内奇纳当选新主席，她也成为捷摩共历史上第一位女性最高领导人。对于捷摩共未来发展而言，如何协调好争取65岁以上的核心选民与吸引年轻选民的关系，解决好内部派别争论和斗争，将是其面临的首要问题。

Over the past year, the developmental shift of the People's Party of Kazakhstan has attracted attention. At the end of 2020, the People's Party of Kazakhstan (Communist) [2]2 AUKUS is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, announced in 2021, focused on nuclear-powered submarine technology. changed its name to the People's Party of Kazakhstan at its 15th Congress, while making substantial adjustments to its party constitution and program. Although it still claims to be a left-wing party with a socialist orientation, committed to defending the interests of ordinary people, it deleted identifying terms such as communism and class struggle, significantly weakening its identity characteristics as a communist party. In the 2021 national elections, the People's Party of Kazakhstan, appearing under its new guise, saw its support rate rise, increasing from 7.1% of the vote and 7 seats in 2016 to 9.1% of the vote and 10 seats in 2021.

过去一年，哈萨克斯坦共产人民党的发展转向受到关注。2020年末，哈共人民党在第十五次代表大会上改称为哈萨克斯坦人民党，同时对党章、党纲进行大幅度调整，尽管仍然自称为具有社会主义偏向的左翼政党，致力于捍卫普通民众的利益，但删除了共产主义、阶级斗争等标识性话语，使其作为共产党的身份特征受到极大削弱。在2021年的全国选举中，以新面目出现的哈人民党支持率有所上升，从2016年获得7.1%的支持率和7个议席，提高到2021年9.1%的支持率和10个议席。

Reflecting on Socialist History; Discussing Plans for Unity and Struggle

反思社会主义历史 探讨团结斗争方案

2021 marked the anniversary of several important events in the history of the world socialist movement, providing an opportunity for foreign communist parties to deeply examine history and reflect on the present. Many communist parties focused on the 150th anniversary of the Paris Commune. The Australian Communist Party’s *Guardian* published an article reviewing the glorious history of the Commune’s struggle, emphasizing that although the Paris Commune failed, its revolutionary legacy remains vital, setting an example and a vision for development for future generations of communists. As one of the most significant historical events of the 20th century, the 30th anniversary of the dissolution of the Soviet Union prompted a wave of reflection among many foreign communists. Communist parties from various countries generally praised the great achievements of the Soviet socialist era, believing that although Soviet socialism had shortcomings and mistakes, it was undoubtedly a major force countering capitalism, and its practice provided a vivid example for the oppressed people of the world to escape capitalist exploitation. Thirty years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, socialist countries represented by China possess enormous development potential. Socialism exists in the past and the present; people can draw lessons from its failures and construct a future world worth anticipating. Additionally, 2021 also marked the 20th anniversary of the Genoa protests [1]1 The Genoa protests (2001) were large-scale demonstrations against the G8 summit, marked by violent clashes and the death of a protester, often seen as a key moment in the anti-globalization movement., a starting point of the anti-globalization movement, and the 10th anniversary of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Many communist parties deeply summarized the experiences and lessons of Western left-wing anti-capitalist struggles, emphasizing that in the face of crises, war, the COVID-19 pandemic, and new upheavals in production and digital lifestyles, capitalism once again stands at a crossroads. Left-wing forces need to engage in profound reflection and alternative practices, launch new international cooperation, and wage new struggles for global social and democratic rights.

2021年是世界社会主义运动史上多个重要事件的周年纪念，为外国共产党深入检讨历史、反思当下提供了契机。多国共产党聚焦巴黎公社150年，澳大利亚共产党《卫报》刊发文章，回顾公社光荣斗争史，强调尽管巴黎公社失败了，但其革命遗产仍然具有生命力，给未来几代共产党人树立了榜样和发展愿景。苏联解体作为20世纪最重大的历史事件之一，在其30周年之际，诸多外国共产党人掀起了反思浪潮。各国共产党人大都赞扬苏联社会主义时期的伟大成就，认为苏联社会主义虽然存在缺点和失误，但无疑是抗衡资本主义的主要力量，其实践为世界受压迫人民提供了一个摆脱资本主义剥削的鲜活的榜样。苏联解体30年后，以中国为代表的社会主义国家发展潜力巨大。社会主义存在于过去和现在，人们可以从其失败中汲取教训，构建一个值得期待的未来世界。此外，2021年还是作为反全球化运动起始点的热那亚抗议20周年以及占领华尔街运动10周年。多国共产党深刻总结西方左翼反资本主义斗争的经验教训，强调面对危机、战争、新冠肺炎疫情以及生产和数字化生活方式的新剧变，资本主义再次站在了十字路口，左翼力量需要进行深刻反思和替代实践，开展新的国际合作，为争取全球社会和民主权利进行新的斗争。

Looking back at history is for the sake of treading the path beneath our feet well and strengthening the path ahead. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, foreign communist parties actively organized regional and global forums via the internet to deeply discuss the current situation, problems, and prospects of the world socialist movement. For example, in early December 2021, the Fifth European Left Forum was held in Brussels in a combination of online and offline formats. Communist parties from multiple European countries participated, jointly discussing major challenges facing Europe, economic and social issues after the COVID-19 pandemic, and the possibility of building another Europe. On December 10–11, 2021, after a one-year interruption of the International Meeting of Communist and Workers’ Parties due to the COVID-19 pandemic, 73 communist and workers’ parties from 57 countries participated in a special telephone conference jointly organized by the Communist Party of Greece and the Communist Party of Turkey. Multiple communist and workers’ parties discussed the labor movement and people’s struggles under the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the intensification of contradictions between labor and capital, the deepening of exploitation under the capitalist mode of production, and its destructive impact on the environment. They emphasized that under new conditions, communist and workers’ parties need to strengthen internationalist solidarity, actively organize the working people, and struggle for the construction of a new socialist-communist society.

回望历史是为了走好脚下路、坚定未来路。在新冠肺炎疫情下，外国共产党借助互联网积极组织地区性和全球性论坛，深入讨论世界社会主义运动的现状、问题与前景。比如，2021年12月初，第五届欧洲左翼论坛在布鲁塞尔以线上和线下相结合的方式召开，欧洲多国共产党参加，共同探讨欧洲面临的重大挑战、新冠肺炎疫情大流行之后的经济和社会问题及构建另一个欧洲的可能性。2021年12月10—11日，在因新冠肺炎疫情导致共产党工人党国际会议中断一年之后，来自57个国家的73个共产党工人党参加了由希腊共产党和土耳其共产党共同组织的特别电话会议。多国共产党工人党围绕新冠肺炎疫情大流行下的劳工运动和人民斗争，以及劳资矛盾激化、资本主义生产方式的剥削程度加剧及其对环境的破坏性影响等进行讨论，强调在新的条件下共产党工人党需要加强国际主义团结，积极将劳动人民组织起来，为建设社会主义—共产主义新社会而斗争。

Always Upholding Justice and Peace, Promoting Human Development and Progress

始终坚持捍卫正义和平 推动人类发展进步

Foreign communist parties have been steadfast and unyielding in their practical struggles to maintain world peace and development and defend social fairness and justice. The following themes of struggle were particularly prominent in 2021.

外国共产党在维护世界和平发展、捍卫社会公平正义的实践斗争中步履坚定、一往无前，2021年如下方面斗争主题尤其突出。

First, taking various actions to counter US-led Western hegemonism and power politics. For example, communists from Australia, the United States, and Britain issued statements opposing the AUKUS [2]2 AUKUS is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, announced in 2021, focused on nuclear-powered submarine technology. nuclear submarine agreement, condemning it as the foundation of an anti-China military alliance. Facing the increasingly serious threat of the proliferation and use of biological weapons, 18 communist parties from 16 countries issued a joint statement demanding the dismantlement of US biological laboratories. Multiple communist parties opposed the US blockade, interference, and coup attempts against Cuba, supporting Cuba’s just cause through demonstrations, statements, etc., emphasizing that “the problems Cuba faces are caused by the US’s criminal blockade against Cuba over more than 60 years,” and so on.

一是采取多种行动反击以美国为首的西方霸权主义、强权政治。比如澳大利亚、美国、英国共产党人发表声明，反对奥库斯（AUKUS）核潜艇协议，谴责该协议是反华军事联盟的基础；面对日益严重的扩散和使用生物武器威胁，来自16个国家的18个共产党发表共同声明，要求拆除美国的生物实验室；多国共产党反对美国针对古巴的封锁、干涉及政变企图，通过游行示威、发表声明等支持古巴的正义事业，强调“古巴面临的问题是60多年来美国对古巴实行罪恶封锁造成的”，等等。

Second, organizing and launching struggles against the ruling power in their own countries. A representative example is the protest initiated by Indian farmers in 2020 against the government’s anti-farmer legislation, organized and participated in by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and others. The protest lasted 14 months, becoming one of the largest and longest-lasting mass mobilizations in the world. Ultimately, the government decided to repeal three agricultural reform bills concerning farmers’ interests, marking a historic victory for the protest.

二是组织开展反对本国统治权力的斗争。具有代表性的是在印度共产党（马克思主义）等的组织参与下，印度农民自2020年开始发起针对政府反农民立法的抗议活动，抗议历时14个月，成为世界上规模最大、持续时间最长的群众动员之一，最终政府决定取消涉及农民利益的三项农业改革法案，抗议取得了历史性胜利。

Third, mutually supporting and attacking various forms of anti-communism. In response to the unfair treatment encountered by many communist parties in political activities—such as the Communist Party of Germany being banned from participating in the federal election due to a delayed application submission, and the leader of the Communist Party of Venezuela suffering political attacks during elections—multiple communist parties spoke out promptly, hitting back at slander and defamation against communists, and resolutely supporting the legitimate rights and just struggles of communist parties in various countries.

三是相互支援抨击各种形式的反共主义。针对多国共产党在政治活动中遭遇的不公正对待，如德国共产党因申请书递交延迟被禁止参加联邦大选，委内瑞拉共产党领导人在选举中受到政治攻击等，多国共产党第一时间发声，回击对共产党人的诽谤和污蔑，坚决支持各国共产党人的正当权利和正义斗争。

Conclusion

结 语

The development of foreign communist parties in 2021 continued the main characteristics of recent years. The stage-specific features of striving for progress amidst a low ebb, seeking survival in the cracks, and developing in adversity remained prominent. The continued spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has, to a certain extent, changed the practical struggle methods of foreign communist parties. The frequency of street actions and offline activities has relatively decreased, while diverse virtual online platforms have provided new spaces for struggle and action for communist parties in various countries. Looking ahead to 2022, foreign communist parties will continue to march on the great journey of exploring the path of socialist development in the 21st century. Against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is unlikely to end in the short term, formulating effective action plans based on actual conditions and accumulating strength for continuous progress are the practical and urgent tasks facing foreign communist parties.

2021年外国共产党的发展延续了近年来的主要特点，在低潮中求奋进、在夹缝中求生存、在逆境中求发展的阶段性特征依然突出。新冠肺炎疫情的持续蔓延，一定程度上改变了外国共产党的实践斗争方式，街头行动及线下活动的频次频率相对有所减少，而多元化的虚拟线上平台为各国共产党提供了新的斗争和行动空间。展望2022年，外国共产党将继续行进在探索21世纪社会主义发展道路的伟大征程上。在新冠肺炎疫情短期内难见尽头的背景下，从实际情况出发，制定行之有效的行动方案，积聚不断前行的力量，是外国共产党面临的切实而紧迫的现实任务。

(The author is a professor at the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and a researcher at the Academy of Marxism, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

（作者系中国社会科学院大学教授，中国社会科学院马克思主义研究院研究员）

Online Editor: Zhang Jian

网络编辑：张剑