The Theoretical Evolution and Practical Exploration of the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party

The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (hereinafter referred to as the PSOE) is the first political party in Spain founded by the working class and the earliest to spread Marxist thought and the concept of international communism on the Iberian Peninsula, occupying a unique position in the history of Spanish political parties. In the 142 years since its founding, the PSOE has creatively applied Marxist theory to the practice of Spanish social development, firmly integrated itself into Europe and the world, clearly opposed American-style neoliberalism, and advocated values of fairness, justice, and equality. As the international situation and Spain’s domestic circumstances have changed, the PSOE has focused on theoretical self-renewal and drawing lessons from practice. During Spain’s democratic transition in the 1970s and 1980s, the PSOE rapidly moved from the margins to the center of the political spectrum, becoming the largest center-left party. Since winning the Spanish general election in 1982, the PSOE has successively experienced the González era (1982–1996), the Zapatero era (2004–2011), and the Sánchez era (2018 to the present). The party has shouldered different historical missions and social responsibilities in each period, and its governing philosophy has continuously evolved in response to changes in the domestic and international situation, constantly exploring new practices for Spanish social and economic development while integrating into Europe and the world.

西班牙工人社会党（下称工社党）是西班牙第一个由工人阶级创建、最早在伊比利亚半岛传播马克思主义思想和国际共产主义理念的政党，在西班牙政党史上具有独特地位。建党142年来，工社党创造性地将马克思主义理论运用于西班牙社会发展实践，坚定地融入欧洲和世界，旗帜鲜明地反对美式新自由主义，倡导公平公正平等价值观。随着国际局势和西班牙国内形势的变化，工社党注重在理论上自我革新，从实践中总结经验。在20世纪70—80年代西班牙民主转型中，工社党迅速从政治光谱的边缘走向中心，成为最大的中左翼党派。自1982年赢得西班牙大选以来，工社党先后历经了冈萨雷斯时代（1982—1996年）、萨帕特罗时代（2004—2011年）和桑切斯时代（2018年至今）。该党在各个时期肩负着不同的历史使命和社会责任，执政理念也随国内外形势的变化不断演进，不断探索融入欧洲和世界的西班牙社会经济发展新实践。

The González Era: Exploring a New Path of Social Democratic Development

冈萨雷斯时代：探索社会民主主义发展新道路

In the mid-to-late 1970s, Spain’s domestic political forces and party landscape underwent major adjustments and transformations. In 1977, Spain held its first democratic elections in nearly 40 years; in 1978, Spain enacted a new constitution. This new political situation gave the PSOE an opportunity for rebirth. To change its long-marginalized status in Spanish political life, around the time González took office, the PSOE carried out major reforms and bold explorations in both theory and practice. At the 28th Party Congress held in May 1979, González advocated abolishing outdated, obsolete guiding principles in the party program that hindered the development of productive forces. At the special party congress held in October of the same year, González was re-elected as Secretary-General of the PSOE and defined the party as “a class-based, mass, democratic, and federal party,” stating that “the PSOE regards Marxism as a theoretical, critical, non-dogmatic means of analyzing and changing social reality…” After multiple adjustments, the PSOE gradually shifted from radicalism to moderation, no longer clinging to rigid dogma in its approach to Marxism, and adopted flexible strategies that kept pace with the times. At this point, unprecedented unity was achieved within the PSOE, González’s leadership was consolidated, and the party’s popular base was continuously strengthened, projecting a new image as a catch-all party. In 1982, the PSOE won the general election by an absolute majority and came to power, ending more than 40 years of continuous rule by right-wing parties in Spain—a landmark event. Thereafter, the PSOE achieved a historic record of 14 consecutive years in power.

20世纪70年代中后期，西班牙国内政治力量和政党格局出现大调整和大变革。1977年，西班牙举行了近40年以来首次民主选举；1978年，西班牙颁布新宪法，这一新的政治形势赋予工社党涅槃重生的机会。为改变在西班牙政治生活中长期被边缘化的地位，冈萨雷斯执政前后，工社党在理论和实践上进行重大改革与大胆探索。在1979年5月举行的第二十八届党代会上，冈萨雷斯主张废除党纲中陈旧、过时、阻碍生产力发展的指导方针。在同年10月举行的特别党代会上，冈萨雷斯再次当选为工社党总书记，并将工社党定义为“阶级的、大众的、民主的和联邦的政党”，指出“工社党将马克思主义作为一种理论性、批判性、非教条主义的分析和改变社会现实的手段……”。经过多次调整，工社党逐渐由激进主义转向温和主义，在对待马克思主义问题上不再固守僵化的教条，采取与时俱进的灵活策略。至此，工社党内部形成空前团结局面，冈萨雷斯的领导地位得到巩固，民意基础不断夯实，展现出全民党的新形象。1982年，工社党以绝对优势赢得大选并上台执政，结束了西班牙40多年来长期由右翼政党执政的局面，具有划时代意义。此后，工社党创下连续执政14年的辉煌历史。

After taking office, the González government formed a specific governing philosophy through theoretical exploration and practical experimentation—Gonzálezism: Politically, it advocated actively promoting Spain’s Europeanization and realizing the socioeconomic modernization of the country; under a moderated ideology, it explored a path of social democratic development suited to Spain and endorsed the theory of European federalism; to consolidate the democratic system, it sealed off the “historical memory” of the dictatorship to prevent the resurgence of Francoism. Economically, guided by the theory of European integration, the primary goal was to join the European Community and accelerate economic integration with European countries. Diplomatically, guided by the aim of shaping and enhancing Spain’s new international image, it first based itself in Europe, consolidated and expanded its influence, and established a multi-pillared global diplomatic framework. Gonzálezism bore distinct characteristics of pragmatism and realism, helping to realize Spain’s Europeanization and national modernization.

执政后，冈萨雷斯政府在理论探索与实践摸索中形成了特定的执政理念——冈萨雷斯主义：在政治上，主张积极推进西班牙的欧洲化和实现国家社会经济现代化；在温和化的意识形态下，探索适合西班牙的社会民主主义发展道路，赞同欧洲联邦主义理论；为巩固民主制度，尘封独裁的“历史记忆”，防止佛朗哥主义沉渣泛起。在经济上，以欧洲一体化理论为指导，首要目标是加入欧洲共同体，加快与欧洲国家的经济融合。在外交上，以塑造和提升西班牙的国际新形象为指引，首先立足欧洲，巩固并拓展影响力，建立多支柱的全球外交格局。冈萨雷斯主义带有鲜明的实用主义和现实主义理论特点，有助于实现西班牙的欧洲化和国家的现代化。

First, joining the European Community fundamentally changed Spain’s long-standing policy of economic isolation and seclusion, laying the economic foundation for the PSOE’s successive terms in power. In the early years of González’s administration, the PSOE believed that active integration into Europe was a key measure for consolidating the democratic system and achieving socioeconomic modernization. In June 1985, the Spanish Congress of Deputies unanimously approved Spain’s accession to the European Community—the first such unanimous approval in the history of European integration. After joining the European Community, Spain benefited greatly in multiple areas. In the late 1980s, the PSOE introduced market competition mechanisms to stimulate economic growth; adopted austerity policies to curb inflation; launched an industrial restructuring plan to reorganize traditional steel, shipbuilding, and textile industries, improving productivity and economic competitiveness and attracting foreign investment. By the end of the 1980s, Spain’s economy was growing rapidly, quickly narrowing the gap with other Western European countries.

第一，加入欧共体彻底改变了西班牙长期推行的闭关锁国的经济政策，为工社党蝉联执政奠定了经济基础。冈萨雷斯执政初期，工社党认为积极融入欧洲是巩固民主制度、实现社会经济现代化的关键举措。1985年6月，西班牙众议院全票批准西班牙加入欧共体议案，这在欧洲一体化发展史上尚属首次。加入欧共体后，西班牙在多个领域获利良多。20世纪80年代后期，工社党引入市场竞争机制，刺激经济增长；采取紧缩经济政策，遏制通货膨胀；启动工业重组计划，对传统钢铁、造船、纺织业进行重组，提高生产率和经济竞争力，吸引外国投资。到20世纪80年代末，西班牙经济高速发展，迅速缩小了与其他西欧国家的差距。

Second, it built a multi-pillared social service security system. The PSOE emphasized balancing economic growth with social equity, advocating that the dividends of economic growth be shared broadly among the people to prevent the widening of the wealth gap, and while advancing economic modernization, it constructed a modern social welfare system. González summarized, “In the 1980s, we basically provided three universal service guarantees: healthcare, education, and pensions.” In the healthcare sector, Spain established a universal free healthcare system starting in 1986. In education, Spain successively enacted laws such as the Basic Law on University Reform (1983), the Law on the Right to Education (1985), and the Basic Law on the Educational System (1990), comprehensively reforming the educational management system and curriculum to adapt to European integration and the rapid development of global educational science. In the pension sector, Spain focused on building a relatively comprehensive social pension security system, including pensions, unemployment benefits, benefits for orphans and the disabled, and survivor benefits.

第二，构建多支柱的社会服务保障体系。工社党注重经济增长与社会公平的均衡性，提倡将经济增长的红利普惠于民，防止贫富差距扩大，在推进经济现代化的同时，构建现代化的社会福利制度。冈萨雷斯总结道，“20世纪80年代我们基本提供了三项全民服务保障：医疗、教育和养老。”在医疗领域，西班牙1986年起建立全民免费医疗体系。在教育领域，西班牙先后颁布《大学改革基本法（1983年）》《教育权利法（1985年）》和《教育体制基本准则法（1990年）》等法规，对教育管理体系和课程设置进行全面改革，适应欧洲一体化和世界教育科学的快速发展。在养老领域，西班牙着力构建了包括养老金、失业金、孤寡残疾金、抚恤金等在内的比较健全的社会养老保障体系。

Third, it abandoned traditional bilateral foreign policy and established a new global diplomatic framework. The PSOE advocated Europeanism, making Spain a firm participant in and defender of European integration, playing an active role in the construction of the European single market, the single currency, and the Economic and Monetary Union. At the same time, the PSOE attached importance to the security and stability of the Maghreb region, promoting the establishment of good-neighborly and cooperative relations between the European Union and Mediterranean countries. In addition, the PSOE also focused on developing a new special relationship with Latin American countries, reshaping Spain’s influence in the region from multiple angles and playing an important bridging role in relations between the European Union and Latin American countries.

第三，摒弃传统的双边外交政策，建立面向全球的外交新格局。工社党倡导欧洲主义，使西班牙成为欧洲一体化的坚定参与者和捍卫者，在欧洲单一市场、统一货币、经济货币联盟建设中发挥着积极作用。与此同时，工社党重视马格里布地区的安全与稳定，推动欧盟与地中海国家建立睦邻友好合作关系。此外，工社党还注重发展与拉美国家的新型特殊关系，从多个方面重塑西班牙在拉美地区的影响力，发挥西班牙在欧盟与拉美国家关系中的重要桥梁作用。

Gonzálezism drove changes in many areas of Spain’s economy, society, and foreign affairs, altered the country’s long-standing isolation, and reshaped Spain’s international image. However, from the late 1980s to the early 1990s, senior PSOE figures became embroiled in a series of political and financial corruption scandals, which seriously hindered Spain’s democratization and modernization process and weakened the government’s credibility. Coupled with the European economic recession and rising unemployment due to the restructuring of Spain’s traditional industries, the PSOE won only 159 seats in the June 1993 general election, losing its parliamentary majority and having to rely on parliamentary support from the Convergence and Union of Catalonia and the Basque Nationalist Party to form a government. Plagued by economic recession and internal party corruption, the PSOE’s support rate in the March 1996 general election was only 37.27%, winning 141 seats and losing power.

冈萨雷斯主义推动了西班牙经济、社会、外交等诸多领域的变革，改变了西班牙长期闭关锁国的情况，重塑了西班牙的国际形象。然而，20世纪80年代末到90年代初，工社党高层卷入了一系列政治、金融等方面的腐败丑闻，严重阻碍西班牙的民主化和现代化进程，削弱了政府公信力，加之欧洲经济陷入衰退、西班牙国内传统产业结构调整加剧失业等原因，工社党在1993年6月大选中仅获159个席位，失去议会多数议席，不得不依靠加泰罗尼亚民族团结联盟党、巴斯克民族主义党的议会支持才上台执政。受经济衰退、党内腐败等问题困扰，工社党在1996年3月大选中的支持率仅为37.27%，获得141个议席，失去了执政权。

The Zapatero Era: Advocating Republicanism and Civic Socialism

萨帕特罗时代：推崇共和主义和公民社会主义

After being elected Secretary-General of the PSOE in 2000, Zapatero carefully analyzed the reasons for the electoral defeat and explored new paths for theory to guide practice. Inspired by the ideas of American scholars John Rawls, Benjamin Barber, and Philip Pettit, among others, Zapatero decided to adjust the PSOE’s ideology from social democracy to republicanism, advocating civic socialism.

2000年萨帕特罗当选为工社党总书记后，认真分析大选失利原因，探索理论指导实践的新路径。萨帕特罗深受美国学者约翰·罗尔斯、本杰明·巴伯和菲利普·佩蒂特等人的思想启发，决定将工社党的意识形态由社会民主主义调整为共和主义，提倡公民社会主义。

The idea of civic socialism became an important theoretical foundation for the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) in advancing the development of social modernization. The PSOE holds that the social modernization of the state includes the optimization of the party’s organizational structure and the broad representativeness of its members. The party’s highest authority is the party congress, and its highest executive bodies are the Central Committee and the Central Executive Committee. The organizational structure comprises three levels: central, autonomous community, and local. Members of the PSOE party congress possess broad representativeness, covering social groups from all walks of life, youth organizations, women’s associations, environmental organizations, and marginalized or grassroots groups, including immigrants and homosexuals. To implement republican principles and expand “freedom as non-domination,” the PSOE adjusted the core content of its political platform to: granting full citizenship rights to members of society, limiting the power of the government itself, strengthening the rule of law and advancing decentralization, and promoting economic growth.

公民社会主义思想成为工社党推进社会现代化发展的重要理论基础。工社党认为，国家的社会现代化包括政党组织结构的优化和党员的广泛代表性，党的最高权力机构是党代会，最高执行机构是中央委员会和中央执行委员会，组织结构包括中央、自治区和地方三个层级。工社党党代会成员具有广泛的代表性，覆盖各行各业的社会团体、青年组织、女性社团、环保组织以及社会边缘或底层人员，包括外来移民、同性恋者等。为落实共和主义原则、扩展“无支配自由”，工社党将其政治纲领中的核心内容调整为：赋予社会成员完整的公民权利、限制政府自身权力、加强法治和推进分权、促进经济增长。

The adjustments in ideology and guiding principles enabled the PSOE to gain more voter support, achieving notable short-term results. In 2004, the PSOE won the general election and returned to power, retaining it in 2008. During the Zapatero administration (2004–2011), eliminating discrimination, achieving fairness, and building a free, equal, and solidary civic society became the focus of government work, as reflected in the following aspects.

意识形态、指导思想上的调整使工社党获得了更多选民支持，短期内成效显著。2004年工社党赢得大选重新执政，2008年蝉联执政。2004—2011年萨帕特罗执政时期，将消除歧视、实现公平、建设一个自由平等团结的公民社会作为政府工作重心，具体体现在以下几个方面。

First, vigorously safeguarding civil rights. On one hand, emphasis was placed on gender equality rights. In 2004, the Spanish parliament passed the Law against Domestic Violence against Women and the Gender Equality Law. The latter stipulated that the proportion of women in the cabinet must not be less than 50%. Subsequently, the Same-Sex Marriage Protection Law, the Divorce Freedom Law, and the Social Assistance Law were enacted one after another. The Gender Equality Law was fully reflected in Zapatero’s cabinet. In April 2004, María Teresa Fernández de la Vega became Spain’s first deputy prime minister, the first woman to hold this position since the establishment of Spanish democracy. The second Zapatero cabinet formed in 2008 included nine women and also added a Ministry of Equality, dedicated to eliminating gender discrimination and achieving equality between men and women. On the other hand, the protection of civil rights also benefited a large number of undocumented immigrants in Spain. To provide labor for industries such as construction, commerce, tourism, catering, and domestic services, the PSOE government relaxed immigration policies. In just the period from February to May 2005, 700,000 undocumented immigrants were legalized through registration. A 2006 report from the Prime Minister’s Office showed that Spain’s immigrant population quadrupled between 2000 and 2006, and immigrants contributed half of the GDP growth from 2002 to 2006.

一是大力保障公民权利。一方面，重视性别平等权。2004年西班牙议会通过了《禁止对女性实施家庭暴力法》《性别平等法》。后者规定内阁中女性比例不得低于50%。此后《同性婚姻保护法》《离婚自由法》《社会救助法》等相继颁布。《性别平等法》在萨帕特罗内阁中得到了充分体现。2004年4月，德拉维加出任西班牙第一副首相，成为西班牙民主制度建立以来担任该职的首位女性。2008年成立的萨帕特罗第二届内阁中包括9位女性，还增设了平等事务部，致力于消除性别歧视、实现男女平等。另一方面，保障公民权还惠及西班牙境内的大量非法移民。为给建筑业、商业、旅游业、餐饮和家庭服务等行业提供劳动力，工社党政府放宽了移民政策，仅2005年2—5月，就有70万非法移民经注册合法化。2006年首相办公室的一份报告显示，2000—2006年西班牙移民人数增长了4倍，2002—2006年国内生产总值（GDP）增长的一半由移民贡献。

Second, re-examining the history of the Franco era. The Historical Memory Law passed by the PSOE government in October 2007 was a new practice of republican theory. During the democratic transition, to ensure political stability, Spain chose to avoid discussing historical issues. Following the Pact of Forgetting [1]1 The Pact of Forgetting (Pacto del Olvido) refers to the informal agreement among Spanish political parties during the democratic transition (late 1970s) to avoid prosecuting crimes committed during the Franco regime and to refrain from using the Civil War and dictatorship as political tools, in order to ensure a stable transition to democracy. agreed upon by the various parties at the time, the legacy issues of the Franco regime were shelved for a long time. Before Zapatero became prime minister, the Spanish parliament had never formally condemned the Franco regime nor apologized to the victims of the Franco era. The PSOE believed that enacting the Historical Memory Law was not about reopening old wounds but about enabling people to face and objectively understand history, thereby building a more democratic society. The Historical Memory Law paid tribute and expressed condolences to the families of all victims, proposed removing Franco’s monuments from public spaces, and provided government funds to help victims’ families continue excavating remains, as well as offering pensions and various subsidies to the relatives of the victims.

二是重新审视佛朗哥时期的历史。2007年10月工社党政府通过的《历史记忆法》是对共和主义理论的新实践。在民主转型期间，为确保政局稳定，西班牙选择避谈历史问题，按照当时各个党派达成的《遗忘协议》，有关佛朗哥的遗留问题被长期搁置。萨帕特罗出任首相之前，西班牙议会没有正式谴责过佛朗哥政权，也没有向佛朗哥时代的受害者表示过歉意。工社党认为，颁布《历史记忆法》不是揭开历史伤疤，而是为了让人们能够正视和客观认识历史，建立一个更为民主的社会。《历史记忆法》向所有遇难者家属致敬和慰问，提出将佛朗哥的遗迹从公共场所清除。政府提供专款用于帮助遇难者家属继续发掘遗体和向遇难者亲属提供养老金及各项补助。

Third, relaxing the discussion on amending the statutes of Spain’s autonomous communities. On the revision of autonomous community statutes and the issue of Basque independence, unlike the hostile attitude of the Spanish People’s Party (PP) government, the PSOE advocated friendly dialogue, which led some autonomous communities to demand greater autonomy. In December 2004, the Basque Parliament approved a revision of the autonomous community statute (the Ibarretxe Plan), which included demands for Basque national independence. In June 2006, Catalonia revised its autonomous community statute, demanding more fiscal powers from the central government, including 50% of personal income tax, 50% of value-added tax, and 58% of excise taxes. Because the Zapatero government did not adopt a tough stance, regional nationalist sentiments and even independence demands continued to grow.

三是放松了对西班牙自治区修改宪章的讨论。在自治区宪章修订和巴斯克独立问题上，与西班牙人民党政府的敌对态度不同，工社党主张友好对话，由此导致一些自治区要求更大自治权。2004年12月，巴斯克议会批准自治区宪章修订案（伊巴雷特计划），其中提出了巴斯克民族独立诉求。2006年6月，加泰罗尼亚修改自治区宪章，向中央要求更多财税权，包括50%的个人收入税、50%的增值税、58%的消费税等。由于萨帕特罗政府没有采取强硬态度，地区民族主义情绪甚至独立诉求不断滋长。

During Zapatero’s tenure, the PSOE government focused primarily on civil rights and social rights, while economically continuing the neoliberal policies of the PP government, leading to the continuous shrinkage of the real economy and rapid growth of the virtual economy. The 2008 international financial crisis and the subsequent European sovereign debt crisis severely impacted the Spanish economy. The economic recession caused high unemployment and widespread poverty. The republican ideology championed by the PSOE increasingly diverged from reality, failing to safeguard the basic interests of the general public, which sparked great dissatisfaction among voters and ultimately led to the PSOE’s disastrous defeat in the 2011 general election.

萨帕特罗执政期间，工社党政府重点关注公民权、社会权等，在经济上延续了西班牙人民党政府的新自由主义政策，导致实体经济不断萎缩，虚拟经济快速增长。2008年的国际金融危机及随后的欧洲主权债务危机对西班牙经济造成严重冲击，经济衰退造成高失业率和大量贫困，工社党推崇的共和主义思想与现实情况不断背离，难以保障广大民众的基本利益，引发选民极大不满，进而导致2011年工社党在大选中惨败。

The Sánchez Era: Advocating Social Patriotism to Revitalize the PSOE

桑切斯时代：提倡社会爱国主义以重振工社党

After the PSOE fell from power in 2011, the party was deeply divided over how to return to government and lost its direction for a time. When Pedro Sánchez was first elected Secretary-General of the PSOE on July 27, 2014, the party was in a difficult position, beset with internal and external troubles. Internally, the PSOE’s organizational discipline was lax, and party cohesion had declined. Externally, Spain’s domestic political situation was exceptionally complex, with trends toward fragmentation and radicalization in party politics posing a serious challenge to the two-party system, and voter support for traditional major parties plummeting. Buffeted by the intertwined impacts of political trends such as populism, separatism, and neoliberalism, the PSOE faced numerous tests. Between 2015 and 2019, hung parliaments, government formation deadlocks, and repeated general elections became Spain’s new political normal. In four successive general elections, no party won a majority of seats. In 2015, the PSOE suffered a heavy defeat in the general election; although it maintained its position as the second-largest party, its vote share and number of seats were the lowest since the establishment of Spanish democracy. In the 2016 general election, the PSOE suffered another heavy defeat. On June 1, 2018, a motion of no confidence initiated by Sánchez successfully impeached former PP Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy, and the PSOE immediately came to power, but its governing foundation was weak.

2011年工社党下野后，党内对如何重新执政分歧严重，一度迷失前进方向。2014年7月27日，桑切斯首次当选为工社党总书记时，工社党处境艰难、内外交困。从内部看，工社党组织纪律涣散，党的凝聚力下降。从外部看，西班牙国内政治形势异常复杂，政党政治碎片化、极端化趋势加剧，对两党制构成严重挑战，传统大党的选民支持率急剧下跌。受民粹主义、分离主义、新自由主义等政治思潮交织冲击，工社党面临重重考验。2015—2019年期间，政府悬浮、组阁僵局、重复大选等成为西班牙新的政治生态，在先后举行的四次全国大选中，没有政党能赢得多数议席。2015年，工社党在大选中惨败，虽然维持第二大党的地位，但得票率及议席数均是自西班牙实行民主政治以来的最低。在2016年大选中，工社党再次惨败。2018年6月1日，桑切斯发起的不信任案成功弹劾西班牙人民党前首相拉霍伊，工社党旋即上台执政，但执政基础薄弱。

Facing new challenges and difficulties, Sánchez proposed the slogan of revitalizing the PSOE, pursuing theoretical innovation, opposing American-style neoliberalism, and striving to promote the development of the European socialist movement. In terms of ideology, he pursued social patriotism (i.e., Sánchezism): “We are a community, not just a group of people. Achieving the common good is the core value of patriotism. In areas such as education, pensions, healthcare, transportation, and social security, the idea of social patriotism should be reflected.”

面对新挑战和新困难，桑切斯提出重振工社党的口号，在理论上锐意革新，反对美式新自由主义，力求推动欧洲社会主义运动发展；在思想上追求社会爱国主义（即桑切斯主义）：“我们是共同体，不仅仅是一群人。实现共同利益是爱国主义的核心价值。在教育、养老、医疗卫生、交通、社会安全等领域，均应体现社会爱国主义思想。”

Subsequently, the PSOE timely adjusted its guiding ideology, continuously strengthened its organizational capacity, and publicly advocated the principles of fairness and justice. From June 16 to 18, 2017, the PSOE held its 39th Party Congress. At the congress, Sánchez clearly stated that the PSOE is a confederal political organization, representing the interests of the working class, opposing any form of exploitation, and committed to building a free, equal, solidary, and dialogical society, continuously working for the well-being of the people and the development of society. On May 2, 2019, at the commemoration of the 140th anniversary of the founding of the PSOE, Alfonso Guerra, president of the Pablo Iglesias Foundation, emphasized, “For nearly a century and a half, the PSOE has been fighting for social freedom, equality, and justice.”

此后，工社党适时调整其指导思想，不断加强组织能力建设，公开倡导公平公正原则。2017年6月16—18日，工社党召开了第三十九届党代会，桑切斯在会上明确表示，工社党是邦联性质的政治组织，代表工人阶级利益，反对任何形式的剥削，致力于建设一个自由平等、团结对话的社会，不断为人民谋福祉，为社会谋发展。2019年5月2日，在工社党建党140周年纪念活动上，巴勃罗·伊格莱西亚基金会主席科雷多强调，“工社党在将近一个半世纪内，一直为争取社会自由、平等和公正而奋斗。”

The two general elections in Spain in 2019 highlighted the trend toward radicalization and fragmentation in the country’s party politics. To win executive power, the PSOE worked hard to adjust its electoral strategy while serving as a caretaker government, ultimately reaching a coalition government agreement with the Podemos party. This allowed Sánchez to win the parliamentary investiture vote by a narrow margin. On January 8, 2020, the PSOE and Podemos formed Spain’s first left-wing coalition government since the establishment of democracy.

2019年西班牙的两次大选凸显了其国内政党政治的极端化和碎片化趋势。为了赢得执政权，工社党在看守政府期间努力调整竞选策略，最终与“我们能”党达成联合执政协议，使得桑切斯在议会授权投票中以微弱优势胜出。2020年1月8日，工社党与“我们能”党组建了西班牙实行民主制度以来的首个左翼联合政府。

After entering the Sánchez era, the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE) has set new goals in areas such as fairness, equality, and civil rights. The coalition agreement reached between the PSOE and the “Unidas Podemos” party covers 11 chapters, the core content of which is to guarantee the labor rights of the working class, reduce capital exploitation; establish a fairer system for the distribution of social wealth; pay attention to low-income and vulnerable groups in society; and achieve gender pay equality and equal opportunities through legislation. These platforms fully demonstrate that the PSOE is taking practical action to realize the goals of world socialism. After Sánchez took office, he faced the severe impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on Spain’s social economy. Revitalizing the economy, restoring confidence, stabilizing the political situation, and enhancing government credibility became the important missions of the left-wing coalition government he led. Currently, while struggling to combat the pandemic, the PSOE is continuously exploring in theory and practice and innovating its national governance model.

进入桑切斯时代后，工社党在公平平等、公民权等领域提出了新的目标。工社党和“我们能”党达成的联合执政协议涵盖11个章节，其核心内容是保障工人阶层的劳动权利，减少资本剥削；建立更为公平的社会财富分配体系；关注社会低收入和弱势群体；通过立法，实现男女薪酬平等和机会平等，这些纲领充分显示工社党正在为实现世界社会主义目标付诸实际行动。桑切斯执政后，面临着新冠肺炎疫情持续蔓延给西班牙社会经济带来的严重冲击，重振经济、重拾信心，稳定政局、提高政府公信力成为其领导的左翼联合政府的重要使命。当前，工社党在艰难抗疫的同时，在理论和实践上不断摸索，不断创新国家治理模式。

First, balancing pandemic prevention and control with economic recovery, and focusing on vulnerable groups. To alleviate the impact of the pandemic on Spain’s social economy, the coalition government proposed a series of rescue plans, successively promulgating 8 major decrees and putting forward over 50 response measures. For example, in Royal Decree-Law 8/2020, promulgated on March 17, 2020, it launched the largest bailout plan since the democratization of the 1970s, with a relief amount of up to 200 billion euros, accounting for 20% of GDP. The coalition government’s series of relief measures effectively assisted vulnerable groups and reduced social instability.

第一，兼顾疫情防控与经济复苏，关注弱势群体。为缓解疫情对西班牙社会经济的冲击，联合政府提出了一系列救助计划，先后颁布8大法令，提出了50多项应对举措。例如，在2020年3月17日颁布的《2020年第8号皇家法令》中，推出了自20世纪70年代民主化以来最大规模的纾困计划，救助金额高达2000亿欧元，占GDP的20%。联合政府的一系列纾困措施，有效帮扶了弱势群体，减少了社会不安定因素。

Second, proposing the goal and task of building “four Spains” and accelerating the transition to a green and low-carbon society. In December 2019, the European Union promulgated the European Green Deal, accelerating the pace of green and low-carbon transformation. To keep pace with the EU, Sánchez pledged to promote the completion of four pillar tasks during his term: building a “Digital Spain,” a “Green Spain,” a “Fair Spain,” and an “Inclusive Spain.” He also established a deputy prime minister responsible for green growth in his cabinet and set up numerous departments to promote green ecological transformation and address climate change.

第二，提出构建“四个西班牙”的目标任务，加快向绿色低碳社会转型。2019年12月，欧盟颁布了《欧洲绿色新政》，加快了绿色低碳转型的步伐。为与欧盟步调一致，桑切斯承诺将在任期内推动完成四大支柱任务，即建设“数字西班牙”“绿色西班牙”“公平西班牙”和“包容西班牙”，并在其内阁中设置了负责绿色增长的副首相，还设置了推动绿色生态转型、应对气候变化等的诸多部门。

Third, establishing a government performance accountability system. The PSOE is well aware that the coalition government’s assumption of power was hard-won. Therefore, to consolidate its ruling position and enhance credibility, it proposed a series of new concepts for governing the party and the country and created a government performance accountability system. At the first cabinet meeting held on January 14, 2020, Sánchez clearly stated: “One of the new governance concepts of this government is that, within the next 1,400 days of governance, a dedicated independent institution will regularly review all government commitments in every field one by one, comprehensively evaluate the progress of implementing various measures and policies, and effectively supervise the ruling party’s fulfillment of its commitments.” On December 29, 2020, Spain published its first Government Performance Report, the first since the establishment of Spain’s democratic system. Sánchez emphasized: “Times are changing, and we must keep pace with the times. The government, society, and the country should move in step with the times, and the democratic system should also improve quality and efficiency.” Regularly publishing the Government Performance Report and openly accepting periodic supervision from voters and expert review panels demonstrates the PSOE’s courage and boldness and represents a major innovative practice by the PSOE in optimizing the national governance system.

第三，建立政府履职问责制。工社党深知联合政府上台执政来之不易，因此为巩固执政地位、提高公信力，提出了一系列治党治国新理念，创建了政府履职问责制。在2020年1月14日举行的首次内阁会议上，桑切斯明确表示：“本届政府的执政新理念之一，是在未来1400个执政日内，由专门的独立机构定期对政府各领域的所有承诺进行逐一审查，综合评估各项措施与政策的落实进展，切实监督执政党对各项承诺的履职情况。”2020年12月29日，西班牙首次公布《政府履责报告》，这是西班牙民主制度建立以来的首次。桑切斯强调：“时代在变化，我们必须与时俱进，政府、社会、国家应与时代同步，民主制度也应提质增效。”定期公布《政府履责报告》，公开接受选民和评审专家组的定期监督，体现了工社党的勇气和魄力，是工社党优化国家治理体系的一项重大创新实践。

The theoretical evolution of the PSOE in different historical periods has provided a practical basis for Spain to build a modernized country and construct a new diplomatic pattern oriented toward the world. From the González era to the Sánchez era, the PSOE has always been committed to establishing a fair and just socioeconomic system and exploring a development path suitable for the country’s national conditions in keeping with the times. Currently, severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine conflict, Spain’s domestic situation is severe and complex. The PSOE will face multiple challenges in dealing with new difficulties and consolidating its ruling power.

工社党在不同历史时期的理论演进，为西班牙建设现代化国家和构建面向全球的外交新格局提供了实践依据。从冈萨雷斯时代至桑切斯时代，工社党始终致力于建立公平公正的社会经济制度，与时俱进地探索适合本国国情的发展道路。当前，受新冠肺炎疫情及俄乌冲突严重冲击，西班牙国内形势严峻复杂，工社党将面临应对新困难、巩固执政权的多方面挑战。

Online editor: Tongxin

网络编辑：同心